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Ben Butler: a Reappraisal Colby Quarterly Volume 6 Issue 11 September Article 3 September 1964 Ben Butler: A Reappraisal Harold B. Raymond Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq Recommended Citation Colby Library Quarterly, series 6, no.11, September 1964, p.445-479 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Colby. It has been accepted for inclusion in Colby Quarterly by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ Colby. Raymond: Ben Butler: A Reappraisal to P/J~in f¥'wn/din flJude4 1818 - 1893 * A ttorney at Law State Senator Major General, USA U.S. Congressman Governor of Massachusetts * Alumnus of Colby College A.B. 1838 A.M. 1852 LL.D. 1862 Published by Digital Commons @ Colby, 1964 1 Colby Quarterly, Vol. 6, Iss. 11 [1964], Art. 3 https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq/vol6/iss11/3 2 Raymond: Ben Butler: A Reappraisal Colby Library Quarterly Series VI September 1964 No. 11 BEN BUTLER: A REAPPRAISAL By HAROLD B. RAYMOND THREE recent biographies of Benjamin Franklin Butler are entitled Stormy Ben Butler; Ben Butler, The South Called Him Beast!; and simply UBeast" Butler.1 The appearance of these volumes demonstrates the continuation of the interest and controversy which have always been associated with Butler's name. They also indicate that while the general has his de­ fenders some parts of the North as well as the South still call him "Beast." Popular history must have its villains as well as its heroes, and tradition has now firmly established Benjamin Butler in the former role. He is perhaps most widely known as an incompetent general who mistreated the citizens of New Orleans and came home from the war with pockets stuffed full of graft and stolen spoons. This of course represents th~ element of caricature with which legend envelops historical figures, but the sober judgment of some trained historians has scarcely been less severe. James Ford Rhodes stated that General Butler "was a man without capacity and without character."2 Most of the standard his­ tories have pictured Butler in an unfavorable light, but in his own lifetime his friends and defenders included some of the most eminent men of the day. During the Civil War he was repeatedly given important assignments, and in peace time the voters continued to elect him to office. It can of course be maintained that voters and governments often go badly astray 1 Robert S. Holtzman, Stormy Ben Butler (New York, 1954) ; Hans L. Tre­ fousse, Ben Butler-The South Called Him BEAST I (New Haven, 1957) ; Robert Werlich, "Beast" Butler (Washington, 1962). Holtzman and Tre­ fousse present scholarly and well balanced accounts of Butler's life. Wer­ lich's book is devoted to sensational denunciation of almost every aspect of the general's career, but lacks documentation or serious evaluation. 2 Testimony before the Committee on State House and Libraries of the Massachusetts General Court, February 5, 1914, as reported by H. J. :Morton in a letter to Mrs. Adelbert Ames, July 17, 1915. Published by Digital Commons @ Colby, 1964 3 Colby Quarterly, Vol. 6, Iss. 11 [1964], Art. 3 446 Colby Library Quarterly and that Butler's success is merely one more discouraging proof that crime does pay. Yet there is a reasonable case for Ben­ jamin Butler and some historians have raised serious, doubts about the charges made against him. It is neither possible nor desirable to retouch Butler's historical portrait so that the horns of a dubious popular tradition become an equally improbable halo. In 1864 Butler learned that Senator Garrer Davis had of­ fered a resolution for inquiry into his conduct and wrote that the senator "could do him no greater favor" than to have every act of his political and military caJ}eer thoroughly scrutinized. He concluded: "I have no favors to ask and but one: act of justioe., that the inquisition may not be ex parte, i.e., one· sided."3 Only a full scale biography could hope to deal with every aspect of a life so filled with controversy, but as far as possible the present "inquisition" will not be one sided. What will be pre­ sented here is an interpretation of Benjamin Butler as a soldier, politician, and citizen who had his full share of failings but who, in the words of General Grant, was "a man who has done to the country great service and who is worthy of its gratitude."4 I The Soldier The central and decisive period in the life of Benjamin Butler, as for most men of his generation, came in the grim, strife­ filled years of Civil War. He always regarded his service as a major general as his principal achievement and devoted the bulk of his nlemoirs to its defense. Butler's military record has been savagely attacked by both his contemporaries and later writers. General W. F. Smith described him as "helpless as a child on the field of battle and as visionary as an opium eater in council."5 A recent popular history of the war calls him "a problem on two legs . a classical examp~e of the bartender politician, with one-eye and that usually bleary, two 3 Jessie Ames Marshall (compiler), The Private and Official Correspondence 6f Gen. Benjamin F. Butler During The Period oJ The Oivil War, 5 vols., (Norwood, Mass., 1917), IV, 303. 4 John Russell Young, Around the World with General Grant, 2 vols., (New York, 1879), II, 304. 5 The War of the Rebellion: Official Records of the Union and Oonfederate Armies, 128 vols., (Washington, 1880-1901), XL, Part II, 595. Hereafter cited as O. R. https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq/vol6/iss11/3 4 Raymond: Ben Butler: A Reappraisal Colby Library Quall1terly 447 left feet and a genius for getting them into every plate "6 In contrast to these and many similar denunciations there is considerable evidence that General Butler's military career was by no nleans without merit or substantial service to his country. It was during the first confused and crucial weeks of the war that Butler made his most decisive contribution to the Union cause. His role involved little if any real fighting but did require boldness and imagination. What was more inlpor­ tant, it called for a willingness to face the fact that a real and deadly conflict had begun. In the agonizing days of Apri11861 state after state had left the Union and the border region from Maryland to Missouri seemed likely to follow. Secessionist mobs had attacked Massachusetts's troops in Baltimore and had cut all communications between Washington and the North. In the isolated capital, Maryland officials warned President Lin­ coln that any efforts to bring in reinforcements or reopen com­ munications were sure to result in further bloodshed and the state's secession. Butler, an influential Massachusetts Democrat, had already done much to rally his party to the Union by prompt and vigorous support of the war. Since January he had encouraged Governor Andrew's efforts to prepare the militia and was able to secure the command of the Massachusetts forces when Lin­ coln's call for troops finally arrived. 7 Butler's regiments along with a contingent from New York were responsible for reopen­ ing conlmunications with Washington. Finding the railroad bridges burned and Baltimore in the hands of a mob the Massa­ chusetts general seized ferryboats and moved his forces to An­ napolis, Maryland. Once ashore Butler brushed aside the pro­ tests of Maryland's wavering Governor Hicks, dealt firmly with any signs of hostility by the citizens, and soon repaired a branch railway connecting with the main line to Washington. Along this new line of communications troops and supplies were moved into the capital. The blare of regimental bands and the tramp of northern regiments soon dissolved the nightmare of a paralyzed government surrounded by hostile territory. It is () Fletcher Pratt, .A. ShGrt Hi8tory of the Oivil War (New York, 1956), 45. 7 Speech by General E. F. Jones before New York Loyal Legion, May 3, 1911; l\farshall, I, 6-16; Benjamin F. Butler, Butler's Book, .A. Review oj His Legal, PoHt'ical, and lIfilitary Oareer, (Boston, 1892), 161-168. Published by Digital Commons @ Colby, 1964 5 Colby Quarterly, Vol. 6, Iss. 11 [1964], Art. 3 448 Colby Library Quarterly uncertain whether the plan for a new route to the capital orig­ inated with Butler or, as seems more probable, with the railway officials. There is no doubt, however, that it was the general who carried it into effect. 8 Baltinlore remained in the hands or Southern sympathizers, who openly collected arms and nloney for the Confederacy and blocked the direct route between Washington and Philadelphia. The aged Gen,eral Scott had only a vague plan for its eventual recovery. Meanwhile federal reinforcements were meekly de­ toured around the city. Butler's solution was both more dra­ matic and more effective. After some colorful spying and de­ ceptive moves the Massachus,etts general suddenly arrived at the Baltimore railway station with a thousand troops. This was followed by the first of Butler's bombastic proclamations and the arrest of the mayor and police commissioners. At Frederick another detachment of Butler's men seized Ross Winams, a millionaire secessionist. The legislature was at the same time warned that it would meet a similar fate if it showed any signs of passing disloyal resolutions. General Scott was horrified by this "hazardous occupation of Baltimore" and at first refused to believe that action had also been taken at Fred­ erick. 9 Butler's critics have treated his seizure of Annapolis and Baltimore as examples of military incompetence and reckless interference with the proper conduct of the war.
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