3rIistoriosil 3R,evie^w

The State Historical Society of Missouri COLUMBIA, MISSOURI COVER DESCRIPTION: Irene Selonke's Spring Thaw, a 21-inch x 14-inch watercolor, is one of the paintings on display in the Society's Contemporary Artists Exhibition. Ms. Selonke was born in Chicago, Illinois, on September 4, 1910. She studied at the Art In­ stitute of Chicago, the Kansas City Art Institute and also with Joseph Fleck of Taos, New Mexico, and Olga Dormanci of Paris, France. Her works have been exhibited at the Council of American Artists, Lever House, New York; the Greater Kansas City Art Association exhibits; and the National League Amer­ ican Pen Women Biennial State Show, Regional State Show and National Exhibit in St. Louis, Kansas City and Salt Lake City, Utah, respectively. In addition to the contemporary artwork now on display in the Corridor Gallery, the Society is ex­ hibiting selected works of George Caleb Bingham and Thomas Hart Benton in the Art Gallery. The Society's art exhibitions and libraries are open to the public, 8:00 A.M.-4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, excepting holidays. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is owned by the State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 201 South Eighth Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communi­ cations, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to The State Historical Society of Missouri, Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri. The REVIEW is sent free to all members of The State Historical VOLUME LXX Society of Missouri. Membership dues in the Society are $2.00 a year or $40 for an individual life membership. The Society assumes NUMBER 3 no responsibility for statements made by contributors to the magazine. APRIL 1976 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R. S. of Mo., 1969, Chapter 183, as revised 1973.

OFFICERS 1974-1977 ELMER ELLIS, Columbia, President *L. E. MEADOR, Springfield, First Vice President RUSSELL V. DYE, Liberty, Second Vice President JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry, Third Vice President MRS. AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, Fourth Vice President REV. JOHN F. BANNON, S.J., St. Louis, Fifth Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer RICHARD S. BROWNLEE, Columbia, Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires At Annual Meeting, 1976 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville ALFRED O. FUERBRINGER, St. Louis RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly JAMES OLSON, Kansas City WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton ARVARH STRICKLAND, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia T. BALLARD WATTERS, Marshfield

Term Expires At Annual Meeting, 1977 LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia R. I. COLBORN, Paris ROBERT A. BOWLING, Montgomery City W. W. DALTON, St. Louis FRANK P. BRIGGS, Macon RICHARD B. FOWLER, Kansas City HENRY A. BUNDSCHU, Independence VICTOR A. GIERKE, Louisiana

Term Expires At Annual Meeting, 1978 GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis RONALD L. SOMERVILLE, Chillicothe *L. E. MEADOR, Springfield JACK STAPLETON, SR., Stanberry W. WALLACE SMITH, Independence JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis ROBERT M. WHITE, Mexico

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The twenty-seven Trustees, the President and the Secretary of the Society, the Governor, Secretary of State, State Treasurer, President of the University of Missouri and Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia constitute the Executive Committee.

FINANCE COMMITTEE Five members of the Executive Committee appointed by the President, who by virtue of his office constitutes the sixth member, compose the Finance Com­ mittee. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman LEWIS E. ATHERTON, Columbia ELMER ELLIS, Columbia WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton GEORGE A. ROZIER, Jefferson City LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville •Deceased NEW SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS The State Historical Society of Missouri is always interested in obtaining new members. For more than seventy years thousands of Missourians who have be­ longed to the Society have been responsible primarily for building its great research collections and libraries. They have given it the support which makes it the largest organization of its type in the United States. The quest for interested new members goes on continually, and your help is solicited in obtaining |fj| them. In every family, and in every community, there are individuals who are sincerely interested in the collection, preservation and dissemination of the his­ tory of Missouri. Why not nominate these people for membership? Annual dues are only $2.00, Life Memberships $40.00.

Richard S. Brownlee Director and Secretary State Historical Society of Missouri Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201

311IS[§JS!MS[aiMM«llIg][§lllSlg]S]l«l[Mll«l§l[§lSl[«ll iii *][giMK][gg]El[K][x

THE FLOYD C. SHOEMAKER HISTORY AWARD

The State Historical Society of Missouri takes pleasure in announcing the second round of competi­ tion for the Floyd C. Shoemaker History Award. This $100.00 annual award was created by the late Mr. Shoemaker, the long-time secretary of the Society, for the advancement of Missouri history in the universities, colleges and high schools throughout the state. The annual award alternates every other year between junior class students in Missouri colleges and universities and senior high school students in Mis­ souri. The 1976 award of $100.00 will be presented for the best article written by a junior class student in a Missouri college or university. The award will be presented at the 1976 annual meeting of the State Historical Society. Articles nominated for the award must relate to the history of Missouri, either to events or personal­ ities. The maximum length of an article is 5,000 words and a bibliography must be included. Each university and college must select a panel of judges to nominate its best article by a junior class student. Only one article may be submitted from each school. Each article will be judged against other nomi­ nations by the Department of History of the Univer­ sity of Missouri-Columbia. Articles submitted for this award will become the property of the State Historical Society of Missouri. The prize-winning article will be considered for publication in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW. The final date for submission of articles is July 1, 1976. The articles must be sent to the State Historical Society of Missouri, Room 2, Elmer Ellis Library, Hitt and Lowry Streets, Columbia, Missouri 65201. ppraKSKrasfflfflsssra^^

AN IMPORTANT MESSAGE

The business office of the State Historical So­ ciety of Missouri asks that members of the Society, who are moving or have moved to a new location, please inform the Society of changes of address, as soon as possible.

To remail a returned issue of the REVIEW under new postal rates is very expensive. Due to this rising cost the Society has no recourse but to pass on this remailing expense to those members who have failed to send change of address notifications.

Regretfully this action appears to be the only solution to a perplexing problem. Dues for member­ ship in the Society are two dollars. To remail the REVIEW, it now costs one dollar, or one-half of the membership dues. I

m Changes of address should be sent to: || § State Historical Society of Missouri Corner of Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

MISSOURI'S FORGOTTEN GENERAL: M. JEFF THOMPSON AND THE CIVIL WAR. By Donal J. Stanton, Goodwin F. Berquist, Jr., and Paul C Bowers 237

URBAN POLITICS IN JACKSONIAN ST. LOUIS: TRADITIONAL VALUES IN

CHANGE AND CONFLICT. By Maximilian Reichard 259

BASE HOSPITAL 21 AND THE GREAT WAR. By Donna Bingham Munger 272

THE TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION'S FAIR DEAL FOR BLACK AMERICA. By Philip H. Vaughan 291

ROBERT BEVERLY PRICE II: BANKER AND PHILANTHROPIST. By John C Crighton 306

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

Editorial Policy 315

Views from the Past: The Photo Album of Franz Schwarzer 316

News in Brief 319

Erratum 320

Local Historical Societies 321

Gifts 333

Missouri History in Newspapers 339

Missouri History in Magazines 343

In Memoriam 346

BOOK REVIEWS 348

BOOK NOTES 353

INDEX TO VOLUME LXX, NOS. 1, 2 & 3 359

QUINN CHAPEL A.M.E. CHURCH Inside Back Cover Missouri's Forgotten General: M Jeff Thompson and the Civil War

BY DONAL J. STANTON, GOODWIN F. BERQUIST, JR., AND PAUL C. BOWERS*

Born at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, on January 22, 1826, Meri­ wether (M. Jeff) Thompson was descended from two old Virginia families. His father, Captain Meriwether Thompson, was a native of Hanover County where Patrick Henry lived, and at the time of Jeffs birth was assigned to the paymaster's department of the United States Army at Harpers Ferry. Jeff Thompson's grandfather served as an officer in the Revolutionary War.

•Donal J. Stanton is associate professor of Speech at Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield. He has a Ph.D. in Communication from Ohio State University, Columbus. Goodwin F. Berquist, Jr., is professor of Com­ munication at Ohio State University. He has a Ph.D. in Speech from Pennsyl­ vania State University, University Park. Paul C. Bowers is assistant professor of History at Ohio State University and has a Ph.D. in American History from Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. This article is based in part upon the authors' forthcoming edited version of "The Civil War Experiences of General M. Jeff Thompson." 237 238 Missouri Historical Review

M. Jeff Thompson's mother was Martha Slaughter Broadus of Culpeper County, Virginia. Her father, William Broadus, served as paymaster of the United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, and at least eight members of the Broadus family attained the rank of officer during the Revolution. Thompson's mother and George Washington shared a common ancestor.1 Evidently, Jeff Thompson possessed an independent and rov­ ing character from early youth. He seemed to prefer explorations of the arsenal and the countryside to school. His daughter noted that he often played hooky to ride about in a cart with an old Negro deliveryman named Jeff. In an effort designed to shame him into more acceptable behavior his family began to refer to him as "Jeff." Soon after Thompson's boyhood friends began employing the nickname and it stuck.2 After arriving in Missouri, Thompson succeeded in getting the Missouri legislature to change his legal name to M. Jeff Thompson.3 The machinery and implements of war at the Harpers Ferry arsenal, one of the largest and most diverse arsenals in the country, fascinated young Jeff. Since both his father and grandfather had been stationed there, Jeff had taken the opportunity to become familiar with the many types of machinery and equipment. Military tradition permeated both sides of Thompson's family and his strong interest in the military was a natural consequence of his family heritage. Thompson wrote that from his earliest memory both he and his family assumed he would pursue a military career. Possibly Thompson's familiarity with the technical devices of war influenced his decision to pursue a career as a civil engineer. When he was twelve, Thompson's mother died. Two years later he enrolled for classes at an academy in Charlestown, Virginia,

i M. Jeff Thompson, "Reminiscences of M. Jeff Thompson, 1826-1876," original handwritten manuscript in M. Jeff Thompson Papers, in Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Vol. 3, p. 1; Marcie A. Bailey, "Foreword," 1, in "This is the Story of The War Experi­ ences of Brig. Gen. M. Jeff Thompson written by Himself and edited by his youngest daughter, Marcie A. Bailey," Meriwether Jeff Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri Manuscripts Collection, Columbia; "Gene­ alogy of Mrs. Marcie A. Bailey," folder 15, printed sheet, in Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 2 Bailey, "Foreword," 1. Thompson's "Reminiscences" covering the period 1826-1861 are extremely sketchy and consist of only single words and sentence fragments. Mrs. Bailey's account is based on Thompson's notes but provides much greater detail; for that reason the two sources frequently will be cited in conjunction. 3 The Morning Star, Conception College, Conception, Missouri, February 23, 1924, clipping of the article in fol. 13, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. Missouri's Forgotten General 239 conducted by J. J. Sanborn. The curriculum of the Charlestown Academy included Latin, Greek, French, English, geography, as­ tronomy, criticism, mathematics, natural and moral philosophy.4 The academy provided some military training as well, for Thomp­ son later recalled that he had been the captain of a military company at the school and shortly before the Civil War attended a reunion of this company.5 Thompson attended the school at Charlestown until about age seventeen when he sought a military career. He volunteered for naval service in the Republic of - Texas but was rejected because of his youth. He then sought appointments to West Point and Lex­ ington Military Academy but lacked sufficient political influence. Thwarted in his dream of a military career, Thompson drifted from job to job and city to city for a period of nearly four years. First he took a job as a clerk in Charlestown, Virginia. Later he worked at similar jobs in Shepherdstown, Virginia, Philadelphia and Baltimore. In 1847 Thompson secured a position with a mer­ cantile firm in Liberty, Missouri, and headed west on August 1 of that year.6 While employed at Liberty, Thompson met and shortly there­ after married Emma Catherine Hayes.7 Early the following year Thompson moved to St. Joseph, Missouri, and soon found a posi­ tion with the firm of Middleton and Riley, dealers in dry goods, groceries and hardware. Thompson worked for Middleton and Riley for approximately two years during which time he agreed to travel to Salt Lake in the interest of the firm. The trip necessitated "traveling over a vast amount of territory which was then a wilder­ ness, with scarcely an inhabitant between the Missouri River and his destination."8 While crossing the plains, Thompson's party was caught in a terrible snow storm, and he claimed to have saved the group by drawing his pistol and threatening to shoot the first man that refused to keep moving.9 Upon returning to St. Joseph in the fall of 1851, he went into the grocery business with Major

4 Charlestown was originally written as two separate words. Charles Town. The city became a part of West Virginia when that state was created from a portion of Virginia early in the Civil War. For a detailed account of the Charlestown Academy and the community see Millard K. Bushong, A History of Jefferson County, West Virginia (n.p., 1941) , 60-62. 5 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 1-2; Bailey, "Foreword," 1. 6 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 2-5; Bailey, "Foreword," 1. 7 "Genealogy of Marcie A. Bailey." 8 From obituary of M. Jeff Thompson published in the St. Joseph Gazette, September 6, 1876, clipping in Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 9 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 6; Bailey, "Foreword," 1. 240 Missouri Historical Review

Robert Boyle. A year later the firm failed. Thompson then joined the engineering party conducting the preliminary survey for the proposed Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. While working with these surveyors he acquired a knowledge of practical civil engi­ neering, a profession he would devotedly and successfully pursue for the remainder of his life.10 Thompson was so interested in the work of the surveyors and so diligent in his study that he returned to St. Joseph as the leader of the group even though he had initially been hired as a commissary and cook.11 Because of his popularity in western Missouri and his pro­ ficiency as an engineer, Thompson was assigned the task of super­ vising the construction of the western branch of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. He remained in the employment of the rail­ road until its completion in 1859.12 In 1856-1857, he entered into several contracts with the government to survey large parcels of public land in Kansas and Nebraska. Thompson also surveyed the first line for the Maryville Railroad and surveyed and supervised construction of part of the St. Joseph and Topeka Railroad.13 In 1855, Thompson had been appointed city engineer of St. Joseph and deputy surveyor of Buchanan County. The following year voters elected him county surveyor. During his tenure as

io Thompson, "Reminiscences," 7. ii John G. Westover, "The Civil War Experiences of General M. Jeff Thompson in 1861" (unpublished Master's thesis, University of Missouri. 1941), 6. 12 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 8. 13 St. Joseph Gazette, September 6, 1876.

St. Joseph, 1850 Missouri's Forgotten General 241 county surveyor, and later as mayor, Thompson undertook an ambitious program of diking and strengthening the Missouri River bank to prevent erosion and flooding. During the time he served several railroads and the city of St. Joseph, Thompson also en­ tered into a real estate partnership with a Colonel John Eye. How­ ever, he soon left that association and opened Thompsons Real Estate Exchange. Later he entered into a larger partnership with Thomas Harbine. Evidently the firm was successful for Thompson wrote in his notes that he was "making money."14 A St. Joseph newspaper obituary of Thompson noted that "the firm kept up a remarkable trade for several years, and to them St. Joseph owes a debt she will not soon discharge."15 In 1858, the city commissioned Thompson to sell $50,000 in municipal bonds for the purpose of building a gas works. Thomp­ son traveled to the East and succeeded in selling the bonds in Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York and Boston. When he returned to St. Joseph, he was greeted by a large number of people and honored by a serenade and public reception. The new gas com­ pany needed a president and it named M. Jeff Thompson for the office.16 In 1859, the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad was completed, and Thompson rode the first train across Missouri. Upon nearing St. Joseph, Thompson took the throttle and personally drove the locomotive into town.17 As a consequence of his surveying and business activities, Thompson traveled widely and became well known in northern Missouri. In the course of his travels he met most of the promi­ nent politicians in the state. Thompson developed an interest in politics and took the stump in Buchanan County, speaking in be­ half of various candidates and issues.18 In 1859, Thompson was urged to run for mayor of St. Joseph and was elected, primarily because of his personal magnetism and strong stand in favor of river improvement.19 During Thompson's tenure as mayor the river improvement

14 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 8-11; Bailey, "Foreword," 2. 15 St. Joseph Gazette, September 6, 1876. 16 Bailey, "Foreword," 2. Thompson also makes brief mention of the bond sale in "Reminiscences," 12- 17 Bailey, "Foreword," 2. 18 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 7-8. The politicians referred to were evidently: Claiborne F. Jackson, Governor Sterling Price, Silas Woodson, B. Gratz Brown and former U. S. Senator Thomas H. Benton. i9Westover, "War Experiences in 1861," 7. 242 Missouri Historical Review program was completed. His engineering design for erosion and flood control worked so well that the same plan was used long after his death. Engineers in 1871 found the bank to be in good condition and some of the piles he drove were still in place in the 1920s.20 In 1860, Mayor Thompson raised funds and drew up the engineering plans for transporting the first locomotive across the Missouri River.21 His life-long interest in the military caused Thompson to join the Missouri State Guard soon after settling in St. Joseph. An enthusiastic supporter of all militia activities, he was soon com­ missioned a colonel. Thompson s militia connection and his popu­ larity with officers and troops were key factors in determining the role he would play later. A member and active supporter of the Roman Catholic Church during his years in St. Joseph, Thompson belonged to the Catholic Benevolent Society and served a term as the organiza­ tion's president. In 1857, he went to the aid of a group of Catholic settlers in Nodaway County who were having difficulty in es­ tablishing the legality of their land titles. Thompson successfully

20 Ibid., 8; St. Joseph Gazette, September 6, 1876; Bailey, "Foreword," 2. 21 St. Joseph Gazette, April 7, 1929, clipping in fol. 13, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri.

George Gray's mural for the American Military His­ tory Foundation honors Thompson's many achievements. It is located in the Robidoux Hotel, St. Joseph. Missouri's Forgotten General 243 advised them how to proceed and years later the Catholics of Nodaway County honored him for the role he played in their early history.22 Thus by 1860, only a little more than a decade after his ar­ rival in Missouri, M. Jeff Thompson served simultaneously in the following positions: mayor of St. Joseph; president of the gas works; president of the St. Joseph and Maryville Railroad; secre­ tary of the St. Joseph and Louisiana Railroad; agent of the Platte County Railroad; Buchanan County surveyor; colonel in the Mis­ souri Militia; president of the Catholic Benevolent Association; member of the Elwood Town Company; and real estate broker with Thompson and Harbine.23 In his spare time Thompson applied his mechanical and engi­ neering skills to still other pursuits. During the 1850s, he invented a pistol which he felt had economic potential. While in Baltimore, he had a prototype of the weapon made and entered into an agree­ ment with the firm of Latrob, Merrill and Thomas for its manu­ facture and sale. In order to secure a production agreement, Thompson transferred one-half of the patent rights to the pro­ ducer.24 Thompson believed he had been sold out by the com­ pany because the pistol was never produced. He always claimed that the pistol was the same as the Colt revolver which came out later.25 Thompson also invented and secured a patent for a miter gauge, a device used by engineers for calibrating precise measure­ ments, and a hemp break which evidently extracted fibre from the hemp plant.26 On the eve of the Civil War, Thompson was involved in a vari­ ety of successful business, political and social activities and devoted some time to several practical inventions. Ironically, in less than a year the tide of events would compel him to give up all of his enterprises and leave St. Joseph never to return except for a visit shortly before his death in 1876. On October 16, 1859, John Brown and his followers success­ fully seized the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and captured the town. Jeff Thompson was familiar with the scene

22 Reverend Damian Leander, "Catholic Beginnings in Nodaway County," undated and unidentified newspaper clipping in Thompson Papers, State His­ torical Society of Missouri. 23 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 13. 24 ibid., 9. 25 Bailey, "Foreword," 2. 26 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 9, 12; Bailey, "Foreword," 2. 244 Missouri Historical Review of these events and with Brown's earlier activities in Kansas in­ cluding the infamous raid on Pottawatomie Creek. Located near the Kansas border, Buchanan County residents frequently wit­ nessed constant raids which plagued their area. Thompson was deeply disturbed by the attack on his childhood home. Apparently the event convinced him of the likelihood of further strife and bloodshed unless swift action was taken to suppress the slavery dispute. Upon learning of Brown's raid, Thompson left immediately for Virginia to view the situation firsthand. The "incident at Harpers Ferry" proved an important factor in shaping Thompson s future thinking and activities. He viewed Brown's plan of building an abolition army of forcefully emancipated slaves as an indica­ tion of Northern sentiment and as a dangerous precedent which threatened all who supported the Southern cause.27 From this time on Thompson expected the worst and devoted his energies to rallying support for the South. His daughter wrote: [After the John Brown raid] . . . politics made enemies of friends and relatives. M. Jeff Thompson hastened to Vir­ ginia . . . when he returned he brought some of the 'pikes' with which John Brown had hoped to arm the Negroes to kill the whites. His military proclivities were now in the ascendant, and he cared only for the 'inevitable event.'28 As a consequence of his belief that the slavery dispute would

27 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 14; Bailey, "Foreword," 2. 28 Ibid., 2.

Harpers Ferry Missouri's Forgotten General 245

John Brown

produce an "irrepressible conflict," Thompson did not seek re­ election as mayor in 1860. His last official act in office was to preside at the ceremony launching the first ride of the Pony Express on April 3, I860.29 When the news of Lincoln's election reached St. Joseph, Thompson quit all public and business activities to devote his time exclusively in promoting the Southern point of view. He wrote and published a pamphlet called An Address To The Citi­ zens Of Missouri which forcefully expressed his views on politics, slavery and secession. A Southern publication of the period claimed that this pamphlet was the first call for secession of a border state.30 Thompson never owned a slave but staunchly defended those who did. In his Address he argued that the central issue confront­ ing North and South was that of slavery. He clearly felt that the Constitution protected slavery and that no agency of government, either national or local, possessed the power to interfere with its existence or spread into the territories. Thompson declared that if the North refused to fully honor the South's right to slave property or attempted to employ force that the Southern states, including Missouri, should secede and form a separate confederacy. He

29 Thompson, "Reminiscences," 15; Bailey, "Foreword," 2. 30 H.W.R. Jackson, Our Naval Victories and Exploits of Confederate War Steamers (Atlanta, Ga., 1863), 3-4, typed copy of section dealing with Thompson is in fol. 1, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 246 Missouri Historical Review

supported the traditional Southern claim that though slavery possessed evils it was, on balance, a blessing to slave, master and society. Thompson seems to have had a morbid fear of emancipa­ tion. He apparently believed that the result would be massive racial conflict and bloodshed. He concluded his Address by urging Mis­ sourians to prepare militarily and to call a state convention to consider secession: Therefore, let us now . . . bring the question to an issue . . . if the Northern states that have passed laws nullifying the laws of Congress will not repeal them, if the majority of the people of the North insist upon waging a war of ex­ termination upon us; if they continue to say we shall be hemmed in, and cut off, and finally driven into the Gulf of Mexico . . . ; if their own personal pecuniary interests will not stay their fanaticism and treason—then we must, for our own self respect, for our honor, for our fortunes, yea, for our very lives, DRIVE THEM OUT OF THE UNION, and have a confederation of our own.31 On the surface it is difficult to understand why a man as economically and socially secure as Thompson would take such an inflexible position at such an early stage of the conflict in Mis­ souri. Politically Thompson had been, up until this time, an old line Whig and not a Southern Democrat as one would suspect.32 However, his Virginia heritage, his association with slavery and slaveholders in Buchanan County, and his fear of race war com­ bined to produce a strong proslavery and pro-Southern stance. Clearly Thompson would have to be classified as a secessionist given the usage of the term in Missouri during the period. Thomp­ son's daughter, Marcie Bailey, assessed her father's motivation as follows: He saw the evils of slavery, but as a Southern man, aboli­ tion was unthinkable. He did not own slaves, but felt those who did were within their rights. He had everything to lose, and nothing to gain by espousing the cause of the South .... The John Brown Raid, and the pikes to arm the blacks against the whites, the recollection of the Negro uprisings in other countries, the thought of political in­ justice, all these combined with his ingrained love for his

31 M. Jeff Thompson, An Address To The Citizens of the State of Missouri, privately published by subscription in St. Joseph in November of 1860, copy in Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. 32 Westover, "War Experiences in 1861," 9; also see Thompson, "Remi­ niscences," 2. Thompson comments that "old Whig notions [were] instilled" in 1840 while he was attending school in Charlestown. Missouri's Forgotten General 247

Jefferson City, 1859

state, Virginia, led him to risk and lose all that men hold dear, fortune, friends, and family.33 When the Missouri legislature convened in January 1861, Thompson went to Jefferson City to urge passage of the "Military Bill" and the calling of a state secession convention. While in the capital, he also served as a member of the military committee of the Missouri State Guard. Thompson's narrative account of his "Civil War Experiences" begins at this point.34 Thompson remained in the capita? for the entire legislative sessions. The Military Bill failed to pass during the regular session of the legislature and it became clear that the special convention would not take Missouri out of the Union at that time. Disap­ pointed, Thompson returned to St. Joseph to resume his business activities. While there, Ft. Sumter fell and Lincoln issued his call for troops. Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson informed the presi­ dent that Missouri would not comply with his request, called the legislature into special session and put the militia on alert. As head of the Northwest Missouri Militia, Thompson called his troops into camp and began a training program. On May 10, 1861, a group of Union speakers managed to anger the townspeople of Savannah,

33 Bailey, "Foreword," 8. 34 Much of the summary material which follows dealing with the war years is drawn from Thompson's "Civil War Experiences" which is the most detailed and lengthy part of his "Reminiscences." Information employed from other sources is carefully noted. 248 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri, by their remarks and attempts to cut down a Confederate flag. Thompson employed his troops to surround and protect the Unionists and even rode back to St. Joseph on the same train with them. Upon learning of the Harney-Price agreement which dis­ banded the state militia, Thompson retired in disgust, determined to return to Virginia and cast his lot with his native state. On his way out of St. Joseph, Thompson spotted a U.S. flag flying over the post office; thereupon he cut down the flag and left the city. After the capture of Camp Jackson by Nathaniel Lyon, the Mili­ tary Bill passed the legislature and Governor Jackson made plans to secure Missouri for the Confederacy. On his way to Virginia, Thompson stopped off in Jefferson City, and the governor assured him that Missouri would soon leave the Union. Thompson re­ mained in the capital for several weeks but, after becoming con­ vinced that the governor would not act decisively, he continued on his way. Upon reaching Memphis, he learned that Jackson and General Lyon had been unable to reach any kind of accommoda­ tion. The governor called for 50,000 state troops to repel an im­ pending Union attack. Thompson immediately returned to Mis­ souri. The general military condition of the state convinced Thomp­ son that he would be unable to return to St. Joseph, so he decided to attempt to secure a command in Southeast Missouri. The citi­ zens of Ripley County invited him to head a battalion they were organizing. Shortly thereafter, General Nathaniel Watkins, the commander of the First Military District of Missouri, resigned his position and Thompson was elected his replacement with the rank of brigadier general and a command of 2,500 men. In a period of approximately two weeks, Thompson had gone from a refugee fleeing the state to the rank of general officer. The area under Thompson's charge stretched from St. Louis to the southern tip of the state along the Mississippi River and encompassed most of the southeastern quarter of Missouri. The district was strongly pro-Southern but extremely poor and unable properly to outfit and pay an effective force. Of great military importance due to the proximity of the Mississippi River, the area was so swampy and overgrown that usual military operations and tactics were extremely difficult.35 Most of Thompson's troops were three month volunteers and he was plagued by constant turnover.

35 Westover, "War Experiences in 1861," 13. Missouri's Forgotten General 249

He quickly recognized that his inferior forces would not be able to meet the enemy in traditional open combat. He decided that his best chance of success lay in attempting to disguise his liabilities by conducting rapid operations and employing diversionary tactics. Thompson's daring and successful operations along the Missis­ sippi earned him the nickname, "the Swamp Fox." During 1861, Thompson's forces participated in a number of raids and skirmishes including encounters at Pattonville, Big River Bridge, Blackwater Station, Fredericktown, Bloomington and New Madrid. By a series of clever maneuvers and boasts, Thompson alarmed the Union leaders and convinced them that his forces were much larger than they actually were. He added credibility to his wild claims and threats by conducting several bold raids which severely damaged Union supply lines and secured needed supplies for the Confederacy. For example, in October 1861, he captured and destroyed a large section of the Iron Mountain Rail­ road, an important route for Union supplies. In the raid, Thomp­ son's forces also captured 18,000 pounds of lead which provided much needed ammunition for Confederate forces.36 Thompson's activities evoked such panic that many feared even St. Louis might be attacked, and Brigadier General U. S. Grant made his capture a priority. Grant's efforts at capture were unsuccessful. Furthermore, Thompson almost succeeded in luring Union forces away from Paducah, Kentucky, which would have allowed Van Dorn's army to capture and fortify the strategic high bluffs around the city. Grant recalled the circumstances later in his Memoirs: Jeff Thompson moved light and had no fixed place for even nominal headquarters. He was as much at home in Arkansas as he was in Missouri, and would keep out of the way of a superior force . ... It proved very fortunate that the expedition against Jeff Thompson had been broken up. Had it not been, the enemy would have seized Paducah and fortified it . . . .37 In early 1862, Thompson was ordered to join General P. G. T. Beauregard at Corinth, Mississippi. Thompson stopped off at

36 Thompson's military activities in 1861 and 1862 are covered in some detail in John M. Schofield, Forty-Six Years in the Army (New York, 1897) , 51-52; Edward A. Pollard, The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates (New York, 1866), 166; and Floyd C. Shoemaker, Missouri and Missourians (Chicago, 1943), I, 891. 37 U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York, 1885), I, 261- 263. 250 Missouri Historical Review

Memphis where he found the river defense fleet in dire need of marines and gunners. Even though he had no naval training, Thompson volunteered the services of his infantry and artillery. His offer was accepted and he immediately set about arming and organizing the "Cotton-boat Fleet." A Southern observer credited Thompson with the first naval victory on the Mississippi: On the 10th of May, above Fort Pillow, he [Thompson] gained the first naval victory on the Mississippi River. There was no little chagrin felt and expressed by naval officers, who had been so long resting their oars and rust­ ing with inactivity, when a land-lubber from Western plains showed them some things could be done . . . ,38 Thompson and his men were occupied elsewhere when the Union destroyed the little gunboat fleet. Thompson was then put in charge of the Confederate lines around the city and instructed to conduct intelligence operations. On several occasions Thompson and his men narrowly evaded capture. The last to flee Memphis, they escaped only because Thompson successfully seized a loco­ motive and drove it out of the area himself. After the fall of Memphis, the Confederates transferred Thomp­ son to Pontchatoula, Louisiana, to watch and harass Union Gen­ eral Ben Butler at New Orleans. Again, Thompson proved himself to be a master of tactics and deception. His job consisted of pre­ venting Union troops from impeding Confederate troop mobility. With only 200 men, Thompson advertised that he intended to en-

38 Jackson, Naval Victories and Exploits, 3-4.

Gunboat Fight at Fort Pillow Missouri's Forgotten General 251 list local support and capture New Orleans. Employing clever troop movements and outrageous claims, Thompson convinced But­ ler that a force of at least 10,000 men threatened him. As a con­ sequence, Federal troops withdrew from Baton Rouge and went to New Orleans to reinforce Butler. Thompson's design worked per­ fectly and for the time being the Confederates moved freely in other locales.39 From Louisiana, Thompson traveled to Richmond in hopes of securing a regular Confederate commission in place of his state commission. The state commission authorized him to recruit forces only in Missouri whereas a regular commission as brigadier would have installed him as the head of a Confederate brigade. Officials told him that the commission would be granted if he could raise a brigade on his own. While on his way back, Thompson passed through Little Rock, Arkansas, and was invited to speak before the state legislature. In his speech, he criticized the leadership of the Western Department and as a result was prohibited from re­ cruiting troops in Missouri and Arkansas.40 He spent the next several months serving as advisor on several expeditions in Mis­ souri and Arkansas. In early 1863, Thompson accompanied General John S. Marmaduke and 5,000 troops on a raid into Missouri. Near Bloomfield, a superior Union force under General William Vandever confronted Marmaduke. In a precarious position, the Confederate force's only line of retreat necessitated crossing the turbid St. Francis River. Aware of Thompson's engineering ex­ perience, Marmaduke assigned him the job of quickly constructing a bridge. Thompson and a detachment of men went to work on the bridge while Marmaduke engaged Vandever. Marmaduke's forces held the Federals until night and then withdrew under the cover of darkness. Thompson's men had finished the bridge by working most of the night. Clement Evans provided the follow­ ing colorful account in his Confederate Military History: The bridge was a rough affair, but it answered the pur­ pose for which it was built .... During the night the artillery and wagons were pulled across by the men, the horses were driven into the water and swam across, and the men crossed in single file, and just as the sun rose the next morning . . . [the bridge] was cut loose from

39 In addition to Thompson's account see Westover, "War Experiences in 1861," 16, and Clement A. Evans, Confederate Military History (New York, 1962), IX, 67. 40 Westover, "War Experiences in 1861," 17. 252 Missouri Historical Review

John S. Marmaduke

its moorings and sent floating down the turbid stream, leaving not a trace of evidence of how the command had crossed. An hour afterward the Federals reached the river, but there was not a wagon, a gun, a horse or a man on their side.41 After the Marmaduke raid, Confederate officials granted Thompson permission to recruit a brigade, and he was in the process of doing so when Union troops captured him at Pocahontas, Arkansas. Thompson was first held captive at St. Louis and later at Alton, Illinois. Eventually sent to Johnson's Island, a prison in Lake Erie off the coast of Sandusky, Ohio, he won the respect and admiration of both his captors and fellow prisoners because of his humanitarian deeds. During this period of imprisonment, Thompson started to write his "Civil War Reminiscences." He also masterminded several unsuccessful escape plots. Later Thompson was transferred to Washington, D.C., and, later still, to Fort Delaware where he again instigated programs to help the pris­ oners.42 In the spring of 1864, Thompson was sent to a prison ship off the coast of South Carolina and exchanged eventually for a Union general. By summer Thompson had returned to Southeast Missouri and joined the army under the command of General Sterling Price.

41 Evans, Confederate Military History, IX, 133-134. 42 in addition to Thompson's account, see "Echoes of Dim Past: General Jeff Thompson's Prison Becomes Property of United States," undated and unidentified newspaper clipping in fol. 13, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. Missouri's Forgotten General 253

Johnson's Island, Confederate Prison

Price had gathered approximately 10,000 men in preparation for an invasion of Missouri. Price believed that once he entered the state he would receive massive support from the populace, but such aid did not materialize. The army met little resistance in southern Missouri and drove all the way into the central portion of the state. Colonel David Shanks, the commanding officer in charge of Gen­ eral JO Shelby's brigade, received serious wounds during the crossing of the Osage and Thompson was assigned to the com­ mand. Price planned to capture Jefferson City, but upon learning that the bulk of the Union forces occupied the area, he decided to bypass the capital. Shelby's brigade, under Thompsons command, performed well and succeeded in capturing Boonville and Sedalia. Price pushed on into the west central portion of Missouri as far as Independence and successfully crossed the Big Blue River. At Westport, Price engaged the main body of the Union force in the West and after a battle ranging over three days was defeated. During Price's raid, Shelby's brigade was assigned the difficult tasks of leading the advance and covering the retreat of the en­ tire army.43 After the defeat at Westport, Price's army retreated through Kansas, Arkansas and the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) and eventually made its way into Texas. Even though Thompson held only a state brigadier's commission, he sometimes had charge of

43 For a detailed account and assessment of Price's 1864 raid see Eugene M. Violette, History of Missouri (Cape Girardeau, Mo., 1957), 385-391; text of the Speech, "Missouri Battles," which was presented before the Ladies' South­ ern Benevolent Association of St. Joseph by an unidentified member of the Thompson family, probably Mrs. Marcie Bailey; original manuscript is in fol. 11, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 254 Missouri Historical Review

Sterling Price

an entire division. In early 1865, Thompson was named commander of the Northern Sub-District of Arkansas. This military district included all of northern Arkansas and much of Missouri. The troops in Thompson's command were a ragtag group. They suf­ fered from low morale and appeared to be more interested in plundering than in a cause. Numerous independent guerrilla bands, Kansas border raiders known as "jayhawkers" and other bandit groups plagued the district. In an attempt to restore troop discipline and control criminal elements, Thompson was given dictatorial powers. He held the power of life and death over his troops as well as any criminal who might be apprehended. Thompson arrived in Northwest Arkansas and assumed com­ mand on March 20, 1865. Two months later he was ordered to surrender his force after the defeat and surrender of General Robert E. Lee. Thompson was opposed to this order and argued that a force not in immediate danger should not be compelled to lay down its arms. He finally was forced to comply on June 5.44 In a controversial farewell speech to his troops, Thompson told the men to go home, obey the law, cooperate with authorities,

44 Thompson's disgust with his last command and his reluctance to sur­ render are evident in his narrative. Also see, Westover's assessment in "War Experiences in 1861," 20-21. Missouri's Forgotten General 255 work hard and avoid the "nigger question." He also vented his full fury against that part of his command which he felt had been less than honorable. He told them in part: I now come to surrender you and hope you will make better citizens than you have soldiers (voice from the crowd, 'General, talk to us like gentlemen!'). Now you just dry up till I get through and then you can get up on this barrel and talk. I know there are some gentlemen here and I know there are more damned, sneaking, cowardly dogs who have never done nothing on nary side .... I warn those of you who have been nothing but sneaking, coward­ ly jayhawkers, cutthroats, and thieves, that a just retribu­ tion awaits you. And I hope to God that the federal author­ ities will hang you wherever and whenever they find you, and they will do it sure.45 M. Jeff Thompson maintained his honor in peace as he had in war. Recognizing that the political principles which had led him to support the Confederacy no longer were viable, Thompson

45 Thompson comments on the speech but does not include the text. Many copies of the speech are still in existence and it has been the subject of several articles written by Louise Platte Hauck. Evidently, Mrs. Hauck, a native of Northwest Missouri, secured a copy of the speech from Marcie Bailey, Thompson's daughter. Mrs. Hauck claimed that the speech was "the most novel and startling address that was ever given in parting by a commander to his troops . . . [and] was famous in Missouri annals for a generation. . . ." The full text of the speech and Mrs. Hauck's comments on it can be found in "Jeff Thompson's Farewell to His Army," Kansas City Star, July 11, 1920, and Louise Platte Hauck, "Gen. Jeff Thompson, The Swamp Fox," St. Joseph Gazette, April 13, 1919; clippings of these articles are in fol. 13, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri.

The Last Review 256 Missouri Historical Review devoted his energies to allaying sectional hostilities and promoting the economic and social redevelopment of the South. He realized that the South could not be rebuilt without the assistance of the North. As a consequence, he became one of the first Southern lead­ ers to be "reconstructed." He signed an oath of allegiance and tried to serve as a model for others by obeying the law, speaking out in favor of conciliation and resuming his civilian profession. In 1867, the Louisville Journal carried a letter which clearly con­ veyed his feelings on reconstruction: Louisville, Kentucky, June 16, 1867. George D. Prentice, Esq.: My dear Friend—You desire me to write my feelings and opinions under the existing political condition of the country. Your friendship to me in the dark days of the late war, while we were political enemies, gives you a right to command my services in any way that I can return your kindness, and therefore I will comply with your request, and in as few words as possible express my present senti­ ments. I might cover the whole ground when I say that I heartily concur in the sentiments of Gen. Jas. Longstreet, but Gen. Longstreet was a professional soldier, who fought like a hero, and surrendered like a brave knight who has been unhorsed, and he may not go far enough in his lan­ guage to place himself right before the world; therefore I, who was a civilian before the war, and only buckled on my sabre to contend for certain "rights" (as was the case with armies on either side), I can go further than Gen. Long- street, for I have resumed my social status and have not changed my occupation. I tell you, then, plainly that I never fought the United States because I hated the United States. I never fought the North because I hated the North. I did not desire to be one iota freer than I was under the flag of the union; but there was an abstract political principle of States rights and four thousand millions of dollars worth of African slaves that I thought could only be saved out of the Union. From the first hostile gun fired by John Brown at Harper's Ferry until the 5th day of June, 1865, when I surrendered my troops, I was a fair, square, and consistent enemy of Aboli­ tionism and those who fought their battles; but when desolation came and starvation and ruin stared our women and children in the face I followed the example of my noble leaders—surrendered all political rights and became one of a conquered but still proud people. Our war had been no "boy's play." Our surrender was no farce. No politician had aught to do with the Missouri's Forgotten General 257

finale, and our proudest and noblest simply received a parole saying, "he shall not be interfered with by the United States authorities, as long as he observes this parole, and the laws in force where he may reside." This, then, was our actual condition on July 1st, 1865. In a short time a million of soldiers stacked their guns and resumed the peaceful pursuits of life. And in two short years we have taken giant strides in the march of improvement and reconstruction. We have not been asked to love the domi­ nant party, nor to kiss the rod that smote us; but the victors have the right to say, "shall we make the brave men our friends by courtesy, or shall we make them cowards—friends through fear?" And they, only, have the right to make the laws, which we have simply the right to obey, or leave the country, or remain aliens in our own land. The proper policy for the victors to pursue is not my province to discuss; neither have I a right to complain; nor will I presume to advise. I can simply set my soldiers an example of patience, industry, and enterprise—to build up our broken fortunes and make the land bloom again in peace, confidence, and plenty; therefore I will accept all courtesies and favors that the laws may grant me, and not let my individual likes or dislikes interfere with my duty to the country in which my children, at least, have an interest. I can now but repeat what I had occasion to write once before; "Apologies for the past or promises for the future would indicate a want of confidence in my own integrity. I have simply done what I conceived to be my duty, and I propose to do it now." The Con­ federate Government wiped out States Rights the first year of its existence—a bloody war wiped out slavery, and wiped out the Confederacy, so they are obsolete ideas; and the plain question now presented is, "Will you accept citizen­ ship under our terms as contained in this law?", and I emphatically answer Yes! Let each and every white man in the South say, "Abstract ideas or obsolete theories shall not govern me, for I will look facts in the face as they exist, and make the best of the future, without moping over the past. It is not to be presumed that I shall be asked to compromise my honor, or be false to my friends, for I am compelled to obey the laws, and being an elector simply gives me an opportunity to make the laws more favorable"—then will confidence be restored, and plenty abound once more. Yours, most respectfully, M. Jeff. Thompson.46

46 M. Jeff Thompson to George D. Prentice, June 16, 1867, in fol. 1, Thompson Papers, State Historical Society of Missouri. 258 Missouri Historical Review

In an attempt to return to civilian life, Thompson first opened a commission house in Memphis but the business failed. In 1867, he moved to New Orleans and the state of Louisiana soon appointed him chief engineer of the Board of Public Works, a position he held until shortly before his death. Thompson designed an am­ bitious program for improving the swamps of Louisiana and worked so hard that he destroyed his health. He left Louisiana in early July 1876, for a trip east. Apparently he hoped that a long vaca­ tion and change of climate might benefit his failing health. He went to New York and observed the Centennial celebration. He then returned to St. Joseph to visit relatives and friends. After arriving in St. Joseph, Thompson's condition worsened and he died there on September 5, 1876.47

47 st. Joseph Gazette, September 6, 1876.

Nine Good Rules Let Wives Cut Them Out and Paste Them in their Husbands' Hats. Fulton Telegraph, January 24, 1889. 1. Always come home good-tempered, leaving business cares behind, and do not vent annoyances met with at office on your wife and family. 2. Make yourself agreeable to your wife and friends, and do not sit glum all the evening, looking utterly bored. 3. Be lenient to your wife's faults, and do not expect perfection until you have first become perfect yourself. 4. Be punctual at meals. Remember a cook can not keep dinner waiting without its being spoilt. Do not expect each servant to have two pair of hands. 5. Do not expect your wife to keep accounts, unless you take the trouble to keep your own correctly. 6. Dress as well and as neatly as your means will allow, and be careful not to get your best trousers wet, as baggy knees are a thing no woman can respect. 7. Be as kind and attentive to your wife as you were before your marriage, and remember she has got no pipe to go to for comfort. 8. When your liver is out of order remember food can not be palatable; therefore do not grumble and turn over on your plate what your wife has prepared for you as if it were not fit for a dog to eat. 9. If you have a wife who does keep her house in order, is not constantly at war with her servants, is not extravagant, has meals regularly and well served, and does her best to please you, let her see you appreciate her, otherwise she will cease to try and make your home comfortable, and in due course your troubles at home will be infinitely worse than any you may have at the office. An Early View of St. Louis

Urban Politics in Jacksonian St. Louis: Traditional Values in Change and Conflict

BY MAXIMILIAN REICHARD*

A local political crisis in 1833 signaled the end of traditional politics in St. Louis city government. In April of that year Dr. Samuel Merry was elected mayor. Shortly after the election the Board of Aldermen decided that Merry was ineligible for the office because he was already U. S. Receiver of Public Moneys. The Missouri Constitution held that no state officer could hold two offices of profit, either in the Missouri or the United States gov­ ernment.1 The controversy which followed the aldermen's decision involved several questions of power: the right of the city council to challenge the executive; the right of the people to select their mayor; the question of whether a city mayor was an officer of the state or an independent representative of his community. The con-

* Maximilian Reichard is an assistant professor and research associate at Delgado College, New Orleans, Louisiana. He received the B.A. degree from the University of New Orleans and the A.M. and Ph.D. degrees from Wash­ ington University, St. Louis. i St. Louis, Minutes of the Board of Aldermen, April 8, 16, 18, 1833, in the Missouri Historical Society Library, St. Louis. 259 260 Missouri Historical Review

troversy also brought into the open a new minority political power from the northern part of the city which challenged the dominance of the "downtown" interests. Merry, a political ally of Thomas Hart Benton, opposed Bernard Pratte, Sr., an anti-Benton man, in the mayoral race. But in 1833 there was little evidence that nascent developments of state and national political parties affected local government. There had never been a real contest for mayor or for alderman before the 1833 election. William Carr Lane had been reelected mayor five times without significant opposition in the 1820s; his successor and the incumbent in 1833, Daniel Page, had been reelected three times. St. Louis city politics in the 1820s and early 1830s followed a pattern typical of the whole county after the War of 1812. Local issues were not considered a worthy area of political conflict. Local office was a duty, a public responsibility; it was not con­ sidered an opportunity for personal aggrandizement. Ordinarily leading citizens were reluctant to seek local political office, and they were even more reluctant to run for reelection. Mayor Lane was an exception. He enjoyed his office and the opportunity to plan the future of St. Louis. He believed in an active government, using all the power and persuasion he could muster to make the aldermen act constructively. Until the late twenties the board rarely opposed whatever Lane requested. They did conflict over the board's sloppy work. The aldermen often passed incoherent self-contradictory, and even illiterate bills—for which Lane chas­ tised them. During the six years Lane held office, aldermen seldom ran for reelection. Thus a majority of novices always made up the board. City government was not considered very important. Indeed, the press was as likely to ignore city elections as to report them. The 1833 election, for instance, received bare mention in the newspapers until the controversy over Merry's eligibility broke out.2 St. Louis was one of a few cities in the 1820s to initiate popular election of the mayor; in most other cities the mayor was elected by the city council.3 The challenge to the Merry election came in the form of a petition to the St. Louis city council, the Board of Aldermen. Without considering their au-

2 St. Louis, Aldermen, April, 1823-1830, passim; St. Louis Missouri Re­ publican, March 20, 1828, March 24, 1829, April 6, 1830, April 12, 1831; Cleland MSS, Darby Papers, 1846, in Missouri Historical Society Archives. 3 St. Louis City Charter, in Aldermen, April 1823; John A. Fairlie, Municipal Administration (New York, 1901), 82. Urban Politics in Jacksonian St. Louis 261

Daniel D. Page Mayor 1829-1833

City of St. Louis thority, the aldermen ordered an investigation of the election by an ad hoc committee. A week later the committee presented two reports to the board. A majority of the committee (from the Middle and South wards) reported that Merry was in­ eligible for office. Hugh O'Neil, Jr., the political boss of the North Ward presented the minority report. O'Neil argued that the question at stake was popular sovereignty, that the mayor was not a creature of the board, and that therefore the aldermen could not decide the question of eligibility. The board, by a 6-3 vote, decided to accept the majority report and resolved that the incumbent, Mayor Page, should stay in office until a successor qualified for the position. Normally this would have been the end of it. But not this time. Alderman O'Neil saw his opportunity and he took it. Together with the two other aldermen from the North Ward, O'Neil now rallied the people. The fight occurred over stated principles, but the objectives were political. Merry was one of the "North Ward Gang," the gang wanted him in office, and they wanted "downtown" defeated.4 The Merry controversy provided more than a struggle be­ tween the executive and legislative branches of government. The

4 St. Louis, Aldermen, April 8, 1833. 262 Missouri Historical Review

O'Neil forces also questioned the idea that the mayor was an officer of the state. According to Missouri laws passed in 1822 and 1825, the mayor was made the "conservator of the peace" of the city. The anti-Merry forces used this clause to keep Merry from becoming mayor and thus holding an office of profit under the state. However O'Neil pointed out that the state did not pay the mayor of St. Louis; he was a salaried officer of the city. O'Neil suggested that it was absurd to assume that an officer of a corporation chartered by the state was, therefore, a state officer.5 As it was debated in the summer of 1833 the Merry question became an issue over the locus of authority in the city. Was the ultimate power in the state government? Was it in the Board of Aldermen? Was it in the office of the mayor? Such questions had not occurred to people in St. Louis before the Merry election, but now they became the single most important source of conflict within the Board of Aldermen, between the board and the mayor, between city officials at all levels, and between the city and the state. The concern over the locus of authority was a local, nineteenth-century version of traditional American fears about corruption and the misuse of power. Eventually the Missouri State Supreme Court overruled the O'Neil-Merry position.6 But this was done only after the "North Ward Gang" had made a vociferous plea for popular sovereignty. In so doing the O'Neil people revealed the absurdity of believing St. Louis to be a consensual community where leading citizens amicably resolved all conflicts and questions of power. O'Neil called a public meeting. His people used the opportunity to air a variety of grievances from "too much" taxes to their "elective franchise [being] trampled under foot." The participants in the meeting passed four resolutions: first, Mayor Page was not qualified to be mayor for he had "abused the will of the people"; Merry had been duly elected; the Board of Aldermen was guilty of "Gross Assumption" of power; and, finally, in what was potentially a violent act, the meeting appointed five persons to "safeguard the interests of the people."7 Even before the meeting some of the citizens recognized that the conflict was between those who exercised power in the city and those who could not.

5 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 26, 1833. 6 St. Louis, Aldermen, October 30, 1833. 7 St. Louis Missouri Republican, May 28, 1833. Urban Politics in Jacksonian St. Louis 263

Edward Charless, editor of the Missouri Republican and one of the anti-Merry aldermen, called for the "better" citizens to support the action of the aldermen: "The sensible portion of the com­ munity cannot but justify them [the aldermen] in this discharge of their duty; and from anybody else they have nothing to apprehend."8 In the special election for mayor which followed the court decision negating the Merry election, citizens elected a "down­ town" man, John W. Johnson, who defeated Hugh O'Neil, Sr., the father of the North Ward's political boss. To the editor of the Republican, Johnson's victory provided sufficient proof that politics remained an activity for the better citizens: Notwithstanding the hectorings and the handbills of a few itinerant peddlers of politics—some of whom do not own a foot of land in the city and have scarcely a local habitation in it—Col. Johnson was . . . elected .... The upright and sensable [sic'] portion of the citizens de­ termined to rebuke these upstarts and pretenders and it was done without noise and without difficulty, in the most unexceptional style. It was well merited chastise­ ment, and should teach a lesson not soon to be forgotten.9 City government, however, could no longer be the avocation of the upright and sensible portion of the community. Partisan professional politics existed, and the Republican editor could have seen it from his own publication:10 Mayor's Elec. No. Wd. Mid. Wd. So. Wd. Total Johnson 48 177 61 286 O'Neil 131 27 94 252 The Republican editor ignored the closeness of the election and that the O'Neil people carried two of the three wards. In the years which followed, using the fast growing North Ward as their base, the O'Neil forces built a political organization, while the Middle Ward, downtown interests continued to berate professional politics, "political bickering," and lack of interest in the welfare of the community. To overemphasize the politicization of city government in the 1830s would be a mistake. Only a small percentage of eligi-

8 Ibid., April 26, 1833. 9 Ibid., November 12, 1833. 10 Ibid. 264 Missouri Historical Review

John W. Johnson Mayor 1833-1835

City of St. Louis ble voters made use of their franchise. Even in the Johnson- O'Neil special election for mayor, which drew more attention than any previous race for mayor, only 35 percent of the adult white males voted.11 Everyone, however, sensed the change in St. Louis politics. Local Whig leaders responded to the changes by urging voters to "abandon" the idea that "municipal elections [are] of less importance than they really are."12 Meanwhile the O'Neil people began organizing what voter interest there was. Their strategy had three components: to build a disciplined organization around the ideology of popular sovereignty; to build a power base in one area of the city, and perhaps in one branch of government; to make voting easier and more open. While not a well-organized plan, O'Neil's strategy occurred as a natural reaction to those who had the political power in

ii Ibid. Other election returns: April, 1834, 28.5% of AWM (adult white males) voted for mayor; April, 1835, 34.3% of AWM voted; April, 1836, 31.4%. See ibid., April 10, 1834, April 17, 1835, April 7, 1836. Paul W. Brewer provided me the AWM estimated population data for St. Louis City which he derived from population and voting statistics for St. L. Co. Un­ fortunately AWM data are even riskier to use for the city because while all AWM could vote in state elections, the city had restrictions on municipal elections. Only free white males, one year resident in the city, and who had paid a city tax were eligible to vote. It is doubtful the requirements were rigidly enforced, but they make voting results very imprecise measures of public opinion. See ibid., April 3, 1837. 12 Ibid., February 18, 1837. Urban Politics in Jacksonian St. Louis 265 the city. The rhetoric of popular sovereignty appealed to those who considered St. Louis politics elitist and undemocratic. Intended as a weapon against those in power, the rhetoric became a means of organizing political partisans. The first indication that the North Ward had the rudiments of political organization and discipline came in 1828. The three North Ward aldermen, George Kennerly, Samuel Hawken and John Reilly, all resigned in October 1828, because of a 5-3 resolution passed by the board. All three had voted in the minority on a resolution to compel the Mississippi ferry to come straight across the river to the Market Street landing (in the Middle Ward). The resolution forbade the ferry to dock anywhere else on the St. Louis side of the river. Apparently the ferry had been landing at the foot of Oak Street in the North Ward. The vote indicated the first overt conflict of interests between downtown and uptown.13 The Merry election, however, finally revealed all the pent up hostility between the two sections. Following the Merry controversy, the North Ward Gang was in the minority in several 6-3 votes in the Board of Aldermen. One such tally occurred over a bill to reorganize the city into four wards. This bill may have been intended to break up the North Ward Gang in the city council. Edward Dobyns, from the North Ward, wanted to amend the bill requiring a viva voce vote on the question of who could decide the eligibility of an elected mayor. It was defeated, 6-3. Another amendment offered by O'Neil, Jr., would have required election judges to count votes publicly, but it too suffered defeat, 6-3. After a series of defeats, the O'Neil forces experienced a stunning victory. In the April 1834 election, all the members of the North Ward Gang were reelected. O'Neil now represented the Third Ward, while Dobyns, Bob Moore, and another O'Neil man, Hugh O'Brien, were elected in Ward Four. The real victory, however, occurred in the Board of Aldermen, where O'Neil, after 41 ballots, was elected president. Every alderman received some votes, but only O'Neil maintained consistent strength in the balloting. From that point on, the Board of Aldermen was closely divided. The O'Neil organization not only had internal discipline, now it had some political power in the city.14

13 St. Louis, Aldermen, October 14, 1828. 14 Ibid., November 12, 23, 1833, February 24, March 3, 29, May 2, April 14, November 12, 1834. 266 Missouri Historical Review

The contrast between the Board of Aldermen in the mid- twenties and the mid-thirties is striking. In the 1820s Mayor Lane had a great deal of power because few aldermen cared about city affairs. In the 1830s, not only was the board jealous of any power held by the mayor, but aldermen bickered so much over rules, over petitions and other trivia in the board meetings, that they accomplished nothing for weeks at a time. In 1838, for example, it required 148 ballots to elect a president of the board.15 For their efforts, the North Ward Gang received tangible rewards—a ferry landing for the Fourth Ward, paving for the streets of the rapidly developing north wards and political appoint­ ments.16 But their success and their methods seemed vulgar to some. The downtown interests protested that the "Loco Focos" (the O'Neil organization) cried "no party" before elections but afterwards not only claimed a party victory but carried partisanship into the organization of the board: As the Board is presently organized nothing beneficial can be expected from its legislation. There is no union of purpose or harmony of action in it, nor will it be other­ wise, so long as the parties stand as nearly balanced as they are at this time. We are decidedly of the belief that the interests of the city would be advanced by giving the majority to either side.17 The downtown, commercial interests, or Whigs as they now

15 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 11, May 8, 11, 1838. 16 St. Louis, Aldermen, March-April, 1835. 17 St. Louis 'Missouri Republican, September 24, 1838.

Discussion at City Council Meeting Urban Politics in Jacksonian St. Louis 267

William Carr Lane

identified themselves, had no intention of giving up the Board of Aldermen. Consequently they began to organize in response to the Loco Focos or Democrats. Their appeal focused on the traditional—some said, elite—values of community responsibility and consensus. Elections provided the solution to political strength. A fran­ chise limited to the respectable property owners of St. Louis favored the Whigs. The Democratic challengers benefitted from more open elections. Because Democrats were better organized and more disciplined in voting, they not only worked to extend the franchise but also to make as many offices elective as possible. Clearly the changes in American society, the advance of de­ mocracy, favored Democrats. It is not equally clear, however, that the Democrats social vision matched their political sagacity. If it is true that "the Whig party spoke to the explicit hopes of Americans, as Jacksonians addressed their diffuse fears and re­ sentments,"18 then we are left with the irony that the Whig appeal in St. Louis resulted in attempts at restricting voting and public office to the propertied, Anglo-Saxon, "pure" Americans, while the breakdown of elitist politics came about only by breaking up communities into narrow, particularistic sections and interest groups.

18 Marvin Meyers, The Jacksonian Persuasion (Stanford, Calif., 1960) , 13. 268 Missouri Historical Review

As long as the city remained relatively small and homo­ geneous, voting in a city election was not likely to be questioned. The voter was understood to be the citizen who owned property and paid taxes. Substantial men of the community, who knew the voters, recorded their viva voce votes. Controversy over this system signaled its end. The Democrats began challenging the law that only free white males, one year resident in the city, and who had paid a city tax, could vote.19 They argued that the law set the poor against the rich.20 The Democrats saw themselves as the cham­ pions of egalitarian ideals as well as of the interests of those who could not vote. They chipped away at the requirements for voting and officeholding by proposing a variety of subterfuges: payment of a water license tax was allowed for voting; people with as little as seven and a half square feet of property could run for office; foreigners were "helped" with the naturalization process.21 Meanwhile the Democrats organized the election pro­ cess itself: recruiting the faithful into "committees of vigilance" to watch polls and perhaps to intimidate election judges; printing handbills, purportedly written by Whigs, which made Whig candidates look foolish; bringing voters to the polls— during one election involving the newly instituted and short-lived "omnibus" line in a political controversy over carrying these voters to the polls.22 In 1838 the Democrats scored two significant victories in their struggle to become dominant. In March they succeeded in passing the first of a series of bills to make key city offices elective. Over the veto of the Whig mayor, William Carr Lane, the city council (now comprising a Board of Aldermen and a Board of Delegates) took away his power to appoint the city constable and made it an elective office. In 1841 four other offices became elective. By 1850 ten of the city's administrative department heads were elected.23 In the Board of Aldermen,

19 St. Louis Missouri Republican, April 3, 1837, May 2, 1838. During its territorial days St. Louis experienced a great deal of conflict over elections, but it was based on personal factors rather than party organization. Moreover such conflict never seemed to involve elections for town government. 20 Ibid., July-22, 1837. As an educated guess, I would say that the leading citizens were fairly evenly divided between Democrats and Whigs, but in municipal politics, professional politicians dominated the Democrats, at least from the 1830s. 21 Ibid., March 5, May 2, 1838. 22 ibid., August 9, 1837, April 3, 5, July 24, 1838. 23 St. Louis Missouri Argus, March 7, 24, 1838; See also: ibid., April 7, Urban Politics in Jacksonian St. Louis 269 in June 1838, the Democrats had proposed and squeezed through a bill which allowed almost any white male to vote in city elections.24 The organization and discipline of St. Louis Democrats signaled the end of deferential politics and the beginning of a new era of professional politics. The Whigs tried organization also, but their hearts were not in it. In responding to charges of ties with the "commercial interests," they were on the defensive. Caught in their own value system and rhetoric, they talked about "no party" and the public interest, but on the other hand, they directed their appeals to the "friends of property."25 The Whigs complained about Democratic efforts to organize foreigners and to get voters to the polls—viewing such activity as interference with independent voting. But they often criticized their own party members for not having discipline, and for failing to vote the Whig ticket. When the party tried to impose discipline, many "Whigs" re­ pudiated the party, publicly embarrassing their "partisans." As they attempted to organize their own party, W7higs continued their anti-party rhetoric, bitterly denouncing the leaders of the Democrats for advocating in public what they rejected in private, "merely to sustain the party."26 This criticism was aimed in particular at the substantial, respectable Democrats. "All admit" that "the times are . . . horribly out of joint," but, the Whigs complained, the Democrats were taking advantage of the situa­ tion.27 The Whigs pined for their ideal political community, where men of property, men of substance, resolved all conflicts, sub­ dued all dissent, and maintained strict social control. Edward Bates became disgusted with politics as a young man when he saw the shape of the future: "There remains nothing of what was once a great question of principles but a disgraceful contest about men. In such a contest, I desire to mingle as little as possible and very emphatically say, I belong to no party."28

1837; St. Louis Missouri Republican, March 24, 31, 1838; Thomas S. Barclay, The Movement for Municipal Home Rule in St. Louis (Columbia, Mo., 1943) , 16-20. 24 St. Louis, Aldermen, June 19, 1838, in St. Louis Missouri Republican, September 8, 1838; see also ibid., August 30, 1838. The 1841 Charter did away with all property qualifications for voting and officeholding; ibid., January 4, 1841. 25 ibid., November 4, 1834, November 13, 1837, September 24, 1838. Mlbid., March 5, 31, April 3-6, 1838; see also ibid., May 10, 1843, ad­ vocating voter registration laws. 27 ibid., March 31, 1838. 28 Quoted from 1826 speech, in M. B. Herzer, "The Whig Party in 270 Missouri Historical Review

Edward Bates

This was the dilemma of the respectable citizen—and he who aspired to become one. He wanted to be engaged in the affairs of his community, but not at the compromise of his ideals and values. The more the city changed the narrower those values became. The issues of temperance, slavery and nativism in particular proved that even the closest of political and social compacts could dissolve. The respectable citizen did not want to involve himself in the vulgarity of mass politics, of patronage, and of governing a city which was no longer one community—a city which no longer belonged to him. The 1830s proved a crucial decade in the development of St. Louis. Old values were challenged by the demands of a changing society. Leading citizens continued to talk about their community, about established authority and about the public welfare. But their responses to political conflict, as well as to problems of disorder, poverty and social unrest, betrayed a large gap between the ideal and the real. In trying to close this gap, St. Louis citizens organized a variety of institutions to deal with problems of health, poverty, fire protection, business communication and

Missouri, 1828-1831" (unpublished M.A. thesis, Washington University, St. Louis, 1922) • Bates was a promising young politician in the 1820s. But he dropped out of active politics for thirty years (until the 1860 Republican Convention) , although he came to be a major conservative voice in the Whig party. Urban Politics in Jacksonian St. Louis 271 social disorder.29 But institutionalization turned the traditional impulse for helping one's neighbor into a variety of public and private bureaucratic, impersonal organizations, it made the source of authority diffuse and unclear both to the average citizen and to those wielding power, and it made it very difficult for citizens to see the relationship between their individual rights and their public responsibilities.

29 See Maximilian Reichard, "The Origins of Urban Police: Freedom and Order in Antebellum St. Louis" (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Washington University, St. Louis, 1975) .

A Blind Girl's Sense of Touch Columbia Missouri Statesman, February 2, 1894. Constant practice indeed has given to Helen Keller's sense of touch a delicacy and precision seldom attained even by the blind. Sometimes it seems as if her very soul were in her fingers, she finds so much to interest her everywhere. People frequently said to me at the fair, "She sees more with her fingers than we do with our eyes." And in one of her letters she says, "I am like the people my dear friend Dr. Holmes tells about, with eyes in their fingers that spy out everything interesting and take hold of it as the magnet picks out iron filings." Descriptions are to Helen what paintings are to us, and her well trained imagination gives the light and color. One evening as we sat in a gondola I tried to tell Helen how the thousands of tiny electric lights were reflected in the water of the lagoons, when she asked, "Does it look as if a shower of golden fish had been caught in an invisible net?" Is it any wonder that Dr. Holmes says of her, "She is a poet whose lyre was taken from her in her early youth, but whose soul is full of music."

A Near-Sighted Man Boonville Weekly Advertiser, July 9, 1880. A well-known stock dealer in a large Western town, who is somewhat near-sighted, was seated near the fare box in a street car the other day reading a newspaper, when a lady passed up the aisle and accidentally dropped her handkerchief in the lap of the near-sighted man as she paid her fare. She did not notice her loss, and after she had taken her seat, a gentleman sitting opposite the near-sighted person touched him with his cane to call his attention to the handkerchief. The near-sighted man looked down, saw the white handkerchief in his lap and immediately covered it with his newspaper, blushing as he did so. Then he inserted his hand under the paper, tucked the handkerchief in out of sight and went on reading.—Ex. Wash. Univ. School of Med. Lib. Archives A winter view of part of Base Hospital 21 depicts the two huts (center) for reception and discharge of patients.

Base Hospital 21 and the Great War

BY DONNA BINGHAM MUNGER*

"They asked for hospital units and they got us. We were too surprised to be scared," remembered Dr. Arthur Proetz. It had been only two weeks since the United States government had declared war. Dr. Fred Murphy, commanding officer, had just received a wire from the surgeon general: "'Can your Unit go to Europe and how soon?' Fired with pride and patriotism he might have replied, 'Lafayette, we are here,* if jhe had thought of it, but even Gen. Pershing only came up with that one two months later, so he answered simply, 'Yes—in one week/"1 What he was thinking about was hard to say for he had no unit. Base Hospital No. 21, Washington University School of Medi-

*Donna Bingham Munger is a former archivist for the Washington Uni­ versity School of Medicine Library, St. Louis. She has the B.A. and M.A. degrees in History from the University of Washington, Seattle. She is presently a free-lance historian and substitute teacher at Hershey, Pennsylvania. i Arthur Proetz, "Base Hospital 21 of Washington University Suddenly Finds Itself Dodging U-boats*" St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 3, 1963, and Borden S. Veeder, Activities of Base Hospital No. 21 (Report to the Board of Directors, St. Louis Chapter American Red Cross; pamphlet, Wash. U. Sch. Med., Library), 4. 272 Base Hospital 21 and the Great War 273 cine, existed only on paper. There were no men to carry stretchers, blow bugles or cook slum, whatever variety it might be for that day. Technically, there were no officers either. Not a single com­ mission had arrived. Even Dr. Murphy's rank as major and com­ manding officer was unofficial. He did not have his commission. In fact, he had never met together with the entire group of officers. In St. Louis, Missouri, few people had thought of military matters before 1917. They had talked vaguely about service in Mexico where Pancho Villa had raided back and forth across the border, and they had watched a few regular troops, bound for the Mexican border, go through the city on flat cars equipped with machine guns. They seemed to be more concerned over the safety of relatives in Europe and over the Germans prodding the Mexicans to go to war with the United States than with the possibility of military service for themselves or members of their family.2 When the Red Cross, in July 1916, had called for the formation of a base hospital unit at Washington University School of Medicine, all of the faculty members had volunteered. No one in the medical school had thought that any base hospital would ever see duty overseas, and the closest they were to come to a unit meeting prior to the U.S. declaration of war was "around the luncheon table in the bay window at the old University Club" where many of them had always gathered daily.3 Then, Arthur Proetz remembered, one night shortly after the surgeon general's telegram, "two unimpressive lieutenants from the Army Medical Corps showed up" to give physicals to the hospital unit officers. The lieutenants "herded [everyone] . . . into a chilly clinic room and in a no-nonsense tone one said. 'Strip!'" "All the way?" questioned Dr. Fred Murphy, a professor of Surgery, who would be commissioned commanding officer of the St. Louis unit. "All the way," snapped one lieutenant. Proetz recalled that two dozen of the medical school faculty stepped forward: from the loftiest professors down, naked as frogs, hopping on the cold floor, being inspected, palpated, auscultated and undergoing any other manipulations that occurred to the inquisitors. Not a man had a temperature over 97 or a pulse under 100. It was a leveling experience, . . .

2 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 3, 1963. 3 Ibid. 274 Missouri Historical Review

it broke down all barriers and began to teach them to live as one happy family for the duration.4 American hospital units such as No. 21 at Washington Uni­ versity had come into existence largely through the efforts of a few surgeons who had taken small, volunteer, surgical units to France during the first two years of the war. In 1914, a group of Americans living in Paris established a hospital at Neuilly, France. In order to staff the hospital, known as the Ambulance Ameri- cains, they urged several American universities to form surgical units, which served on a three month rotational basis. Through these experiences a few influential men in the American medical profession quickly grasped the importance of having ready, on a standby basis, efficient surgical teams composed of men who had had similar training and who knew each other well.5 Dr. George Crile, who had led the Western Reserve unit, the first to serve at Neuilly, and Dr. Harvey Cushing, a member of the Harvard unit also stationed there, spearheaded a medical preparedness drive after their return home. Their ultimate goal was to organize self-contained hospital units at every possible medical school in the United States. They hoped that these units could be mobilized rapidly if or when the need arose.6 Colonel W. C. Gorgas, then surgeon general and head of the Army Medical Corps, reacted favorably to the idea. The Wilson administration s insistence on technical neutrality had stymied his earlier efforts at medical preparedness. Gorgas also well re­ membered from his own experiences the problems of cooperation which dissimilarly trained doctors had faced during the Spanish- American War.7 Refore the Army Medical Corps could implement any type of organization, however, the American Red Cross entered the scene. They contended that since the United States was not officially at war, they alone had responsibility for organizing and furnish­ ing volunteer aid to the sick and wounded. After considerable negotiation, the two groups reached a compromise. The Red Cross would organize the base hospitals on a strictly military basis, and

4 ibid. 5 G. W. Crile, George Crile, An Autobiography (Philadelphia, 1947) , I, 265-268; John Fulton, Harvey Cushing (Springfield, 111., 1947) , 387-442. 6 George W. Crile, "The Unit Plan of Organization of the Medical Reserve Corps, United States Army, for Service in Base Hospitals," Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics, XXII (January, 1916), 68. 7 U.S. Surgeon General's Office, Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War (Washington, D.C., 1921-29), I, 92-93, 47-51. Base Hospital 21 and the Great War 275 the commissioned and enlisted men of the Army Medical Reserve Corps would provide the personnel.8 Ry April 1917, the Red Cross had organized 33 base hospitals. Fortunately they had acquired authority to solicit funds for the equipment since base hospitals had never received provisions from the War Department in times of peace.9 In St. Louis, alone, the Red Cross had raised over $60,000 for beds, blankets, instruments, medicines, portable laboratory and kitchen equipment and other necessary items.10 All of this had been put safely into storage without the doctors at Washington University giving much thought to its use. The Rritish, however, had other thoughts about the matter. As soon as the United States entered the war they dispatched a mission to Washington. Headed by Arthur Ralfour, most of its members had overseen England's prosecution of the war. Acutely aware of the best ways in which the United States could help, they first requested: "Send us Doctors." Unfortunately the Rritish had failed to conserve their supply of physicians and surgeons, allowing both doctors and medical students to fight in the lines. Ry spring 1917, a serious shortage of medical officers confronted them. On Sunday evening, April 22, 1917, the members of the Rritish mission gathered with a group of Washington officials in the octagonal room of the White House. When the first doctor was introduced to Ralfour that evening he retained his hand, grabbed his coat lapel and held the receiving line at a standstill while he asked, "You were introduced as 'Doctor'. Have you to do with the enrollment of medical officers for your army?" "I have much to do with it, sir," replied Dr. Franklin Martin of the president's advisory committee. "What can we do for you?" Ralfour earnestly replied: "Our soldiers are in great need of doctors. We have exhausted our supply. Our people at home have released more than they can spare. Our wounded are suffer­ ing. I charged my mind that my first request of your government would be—Send us Doctors. Can you do this?" "Yes," Martin replied eagerly, and he asked how many Ralfour

8 Ibid., 93, 105 note 2; "An Act To Incorporate the American National Red Cross, January 5, 1905," U.S. Statutes at Large, XXXIII, Pt.l, 599-602. 9 Medical Dep't. U.S. Army W.W.I, 94. lOVeeder, Base Hospital No. 21, 3. 276 Missouri Historical Review

Head of British Commission Which lias Arrived in U. S. BRITISH COMMISSIONERS ARRIVE; SPECIAL TRAIN TAKES THEM TO CARTAL

Cordial Welcome Extended and The? Trawl Over Closely Qxkmdtd Route,

BALFOUR PAYS HIGH TRIBUTE TO AMERICA

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, on April 22, 1917, announced the arrival of Balfour.

wanted. The Englishman asked: "Could you send us a thousand?" Martin answered: "Two thousand."11 Six base hospitals were immediately selected for mobilization. As Ralfour requested, they would be sent ahead of American fighting forces and directly to the aid of the Rritish. Each consisted of a fully equipped 500-bed unit staffed by at least twenty medical officers and an even greater number of nurses. Although totally unprepared for war, the six selected units were quite proud of the honor. Common opinion in medical circles regarded these units as the best representatives of the medical and nursing pro­ fession in the United States.12 Rase Hospital 21, at Washington University, was one of the first six units. While relatively well prepared, it lacked only com­ missions, orders, uniforms and enlisted personnel. Uniform kits hastily were ordered from Indianapolis, and the local St. Louis newspapers ran full-page advertisements for enlisted men. As Arthur Proetz remembered, "all sorts of people" answered the ads. "The citizenry was pretty well roiled up over the U-boat atrocities, a perfect recruiting medium supplied by the enemy

11 W.A.R. Chapin, "Forward," in Franklin H. Martin, The Lost Legion (Springfield, Mass., 1926), v-vi. 12 Medical Dep't. U.S. Army W.W.I, 101. Base Hospital 21 and the Great War 277 at just the right moment, as the angry young men rushed in re­ gardless of military status."13 Within a few days the roster was complete. For stretcher carriers the unit had a banker, a barber, a professional gambler, a number of businessmen, six medical students, a surgical instruments salesman and an incipient rabbi who was never known by his messmates as anything but "Deacon."14 The slow arrival of the uniform kits actually delayed the sail­ ing date of the unit, a date which became more competitive among the first six units with each passing day. Later, Arthur Proetz related, he did not know what blissful ignorance had kept him from jumping out of his skin as he sat around waiting for uni­ forms, orders and commissions. When the uniform kits did arrive their contents provided more than a little joking and merrymaking. They contained water bottles, shoes, blankets, candle lanterns, bedding rolls and spurs. The leather puttees puzzled everyone, especially distinguishing right from left, and some never did. All in all, "it was like dressing up for a show and the men strutted

13 Si. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 3, 1963. 14 Ibid.

This ad appeared in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. May 10, 1917. Join the Red Cross Hospital Unit No.21 (About Ready for.Service) 278 Missouri Historical Review

Gen. Joffre addressed 15,000 St. Louisans in the Coliseum. A. Russell sketched the event for the St. Louis Globe-Democrat, May 7, 1917.

about self-consciously trying not to laugh at themselves and one another."15 tnSMFOR Finally the officers' commissions arrived and the unit formally was placed under the FRANCE TOMORROW military command of Major J. D. Fife of Nearly All of 31 Recruits Here the regular Army Medical Corps. Fife was College Students; 1,7 From Washington University one of the few nonlocal men added to lend OTHERS TO LEAVE JLNE 2 a military atmosphere to a unit which had

Organization Eventually Will never suffered a drill. The unit consisted Have 00 >,en and 2 5 Motor Vehicles—Under U S Flag of 28 officers, 65 nurses and 185 enlisted 10 Tw.nl>- ..»«n of 'h» 21 man ao far men. Marshall Joseph Joffre headed the rwcruitod far tha Hi Ix>ul« unit of tha Arrartran AnbuUnrt Flald fW- French mission to the United States, which *lca *li: IMV( at » a. tn tomorrow in a apaclal car our ih* Bat 11 mora A proposed to arouse sympathies among the <>hl© Hailroad. and will Mil Mar 1*

Of th» ti racrwlta U ara atuaai.t* Americans. He reviewed the unit in St. al Waahincton I'nltarait) Tha othara liirluaa «t l»uta rapraaanta l»ae of Harvard Frinraton. Cornell Louis and presented it with several flags- and i L*»u!e I'nlv.raltira. tha I nl ».relty of California, tha New Tork American, British and French—all donated Clactrttal .School and a f«w hiah

Tha "t l,oula I'nlt will arantviaU> by local citizen groups. After a consecration rni:ais( of |Wn Mcllmu of JO man ami *t imhultntN aach. to b# »<]ulvpa- at, a <-.»at of ••«.•«• Thua far 11 and farewell service at St. Louis's Christ arrbulanoaa hava h».n aubat rlbart fo in thla rltr. in tha aum of |}1 |a.< Tha coat of a alngla ambulanca i« Church Cathedral, the unit left the next i.OHt. for (ha purt h*a« of a Ton '•ha»e;a art.1 Ih. addMlon of an acn day, May 17, 1917, for New York. huianca b*>dr in Krai..* to thla H a.l.U.t l. #ach oaa* !•<"> for tta main imam* for a ) aar Tra ramalndar of tha Hi 1 oula part, will '.aav* bar* 15 Ibid. 16 Walter Fischel, Base Hospital No. 21. Rec­ ords of the War Department, Office of the Surgeon General in the National Archives, Washington, D.C. Printed copy Wash. U. Sch. Med. Library. Base Hospital 21 and the Great War 279

Upon reaching the city the following evening, the unit im­ mediately boarded ship, an old White Star liner named the St. Paul There, it was greeted by Base Hospital No. 10 from Philadelphia, a group of orthopedic surgeons, a committee from the Red Cross busily passing out nurses' uniforms and an "odorous curry and rice reception."17 The nurses' uniforms consisted of a dark blue serge dress; a long, heavy, double-breasted, dark blue military coat; a dark blue felt hat with hat pins; caps; armbands and a heavy, dark brown blanket, "all of which looked very shipshape although a little somber."18 The curry and rice reception gave a perfect climax to the "gorgeous Pullman and Fred Harvey serv­ ice" which the unit had received on the train to New York and provided "the last and best impression of an enlisted man's view of the land of all good things."19 The following morning, Saturday, May 19, 1917, just a month and a half after the United States had declared war, the St. Louis hospital unit steamed out of New York harbor toward the U-boat infested Atlantic. The "ancient tub" proved to be quite comfortable for the eight-day crossing. Armed fore and aft with a couple of cannons left over from the Spanish-American War and with the portholes screwed shut the vessel offered no difference between the inside and outside rooms.20 The officers and enlisted men found room enough on deck for all to have some regular drill everyday. Much to the delight of the spectators and perhaps, even to those participating, the nurses incorporated some setting-up exercises along with the military drill. The doctors found themselves trying to stand on shipboard on one foot while raising the other knee and hoping all the time a swell would not arise. By the end of the voyage even the "fat doctors" had acquired more or less pro­ ficiency in lying down on their stomachs and getting up very fast.21 After an uneventful voyage, the St. Paid docked at Liverpool early in the morning of May 28. Both the Philadelphia and St. Louis hospital units were dispatched immediately to training centers for short courses in British medical procedures. The enlisted men and a few officers were sent to Blackpool, the Royal Army Medical Corps training center. The remaining officers and nurses went

IT J. N. Meyer, "Our First Year in France," in Base Hospital Unit 21, Service in France (pam. Wash. U. Sch. Med. Library) . 18 Julia Stimson, Finding Themselves (New York, 1918), 7-10. 19 Meyer, Service in France. 20 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 3, 1963. 21 Stimson, Finding Themselves, 7-10. 280 Missouri Historical Review

Dr. Fred Murphy

Wash. Univ. School of Med. Lib. Archives on to London for a two-week conditioning course on the medical tragedies of war. Perhaps the seriousness of their situation was offset by a round of receptions, teas and theater performances. One day might have been spent discovering how 1,700 war-handicapped young men were learning new occupations in an attempt to return to civilian life, while that same evening officers and nurses might have attended a musical comedy performed on the London stage.22 Receiving more specific orders in England, Base Hospital No. 21 was assigned to No. 12 General Hospital of the British Expedi­ tionary Force. To prepare for the tasks ahead, the Washington University medical group observed the methods used in British military hospitals. The St. Louis group, however, did not know that their unit, equipped to handle a 500-bed hospital, had been scheduled to take over a 1,300-bed hospital, in tents, on a race­ track near Rouen, reputed to be the wettest spot in Europe. After two weeks of hospitals, receptions, teas and reviews, the officers, nurses and enlisted men of Base Hospital 21 met to­ gether again at Southampton. That same rainy night they crossed the channel in a large hospital ship and early the next morning steamed noisily into the harbor of Le Havre. The luggage was

22 ibid., 21. Base Hospital 21 and the Great War 281

unloaded, but the unit remained on board for breakfast while suspense concerning their destination began to mount. Wounded soldiers were brought on board for their trip back to "Blighty."23 The lunch bells had just sounded when, without warning or lunch, the nurses were ordered off the ship and into the motor ambulances which had transported the wounded soldiers. Two medical officers were sent along, for protection, and/or moral support. The rest of the unit ate lunch and dinner and the complete round of meals the next day, still pondering their destination and wondering what had become of their nurses. After dark and without warning, but with some relief, they were ordered off the ship and experienced the dubious pleasure of their first ride on a French troop train. By morning their apprehension was finally calmed when they were welcomed by their nurses at Rouen, France.24 Rouen was the center of the southern line of British hospitals in France. Fourteen base hospitals in the vicinity, among them B.E.F. No. 12, served as receiving stations for the wounded mainly from the area of the Somme. After treatment at one of these base hospitals, the British wounded were evacuated down the Seine to England; the French, and later American wounded, were sent to Southern France. B.E.F. General No. 12, to which the St. Louis unit had been assigned, was one of the earliest British hospitals established in France. It had been situated on the racetrack, the Champs des Courses, at Rouen since August 1914, with the excep­ tion of one brief period during that first year when an advancing German army forced it to flee down the Seine River. The sandy, gravel-covered ground of the racetrack provided the best drainage in Rouen for a 1,300-bed hospital built in the midst of the rain belt of the Seine Valley. Even the local cards described the town as the "pot de chambre de France."25 As the doctors and enlisted men from St. Louis looked about that June 12 morning they saw only an establishment of moss- covered bell tents illuminated by comic candle lanterns. Only two huts of about 30 beds each and a small ward of 10 beds attached to the operating room accommodated patients not under canvas. These facilities would prove to be marvelous in spring and summer. However, the one stove in each tent hardly provided sufficient heat to keep the patients, doctors or nurses warm in winter. The

23 A British slang expression developed during the war referring to a wound necessitating or making possible a return to England. 24 Stimson, Finding Themselves, 32-33. 25 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 3, 1963. 282 Missouri Historical Review

water inside the tents froze every winter night despite the fire in the stoves. Often the day nurse's first duty in the morning was to thaw the solutions and medicines in the bottles before she could administer them.26 The permanent buildings of the racetrack, such as the pavilions, paddocks and cafe, had been put to use, but for administrative purposes rather than patient care. The hospital office was located in the racetrack office, the laboratory in the Post de Police, the office of the commanding officer in a Vestarie under a pavilion and the officers' mess in the Salon. The medical officers had estab­ lished quarters outside the pavilions in small bell tents, similar to those used for the wounded. The racing turf remained free of buildings until later in the war. With a surrounding line of trees, it gave a picturesque appearance to the hospital and served as an excellent ground for tennis, cricket and other ball games, as well as drills and parades. Grass covered the ground between the tents and flowers bloomed here and there. The British at­ tempted to make the surroundings in all military hospitals as pleasant and attractive as possible. Thoughtfully given special attention, the nurses were ensconced in wooden huts located inside the protective barrier of the paddock fence. As soon as the Washington University unit arrived, the British

26 Stimson, Finding Themselves, 182.

A view of the racetrack and grandstand used for sleep­ ing quarters by the officers and men. The huts on the track at the right were barracks for enlisted men. Wash. Univ. School of Med. Lib. Archives Base Hospital 21 and the Great War 283 hospital staff withdrew. This left the 1,300-bed B.E.F. hospital in the hands of an American medical team set up to handle 500 beds. Virtually the first order of business after unpacking was to send for reinforcements from Washington University via the proper channels. Temporarily, the British did leave several voluntary aids and enlisted corpsmen with the hospital, but no doctors. The British commanding officer also stayed on for a few weeks in order to familiarize the Americans with the British hospital admin­ istrative procedures. When he left, the American commanding officer, Major J. D. Fife, became, for all intents and purposes, a British commanding officer. British military authorities regarded him as such. Two other British officials remained with the unit throughout the rest of the war to serve as registrar-liaison officer and quartermaster. The technical and medical aspects of the hos­ pital administration continued to be handled by the British. Medi­ cal records were kept on British forms, with a duplicate set on American forms for each American patient. American patients amounted to only 4/2 percent of the total patient load for the base hospital during the entire war. With few exceptions the British fur­ nished all medical and surgical supplies and all rations and fuel. However, Americans paid the staff and personnel, kept their own quartermaster department and handled all military procedures and decisions. This unusual arrangement, between the British and Americans, proved cumbersome at times. Because of severe British needs, these arrangements existed throughout the war. Although chronically understaffed, Base Hospital 21 de­ veloped new procedures, methods and techniques. The develop­ ments, plus the staff's efficiency, kept the hospital functioning remarkably well throughout the war. Fortunately, during the summer of 1917, right after the Americans took over, the fairly light patient load at the hospital gave the unit ample time to adjust to war conditions. The wounded usually arrived in large groups, at night, after a long train ride from the battle zone. The men were not labeled according to the nature of their wounds, but this posed few problems during periods of light fighting. During heavy fighting with numerous casualties, however, it proved inefficient. Towards the end of the summer, as the fighting and the patient load increased, advance casualty clearing stations provided an answer to the problem. These stations screened the wounded and labeled them according to type of wound, admin­ istered emergency care to the critical and, when possible, assigned 284 Missouri Historical Review all patients to an appropriate base hospital. Each base hospital, on rotation, was responsible for staffing these casualty clearing stations. During the Flanders offensive in the fall of 1917 several doctors from Base Hospital 21 served in casualty clearing stations with advance British fighting units. The front line experience of the St. Louis doctors proved particularly valuable in helping them to refine the procedures used at the racetrack.27 Essentially two different techniques were needed, one for the ambulatory wounded and one for the stretcher wounded. Although more of the wounded from Flanders were evacuated through the northern part of the British lines, the Rouen hospitals experienced a sudden rise in admissions resulting from the German drive toward Amiens in spring 1918. Since most of the fighting occurred during daylight hours, the wounded generally arrived at the base hospital at night. Most of them had been screened at the clearing stations and labeled. Usually the ambulatory wounded had received dressings or splints for their injuries and had been sent right along to the base hospital wearing the same clothing in which they had been fighting. They arrived dirty and often infected with vermin. In­ stead of assigning them directly to a ward, as the British had done, the Americans required all ambulatory wounded to enter the hospital through the bath house doors. There they stripped of clothing, devermined, bathed and reclothed in a hospital suit of heavy blue material. Only then did they go off to bed and a much needed rest. They were not examined, nor their dressings changed until morning. About 100 patients an hour could pass through the bath house, when the water was warm. The next 100 pa­ tients waited an hour for the water to reheat.28 In the case of the severe­ ly wounded, early diagnosis proved essential to the pa­ tient's survival. Under the Brit-

27Fischel, Base Hospital No. 21 8 28 Ibid., 16. Base Hospital 21 and tlw Great War 285

Wash. Univ. School of Med. Lib. Archives The interior of a surgical hut shows a number of Sin- clair Frames used for overhead suspension. ish system, the stretcher wounded also had been taken directly to the wards, bathed and reclothed. Often hours went by before a doc­ tor saw him again. The Washington University doctors quickly real­ ized that both diagnosis and treatment had to be speedily expedited, particularly during heavy patient load. Consequently, instead of tak­ ing stretcher wounded to tents, they were routed directly to the X-ray hut. There, Captain Edwin C. Ernst, with the aid of the Royal Engineers, German carpenters from a nearby prison camp and his own scavenging had designed and constructed the best and safest fluoroscopic apparatus in the Rouen area. The operators hands, feet and body never contacted the roentgen rays, an unusual precaution for the time.29 The attendant placed the stretcher and patient on two wooden horses. A foot-controlled, roller-bearing, lead-lined X-ray tube holder, otherwise called a trocoscope, sat between the two wooden horses. As the examiner's hands placed a lead-rubber strip against the patient's body in the region to be examined, his left foot guided the trocoscope to the proper spot beneath the stretcher. His right foot then held the base of the unit steady for a fluoro­ scopic examination. Immediately thereafter his left foot shifted the upper carriage, which held the tube, a fixed distance of 10 centimeters. That way he could make a double exposure on the fluoroscope during a single examination—one on a bony landmark and one on the foreign metallic fragment. Their relationship, based

29 Personal conversation August 28, 1963, during which Ernst recalled he had a "feeling" the protection was needed. 286 Missouri Historical Review on the 10 centimeter displacement shift, cut the time to localize a foreign body from minutes to seconds.30 After taking X-rays, the examiner classified the seriousness of the soldier's wound, pinned a report on his tunic and sent him off to an adjoining operating room. There five surgical teams efficiently shared three nurses and three orderlies. A surgeon and an internist reviewed the fluoroscopic report and made a final assignment. The emergency cases required immediate operation. Other, less serious cases were deferred until the emergency load cleared. The less seriously wounded were rerouted immediately to other hospitals. The English stretcher wounded, diagnosed as non- operative cases were sent home to "Blighty"; the French and Ameri­ cans were sent to southern France. This method of expediting the care of the stretcher wounded, which Base Hospital 21 developed, actually showed that patients suffered less pain and trauma when examined on their original ambulance stretchers. It also avoided unnecessary congestion in the wards by classifying the patients before assignment to a hos­ pital bed. However, the most significant contribution to wartime medicine was the roentgenological apparatus. For the first time, a simply designed, portable X-ray machine, safe in both direct and secondary roentgen exposure, had been designed for field work. The extent to which the hospital made use of Dr. Ernst's equip­ ment may best be realized from the fact that Base Hospital 21 used more X-ray plates than all the other base hospitals of the A.E.F. combined.31 Base Hospital 21 treated military patients with all types of diseases. The A.E.F. had designated it the center for neurological disorders in the Rouen area. Therefore, it handled a great variety of war neuroses cases, often as many as 250-300 at a time.32 The operating room arrangement, whereby the chief surgeon could direct five tables at once, accommodated a large number of surgi­ cal cases. For example, during one offensive the hospital averaged sixty operations a day. In addition to the neurological and surgical patients, the other most common medical problems handled by the base hospital included trench fever, bronchitis, gassing and, in the fall of 1918, influenza. Only during the influenza epidemic

30 Edwin C. Ernst, "Reminiscences of Roentgenology During the Last War, 1917-1919," Radiology, XXXVI (April, 1941) , 421-434. 31 Fischel, Base Hospital No. 21, 30. 32 ibid., 24. Base Hospital 21 and the Great War 287 did the institution function as a base hospital; influenza patients were kept until they recuperated or died.33 At all other times the hospital functioned as a clearing station. Patients were moved as soon as their condition permitted. During the last German offensive in the west and the allied counter- offensive, many patients came directly from the battlefields, be­ cause several of the casualty clearing stations had been lost. Some­ times the "turn-over" rate ran more than 500 a day. One day of extremely heavy fighting, admissions and discharges went up to 930. The grandstands, recreation huts and other available areas provided space for the wounded. During its 18 months in Rouen, Base Hospital 21 handled over 60,000 patients.34 More efficient procedures and new techniques primarily ac­ counted for the unit's ability to handle such a large number of wounded. Medically trained reinforcements from Washington Uni­ versity also provided a necessary component. They had arrived in Rouen, November 1917, before the heaviest fighting of the war. The nine doctors, 29 nurses and 47 enlisted men supplied welcome additions and replacements for original staff transfers. Vainly, the medical school at Washington University attempted to have a few original unit members released for teaching duties. The chief nurse and five of the higher ranking doctors, who had won wide recognition for their particular competence, were transferred to administrative or laboratory positions with the A.E.F. Even Major

33 ibid., 2. 34 Ibid., 8, table ff.

Surgical Patients at Base Hospital 21 Wash,. Univ. School of Med. Lib. Archives 288 Missouri Historical Review

Fife, the only member of the unit from the regular army, moved to the A.E.F. Chief Surgeon's Office. Dr. Murphy, who had directed the medical work, succeeded him in military command. Murphy later transferred to the A.E.F. and subsequently became head of the medical and surgical service of the Red Cross. Major Borden Veeder's appointment as commander of the unit finally quieted the clamor from Washington University. If a specialist like Veeder, a pediatrician, proved more valuable on the front lines than at home, there would be no hope for the return of internists and surgeons.35 Several fourth-year medical students who had been part of the original group of enlisted men filled gaps in the medical strength of the base hospital. Their instruction had been of quite some concern to the medical school. However, they had been given on-the-spot discourses by the displaced faculty, in addition to receiving a tremendous amount of clinical experience. In March 1918, they officially were graduated "in abstentia" from Washing­ ton University School of Medicine.36 After a course at the Sanitary Training School, they received commissions in the medical corps and assignments with their own unit. Although the stress of war kept the St. Louis group con­ stantly at work, their unusual situation, in the midst of British forces occasioned considerable socializing as well as necessary constant readjustments. Hardly any American entertainment groups reached the racetrack. However, concert and theater huts in the camp helped develop an interest in amateur theatricals. The men organized a jazz orchestra and gave a number of concerts. Of course, they had a few opportunities to parade on the racing turf when official dignitaries inspected the hospital. Socializing with the French in their homes was not officially open to Americans until after the armistice. As special thank yous following the end of war, the French invited the American doctors to teas and musicals. Base Hospital 21 joined with the group from Cleveland and reciprocated with a special dasant shortly before they left Rouen.

After the armistice on November 11, 1918, the hospital con­ tinued to function as it had during the war, however, it now cared

35 Executive Faculty Minutes, Washington Universitv School of Medicine. June 6, 1917, October 3, 1917. 36 ibid., April 26, 1917, May 14, 1917, February 13, 1918. Base Hospital 21 and the Great War 289

Wash. Univ. School of Med. Lib. Archives A View of the Officers Quarters and Rear of Pavilion used for Company Offices, also Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Clinic, Red Cross and Matron's Office for sick and repatriated prisoners of war. At the end of January 1919, the last of the patients were discharged or transferred and the hospital began to demobilize. All hospital and medical equip­ ment was returned to the British. The nursing staff dispersed. Some remained in France, others, in the Army of Occupation, went to Germany; the rest were sent to the Vannes Hospital Center in Brittany where the American medical personnel gathered in prepa­ ration for their return home. The enlisted personnel and medical staff also went to Vannes, but accommodations had not been pre­ pared ahead of time. Since there was no place for the men to stay, part of the unit resided in the Grand Hotel at Carnac-Plage on the Brittany coast and part in the monastery at Pleuharnel. After several weeks of awaiting orders, cleaning and preparing quarters for future units, the St. Louis group was sent on to Brest. They spent another two weeks there, finally embarking on the German armistice ship, the Graf Waldersee. Certainly their demobi­ lization had not been conducted with the same urgency as their mobilization.

The Red Cross base hospitals had constituted the backbone of the American hospital service in France. Ultimately 36 Red Cross organized base hospitals served there. After the war the surgeon general's office sought to keep these units intact. Con­ sequently, unit 21 formed a base hospital association at Washing­ ton University. In the interval between the wars the association 290 Missouri Historical Review

functioned chiefly as a pleasant social organization in which every­ one held an equal rank. At the beginning of World War II, it was reorganized as the 21st General Hospital with aspirations to carry on the traditions of its predecessor. It began, and remained throughout World War II, as the largest single medical organiza­ tion in the U.S. Army.

Whistle Code Forecasts the Weather T. Berry Smith and Pearl Sims Gehrig, History of Chariton and Howard Coun­ ties Missouri (Topeka, Kans., 1923) . Listen! The big whistle is blowing at the mill in Fayette. It is the noon signal. Yes, but it may mean more than that. That one long blast may mean also that the daily weather forecast is about to be blown. So wait a bit and listen. One long and two shorts—that means fair and warmer. Yesterday it blew two longs and one short, meaning rain or snow and colder. The whistle code goes as follows, after the warning signal of one long blast has sounded: One long, fair weather; two longs, rain or snow; one short, cooler; two shorts, warmer; three shorts, cold wave. Combinations of these are made to carry any forecast that the U. S. Weather Bureau wishes to send out. . . . This code, now in general use throughout the country, is a slightly mod­ ified form of the code of signals introduced by Prof. T. Berry Smith, of Cen­ tral College, and which was first blown at the Fayette Roller Mills on Sept. 2, 1889. He is given credit for introducing the whistle code, by the Chief Officer, U. S. Signal Service, in the annual report of 1890, p. 235. Other sys­ tems of codes are used by the Weather Bureau, as flags, lanterns, etc., but the whistle code has one advantage in that it can be heard a long distance and in any kind of weather. The farmers within a radius of six or eight miles of Fayette report that they appreciate the service, as it frequently guides them in the matter of harvest, hog killing, etc.

Bullfrog Milks a Cow Columbia Missouri Statesman, March 2, 1894. A youth who lives at High Shoals says that his father's cows frequently came up at night with the appearance of having been milked. His father got tired of it, and sent him to the pasture with the cows to catch the thief. He spent the day near enough to the cows to watch them, he thought, but at night it was still evident that the cows had been milked again. He was scolded and sent back with them the next day. About 11 o'clock, he says, this cow went into the canes near a small lake and lowed. He crept through the brush and caught the thief in the act, and he proved to be a bullfrog as large as a hat. The frog was hanging on to the cow's udder and seemed to be enjoying his dinner immensely. This S. J. Ray cartoon, "A Big Order," appeared in the Kansas City Sfar, Jan. 6, 1949, and is published here through the courtesy of the Kansas City Star.

The Truman Administration's Fair Deal For Black America

BY PHILIP H. VAUGHAN*

President Harry S. Truman's reference to a "Fair Deal" for the American people in his State of the Union message on January 5, 1949, essentially reaffirmed the 21-point domestic program he had announced to Congress in September 1945. The president gave special priority in this new speech to public power develop­ ment, extension of social security benefits, national health insur­ ance, federal aid to the states for education, public housing, and

* Philip H. Vaughan is professor of American and Urban History at Rose College, Midwest City, Oklahoma. He received the B.S. and M.A. degrees from Memphis State University and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Okla­ homa, Norman. 291 292 Missouri Historical Review most significantly, civil rights. His bold request for legislation on this issue climaxed a four-year struggle with Congress to achieve the first meaningful civil rights program for black Americans since the Reconstruction period. Truman's idealistic plea removed any doubts about the administration's commitment: The driving force behind our progress is our faith in our democratic institutions. That faith is embodied in the promise of equal rights and equal opportunities which the founders of our Republic proclaimed to their countrymen and to the whole world. The fulfillment of this promise is among the highest purposes of government. The civil rights proposals I made to the 80th Congress, I now repeat to the 81st Congress. They should be enacted in order that the federal government may assume the leadership and discharge the obligation clearly placed upon it by the Constitution.1 While President Truman's chances for success on civil rights appeared better in the House of Representatives, because of a recent procedural change that made it possible to bring any measure to a quicker vote, the real obstacle still lay in the Senate where a Southern-led filibuster almost surely awaited any such legislation. In order to offset this obstacle in the Senate, Senator Carl Hayden of Arizona, chairman of the Senate Rules and Administration Com­ mittee, and Republican minority leader Kenneth Wherry of Ne­ braska (both supporters of the president's civil rights program) attempted to introduce Senate Resolution Fifteen—as a modifica­ tion of Senate Rule Twenty-two—for the purpose of limiting the length of filibusters. The Hayden-Wherry proposal would have authorized a Senate rule allowing the termination of a debate on both a motion and a measure if two-thirds of those present and voting in the Senate chamber were to invoke cloture.2 Although the Hayden-Wherry proposal was mild compared to the NAACP's suggestion of a simple majority vote to shut off a filibuster (a position Truman eventually accepted), it soon became obvious that the South would oppose even the slightest alteration of Rule Twenty-two.3 Hearings on the Hayden-Wherry resolution began in late January, but did not come to a motion until February 28, when

i Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry S. Truman, 1949 (Washington, D.C., 1964) , 6. Hereafter cited as Truman Papers. 2 Congressional Record, XCV, U.S. 81st Cong., 1st Sess. (1949) , 59. 3 William C. Berman, The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Ad­ ministration (Columbus, Ohio, 1970), 142-143; Truman Papers, 1949, 158-159. Fair Deal for Black America 293 it faced a massive Southern filibuster which lasted through March 3.4 On that day President Truman came out in favor of the "simple majority" change in Rule Twenty-two, thus further angering Southern Democrats.5 The final result of this standoff between administration-liberals and Southern Democrats was the adoption on March 17 of an even tougher cloture rule. It required approval of two-thirds of the entire Senate instead of the previous two- thirds present and actually voting.6 Even while the filibuster had the Senate at a standstill, Presi­ dent Truman went ahead and introduced civil rights legislation into Congress. On March 3, the same day Truman had urged upon the Senate his own cloture proposal, Democratic Representa­ tive Mary Norton of New Jersey introduced the administration's antipoll tax bill—in essence the same bill which had been before the Congress off-and-on since the 1930s. Later in the spring, Sen­ ator J. Howard McGrath presented the administration's entire civil rights program to the Senate. It included an omnibus civil rights bill, an antilynching bill, an antipoll tax bill, and a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) bill. By mid-May, House versions were introduced on all these measures.7 The FEPC bill, S. 1728, signaled the renewal of Truman's 1945-1946 battle with the Congress for fair employment legisla­ tion and offered further proof of his continuing belief in the im­ portance of this measure as both a matter of principle and an economic necessity. The bill stated that the "right to employment without discrimination because of race, color, religion, or national origin is a right of all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States, and that it is the national policy to protect the right of the individual to be free from such discrimination. . . ." The bill also provided for the creation of a five-member Fair Employment Prac­ tices Commission, with enforcement powers in the executive branch.8 During the May hearings on the House version of FEPC, H.R. 4453, spokesmen who favored the bill made an impressive case in favor of the measure. Minnesota Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, for example, testified that in his own city of Minneapolis there

4 Berman, Politics of Civil Rights in Truman Administration, 146-149. 5 Truman Papers, 1949, 158-159. 6 Congressional Record, XCV, U.S. 81st Cong., 1st Sess. (1949) , 2509-2510. 7 Stephen J. Springarn Files, in Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Missouri (hereafter cited as HSTL) . 8 Ibid. 294 Missouri Historical Review

This S. J. Ray cartoon, "Seems to be Politics All Around," appeared in the Kan­ sas City Star, March 10, 1949, and is published here through the courtesy of the Kansas City Star.

had never been a Negro store clerk or retail store supervisor until after the passage of a fair employment practices ordinance. Then in a matter of six months some seventy-five department stores in Minneapolis hired qualified blacks. Humphrey said that this ex­ perience convinced him of the fact that Minneapolis benefited "economically, socially, and morally," because of the growing number of people "who have the opportunity and incentive to develop and to utilize their full skills for the community's wel­ fare."9 Humphrey also pointed to other benefits the legislation provided such as the reduction of public funds required for relief, public health, and correction of delinquency and crime; the in­ creased buying power that blacks enjoyed—with the resultant stimulation of the economy; and the higher standard of living provided for minority workers and their families.10 Humphrey's assertion that the employment question related directly to the preservation of America's cities was expressed by others during the course of the hearings, Pennsylvania Democratic Representative Harry J. Davenport made perhaps the most eloquent

9 Federal Fair Employment Practices Act, Hearings on H.R. 4453 and companion bills, U.S. House Committee on Education and Labor, 81st Cong., 1st Sess. (Washington, 1949), 96. io Ibid. Fair Deal for Black America 295 defense of the need for such legislation when he presented the results of a survey in his Pittsburgh congressional district. Daven­ port said: We found homes in which people were living that had not even toilet facilities, and we found one home where a family was doing its washing in an old broken-down com­ mode. .. . FEPC would help these people. It would help by bringing these people with natural talents into our eco­ nomic, industrial, cultural, and social fold. It would help them to develop themselves so that they not only could do a lot better by their families, get their children better edu­ cations, live in better homes, and enjoy the things of life, but they would become much better citizens. And think of the great contribution to our own national economy, our national health, our industrial output, our productivity.11 Additional testimony was supplied by Democratic Senator Paul H. Douglas of Illinois and New York Congressman Emanuel Celler, both of whom summoned forth Truman's earlier plea in glowing terms. Douglas emphasized the need to encourage "mu­ tual dependence and fellowship of both races." Celler talked about the "economic distress caused by discrimination," and justified FEPC on the grounds that it would enable minority groups to "establish a higher degree of literacy, to induce better health

11 Ibid., 116.

Truman addresses the joint session of the 81st Congress, Jan. 5, 1949. USIA, Nat. Archives 296 Missouri Historical Review habits, and to achieve a pattern of life closer to the national ideal. . . ."12 Stephen S. Jackson, director of the Bureau for Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency in New York City, concluded the testimony with the findings of a study on the social background of hundreds of black children in Harlem. Jackson indicated that the case studies consistently revealed a sense of suppressed resentment and hostility toward a society that continued to preach equality while keeping the Negro in a position of subjugation through various discriminatory practices—particularly those involving em­ ployment. As Jackson pointed out, the black children in Harlem often faced a situation where the father was the "first to be dropped and the last to be hired . . . because he was a Negro."13 The omnibus bill, S. 1725 and H.R. 4682, provided for the establishment of a civil rights commission in the executive branch; called for a reorganization of all civil rights activities of the De­ partment of Justice; created a joint congressional committee on civil rights; strengthened existing civil rights statutes and pro­ tected voting rights; and prohibited discrimination and segregation in interstate transportation. The antipoll tax bill simply called for an end to the poll tax as a voting requirement in federal elections.14 President Truman soon found the situation in Congress regard­ ing civil rights virtually unchanged from that of 1946. Southern Democrats in the Senate—now led by Richard Russell of Georgia- tried to undermine the president's program with their own emascu­ lated plan. Introduced by Arkansas Congressman Brooks Hays— a moderate on the civil rights issue—the Southern compromise package included a voluntary FEPC, a constitutional amendment abolishing the poll tax, and an antilynching bill that left in­ vestigative power to the states.15 Truman later informed Russell that he could not accept the Hays plan.16 An impasse on civil rights had definitely been reached by the late summer of 1949, and it appeared that the best the administra­ tion could hope for was the passage of FEPC legislation in the next session. The fate of the rest of Truman's program in the Senate remained largely in the hands of the same men who fought his

12 Ibid., 233, 455. 13 Ibid., 474. 14 Stephen J. Spingarn Files, HSTL. 15 Brooks Hays, A Southern Moderate Speaks (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1959) 45-50. 16 Washington [D.C.] Post, July 13, 1949. Fair Deal for Black America 297 program in 1945 and 1946—Russell, James O. Eastland of Mis­ sissippi, Kenneth McKellar of Tennessee, Allen Ellender of Louis­ iana, John L. McClellan of Arkansas, and John Stennis of Mis­ sissippi, newly elected successor in 1947 to the outspoken racist Theodore Bilbo. Eastland headed the Senate Judiciary subcommit­ tee on civil rights which tied up all of Truman's measures except FEPC and the antipoll tax bill; while Stennis headed a Rules Committee subcommittee that buried the latter measure.17 Despite the unfavorable situation created by the congressional deadlock, President Truman still tried to keep the issue alive during the spring and summer of 1949, in hopes that public opinion favorable to FEPC would increase and turn the tide before the next session of Congress, Addressing the National Convention of Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) in Washington on April 20, Truman confidently expressed the belief that "most Americans wanted to work together to better the lot of all races, of all sec­ tions of the nation."18 At the same time, Truman seemed to sense the futility of further antagonizing the South with any frontal assault, since it may well have added to his problems later in the year. When asked at his April 28 news conference if he planned to send Congress another message on civil rights, Truman said: "I don't think it is necessary. It has been reiterated time and again, and was clearly stated in the message of 1947; and that condition has not changed, so far as I know."19 In order to take advantage of any legislative breakthrough, the president continued to work quietly with congressional sup­ porters of FEPC throughout the summer of 1949. On August 30, Truman summoned Adolph Sabath, chairman of the House Rules Committee, to the White House and urged him to keep FEPC leg­ islation on the "must" list for the current session. However, Sabath was not at all optimistic about the bill's chances of clearing his committee.20 Finally on October 3, Senator Scott Lucas and other congressional leaders agreed to postpone efforts to pass civil rights legislation until the next session of Congress.21 The Truman administration's only legislative victory, involv­ ing civil rights during the first year of the Fair Deal, came with

17 Berman, Politics of Civil Rights in Truman Administration, 61-62; and V. O. Key, Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York, 1949) , 252-253. 18 ADA World, April 20, 1949. 19 Truman Papers, 1949, 237. 20 New York Times, August 31, 1949. 21 Ibid., October 4, 1949. 298 Missouri Historical Review the passage of the National Housing Act (Wagner-Taft-Ellender Act) in July. Referred to by historian Richard Davies as a "mile­ stone in the broad sweep of twentieth-century reform," the measure called for the construction of 810,000 units of public housing over the next six years.22 Going beyond the Roosevelt administration's more limited view of housing legislation as a stimulus to private builders, Truman emphasized all along the vital need for low- rent public housing. In his annual budget message on January 10, Truman said that only through an increase in public housing units "can cities make a substantial start in providing permanent hous­ ing for the low income families for whom private enterprise can­ not reasonably be expected to provide."23 The president pursued this theme on a number of occasions in an effort to gain a Fair Deal housing victory from Congress. On March 21, for example, he addressed the United States Con­ ference of Mayors in Washington on the subject of urban decline. Referring to the urgent need for improving all urban facilities as "a problem at the very core of American life," Truman said that a solution was in the interest of the whole nation.24 Again in a most perceptive letter on June 17 to House Speaker Sam Rayburn of Texas, Truman made the connection between inferior housing— particularly the "crowded tenements" and "alley dwellings" where urban blacks lived—and "poor health, poor education, juvenile delinquency, and the other disabilities that sap energy and initi­ ative. . . ." Truman said the housing bill would be a "long step forward toward a happier, more thrifty and industrious peo­ ple. . . ,"25 When he signed the National Housing Act on July 15, Truman again reflected the growing liberal assumption that the welfare of the entire nation depended in large part on the social uplift of its black population. He said: This far-reaching measure is of great significance to the welfare of the American people. It opens up the prospect of decent homes in wholesome surroundings for low-income families now living in the squalor of the slums. It equips the federal government, for the first time, with effective means for aiding cities in the vital task of clearing slums and rebuilding blighted areas.26

22 Richard O. Davies, Housing Reform During the Truman Administration (Columbia, Mo., 1966), 102, 136/ 2a Truman Papers, 1949, 74-75. 24 ibid., 175. 25 ibid., 305. 26 ibid., 381. Fair Deal for Black America 299

Harry S. Truman

USIA, Nat. Archives

The housing field provided an additional civil rights triumph on December 2. Solicitor General Philip B. Perlman told a New York City meeting of the State Committee on Discrimination in Housing that the FHA would no longer finance any new houses or apartments where occupancy or use was restricted because of race, creed or color.27 This directive successfully brought FHA mortgage operations in line with the Shelly v. Kraemer decision (May 1948) that ruled restrictive covenants and similar devices unenforceable in state or federal courts.28 Later in the month, the Federal Housing and Veterans Administration announced that all property covered by racial or religious restrictions would be in­ eligible for new federal loan guarantees. The new rules also ap­ plied to all types of loan insurance granted by the government.29 Meanwhile, the president continued to speak in favor of his civil rights program during the last few weeks preceding the January State of the Union message. At the "Truman Day" cere­ monies in St. Paul, Minnesota, on November 3, Truman stated em­ phatically that "all Americans are entitled to equal rights and equal opportunities under the law, and to equal participation in our national life, free from fear and discrimination."30 On No­ vember 11, Truman addressed the National Conference of Chris-

27 New York Times, December 3, 1949. 28 ibid. 29 ibid., December 16, 1949. 30 Truman Papers, 1949, 552. 300 Missouri Historical Review tians and Jews in Washington and voiced the optimistic opinion that an increasing number of Americans were "becoming con­ cerned about eliminating discrimination and injustice wherever it existed. . . ." He then reminded his listeners of his own personal contribution toward that goal. I have asked that our federal government take an active part in this effort to achieve greater justice. I have called for legislation to protect the rights of all its citizens, to assure their equal participation in national life, and to reduce discrimination based upon prejudice. In view of the fundamental faith of this country and the clear language of our Constitution, I do not see how we can do otherwise than adopt such legislation.31 As the new year approached, the president prepared to make yet another appeal to Congress for action on civil rights—his third in less than two years. By this time the scenario was all too familiar: the president requesting immediate passage of the legislation, the Southern filibuster and burial of each measure in congressional committees, and the inevitable postponement of any action until the next session. Still, the administration's persistence served the intended purpose of keeping the issue alive by constantly remind­ ing the public of the necessity of constitutional safeguards for black Americans. Therefore on January 4, 1950, Truman delivered his fifth State of the Union message and reminded Congress that action on civil rights was long overdue. This time, however, the president used the term "democratic" rights instead of "civil" rights in an apparent effort to abolish any hint of federal coercion which the latter term implied to many congressmen. He stated: As we go forward in achieving greater economic security and greater opportunity for all our people, we should make every effort to extend the benefits of our democratic in­ stitutions to every citizen. The religious ideals which we profess, and the heritage of freedom which we have re­ ceived from the past, clearly place that duty upon us.32 One week later, Truman's Senate leaders began preparations for forcing a vote on FEPC. The administration received assistance in this task from the NAACP's National Emergency Civil Rights Mobilization, a force of over 4,000 delegates who came to Wash­ ington in January 1950. Senator Lucas pledged to the delegates

31 Ibid., 562. 32 ibid., 1950 (Washington, D.C., 1965), 9. Fair Deal for Black America 301

Sam Rayburn

L. B. Johnson Lib. that he would bring the FEPC bill to the floor "within the next few weeks." However, he warned that the chances for passage were slight because of the solid opposition of the Southern Democratic-Republican coalition aided by the strict cloture rule then in effect. Lucas did end his address optimistically by expressing faith in the future.33 President Truman also met with some of the delegates and assured them of the administration's sincerity in the drive to bring civil rights to a vote.34 The 1950 version of the civil rights drama opened in the House of Representatives where FEPC supporters tried in vain throughout the month of January to extract the bill from the Southern-controlled Rules Committee. Georgia Congressman Eu­ gene E. Cox moved to forestall a possible early vote on the measure with a resolution calling for a repeal of the twenty-one-day rule. Although the Cox proposal was voted down, this in no way assured floor action on the FEPC bill. There remained the powerful figure of House Speaker Sam Rayburn, no friend of fair employment legislation.35 On January 23, Rayburn refused to recognize Mich­ igan Congressman John Lesinski, chairman of the House Educa-

33 New York Times, January 17, 1950. 34 Truman Papers, 1950, 115, 128. 35jVeu/ York Times, Janaury 21, 1950. 302 Missouri Historical Review

Hubert H. Humphrey

Minn. Hist. Soc.

tion and Labor Committee, for the purpose of bringing the FEPC bill to a vote. The measure already had been approved by Lesin- ski's committee.36 Just prior to Rayburn's action, President Truman received a telegram from Harlem Representative Adam Clayton Powell urging him to put pressure on the house speaker to recognize Lesinski. However, Truman indicated later at his Feb­ ruary 2 press conference that he had not requested Rayburn "to recognize anybody," but had simply asked him "to consider passage of FEPC in both houses."37 Through a parliamentary device known as Calendar Wednes­ day—the recognition of committees by roll call for the purpose of allowing them to submit legislation—the House Education and Labor Committee did manage to introduce its FEPC bill on Feb­ ruary 22. The bill lost out in the end to a Republican-backed compromise for "voluntary" FEPC. Sponsored by Pennsylvania Representative Samuel K. McConnell, this watered-down bill passed over liberal opposition and without the president's endorsement by a vote of 222 to 178.38 Following the defeat of compulsory FEPC in the House, Senate spokesmen for the measure launched another drive to

36 Congressional Record, XCV, U.S. 81st Cong., 2nd Sess. (1950) , 722- 37 Truman Papers, 1950, 143. 38 Congressional Record, XCV, U.S. 8lst Cong., 2nd Sess. (1950) , 2253-2254. Leading administration liberals voted against it—including Lesinski, Emanuel Celler, Franklin Roosevelt, Jr., and Powell. Fair Deal for Black America 303 bring the bill to a vote before the summer election activity got underway. After much delay, Senator Lucas introduced a motion on May 5 to bring the administration's FEPC bill to a vote and touched off a two-week Southern filibuster. During the debate Senator Humphrey articulated the administration's position in a brilliant defense of the measure. Humphrey stated: Discrimination in employment is nothing more than a waste of human resources. Our economy, to fulfill its pro­ ductive capacity, must utilize the human resources of its citizens to their fullest extent. When a skilled mechanic is unable to assume his rightful place as a member of his craft, simply because of his color, the community suffers. It suffers not only because his skill as a mechanic is not utilized by the economy, not only because his education and training is wasted, but also because a man who can­ not earn, cannot take his rightful place as a consumer in our society. A community of workers discriminated against in employment is also a community of consumers who dis­ criminate against the purchase of goods and services.39 Humphrey's speech went to no avail. On May 19, the Senate turned down Lucas's cloture petition albeit the vote was 52 to 32 in favor.40 This defeat rendered a deathblow to any slight chance FEPC may have had for passage in 1950, although there would be one more unsuccessful attempt to invoke cloture in mid-July.41 Despite these setbacks in Congress. Truman did claim civil rights victories elsewhere. In late May, for example, the president received the report of his Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Forces (the Fahy Committee). The report entitled, Freedom to Serve, indicated that the army— in the spirit of Truman's 1948 executive order desegregating the armed forces—had reversed its past commitment to segregation and had been moving toward a policy of integration since Janu­ ary 1950.42 The administration also attained a major civil rights breakthrough in the courts. On June 6, the Supreme Court ren­ dered unanimous decisions on two cases involving discrimination and segregation in higher education (McLaurin v. Oklahoma and Sweatt v. Painter). The Court ruled in these cases that it was un­ constitutional for a graduate or professional school of a state sup-

29 Ibid., XCVI, 7151. 40/Wd., 7299-7300. 4i Ibid., 9982. 42 Richard M. Dalfiume, Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces (Colum­ bia, Mo., 1969), 196-200. 304 Missouri Historical Review ported institution to practice segregation and discrimination against any student. While the opinion of the Court avoided any broad review of the "separate but equal" doctrine, it nevertheless opened the way for desegregation of graduate schools in the South.43 Any chance the Truman administration may have had to add an FEPC bill to these achievements was offset with the outbreak of the Korean War on June 25, 1950. Climaxing a deepening cold war crisis that had increasingly engaged the administration's ener­ gies since early 1950, the war permanently shelved civil rights as well as the rest of the unfinished business of the Fair Deal. The war further added to Truman's problems on the home front by intensifying anticommunist hysteria, touching off severe infla­ tion and removing the president from participation in the upcoming midterm elections.44 On the other hand, the Korean War did provide integrated troop units for the first time in history, thus speeding up the overall process of integration in the armed forces.45 By election time, however, the Truman administration was in no position to adopt an aggressive campaign for its Fair Deal programs. The war, anticommunist hysteria and Republican charges of "creeping socialism" made it impossible to focus on domestic needs. The election results were devastating. Not only did Truman's Senate leaders, Lucas and Myers suffer defeat, but Democratic majorities were reduced from 261 to 234 in the House, and from 53 to 49 in the Senate.46 Indeed, as William Berman said, "if the Eighty-first Congress had buried civil rights legislation, the Eighty-second would not even think the issue worthy of consideration."47 Instead of creating a more favorable atmosphere for his civil rights program, the elections offered President Truman little encouragement for ending the legislative impasse and at the very least bringing each measure to the floor for a vote. Yet by continuing his seemingly futile ap­ peals to Congress that blacks be included on an equal basis in

43 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, 339 U.S. 637 (1950) ; Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950) . For a detailed account of these cases, see Paul C. Bartholomew, Summaries of Leading Cases on the Constitution (Paterson. N. J., 1964), 166-167, 270. 44 Alonzo Hamby, "The Vital Center, the Fair Deal, and the Quest for a Liberal Political Economy,"' American Historical Review, LXXVII (June, 1972), 672. 45 Dalfiume, Desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces, 201; Berman, Politics of Civil Rights in Truman Administration, 178-179. 46 New York Times, November 9, 1950. 47 Berman, Politics of Civil Rights in Truman Adwministration, 179-180. Fair Deal for Black America 305 the American experience, President Truman helped immensely in establishing integration as a moral principle. He thus reversed the long accepted process of passively accepting segregation and discrimination.

A Man Can Smoke California Central Missouri Push, October 28, 1899. When the road is bad, And a man is broke, And the heart is sad— A man can smoke. When things are queered, And your wealth is in soak, And your eyes are bleared— A man can smoke. In the too-silent room, While you wait for the stroke, A woman may fume, But a man can smoke. When their hopes all die, And they want to croak, A woman can cry, But a man can smoke.

How to Make Yourself Unhappy Jefferson City State Journal, April 11, 1873. In the first place, if you want to make yourself miserable, be selfish. Think all the time of yourself and your things. Don't care about anything else. Have no feelings for any one but yourself. Never think of enjoying the satisfaction of seeing others happy; but rather, if you see a smiling face, be jealous lest another should enjoy what you have not. Envy every one who is better off in any respect than yourself; think unkindly toward them, and speak lightly of them. Be constantly afraid lest some one should encroach upon your rights; be watchful against it, and if any one comes near your things snap at him like a mad-dog. Contend earnestly for everything that is your own, though it may not be worth a pin—for your rights are just as much concerned as if it were a pound of gold. Never yield a point. Be very sensitive, and take every­ thing that is said to you in playfulness in the most serious manner. Be jealous of your friends, lest they should not think enough of you; and, if at any time they should seem to neglect you, put the worst construction upon their conduct you can. Robert Beverly Price II: Banker and Philanthropist

BY JOHN C. CRIGHTON*

Five generations of the family of Robert Beverly Price II have been bankers in Columbia. The great-grandfather of Price, Moss Prewitt, was the pioneer merchant-banker of Columbia and, with his son-in-law, established the private banking firm of Prewitt and Price. Robert Beverly Price—the son-in-law of Moss Prewitt and the grandfather of R. B. Price II—was president of the Boone County National Bank, which he was instrumental in founding, from 1871 until his death in 1924. His son, Edwin M. Price, entered the bank as an officer in 1894. R. B. Price II, Edwin's son, served in every position in the Boone County National Bank through a career of over seventy years. Albert M. Price, the nephew of R. B. Price II, is currently president of the Boone County Bank.

*John C. Crighton is a former instructor of History and Social Studies at Stephens College, Columbia, where he retired in 1970. He has the Ph.D. from Columbia University, New York. This article is based on a series of interviews between the author and R. B. Price II, in the spring of 1973. 306 Robert Beverly Price II: Banker and Philanthropist 307

Robert Beverly Price II, known as "R. B." Price to distinguish him from his grandfather "Bev" Price, was born on March 9, 1882, at Hannibal, Missouri. His mother had returned to her family for his birth. R. B. spent much of his boyhood four miles north of Roche­ port on the former John W. Harris estate, "Model Farm." Judges of the St. Louis Agricultural and Mechanical Society had des­ ignated the estate as "Model Farm of Missouri" in 1873. "Bev" Price purchased a portion of the farm in 1880. R. B/s father managed the 1,100 acre plantation and his effort to make it pay proved a constant worry for him. His son, however, found that the farm offered endless sources of excitement and satisfaction. Edwin Price reared his son with great permissiveness, remembering perhaps the strict upbringing he had experienced from his own father and stepmother. Recalling the happy days of his youth, R. B. said: My parents were so lenient that I was given free access to do anything I wanted to—ride any of the horses, whether they were meant for boys or not, and hunting, reloading shotgun shells, and all kinds of things, going swimming, roaming around, seeing nature, milking cows myself. All these things were of great interest and gave me a certain attitude towards life that boys are not able to get now. Nobody planned what I was to do. I de­ veloped my own pleasures. I had stick horses, I remember. And some of the neighbor boys would come in and we'd have switches and we'd put strings around them and ride them and run ourselves to death exercising our horses. And then we would put them up in little places—stalls—and all kinds of things that we did were originated by us. Our parents didn't try to plan our pleasures or enjoyments. We did it ourselves. R. B. received his earliest education in a one-room country school, the Lathrop Academy, situated near his home. The rest of his elementary education was acquired in various schools in Columbia, Hannibal and Kansas City. In 1894, Edwin Price and his family moved permanently to Columbia, and R. B. entered Jefferson High School from which he was graduated in 1899. That fall he enrolled in the University of Missouri, where he became a member of Sigma Nu and Theta Nu Epsilon fraternities. He received the Bachelor of Laws degree as a member of the class of 1904. The determination to be financially independent, and the 308 Missouri Historical Review habits of working and saving his money were established early. During his summer vacations, R. B. had collected and sold specimens—crayfish, salamanders and frogs—to the biological laboratory of the University of Missouri. He clerked in the Harshe Stationery Store, and received the appointment as assignee to liquidate the assets of the Sisson and Vivion book firm. One summer he worked in the transit department of the then Third National Bank of St. Louis. Accumulating some funds of his own, R. B. invested in modest, but profitable, real estate ventures. In 1901, while visiting a friend in Denver, Colorado, he played the risky game of speculating in gold mining shares. He used $200 of his own money, plus a similar amount from his grandmother, to purchase stock in the King Midas Gold Mining Company. Shortly afterwards the company went bankrupt. The experience taught him a lesson of financial caution and con­ servatism which stood him in good stead throughout his banking career. Life was not all study and work for R. B. Columbia offered abundant opportunities for recreation in the 1890s. Residents could enjoy weekly programs at the Opera House. The fraternities gave frequent dances with big-name bands from Kansas City and St. Louis. In private homes taffy pulling parties contributed another popular form of entertainment. Long drives by mixed groups of boys and girls on the gravel roads leading out of Columbia, followed by midnight suppers, also proved enjoyable. Bicycling and tennis were just coming into favor. Grandfather Price installed one of the first tennis courts in Columbia at his home in the eastern suburbs for the use of his grandchildren. In the fall of the year, quail hunting—R. B.'s favorite sport—offered excellent opportunities just beyond the city limits. While studying for his law degree at the University, R. B. Price II worked without pay in his grandfather's bank during the summer and Christmas vacations. In the fall of his last year of law training, he notified his grandfather that he was going back to school and consequently had to stop the work he had been doing all summer. On October 8, 1903. his grandfather informed him: "We've found out that we've got to get somebody to do the work that you've been doing. If you want the job, we'll give you a job; but if you don't want it, we'll have to give it to somebody else and then we won't have an opening." R. B. went to the dean of the Law School and asked: "If I miss two Robert Beverly Price II: Banker and Philanthropist 309

This old photo of Broadway, looking north on 8th Street, shows the old Courthouse (center) and the Boone County National Bank (right), in the late 1890s. classes out of every three, will you not drop me and would you graduate me if I can pass?" The dean approved the plan. The young man then went back to his grandfather with the propo­ sition that if he could miss one to two hours every morning, he would start work, and when he was graduated in June, he would be free to give his full time. Grandfather answered: "All right, we'll hire you." R. B. Price II had his first major job. Only one problem remained: how to do the work of two men. He solved this by learning to live for a year practically without sleep. The first decade of R. B.'s banking career coincided with marked progress in Columbia. The town's population grew to almost 10,000. In 1906 Broadway became a brick pavement from Sixth to Tenth Street. New residential areas opened up, includ­ ing Stewart's addition west of Providence Road, Garth's addition in northwest Columbia and Fyfer's addition on East Broadway. A city-owned deep-well system of water supply developed. The city also purchased and operated the local electric power plant. A public sewer system was started, and a fire department organized. In the country, agricultural commodity prices, after three decades of decline, began rising, bringing an unaccustomed pros­ perity to the farm population. With the food demands of the United States and its allies, this upward movement of prices greatly ac­ celerated during World War I. The style of family life in Columbia also was changing. With the availability of electricity from the municipal power plant, 310 Missouri Historical Review

iYoU FEEL SOUD AND .WELL ARMED WITH MONEY THE BANK. IT IS YOUR BEST FRIEND AND IS S

YOU CANNOT successfully fight the business battles of life without money. Gold makes the best armor for these business battles. Have you ever said to yourself; "If I only had $5000 NOW?"'

MAKE OUR BANK YOUR BANK. Cbc Boone County national Bank household appliances took the place of household servants. The telephone came into general use. Gradually the automobile dis­ placed the horse and buggy. Movies emerged as the major source of public entertainment. In the business offices, the typewriter and the adding machine were becoming standard equipment. Columbia families were earning more money, and buying more of the products manufactured by American industry. These developments created a minor revolution in banking. Hitherto only businessmen, farmers and people of wealth gen­ erally had carried accounts or borrowed money from banks. With the increased prosperity of the twentieth century, the average family became a bank customer, depositing the weekly or monthly income, and paying bills by check. Families began to purchase household items and motor cars on installment credit. Women in many homes became the financial managers and personally handled their families' business at the bank. The Boone County Bank participated actively in the reach for more customers. In a series of cartoon advertisements in the local newspapers the bank emphasized the rewards of saving and closed with the invitation: "Make our bank your bank." After Robert Beverly Price II: Banker and Philanthropist 311 completing a survey of potential customers in the county, the bank sent out a personal letter urging Boone Countians to establish accounts. The effort aimed to change the bank's image from that of an old, wealthy, exclusive institution to one of a modern busi­ ness eager to use its experience and resources to serve the public. In this campaign, R. B. Price II—the latest recruit to the bank's staff—took a leading part. R. B.'s capacity for hard work, sound business judgment, in­ novative ideas and willingness to take responsibility resulted in rapid promotion. An assistant cashier in 1904, he became a cashier the following year, and vice president and director five years later. In the Missouri Bankers Association, he served as secretary and as chairman of Group Six of Central Missouri, made up of Boone, Audrain, Monroe, Ralls, Pike, Callaway, Montgomery, Lincoln, Warren and St. Charles counties. Even before he became vice president and director in 1910, R. B. Price II—his grandfather being past seventy years of age- actually was exercising the major responsibility for managing the bank. During the more than half century when he was in control, the institution went through a number of critical periods: the Panic of 1907 when the Boone County Bank printed script to use in case of a currency shortage; the World War I years, during which the nation's banks were charged with the major responsi­ bility for marketing war bonds; the decade of the 1920s, super­ ficially prosperous, but with an undercurrent of uneasiness because of the farm depression; the stock market crash of 1929, the bank closings and the slow recovery of the 1930s; World War II with its shortages and rationing on the civilian front; and finally two Asiatic wars, which have produced irresistible inflationary pressures throughout the entire national economy. R. B. Price II presided over the bank during a period which, viewed in its entirety, was one of expansion. Total resources grew from $559,090.11 in 1903 to $70,039,973.37 in 1973. The number of employees rose from 4 to 133 in the same period. Banking methods at the Boone County Bank changed. The establishment of a motor banking facility, automation of bookkeeping operations, the crea­ tion of additional operating divisions in the organizational struc­ ture, and the development of a new decor in the bank's lobby emphasizing informality and artistic beauty are a few of the many innovations. Over the years, R. B. has found numerous opportunities for 312 Missouri Historical Review travel. Shortly after World War I, he laid aside his banking duties and made an extended tour of Europe. His first cousin, Fifille, and her husband, General Butler Ames, planned to go abroad and spend some time at their villa on Lake Como in Italy. General Ames telephoned R. B. and invited him to go along. To forestall any possibility of refusal, he said: "I've got your reservation on the ship, and I've got your tickets and I'm not going to take no." Lake Como, surrounded by the Alpine foothills, is one of the most beautiful lakes of northern Italy. The villa of the Ames family was 300 or more years old and filled with antique furniture and art objects. One day Fifille told R. B. that the following evening they would have dinner guests—the Count and Countess Banci Bianci. Fifille seated R. B. next to the Countess. They got along fine- particularly after the Countess revealed that she was from St. Jo­ seph, Missouri. Later on the tour R. B. visited the resorts in the Alps where the winter sports are held. He traveled also to England and Spain, and attended a bull fight in the latter country. On a subsequent occasion he went to Alaska and saw some of the places associated with the Klondike gold rush. The sport of hunting has taken him to Canada, Louisiana, Texas and the Dakotas in quest of ducks, geese, quail and pheasants. On November 30, 1924, Grandfather Price died at the age

An Early 20th-century View of Downtown Columbia, Looking West on Broadway Robert Beverly Price II: Banker and Philanthropist 313

of ninety-two years. R. B. Price II was named as executor of the estate. On December 9, 1924, he was elected president of the Boone County Bank, a post he held until 1971 when his nephew, Albert M. Price, took over the active management. R. B. Price II held many offices of responsibility, outside of banking circles. He served as chairman of the Third Liberty Loan Drive for Boone County during World War I. He served as treas­ urer of several institutions including the University of Missouri, the State Historical Society, the Law School Foundation, the University Stadium Corporation and the Walter Williams Memorial Journal­ ism Foundation. The welfare and advancement of the University have been matters of particular concern to him. In 1961 he estab­ lished and endowed the R. B. Price Distinguished Professorship in Law, to promote the recruitment and retention of exceptional teachers. The University granted Mr. Price its Distinguished Serv­ ice Award in 1961. Mr. Price, and a group of sportsmen throughout the state, cooperated in the establishment of the Missouri Conservation Commission. E. Sydney Stephens, Price's hunting companion, served as chairman from 1937 to 1947. Through the efforts of the commission and other agencies, wise regulations have been estab­ lished to prevent the depletion of the state's wildlife resources. In May 1975, R. B. Price II announced the creation of a $650,000 trust fund designed to improve the quality of life in Boone County. The first year's income from the fund, to be known as the Boone County Community Trust, amounted to approxi­ mately $57,000. This is the largest benefaction in the history of the county. Interestingly, it was given not to an educational, religious or charitable body but, through the agency of a trust, to the local government. The trust thus becomes a valuable sup­ plement, making possible the acquisition of many cultural ameni­ ties, which the county's funds would not have been able to provide. The gift is reminiscent of the donations which many wealthy Romans bestowed on their native municipalities in appreciation for the privileges and benefits of civic life. Although no longer president of the Boone County Bank, Mr. Price still serves as chairman of the board of directors. Each morning, if his health permits, he is at his desk, available for consultation with the bank staff and for conversation with old friends. In the afternoons he enjoys a drive in the country. Reading is his favorite hobby. He subscribes to five daily papers and a 314 Missouri Historical Review number of magazines. Articles dealing with politics, finance and science are of particular interest to him. In looking back, he feels confident that he has had a good life; and he takes satisfaction in the service he has been able to render to his family, to the bank over which he long presided, and to the community.

Warning to Umbrella Carriers Jefferson City State Journal, March 14, 1873. The man who walks the streets, carrying an umbrella under his arm, was at the corner of Fifth and Vine this morning. He stopped suddenly to speak with a friend, and a man behind him nearly broke the point of the umbrella off by running his eye against it. The man swore; and the umbrella chap wheeled suddenly, tearing off a young lady's back hair. He turned to apologize, and jabbed the end of his umbrella into a very tall policeman's stomach. Policeman administered a jerk and the umbrella point tore off a portion of a small boy's ear, and immediately after carried the starboard corner of a man's mouth up into his front hair. Stepping back in dismay at what he had done, he rammed the umbrella down a bystanders throat, and at the same time he fastened the hook handle . . . [into a] citizen's wool. In his efforts to get his umbrella loose, the unfortunate owner of it upset a fruit and candy stand and plunged head foremost into one of Suire's plate-glass windows. In the excitement and confusion that ensued, the umbrella was put into a hack and driven to a hospital, and the man was taken to an umbrella store to undergo repairs.

The Educated Tramp Trenton Weekly Republican, December 10, 1896. A tramp appeared at the house of J. H. Barton, three miles south of Columbia, Mo., and asked for cold victuals in Greek. He stated that he was a graduate of Princeton. Mr. Barton, himself a Greek scholar was just about to start for Columbia, and his horse was hitched in front of the house. Jestingly he offered the tramp a horse if he could recite the Greek alphabet without a mistake. The tramp looked at the horse and then at Mr. Barton, and inquired if the offer included the saddle and bridle. Mr. Barton said that it did, and went into the house to get a Greek book. Returning, he found that the tramp had mounted the horse. Just as he stepped from the porch the tramp rattled off the alphabet without a mistake and turning the horse's head, disappeared in a cloud of dust. The lesson in classics was an expensive one for the animal on which the Princeton pilgrim rode away was one of the best saddle horses in Boone County noted for its blooded stock—Grant City Star Historical Notes and Comments 315

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiir

EDITORIAL POLICY

The MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW is always inter­ ested in articles and documents relating to the history of Missouri. Articles pertaining to surrounding states and other sections are considered for publication when they involve events or personalities having a significant bearing on the history of Missouri or the West. Any aspect of Missouri history is considered suitable for publication in the REVIEW. Genealogical studies are not accepted because of limited general reader interest.

In submitting articles for the REVIEW, the authors should examine back issues for the proper form in footnoting. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used in research, interpretation and the style in which it is written, are criteria for acceptance for publication. The original and a carbon copy of the article should be submitted. It is suggested that the author retain a carbon of the article. The copy should be double-spaced and the footnotes typed consecutively on separate pages at the end of the article. The maxi­ mum length for an article is 7,500 words. All articles accepted for publication in the REVIEW become the property of the State Historical Society and may not be published elsewhere without permis­ sion. Only in special circumstances will an article previously published in another magazine or journal, be accepted for the REVIEW. Because of the backlog of accepted articles, pub­ lication may be delayed for a period of time. Articles submitted for the REVIEW7 should be addressed to: Dr. Richard S. Brownlee, Editor MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW The State Historical Society of Missouri Corner Hitt and Lowry Streets Columbia, Missouri 65201 Wagons were loaded (above) for the last leg of the trip. They crossed the Meramec River at Sand Ford below Meramec Caverns, Aug. 8, 1903.

With camp set up, club members enjoyed their meals around the long wooden table. VIEWS FROM THE PAST

The Photo Album of Franz Schwarzer

Franz Schwarzer, Washington businessman and famous zither maker (above) , organized the Washington Cave Club near the turn of the century. The mem­ bers made frequent trips to the numerous caves situated in southern Franklin County. Travel and exploration in those days required extensive preparation and a camping trip of five or six days. The first day was spent getting to the site and setting up camp. Club members boarded the Missouri Pacific train about 6:30 A.M. at Washington, then changed at Pacific and took the Frisco to Stanton. Here they obtained teams and wagons for the three- or four-mile journey to the camp site across the Meramec River from the caves. The group spent three or four days spelunking. Fisher's Cave, the largest and most popular, now in the Meramec State Park, was two miles south and one mile east of Stanton. Saltpeter Cave, now Meramec Caverns, lies below Fisher's Cave. The smallest, Bat Cave, or Mystery Cave, was located one-half mile downstream from Saltpeter Cave. Copies and/or originals of these photographs and their identification were given to the Society by the late Franz R. Beinke and Mrs. Beinke, Union, Missouri.

Several campers pose in front of their tent. Schwarzer is seated on the cot. Standing right to left are Herman Grohe, Elmar Schmidt, Arthur Beinke and Henry Krog. E. W. Gallen- kamp is 3rd from left, the others are unidentified. Relaxing at a game of cards are, left to right, Elmar Schmidt, E. W. Gallenkamp, Henry Krog and Dr. Otto Mallenckrodt.

Exploring the cave, left to right, are Franz Schwarzer, Herman Grohe and Dr. Otto Mallenckrodt. The pic­ ture was taken with a glass plate camera. The light was supplied by flashlight powder which had to be ignited with a match.

This group of spelunkers paused to have their picture taken. Cave explor­ ing in those days was quite different. No concrete steps or paths guided the men through the wet red clay. Note the kerosene torches and candles which lighted the way. HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

NEWS IN BRIEF

The Newberry Library and the Chi­ workshops should contact Mark Fried- cago Historical Society announce a berger for an application at 312-943- series of workshops on Community 9090, Ext. 228, or write "Workshops History in the Midwest, designed for in Community History," The Newberry individuals who are active in historical Library, 60 West Walton Place, Chi­ programs in their communities. cago, Illinois 60610. Supported by a grant from the Na­ tional Endowment for the Humanities, Sidney Larson, art curator at the the workshops are intended to provide State Historical Society of Missouri participants the opportunity to de­ and director of the Art Department at velop new skills in historical investiga­ Columbia College, was one of ten tion, and to discuss a wide range of members appointed to the Thomas sources and possible approaches for Hart Benton Homestead Memorial such study. They are aimed primarily Commission. The commission will ad­ at persons who are in positions to vise the Division of Parks and Recrea­ influence historical investigation in tion, Department of Natural Resources, their communities, such as historical on policy and administration of the society volunteers and staff, librarians, late artist's home in Kansas City. archivists, journalists, writers, and those Other appointees are Mrs. Francis engaged in bicentennial committees or Bartlett, Barton Blond, Mrs. Joseph locally sponsored history projects. Bruening, Harold Jones, and Sam Workshops will be held over a fif­ Sosland, all of Kansas City; Dr. Gra­ teen-month period. Topics covered ham Clark, Point Lookout; Mrs. Jessie during the daily sessions will include: Benton Lyman, Martha's Vineyard, the people of the community; the Massachusetts; David Miller, Shawnee family in community; the physical Mission, Kansas; and Henry Warten, community, and community politics, Joplin. institutions and economic life. The Missouri legislature authorized Six workshops, open to people from the Department of Natural Resources throughout the Midwest, will run for to purchase the home and operate it one week each, Monday through Satur­ as a museum and memorial and created day, beginning, respectively, on May 10, a 20-member advisory commission. Five August 16, September 27, and Novem­ members each also are appointed by ber 15, 1976; and on January 17 and the Senate president pro tern and the February 21, 1977. House speaker. Workshops will be limited to a maximum of twenty-five participants. As a bicentennial project, the Co­ All are free of charge, and study lumbian Chapter, Daughters of the materials will be provided. A limited American Revolution unveiled a number of travel subsidies, up to $100, bronze plaque at a ceremony, October are available for participants from 12, in the Farm & Home Savings As­ outside the Chicago area. sociation's Guitar Street Community Those interested in attending the Center, Columbia. The plaque recog-

319 320 Missouri Historical Review nizes Guitar Street as the former home The Division of Parks and Recrea- of the noted nineteenth-century Mis- tion, Missouri Department of Natural souri artist, George Caleb Bingham. Resources and the Missouri Museums The inscription notes Bingham's fame Associates sponsored a museum work- as an artist and some of his other shop, December 6, at the Old Tavern accomplishments—state treasurer, ad- in Arrow Rock. Participants discussed jutant general and first professor of memberships and methods for regis- the School of Art, University of Mis- tration, accessioning and cataloguing souri. The plaque has been affixed museum items. A question and answer to the outside wall of the Farm & period followed the two sessions of Home building. the workshop.

ERRATUM It has been pointed out that Maximilian I. Reichard was the author of the dissertation, "The Origins of Urban Police: Freedom and Order in Antebellum St. Louis," not Mark Joseph Driscoll as reported. This error occurred on page 231 of the January 1976 issue.

Manufacturing Statistics California Central Missouri Push, October 28, 1899. A recent report shows that in the 1000 manufacturing establishments in Missouri are employed in manual occupations 48,060 men and 14,805 women, while the clerical force consists of 5,279 men and women. Men clerks get on an average of $55 per month, while the women clerks receive $33 per month. Men bookkeepers get $80 per month and women get $42 for the same work.

Drugged Cigars Columbia Herald, February 9, 1871. A conductor on a New York train told me the other day that thieves, or some of them, who travel on the rail for a living, at the expense of honest people, have invented a trick for the purpose of robbery. The device consists of a drugged cigar, the smoking of which produces a gradual but deadly effect upon the victim. The game consists of the operator making himself respectably present in the smoking car of the train, and after a while offers him a cigar, which he takes from his own pocket with a handful of others. The operator, unnoticed, then smokes a cigar taken from another, and soon the gentleman feels dizzy and falls asleep, but soon awakes to vomit freely in a state of perspiration. After his sickness is over, or upon arriving at the end of his journey, he discovers that he has been robbed of his pocketbook—Boston letter to Chicago Journal. Historical Notes and Comments 321

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

Adair County Historical Society has charge of the Society's committee The Society organized on July 8 and for the county cemetery census. enrolled 163 charter members by the Colonel C. R. Stribling III is now end of 1975. Officers are Sam A. Burk, president of the Society. president; Charles J. Elam, vice presi­ dent; Mrs. Elizabeth Laughlin, secre­ Bellevue Valley Historical Society tary; and Pete Nicoletti, treasurer. The Society held its December 15 Members of the Society have been meeting at the "Show-Me" Inn, Cale­ appointed to five major committees- donia. The guest speaker, Melvin Gar­ program, library, museum, publica­ rison, of Ironton, discussed the history tions and historic sites. The group re­ of the area. A reporting period fea­ ported receiving gifts of materials per­ tured brief remarks on some historic taining to the history of the county. event connected with the valley by Dr. Pauline D. Knobbs presented each person present. Members dis­ the program at the November 3 dinner cussed plans for a museum and a meeting in the Student Union at history of the Bellevue Valley. Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville. She spoke on "The First Boonslick Historical Society Adair County Historical Society." The Society held a dinner meeting at the Frederick Hotel, Boonville, on Andrew County Historical Society January 29. Marina Watney, James­ The Society reported progress on town, member of Bingham Sketches, the construction of the Clasbey Build­ Inc., presented a double-screen slide ing in Savannah which will contain showing of Bingham's drawings. She space for a Society museum and meet­ told how the drawings were later in­ ing place. The group sponsored the corporated in the artist's paintings. combined reprint of the Andrew Officers of the Society are Lyn Mc- County atlases of 1877, 1898, 1909 and Daniel, president; Mrs. Lewis Means, 1926 and a 1904 picture book of peo­ vice president; and Mrs. Jeanne ple and places in the county. The Brunda, secretary-treasurer. reprint edition sells for $22.00, plus $1.00 for postage. Orders for the vol­ Brush & Palette Club ume should be sent to Mrs. Martha Members and friends of the Club Farr, 600 South 12 Terrace, Savannah, gathered at the hilltop home of Mrs. Missouri 64485. Glessie Eggers for a Silver Anniver­ sary Tea on December 7. The previous Audrain County Historical Society week the local newspaper carried a An important project of the Society resume of the accomplishments of the has been the reprinting of The His­ Club during its 25 years. This in­ tory of Audrain County, 1884. The cluded the restoration of the Rotunda handsomely bound volume sells for in the City Park, the Pommer-Gentner $25.00 each, plus a dollar for mailing. House, the Strehly House, the estab­ The histories can be ordered from lishment of a museum and presenta­ the Audrain County Historical Society, tion of thirteen historical pageants P.O. Box 3, Mexico, Missouri 65265. pertaining to the early history of Her­ Gene Gallagher headed the committee mann. The Club also sponsors an in charge of the reprinting. He also annual Art Fair in October. 322 Missouri Historical Review

Officers for 1976 are Virginia Toedt- historic interest and photographs of mann, president; Clarence Hess, vice old Carondelet for display. president; Patricia Baecker, treasurer; and Joan Keiser, secretary. Cass County Historical Society The Club recently printed the sixth More than 40 persons attended the edition of their popular Hermann annual meeting, November 9, at the Cook Book. The price of $1.00 helps Plaza Savings building, Harrisonville. The Society decided to publish a new to maintain the Pommer-Gentner history of Cass County families and House. The book can be ordered from appointed a special committee to han­ Helen Nagel, Curator, 40914 Market dle the project. The Society has pub­ Street, Hermann 65041. lished a booklet entitled, "Log Cabin Buchanan County Historical Society Memories," which provides many facts The Society held its January 18 about the Sharp-Hopper Log Cabin. meeting in its new building at Tenth Mrs. Don Smith compiled material for and Edmond streets in St. Joseph. the booklet from interviews with Mr. Following the business meeting, mem­ and Mrs. Carl Sharp. The booklet bers toured the building and viewed is available from the Society for $1.25. displays. The Society's new head­ The Society's address is 400 E. Me­ quarters is the former junior college chanic, Harrisonville, Missouri 64701. building. Officers elected for 1976 are Mrs. Officers elected were Jennie M. C. B. Price, president; Mrs. E. S. Jones, Cameron, president; Louis E. Parme- first vice president; Judge J. Weldon lee, vice president; Dr. Glen T. Seward, Jackson, second vice president; Mrs. treasurer; and Richard T. Cameron, Barker Lane, recording secretary; Mrs. secretary. Chas. Kenagy, corresponding secretary; and Mrs. Oren S. Webster, treasurer. Carondelet Historical Society The Society has honored three mem­ Chariton County Historical Society bers with Newsletter Award Certifi­ The Society met for a carry-in dinner cates. Donald M. Dates, Emil Ullrich and quarterly meeting on January 18 and the late Frank T. Hilliker received at Dulany Library in Salisbury. Mrs. the awards for contributions to the Evelyn Richardson spoke on "What advancement and development of the Happened to the Signers of the Decla­ Society. ration of Independence." The board of On December 7, the Society held a directors and the executive committee Christmas party at the Southern Com­ of the Society decided to let contracts mercial Bank, St. Louis. The program for heating, lighting and plumbing featured music and singing followed in the museum buildings. The Society by prizes and refreshments. has reproduced the 1876 Chariton County Atlas and Plat Book. Each Society members participated in a book is $10.00, postpaid and may be square dance, January 18, at the ordered from the Chariton County Southern Commercial Bank. Chuck Historical Society, Salisbury, Missouri Huber gave instructions to beginners 65281. Profits from the sale of the and acted as caller. book will be used for the Society's The February 9 meeting in the museum fund. Carondelet Branch Library featured the theme, "Carondelet Night." Sev­ Civil War Round Table of eral Society members gave special slide Kansas City presentations and brought items of The Round Table held its Novem- Historical Notes and Comments 323 ber 25 meeting in Twin Oaks Apart­ spoke on "Little Known Incidents of ments. Tom Sullivan presented an the Civil War in the Ozarks." illustrated program on "Sharpsburg- Officers of the Round Table for Antietam: A Battlefield Tour." A na­ 1976 are Lt. Col. Leo E. Huff, presi­ tive Kansas Citian, the speaker had dent; Jack Randall, first vice presi­ made a recent trip to the battlefield. dent; John D. Arnold, second vice "A Wider View of the Strategy and president; Robert Neumann, secretary; Tactics of the Civil War" was pre­ Wm. L. Wood, treasurer; Dr. Thomas sented by E. B. (Pete) Long at the P. Sweeney, historian; and Dr. H. Lee January 27 meeting. Hoover, editor of the Buck & Ball. Officers of the Round Table are Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Larry Phister, president; Glen Whit­ At the December 3 meeting in La aker, first vice president; William C. Chateau, members heard Wayne Tem­ Lucas, Jr., second vice president; Ken- ple speak on "A. Lincoln. . . . From ney Hicklin, secretary; and Ralph Captain to Commander in Chief." One Wright, treasurer. of the foremost experts on Lincoln, Mr. Temple is director of the Lincoln Civil War Round Table Archives in Springfield, Illinois. of the Ozarks Twenty-four taped talks from past At the November 12 meeting in the Round Table meetings are now avail­ 89er Restaurant, Springfield, Elmo In- able from the library. Members may genthron, Kirbyville, presented the borrow them for their personal use. program. He spoke on "Civil War on the Missouri-Arkansas Border." This Clay County Historical Society talk was based on a summary of five The Society invited members and chapters of his recent book, The Land friends of the Clay County Museum of Taney. His program featured color Association to the January 22 meeting slides of illustrations used in his book. in the restored 1859 Antioch Historical Members held their Christmas Party Church, Kansas City. Jim Ryan, of and Ladies Night, December 10. Rep­ the Kansas City Museum, presented the resentative Robert Ellis Young pre­ program on old postcards. sented the program on "The Battle of Carthage: Yesterday and Today." Clay County Museum Association Mr. Young has served as state repre­ The board of directors designated sentative from District 136 since 1954. the November 20 meeting at the A resident of Carthage, he is a former museum, Liberty, as Gertrude Bell editor of the Lamar Daily Republican Night. Mrs. Frank Millen and Harley and former chairman of the George Wyatt related her contributions as Washington Carver National Monu­ an author, neighbor and citizen. She ment Association. Representative recently had received the 1975 Literary Young is now secretary of the Eastern Award presented by the Missouri Li­ Jasper County Historical Sites Associa­ brary Association for her outstanding tion and a member of the Missouri work as a novelist. State Library Commission advisory Mrs. Margaret Shippee with her committee. granddaughter, Robin Wagner, as solo­ Marvin E. Tong, Jr., director of ist and Bob Brandom at the piano, the Ralph Foster Museum, School of presented "Poetry of Christmas" at the Ozarks, Point Lookout, was the the December 18 meeting. The Society speaker at the January 14 meeting. He reports that its museum at 14 N. 324 Missouri Historical Review

Main Street, Liberty, adopted a new of forty 4-H Club members from ten schedule. The new hours of the mu­ counties. seum are 1:00 to 4:00 P.M., Thursday through Saturday. Dallas County Historical Society Members held their annual meeting, Cole County Historical Society January 16, in the county courthouse, The Cole County Historical Society Buffalo. The following new officers Museum recorded 4,539 paid admis­ were installed: Vest Davis, president; sions during 1975. Of this number, Lucille Jackson, vice president; Leni 1,992 were children. Howe, recording secretary; Ida Garner, The recipient of the annual Cath­ corresponding secretary; Herbert H. erine and Alex Hope Award for Scott, treasurer; and E. T. Sechler, historic contributions was Mrs. Ross chaplain. Reports were given and plans Geary. She headed a committee of were made for the dedication of the Jane Randolph Jefferson Chapter, Crudgington Cemetery as a memorial National Society DAR that recorded cemetery, sometime in the near future. gravestones in the Woodland and old The Society's main objective for 1976 city cemeteries. is to raise money for a historical Officers elected for the coming two museum. Efforts are being made to get years were David Brydon, president; 1,000 life memberships in the Society, Mrs. Byron Kinder, first vice president; at $25.00 each. They will be designated Mrs. Robert Hunter, second vice presi­ as "Bicentennial Founding Patrons of dent; Mrs. Allen Kassebaum, secretary; the Dallas County Historical Museum." and Irma Canada, treasurer. Daughters of Old Westport At the January 22 meeting at the Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Loose Park Garden Center, Kansas Historical Society City, members elected officers for 1976. Members met on January 20 at the They are Mrs. G. S. Clough, president; Creve Coeur City Hall. Clarence Hack- Mrs. Jack Sanderson, vice president; mann, a life-time resident of the area, Mrs. Neuma Chitwood, second vice related facts on the history of St. Louis president and historian; Mrs. Helen B. County. The Society is collaborating Wholf, secretary; and Mrs. C. R. with the local bicentennial commission Wright, treasurer. in gathering old pictures of the area for publication. Daviess County Historical Society Officers elected for 1976 were Mrs. Mrs. Eddie Binney presented a pro­ Marie Schneider, president; Mrs. gram on historical sites in Missouri, Gladys Hezel, vice president; Mrs. Jean at the January 8 meeting in the First Jecmen, treasurer; Mrs. Polly Helle, National Bank, Gallatin. recording secretary; and Mrs. Audrey In observance of the bicentennial, Scher, corresponding secretary. the Society placed two showcases con­ Dade County Historical Society taining historical displays in the coun­ Members of the Society met January ty courthouse. A list of centennial 5, in the courthouse, Greenfield, and farms has been compiled, and other made preparations for a reception and observances are planned. dinner in» honor of the Salute to Officers of the Society are Harry America Singers. The Society sponsored Rice, president; Jack Tingler, vice the Singers' January 17 performance president; and Mrs. Kay Kordes, sec­ in Greenfield. The chorus is composed retary and treasurer. Historical Notes and Comments 325

DeKalb County Historical Society plays of dolls dressed in period cos­ The Society met at the courthouse tumes, pressed and blown wine glasses, in Maysville on November 16. Lyndal children's mugs, penny dolls, frozen G. Vessar, of Hemple, presented a Charlottes and antique toys from review of the history of the Vessar private collections. family. He also showed a movie of farms and locations of the Vessar Franklin County Historical Society family he had filmed in Virginia and Members held their January 25 Kentucky. meeting at the Windmill in Stanton. Barry Bergey and Jane Grosby of Over 80 persons attended the Jan­ Washington University, St. Louis, pre­ uary 18 meeting at the Orchid Chris­ sented a historical folk musical pro­ tian Church. Harold Wyatt, super­ gram entitled, "Missouri Music." As intendent of the Sunday School at a bicentennial project the Society is the church, made the program ar­ sponsoring the publication of Franklin rangements. Mrs. Opal Daffron, Mrs. County Historical Sites, Treasures of Joseph Jestes, Ermal Steiner and mem­ Living History. Advance orders may bers of the Fighting 4-H Club par­ be made by sending $9.00 to Mrs. ticipated in the program which fea­ Helen Vogt, 308 Burnside, Box 352, tured the church and the Orchid Washington, Missouri 63090. community. After the program, mem­ bers and guests viewed antiques and Officers of the Society are Elton other displays in the church. Grannemann, New Haven, president; Mary Kreft, Union, vice president; Dent County Historical Society Renee Nouss, Washington, recording Some 40 members and guests met, secretary; Carol Carter, Beaufort, December 12, for a covered-dish din­ membership secretary; and Helen Vogt, ner and Christmas meeting at the Washington, treasurer. Community Building in Salem. Father Jerry Watt presented a program on Friends of Arrow Rock "The Meaning of Christmas," and sang On May 30, the Friends will dedi­ several carols in sign language. A men's cate the Log Cabin Pioneer Doctor's chorus entertained the group with Office in an afternoon ceremony in familiar Christmas carols. Arrow Rock. The cabin, one room of a house built by Richard Pindell Shel­ by who came from Kentucky in 1835, Florissant Valley Historical Society is a fine example of pioneer archi­ During each weekend in December, tecture and construction. Taille de Noyer became Santa's House with appropriate decorations and ac­ Gasconade County Historical Society tivities throughout the house. Board Anna Hesse and Marion South, au­ members decorated the rooms and thors of Gasconade County Tours, members and friends staffed the house have donated all proceeds from the for the openings. sale of the booklet to the Society for Members discussed programs for 1976 acquisition and preservation of his­ at the January 15 quarterly meeting torical sites in Gasconade County. The at Taille de Noyer. The Society re­ booklets sell for $1.50 each and may be vived old French traditions at a Bouil­ obtained by contacting Lois L. Hoerst- lon Party on January 18. The menu kamp, Secretary, Gasconade County included hot chicken bouillon and a Historical Society, 114 West 9th Street, "bean cake." Participants viewed dis­ Hermann, Missouri 65041. 326 Missouri Historical Review

Graham Historical Society Hickory County Historical Society Officers of the Society are Lois Med- The Society met on December 9 at sker, president; Jacquetta Eisiminger, the courthouse in Hermitage. Members vice president; Letha Mowry, secre­ discussed the offer of a historic home tary; Ardith Kneale, treasurer; Frances in Hermitage for a museum, methods Davis, parlimentarian; Leola Fincham, for developing more interest in the songleader; and Helen Warner, re­ Society and for recruiting new mem­ porter. bers.

Greene County Historical Society Historical Association of The Society held its annual dinner Greater Cape Girardeau meeting on November 20 at the 89er Charles Wilson, M.D., presented the Restaurant, Springfield. Marvin Tong program at the Association's November of the Ralph Foster Museum, School 10 meeting in the Glenn House, Cape of the Ozarks, Point Lookout, pre­ Girardeau. He spoke on "A History sented a program on "The Manage­ of Medicine in the Cape Girardeau ment of Small Museums." Area." At the January 22 meeting at Over 600 persons, including Gover­ Calvert's Cafeteria, Springfield, Steve nor and Mrs. Christopher Bond, at­ Stepp discussed "Springfield during tended the Association's Bicentennial the Centennial Year, 1876." Ball, November 22, in the Arena, Cape Girardeau. The First Missouri Phoebe Apperson Hearst Volunteers, Missouri Air National Historical Society Guard, gave a presentation of the The Society held its annual meeting, uniforms and flags used during all December 7, at the home of Mr. and military conflicts of the United States. Mrs. W. A. Bruns, Sr., near St. Clair. Proceeds from the ball will be used in Officers elected were Ralph Gregory, the restoration of two upstairs bed­ president; Mrs. W. A. Bruns, vice rooms in the Glenn House. president; Mrs. Earnest Reed, secre­ tary-treasurer; and Mrs. Russell Ely, At the January 12 meeting, Dr. historian. Charles Korns, of Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, pre­ Henry County Historical Society sented a talk on planting trees in During the two weeks before Christ­ Cape Girardeau. mas, the Henry County Extension Homemakers Clubs sponsored an ex­ Historical Society of Polk County hibit entitled, "Trees of the Nations," Letha Davison, Esther Elyn and at the Society's Henry County Museum Hazel Roberts presented the program and Cultural Arts Center in Clinton. at the November 23 meeting in the The Society reports that the second REA Building, Bolivar. They spoke phase of restoration of the building on the early history of Halfway and is under construction. related incidents about the old water Heritage Seekers of Palmyra mill and the community. The Heritage Seekers met November At a call meeting on January 14, 17 at the Episcopal Parish House in members of the Society met with the Palmyra. Don Powers, a teacher in chairman and members of the Polk Hannibal schools, demonstrated the County Bicentennial Commission to art of carding and spinning wool, discuss plans for bicentennial pro­ using his antique spinning wheels. grams. The Society is compiling ma- Historical Notes and Comments 327 terial on cemeteries, the history of the Society, presented a resume of her the area and Polk County families. two years in office. Following the meeting, members and guests visited Holt County Historical Society the historic homes of Mr. and Mrs. The Society reported that Mrs. Willard Agee, 403 N. Delaware, and Howard Dodson has furnished a room Mr. and Mrs. Frank S. Jennings, 510 in its Fortescue School museum as a N. Delaware, Independence. complete pioneer kitchen. The group also announced the reprinting, in one The Society announced plans for volume, of the 1877, 1898 and 1918 several bicentennial projects. The Holt County atlases. For information group plans to reprint the 1877 Illus­ on securing an atlas, contact Mrs. trated Atlas of Jackson County and to Joe Derr, Forest City, Missouri 64451. erect a marker at the site of the old Westport Toll Gate. On February 4-6, Howell County Historical Society the Society sponsored an antique show The Society held its annual dinner at the American Legion Hall in Blue meeting at the West Plains Holiday Springs. Another bicentennial project Inn on November 24. Members re­ is an exhibit of presidential campaign viewed the progress made during the buttons, gadgets and materials at the year on the Society's pioneer memorial 1859 Jackson County Jail Museum, In­ village. The Cobb family of West dependence. Mrs. Clyde Brower loaned Plains donated the old general store the collection for the exhibit which and a mill building from Lawndale, will continue through the bicentennial Missouri, for the project. Members year. viewed slides of the two structures and made plans for moving the build­ Jasper County Historical Society ings to the village. The Thespian Society of the Car­ thage High School presented the pro­ Iron County Historical Society gram at the November 30 meeting Members of the Society met January at the courthouse, Carthage. The 19 in the Arcadia Valley High School. presentation related to the theme, For a "show and tell" program several "That Liberty Shall Not Perish." Offi­ persons displayed and told stories cers reelected for 1976 were Judge J. about items they had acquired or in­ Byron Fly, Sr., president; Mrs. Marie herited over the years. Cromer, first vice president and pro­ gram chairman; Mrs. Virginia Adams, Jackson County Historical Society second vice president; Mrs. Colleen More than 200 persons attended the Belk, secretary and historian; and Don December 2 candlelight tour at the Adamson, treasurer. John B. Wornall House, 61st Street Terrace and Wornall Road, Kansas Kansas City Westerners City. Each room of the house featured Members viewed a film on the a touch of Christmas 1858. The Christ­ events leading up to the Battle of mas display continued through De­ the Little Big Horn in 1876, at the cember 31 during regular daily visit­ November 10 meeting at the Home­ ing hours at the historic house. stead Country Club, Mission, Kansas. On January 25, the Society held Tal Luther, a member of the Posse its annual meeting at the Harry S. and Custer expert, provided commen­ Truman Library, Independence. Offi­ tary regarding the film in a round cers and committee chairmen gave re­ table discussion that followed the ports and Sue Gentry, president of showing. 328 Missouri Historical Review

Tom Watson, past Posse sheriff, example of the economic feasibility presented the program at the De­ of rehabilitating old buildings. cember 9 ladies' night and meeting. On January 22, Landmarks held a His slide show and narration con­ volunteer workshop at the Missouri cerned "Lewis and Clark and the Historical Society in St. Louis. The Opening of the American West." A workshop included a presentation and gift exchange followed the program. discussion of the varied and interest­ On January 13, Posse members met ing opportunities available to volun­ at the Twin Oaks Apartments in Kan­ teers and ways of developing an effec­ sas City. Judd Diehl, nationally known tive volunteer force. sculptor from Independence, gave the program on "Procedures Involved in Lewis County Historical Society Creating Western and Other Bronze Canton Chapter Figures." He illustrated the talk with Officers of the Chapter are Mary various bronze castings including the Ann Barneybach, chairman; Genevieve finished product. Wood, vice chairman; Leona Miller, secretary; and Ethel Lloyd, treasurer.

Kirkwood Historical Society Macon County Historical Society The Society held its annual meet­ More than 60 persons attended the ing, December 9, in the Kirkwood City December 7 meeting at the Kopper Hall Annex Building. On December Kettle in Bevier. Following the turkey 12, the women's association sponsored dinner, an informal "show and tell" the third annual Pot Pourri and Silver program highlighted the evening. A Tea at History House. Members guest, Mrs. Darlene Marino sang created homemade foods, gift items Christmas carols. and Christmas decorations for sale at As a bicentennial project, the So­ the event. A hand-finished Victorian ciety published a book of drawings doll house was sold by silent auction. on county buildings, "Our Heritage Past and Present, 1776-1976." Landmarks Association of St. Louis In a brief ceremony, October 29, on McDonald County Historical Society the front porch of 911 Park Avenue, Members held their November 16 R. Hal Dean, board chairman and meeting in the Pineville Methodist chief executive officer of Ralston Church. Mr. and Mrs. Ben Miller of Purina, gave the keys to the property Fort Smith, Arkansas, told the history to Mrs. Howard F. Yerges, president of the Duval family from the days of of Landmarks. He also presented a royalty and knighthood in England $2,500 check to help establish a re­ and France. Frank Boyer of Goodman volving fund for restoration projects. also traced the Boyer family, a branch The three-story structure, built in the of the Duval family. 1870s in the then fashionable Park Avenue district, is known as the Lucy Mercer County Historical Society Dolusic House. The area, now a part The Society's December 14 meeting of the LaSalle Park district, is being at the Cake House, Princeton, featured redeveloped by Ralston Purina. Land­ a Christmas theme. Virgie Hoover gave marks will restore the exterior of the the history of the Christmas card and building within one year and then displayed a collection of old-time cards. rehabilitate the interior for commer­ Chloe Lowry discussed the Christmas cial use. The project will serve as an tree and how it became a part of our Historical Notes and Comments 329

American heritage. Norene Booth led Gerald Yarnell, corresponding secre­ the group in singing carols. tary.

Mississippi County Nodaway County Historical Society Historical Society Members held their November 24 The Society sponsored an arts and meeting in the Farm & Home Build­ crafts festival, November 22-23, at the ing, Maryville. Debbie Newton, a Charleston Armory. The show featured Maryville student, spoke on her ex­ work in visual arts, ceramics, needle­ periences as a foreign exchange stu­ work, knitting, weaving, lapidary art, dent in Holland. bootmaking, culinary art by the ladies Donna Janky, Society secretary, en­ of the Society and work in many other tertained members with a Christmas fields. open house, December 22. A film on "The American Vision" Monroe County Historical Society was shown at the January 26 meeting The Society has adopted two bicen­ in the Wells Library Auditorium, tennial projects. The group plans a Maryville. The bicentennial program pioneer day exhibit at the 1976 Old featured the history of American art. Threshers Reunion at Paris. The ex­ The Society has available reprints of hibit will feature articles used by Maryville Illustrated for $2.00 each. pioneers of 200 years ago in the home, The volume may be obtained by writ­ on the farm or in native crafts. The ing to Thomas W. Carneal, 418 W. Society also will sponsor a special in­ 2nd, Maryville, Missouri 64468. spection trip to the "Little Rocky" Indian petroglyphs, a mile east of Old Trails Historical Society Holliday. Archaeologists have deter­ Don Rimbach presented an illus­ mined that the carvings are about 600 trated program on the "Meramec Dam years old. St. Louis outdoor enthusiast, Proposal" at the January 21 meeting Leo Dreyer, purchased the area which in the Jefferson Savings Sc Loan Build­ has been designated a state natural ing, Ballwin. Mr. Rimbach, a special­ area and is supervised by the Missouri ist in cave and spring geology, has Conservation Department. Mrs. Roger spent three years fighting the dam Van Praag and Mrs. Joe Branham are project. cochairpersons of the bicentennial Officers of the Society are Judy projects. Slifer, president; Jean Muetze, first Officers of the Society are R. I. vice president; Til Keil, second vice (Si) Colborn, president; Mrs. Carol president; Ann Lee Konneker, record­ Stockton, vice president; Mrs. Christie ing secretary; Arlene Baranovic, cor­ Menefee, secretary and treasurer; and responding secretary; Bill Broderick, Anne Smithey, historian. treasurer; and Dorothy Feiner, his­ torian. Morgan County Historical Society Officers of the Society are R. A. Pemiscot County Historical Society Forderhase, president; Mrs. Gene Bar- Eleven members and two guests at­ tram, first vice president; Mrs. Paul tended the November 25 meeting at Clodfelter, second vice president; Mrs. St. John's Episcopal Meeting Room Orlyn White, secretary; Mrs. Ladean in Caruthersville. Rachel Dawson, Drissen, treasurer; Miss Michal Flott- chairman of the oral history project, man, historian; Paul Clodfelter and reported on the committee's plans and B. F. Akin, sergeants-at-arms; Johanna procedures for interviews with older McDonald, parliamentarian; and Mrs. residents of the county. Perry Cooper- 330 Missouri Historical Review man, an 83-year-old merchant in Raytown Historical Society Caruthersville, presented the program. Society members held their quarterly He related incidents in his life from meeting and annual oyster supper, the time he came to the United States January 28 in St. Matthew's Episcopal at age 14 to the present. Church, Raytown. The Raytown High At the January 27 meeting of the School String Orchestra furnished mu­ Society, Katherine Hill gave a pro­ sical entertainment. Charter president, gram on "Finding the Bicentennial Mrs. Merle Glover, installed the fol­ Tree." She told about the original lowing officers: George Crews, presi­ Liberty Tree in Boston, Massachusetts, dent; George Kirchhofer, first vice and the local project conducted by the president; Mrs. Joan Cesar, second Caruthersville Bicentennial Commit­ vice president; Mrs. Elma Kemp, re­ tee and the University of Missouri Ex­ cording secretary; Mrs. Esther Lee tension Center through the Missouri Sutherland, corresponding secretary; Conservation Commission. and Stan Novak, treasurer.

Phelps County Historical Society St. Charles County The Society met on November 22 Historical Society at the Rolla Public Library. Mrs. The Society sponsored a Christmas Maude Gaddy, president of the So­ open house on December 21 at the ciety, reported on the various groups N e w b i 11 McElhiney House in St. of scouts, clubs and school children Charles. House decorations included who had toured the old jail and native greens, fruits, nuts and a cedar museum during the summer. She also tree trimmed with old-fashioned orna­ thanked the members for donating ments. their time to keep the museum open. Officers elected for 1976 were Mrs. George Feltz, the Society's museum Maude Gaddy, president; Janet Thack- chairman and an expert on Indian er, vice president; Jessie Rucker, sec­ artifacts, presented the program at the retary; and Lynna Aaron, treasurer. January 22 quarterly dinner meeting at St. Peter's School Cafeteria, St. Pleasant Hill Historical Society Charles. He discussed "The Indians On December 6-7, the Society's mu­ Contribution to our Bicentennial." seum in Pleasant Hill hosted a col­ The Society is compiling material for lectors hobby show as one of the publication in a pictorial book on town's bicentennial events. Caralee historic landmarks in St. Charles Coun­ Dodson gave the history of the Presby­ ty. terian Church at the January 29 meet­ ing at the museum. St. Joseph Historical Society The Society held its annual meeting, Pony Express Historical Association November 16, in the St. Joseph Mu­ Officers of the Association are Joseph seum. Col. Franklin Flesher, professor L. Flynn, president; Lewis Ellis, first of Military Science at Missouri West­ vice president; Glenn M. Setzer, sec­ ern State College, presented a slide ond vice president; Mrs. Betty Bristow, lecture on the Spanish-American War. recording secretary; Mrs. Juanita New officers elected at the meeting Crockett, corresponding secretary; were Mrs. Mildred Roundy, president; Lloyd Barnett, treasurer; Harry Arm­ David Finley, vice president; and Mrs. strong, parliamentarian; and Mrs. Mary Boder, historian. Mrs. Glenda Irene Danner, historian. Leimbach is recording secretary and Historical Notes and Comments 331

Dr. Frances Flanagan is corresponding ous use since 1864 and for its collection secretary. of archival materials and museum A Christmas reception, December 21, pieces. Following the ceremony, guests in the undercroft of Christ Episcopal enjoyed refreshments and a social hour Church honored members of the St. in the church dining hall. Joseph Archaeological Society. During Schuyler County Historical Society the past two summers, archaeological At the annual meeting, January 11, society members spent many hours in the Wm. P. "Bill" Hall Home Mu­ searching for artifacts buried on the seum, Lancaster, members paid spe­ Robidoux Row property. cial tribute to Dr. Addison Hombs. Dr. Hombs was approved for honorary St. Louis Westerners membership in the Society as appreci­ The Westerners held their Novem­ ation for his $1,000 donation to the ber 21 meeting at the Salad Bowl museum building fund. He is the sixth Cafeteria, St. Louis. Robert S. Chan­ person to be given an honorary mem­ dler, superintendent of the Jefferson bership. Alta McNabb presented the National Expansion Memorial, pre­ program. She told about her grand­ sented the program on "Is the Na­ father's trek across America to settle tional Park System in Trouble?" He in Schuyler County. commented on the National Park Sys­ tem and the future of the Gateway A special public fund-raising event Arch. for the museum renovation and maintenance was held, February 8, at David Radcliffe, president of the the Hall Home Museum. The program St. Louis Antique Arms Association featured 30 minutes of songs by the and member of the Civil War Round Sweet Adelines of Kirksville; a talk by Table, presented the program at the Grace Pickell, Kirksville, on various January 16 meeting. He spoke on flags which have flown over the "Missouri, Birthplace of Western United States; and a country store sale Bandits." by members of the Society. St. Mary's Pioneer Historical Society Officers for 1976 are S. Randall Anna Marie Lentz, president of Roberts, president; Ann Bunch, first the Society, presided at a dedication vice president; Kathryn King, second ceremony, November 30, at St. Mary's vice president; Virginia Reindel, re­ Catholic Church in Independence. The cording secretary; Betty Forsythe, cor­ Jackson County Historical Society responding secretary; and Cecil dedicated a historical marker at the Burgher, treasurer. church which was established as a Scotland County Historical Society parish in 1845. Sue Gentry, president At the October 27 meeting in the of the Jackson County group, made public library, Memphis, Chuck Larkin the presentation address and Josephine presented the program. A Gorin High and Alletta Curtis unveiled the mark­ School student, he reported on the er. The Reverend Thomas J. Ward, Freedom Forum he had attended. pastor of St. Mary's, and the Most Robert Briggs showed slides of Reverend Charles H. Helmsing, bishop noted Missouri scenes at the Novem­ of the Kansas City-St. Joseph Diocese, ber 24 meeting. spoke briefly. The Society received commendation for its work in preser­ The December 22 meeting featured vation of the church building which a Christmas party. is the oldest in the county in continu­ Officers installed at the January 26 332 Missouri Historical Review meeting were Mrs. Josephine Hunter, child, secretary; Mrs. Dixie Brophy, president; Mrs. Wilma June Kapfer, corresponding secretary; Mrs. Agnes vice president; Mrs. LeGene Padgett, Guilliford, treasurer; and Mrs. Betty recording secretary; Mrs. Geneva Har­ Sterett, historian. vey, corresponding secretary; and Mrs. Mary Brumback, treasurer. Webster County Historical Society Members held their annual meeting, Shelby County Historical Society January 9, at the Sho-Me building in Some 60 persons attended the Oc­ Marshfield. Jack Randall, of Spring­ tober 28 dinner meeting at the Fest field, presented the program. He re­ Hall in Bethel. Mrs. Irma Miller, Ma­ lated facts about the Civil War, espe­ con, presented the program on the cially the Battle of Wilson's Creek history of the Col. Blees Military which occurred near Springfield. Academy and Still-Hildreth Sanato­ Westport Historical Society rium in Macon. The Society is conducting a fund Officers for the coming year are drive to raise $42,500 to purchase the Mrs. Glen Wallace, president; Mrs. Harris home, 4000 Baltimore Avenue, Laverne March, vice president; Mrs. Kansas City. Constructed in 1855, the Emmett Goe, secretary; Mrs. Margaret home was placed on the National Reg­ Farley, treasurer; and Gladys Powers, ister of Historic Places in 1972. historian. Preservation of the home is a Kansas City bicentennial project, approved by Vernon County Historical Society the Missouri State Bicentennial Com­ Members of the Society held their mission. Contributions to the fund for annual meeting, January 25, at the acquiring the home are tax deductible. City-County Community Center in All donations should be made payable Nevada. Officers elected were Bill W. to the Westport Historical Society, R. Hamblin, Jr., president; Etheldean Inc., and mailed to: P.O. Box 10076, McComas, vice president; Judy Fair- Kansas City, Missouri 64111.

little Known Facts About UMC The University of Missouri-Columbia, M Book (July 28, 1975) . 1880—Newspaper editorial asks freshmen to think of new pranks. It stated that the cannon had been rolled into the lake 874i/£ times, foot-stamping in chapel was passe; night prowling, pulling down signs, and carrying off gates were all old hat. The only thing new under the sun was the placing of a stuffed cow atop the dome of Academic Hall.

Wanted Fulton Weekly Telegraph, February 7, 1880. An editor who can read, write and argue politics, and at the same time be religious, funny, scientific and historical at will, write to please everybody, knows everything without asking or being told, always have something good to say about everybody else, live on wind and make more money than enemies. For such a man a good opening will be made—in the graveyard.—Ex. Historical Notes and Comments 333

GIFTS

DR. LESLIE ANDERS, Warrensburg, donor: "Our Family: Matlock—Matlick." R*

MRS. N. W. BARNES, Houston, Texas, donor: Material from Levi Adamson Wilson (1833-1902) family Bible, compiled by donor. R

GENEVIEVE HOEHN BELLIS, Arlington, Virginia, donor: Copy of "Marriage Records of Peter Hoehn, J. P., recording marriages he performed in New Madrid County from 1891 to 1906," indexed by donor, R; Lilbourn Enterprise, July 16, 1909. N

SARAH W. BESS, Columbia, donor: John T. Jordon Record Book, 1896. M MYRA BETTIS, Piper, Kansas, donor: Bible records of the Ernst family. R

MRS. FREDERICK BOHL, Wellsville, donor: Sesquicentennial program, Bethel Church, 1825-1975, Montgomery County; cemetery listings for Montgomery County, compiled by donor, Mrs. Owen Whitehead and Mrs. Roy Whitehead, Sr. R

MRS. VIRGINIA BOTTS, Columbia, donor: Illustrations of Columbia buildings. E

MRS. WILLIAM L. BRADSHAW, Columbia, donor: Misc. materials on Columbia and Missouri organizations and churches. R & E MRS. D. A. BRITTON, Dallas, Texas, donor: Photographs of John Edward Reed in the Jonesburg bank and a street scene in Jonesburg. E

CAPE GIRARDEAU COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, donor, through BELVA WILLS, Cape Girardeau: Historical Map of Cape Girardeau County, prepared by Jess and Art Thilenius. R MRS. LORRAINE C. CATES, Richmond Heights, donor: Cemetery listings for St. Francois and Ste. Genevieve counties. R

JUDGE RICHARD J. CHAMIER, Moberly, donor: Stock certificate, Golden Pick Mining Company, 1896; warranty deed, Randolph County, 1899. M

CYRIL CLEMENS, Kirkwood, donor: Misc. materials concerning Missouri and Missourians. E & M

#These letters indicate where the gift materials are filed at Society head­ quarters: R refers to Reference Library; E, Editorial Office; M, Manuscript Collection; N, Newspaper Library; A, Art Room; and B, Bay Room. 334 Missouri Historical Review

MRS. HARRIET R. COCHRANE, Schenectady, New York, donor: Sol Smith Russell Papers, 1848-1902, including scrapbooks, diary and misc. materials concerning Russell's acting career. M

MRS. CORLISS COLLINS, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, donor: Copy of "Zimmerman Family Lineage." R

MRS. ELIZABETH COMFORT, Columbia, donor: Chouteau and the Founding of Saint Louis, by Rhoda Wooldridge. R

A. MAXIM COPPAGE, Walnut Creek, California, donor: Misc. materials concerning the Civilian Conservation Corps in Missouri and the Coppedge and Stephens-Stevens families. R

MARILYN BULL COWELL, Memphis, donor: "Bull Family," compiled by donor. R RAYMOND CREAMER, Billings, Montana, donor: The Creamer Family Tree, compiled by donor. R

INEZ CULLY, Republic, donor: Newspaper clippings concerning the Civil War in Missouri. E

DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, COLUMBIAN CHAPTER, Columbia, donor: Founders' History of the Columbian Chapter, DAR. M

DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, RACHAEL DONELSON CHAPTER, Spring­ field, donor: "Records of Greene County, Missouri, and Christian County, Missouri." R

FREDERICK LEE DAVIS, Liberty, donor: "The Clem Family: Some Descendants of Solomon and Mary (Clem) Grim, Vol. II," compiled by donor. R

E. WILLIAM DECKER IV, Jefferson City, donor: "The Geisberg Family History: 1590-1975," by donor. R

HUGH DENNY, Columbia, donor: Listing of commercial houses in Missouri by county, sporadic dating, 1820-1960S. R

REVEREND DAMIAN DIETLEIN, St. Meinrad, Indiana, donor: Herman Heembrock Descendants and Anton Heembrock Descendants, both by donor. R

MRS. ROY D. DOTY, Indianapolis, Indiana, donor: "Descendants of Israel and Barbara (Green) Meadows," by donor. R

I. G. DYER, Marshall, donor: Auctioneer's license to O. B. Pearson, Arrow Rock, March 5, 1853. M

MRS. FRANCES EHRIG, Richland, Washington, donor: "Thomas Rogers: Missouri Pioneer," by Virginia Swenson, and other genealogical material. R Historical Notes and Comments 335

MRS. RUTH E. ELDER, Mt. Morris, Illinois, donor: Photographs of Margaret Lucinda Randol Gilliland and Edward Jackson Gilliland. E HOMER L. FERGUSON, Jefferson City, donor: Several items relating to the First Christian Church and Masonic Lodge No. 43 in Jefferson City. R

FRED FISCHER, Tipton, donor: "Tipton, the First Half-Century," research paper by donor. R

MRS. ELGIE WOODS FOSTER, Temple, Texas,..donor: "Salt of the Earth," a genealogy of the Woods family, by donor. R

EARLE W. FROST, Kansas City, donor: A Genealogical Brochure of the Long and Doub Families of North Carolina and Their Midwestern Descendants, by donor. R

MRS. JESSEMINE MAUGHS FULTON, Fayetteville, Tennessee, DR. SIDNEY B. MAUGHS, Webster Groves, MRS. CURTIS MAUGHS, Fulton, donors: Letter to Jessee Maugs [sic], June 23, 1913; letter by Jesse Everhart, written August 6, 1864, the eve of the Battle of Atlanta. M E. M. FUNK, Columbia, donor: Ozark Farm Boy to University Professor Emeritus: An Autobiography, by donor. R

MRS. MAUDE GADDY, Rolla, donor: Postcards of the Old Stone Jail and Phelps County Historical Society Museum, both in Rolla. E

H. G. GARNER, Kansas City, donor: "Garner—Cole and Related Families," by donor. R

MRS. H. G. GARNER, Kansas City, donor: Hamilton—Douglas—Terr ill—Tyer, by LeVaude H. Markle, Edra H. Asjes and donor. R MRS. B. J. GEORGE, Kansas City, donor: B. James George, Sr. Collection, including books, periodicals, photographs, letters, diaries, etc., dealing with the George family, the Civil War, the James brothers and Quantrill. R, E & M

MR. AND MRS. J. HURLEY HAGOOD, Hannibal, donors: Material on Hannibal and the Mississippi River. R

ORVAL HENDERSON, Jefferson City, donor: Missouri Highway Historical Review; misc. material on the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. R

BESSIE HENRY, Crawfordsville, Indiana, donor: A History of the Henry and Hackley Families, by donor. R

MAYOLA EMORY HILL, Overland, donor: Material on the Emory and Hill families. R 336 Missouri Historical Review

MR. AND MRS. BILL HOYT, Dawn, donors: "Not Much of Anything—A History of My Life," by J. M. Hoyt. R

MRS. JACQUELYN HUFFMAN, Ironton, donor: "Bollinger County Cemeteries." by donor. R

LARRY JAMES, Neosho, donor: "Supplement to Pioneer Families of Newton County, Missouri: The Oliver and Ritchey Families," by donor. R

KCOU RADIO STATION, donor, through ROBERT RATLIFF, Columbia: Newspapers and correspondence concerning the Free Press in Columbia, Mo. M

FRANCES G. AND JOSEPHINE B. KERNS, Bunceton, donors: Original journal, "My Youthful Recollections," by Martha C. Logan, 1902. M

MRS. LULA AMY MCCRARY KNIGHT, Portland, Oregon, donor: James Holman land deed, Randolph County, Missouri, 1850. M

CAMILLA WALCH KNOX, Sedalia, donor: Newspaper clipping on St. John's Church at Emma, Mo. E MRS. L. J. KOSMINSKY, Miami Beach, Florida, donor: Friede Papers, 1849-1947, including speeches of State Representative Meyer Friede and materials relating to members of the Friede family. M

MARK LAUGHLIN, Kirksville, donor: Kirksville telephone directories, R; postcard of post office, Rolla, 1910. E

LELA LILLIAN LONES, Perry, Iowa, donor: Material on Antioch Presbyterian Church, Pike County; misc. genealogical material. R

MRS. BLANCHE BEAL LOWE, Stanton, California, donor: "Diaries 1815-1874 of the Reverend Leonard Smith, Circuit Rider," transcribed by donor. R

DR. ALPHA C. MAYFIELD, Macon, donor: "Some Missouri Composers," research notes by donor. R

MRS. JOHN G. MILLER, Montgomery City, donor: W. F. Jones Letters, 1896-1901. M

MISSOURI EAST CONFERENCE, UNITED METHODIST CHURCH, donor, through REVEREND GEORGE W. HESLAR, Mexico: Papers of the Conference, including minutes, histories and pamphlets. M

MISSOURI UNION PRESBYTERY, Kirksville, donor: Copies of Minutes of the Missouri Union Presbytery. R

MRS. TERRY L. MORTON, Troutdale, Oregon, donor: "Samuel Auld: Emigrant From Ireland and Some of His Descendants," by Ruth M. Roberts and Bernice A. Morton. R Historical Notes and Comments 337

ARTHUR PAUL MOSER, Springfield, donor: Directories of towns, villages and hamlets of Ozark, Reynolds, Wright and Barry counties, compiled by donor. R

MRS. ROBERT MOWRY, Graham, donor: Typescript: "Nodaway's Early History, Our First Settlers Ably Sketched by Dr. J. W. Morgan." R

LAURA J. NAHM, Washington, donor: "They Didn't Ask for Federal Aid: The Story of the Augusta, Mo. High School," by donor. R

ROBERT NEUMANN, Springfield, donor: Wild Bill, The Legend and the Truth of the Wild West's First Shootout in Springfield, Missouri—July 21, 1865; An Illustrated History of the Civil War in Springfield, Missouri: 1861-1865, by donor. R

MRS. LAWSON NICHOLS, Columbia, donor: Original photograph of Dr. Frank Nifong. E

CHARLES O'DELL, Columbia, donor: Three farm account ledgers, Redmond Hurst farm, near Tipton; official postmasters' account and record book, Tea, Gasconade County, Mo. M

TERRY O'HANLON, Washington, Iowa, donor: Biographical sketch of Joseph G. O'Hanlon and xerox copy of History of Millwood and St. Alphonsus Parish, Lincoln County, Mo. R

S. G. OHLHAUSEN, M. D., Houston, Texas, donor: "Index of Descendants of Henry Ohlhausen," compiled by donor. R

MRS. NOLA J. OSBURN, Senath, donor: Newspaper clipping and articles by donor. R & E

HAROLD N. PAINTER, Sedalia, donor: Anna Tut tie-Painter, by donor; index and addenda to Painter Family. R

LESTER S. PARKER, SR., Topeka, Kansas, donor: Misc. materials concerning donor, dedication of the Missouri State Capitol and penitentiary industries; sheet music of songs written by donor. R

SIDNEY PHILLIPS, Seattle, Washington, donor: Numerous World War I photographs. E

PEGGY PLATNER, Columbia, donor: Pamphlet: "Missouri Women in Public Life." R

HARRY T. RALL, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, donor: Photographs of Lyon monument and other views in Union Cemetery, Springfield, Mo. E

FREDRIC D. REDEKER, Liberty, donor: Revised By-Laws and Ordinances of the Town of New Hampton, Missouri, 1904. R 338 Missouri Historical Review

MRS. N. C. REUSSER, Prairie Village, Kansas, donor, through MRS. ROGER BUM- GARNER, Columbia: Reminiscences and documents relating to William H. Kavanaugh's service with the 2nd Missouri Infantry and the 2nd and 6th Consolidated Missouri Infantry, C. S. A. in the Civil War, loaned for copying. M

HARRY B. ROBINSON, Columbia, donor: Misc. materials concerning Missouri people, towns, churches and schools and colleges. R, E & M

JAMES R. SANTMEYER, Higginsville, donor: Five photographs of the Rocky Branch Switch Engine and Railroad; blue­ print of Confederate Home at Higginsville, loaned for copying. E

J. W. SCHIERMEIER, New Melle, donor: Cracker Barrel News (1973-1975) . R RAYMOND L. SENOR, Milton, Iowa, donor: Clipping from Sturgeon Missouri Leader, October, 1918. E

DONALD R. SINGLETON, Lexington, donor: Materials from Elijah and Susannah (Rinehart) Griffith family Bible; materials on the Singleton and Link families, by donor. R MRS. RUTH SMILEY, Belleville, Illinois, donor: Smiley Family Papers, ca. 1781-1951. M

ANNIE SMITHEY AND PAULINE BRYAN, Paris, donors: Covered Bridges of Yesteryear in Monroe County, Missouri, by donors. R

MRS. ROBERT E. SPRADLIN, Mexico, donor: We Veitches, Veatches, Veaches, Veeches, by Laurence R. Guthrie and Wanda Veatch Clark. R

ROGER AVERY STUBBS, Long Lake, Minnesota, donor: The Roberts Family: 250 Years from 1719-1969. R

JAMES LOGAN SUTHERLAND, Windsor, donor: Henry Moser Descendants, 1814-1887, by donor. R

HOWARD A. THOMPSON, Anabel, donor: "Quo Vadis," an address by Dr. M. Graham Clark. R

TREBOR JAY TICHENOR, St. Louis, donor: Books concerning ragtime music. R

THOMAS M. TODD, Junction City, Kansas, donor: "Prairie Doctor, Vol. II," by donor. R

CHARLES VAN RAVENSWAAY, Winterthur, Delaware, donor: Photographs of Thespian Hall, Boonville, Mo. E

MRS. ILENE SIMS YARNELL, Versailles, donor: Materials on the Studebaker, York and Sims families; area school and church records. R Historical Notes and Comments 339

MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS

Brunswick Brunswicker November 13, 27, December 4, 18, 25, 1975, January 8, 22, 29, 1976—Old area photographs.

Butler Bates County News Headliner November 6, 1975—"Brackney school goes back to 78." November 13, 20—"Arthur LaHue Evans and the Evans Family Tree," by Reva Stubblefield. November 27, December 4—"Bates County Memorial Hospital," by Reva Stubblefield. December 11, 18, 25—"Rev. William Woody," by Reva Stubblefield. January 22, 29, 1976—"Early day school reflections by former teachers."

Carrollton Daily Democrat November 13, i975-"1833: The First Year Of The Carroll County Court," by Dave Stampfli. November 26—"[Capt. William Baker's] 'River House' In County." This and the articles below by Harold Calvert. December 7—"When [Kansas City] Blues Were Major Minor [Baseball] League Team." December 24—"First Carroll County Settlers." January 20, 1976—"Modes Of Travel [in Carrollton] Then And Now."

Columbia Daily Tribune November 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 1975—A history of Columbia and Boone County, by John C. Crighton.

Columbia Missourian November 26, 1975—"Lite around the [grist] mills—not the same old grind," by Duke Johns, photos by Paul Gregory. November 30—A special supplement, "Our Heritage Boone County Bicen­ tennial Special, Part I The People," featured numerous historical articles. December 13—"100-year-old [New Liberty Primitive Baptist] church has few major changes," by Karen Brockmeyer. December 24—"[Maclay] House and home after 117 years [in Tipton]." by Mary Jane Jones. December 30—"Big Muddy shaped era before rails Missouri River aided, menaced settlers in state," by Bob Flocke. January 11, 1976—"[Observatory in Fayette] Carr W. Pritchett's Dream," by David A. Burket. January 11— "The search for Mark Twain's Hannibal," by Larry Meyer, photos by John Scanlan. January 25—"End of the line [for St. Louis Union Station]," by Ruth Cincotta.

Ellington Courier-Press January 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 1976—A bicentennial series of historical articles about people, places and events of Reynolds County. 340 Missouri Historical Review

Eureka-Pacific TrUCounty Journal November 5, 1975-January 28, 1976—"In Retrospect," a bicentennial review of the people, places and times of the tri-county area, by Sue Reed.

Fayette Advertiser November 12, 26, December 3, 10, 17, 1975, January 7, 14, 21, 28, 1976- "Bicentennial Boonslick History," a series by members of the Boonslick His­ torical Society.

Fayette Democrat-Leader November 8, 15, 22, 29, December 13, 27, 1975, January 17, 24, 31, 1976- "Bicentennial Boonslick History," a series by members of the Boonslick His­ torical Society. November 22—"[St. Mary's] Episcopal Church To Observe 125th Anni­ versary at Service." January 10—"Mobley, or Payton, Farm a Landmark Many Years," by Mrs. Charles Coutts.

Kansas City Star November 1, 15, 29, December 13, 27, 1975, January 10, 24, 1976—A series on Kansas City's mayors, by Charles S. Stevenson. November 2—"The Story Behind the [William] Volker Memorial Fountain," by Henry C. Haskell. November 24—"Historic Marker to Be Placed at Old Independence [St. Mary's Catholic] Church," by Carol Conrow. December 27—"[Harry S. Truman] Dam May Revive Glory of Leesville," by Gertrude Keller. January 3, 1976—"[Coates House] Historic Hotel Faces Uncertain Future," by Cindy Pollard. January 11—"Visiting Weston, Mo., Where Tobacco Is King," by Margaret Olwine, photographs by Roy Inman. January 18—"Herman Walder—Swinging Through K. C. Jazz," by Robert Morris and Jess Ritter. January 25—"[Aunt Jemima Pancake Flour] World's First Ready-Mix Food Was Made In Missouri," by Mildred Grenier.

Kansas City Times November 1, 1975—A postcard from the collection of Mrs. Sam Ray fea­ tured the tea foyer at the Muehlebach Hotel. November 6—"Oldest Mexican Club [Union Cultural Mexicana in Kansas City] Ready for Change," by Richard A. Serrano. November 12—"Civil War Cemetery [near Baxter Springs] in Kansas Grim Reminder of Raid [by William C. Quantrill]," by Bonnie Mace. November 20—"Cause of [New Madrid] Quake Still Mystery," by Phillip S. Brimble. November 22—"Barstow [School] Blends Traditions With Modern Ideas," by Edward Tranin. December 8—"Ghost of [William C] Quantrill Returns to Lawrence [Kan­ sas]," by Mike Fisher. December 19—"When Almost Everything Went by Express [from Kansas City Union Station]," by Howard Brickey. Historical Notes and Comments 341

December 25—" 'Proper' Christmas on Missouri Frontier," by Fred L. Lee. January 17, 1976—"Rockhurst [High School] Still Strives for 'Eloquentia'," by Randy Herr and Ed Latimer. January 23—"Pioneer Woman's [Elizabeth Porter] Story Lost to Posterity," by Eric Fowler.

Kennett Daily Dunklin Democrat September 15, 1975—"[Southeast Missouri] 'Frisco [Railroad] Tracks: Going, Going, Gone," by Nola Osburn.

Lebanon Daily Record October 22, 1975—"History of Lebanon Post Office explored in depth."

Liberty Tribune November 26, 1975, January 14, 1976—'Old Clay Is Some Punkins ... A History of Clay County," a series by Evelyn Petty. January 21— Old area photographs.

Monroe City News November 6, 13, 20, 27, December 4, 11, 18, 1975—A history of Indian Creek, by Francis Pike. November 20—"Furs are first love of Charlie Hicks who has record as Monroe City Businessman," by Nellie Ann Lanham.

Oak Grove Banner November 6, 1975-January 29, 1976—"hick Skillet," a historical series by Dorothy Butler.

Ste. Genevieve Fair Play November 7, 1975-January 29, 1976—"History of Our Town," a series by Lucille Basler.

St. Joseph News-Press July 13, 1975—"Missouri River in Area a Steamboat Graveyard," by Fred­ erick W. Slater.

St. Louis Globe-Democrat November 29-30—"Compton Heights—A neighborhood of charming old streets on the city's South Side," by Alan W. Akerson, photos by Gary Clermont. November 30—"Ozark's [Air Lines] first 25 years," by David Brown, photos by Dick Weddle. November 30—"[Paul Schwarz] Taxidermist with tradition," by Paul J. Siemer, photos by Paul Ockrassa. January 25, 1976-"The Palace [Hotel in Fulton, Mo.] by Shirley Althoff, photographs by Dick Weddle.

St. Louis Post-Dispatch November 16, 1975—"St. Louis Library, Beaux Arts Beauty, A Fashionable Old Lady Once More," by Patricia Degener, photos by Scott Dine. November 30—"Barnstorming St. Louis Buddies, Slim [Charles A. Lind­ bergh] and Lee [Leon A. Klink]," by Jack Keasler. January 4, 5, 6, 1976—Gen. Leif J. Sverdrup was featured in a series of articles, by Pamela Meyer. 342 Missouri Historical Review

January 18—"[Wittenberg, Mo.] Two Company, Eight A Town," by Elaine Viets, photos by Renyold Ferguson. January 18—"Sara Teasdale Lyric Poet," by Patricia Rice.

Savannah Reporter January 22, 1976—Old area photographs.

Springfield News and Leader September 20, 1975—"What was Ozarks like then? Revolutionary War veterans earliest settlers of area," by Lucile Morris Upton.

Steelville Crawford Mirror November 6, 13, 1975—Souvenir photographs. December 4—"Crawford Co. Wolf Hunters With Their Prize Hounds and Trophies," reprinted. December 25—"From Cherry Blossoms to Landfills—the Finale of Cherry Valley," by James Ira Breuer.

Stover Morgan County Press October 1, 8, 15, 22, 29, November 5, 12, 19, 26, Decmber 3, 10, 1975- A series of articles on the history of Byler's or Boyler's Mill and area families. December 17, 24—A history of Pyrmont. December 31—"Central District-American Lutheran Church began at Pyr­ mont [with Trinity Lutheran Church]." January 21, 28, 1976—A history of Stover, by Mrs. Maxine Tambke Otto. January 21— "[Pyrmont] Second Trinity Lutheran Church formed in 1874."

Wentzville Union November 12, 19, 26, December 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, 1975, January 14, 21, 1976- History of Wentzville and Surrounding Townships, a series compiled by Gerry Matlock.

Eggs for Sale Fulton Weekly Telegraph, March 28, 1889. The Millersburg correspondent of the Fulton TELEGRAPH recently made mention of a lady of that vicinity marketing 311 dozen eggs during the year 1888, and put the question, "Can anybody beat it?" Well, we should remark they can! Mrs. Hiram Nichols, living one mile east of Ashland, marketed 388 dozen and did not think it a brag egg season, either.—Ashland Bugle.

How Mark Twain Made Amends St. Joseph Daily Herald, January 7, 1887. It is said once when Mr. Clemens (Mark Twain) , at the solicitation of his wife, called on Mrs. Stowe, he was so absent minded as to put on neither collar nor necktie. On Mrs. Clemens remonstrating on his return he said he would make it all right, and accordingly sent a collar and a tie of his over to Mrs. Stowe in a box. Historical Notes and Comments 343

MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES

American Heritage, December, 1975: "TAT [Transcontinental Air Transport, Inc.]," by George E. Hopkins; "[New Madrid earthquake of 1811-1812] . . . I will stamp on the ground with my foot and shake down every house . . ." by James Penick, Jr.

American West, November, 1975: "Thomas Jefferson and the Corps of Dis­ covery [Lewis and Clark Expedition]: Could He Have Done More?" by E. G. Chuinard.

Brand Book, October, 1974-January, 1975: " 'A Desperate Reckless Set' The James Gang at Otterville, Missouri," by R. J. Wybrow.

Branding Iron, September, 1975: "Dear . . . Jesse James," by R. J. Wybrow.

Bulletin, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, October, 1975: "A History of the Second Olympic Theatre of St. Louis, 1882-1916," by John M. Callahan; "Meet Me in St. Louis on the Ten-Million-Dollar Pike [at the 1904 Louisi­ ana Purchase Exposition]," by Stuart Seely Sprague; "St. Louis and the Fiction of Kate Chopin," by Emily Toth.

Carondelet Historical Society Newsletter, December, 1975: "History of River Des Peres." Central Missouri Rural and Farm Life [supplement to Hallsville Top of Boone County], November, 1975: "The Times in Thompson," by Chris Maddux.

Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter, January, 1976: Col. Charles Hugh Woodson.

Clay County Museum Association Newsletter, November, 1975: "Judge Elisha Cameron and Descendants," compiled by Jean Cuthbertson Knickmeyer.

, December, 1975, and January, 1976: "Gabbert Family," by Rachel E. Gabbert Hornbuckle. DeKalb County Heritage, October, 1975: "County Court Houses, Part Three, 1938," compiled by Martha Spiers; "The Fairport United Methodist Church 1868-1974," by Mrs. John Halter; "The Dean School"; "Thornton School District 55," by Artie M. Thornton.

Harambee, December, 1975: "Building a Dream [the founding of Lincoln University]," by Dr. Gossie H. Hudson.

Jackson County Historical Society Journal, November, 1975: "Benefactor of Boys, Andrew Drumm: A Real Humanitarian," by George Berkemeier; "Independence Missouri Pacific [Railroad] Station Historic As Site of Harry Truman's 'Comings and Goings'," by Robert J. Pessek.

Keys to Springfield, Missouri, November, 1975: "[Greene] County Organized in 1833," by Ralph and Lena Wills. , January, 1976; "John S. Phelps Early Settler Here," by Ralph and Lena Wills. 344 Missouri Historical Review

Kirkwood Historical Review, December, 1975: "The Duel of B. Gratz Brown," by Ric Sides; "Miss Graham's Third Grade [at the old Jefferson Avenue school]," by Donald Alter. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin. January, 1976: "Robert Beeson Taylor." Mark Twain Journal, Winter, 1975-1976: "Letters and Remarks by Mark Twain From the Boston Daily Journal," By Willard E. Martin, Jr.; "The Mark Twain-Josh Billings Friendship," by David B. Kasterson.

Mid-America, July, 1975: "Literary Salvos: James G. Harbord and the [Gen. John J.] Pershing-[Gen. Peyton C] March Controversy," by Donald Smythe. Mid-South Folklore, Winter, 1975: "Vance Randolph, Folklorist," by E. Joan Wilson Miller.

Midwest Motorist, December, 1975: "A visit to Laura's [Ingalls Wilder] little Missouri home,'* by Joan Henrickson. Missouri Archaeological Society Newsletter, October, 1975: "In the Beginning: Origin of the Missouri Archaeological Society," by Carl H. Chapman; "The State Archaeological Society of Missouri, 1935-1945"; "Missouri Archae­ ological Society Inc., 1955-1965 Events."

Missouri Life, September-October, 1975: "Joe Sunnen's Promise," by Neil Coffin and Bill Nunn, photos by Bill Kuykendall; "Jake Wells' Mural," by William Barnaby Faherty, photos by Paul Lueders; "Tales of Two Castles [Bothwell Lodge in Pettis County and Hahatonka in Camden County]," by Shirley Capages and H. Dwight Weaver, photos by Art Evans and Bill Kuykendall.

, November-December, 1975: My husband [Joe Orr], The Artist," by Rita Orr; "Jim, The Wonder Dog," by Henry N. Ferguson; "Old St. Louis Homes," by Elinor Martineau Coyle; "George Caleb Bingham's Missouri," by George McCue.

Missouri Schools, December, 1975: "George Caleb Bingham—Pioneer genius of genre."

Montana the Magazine of Western History, Spring, 1975: "William Clark: A Reappraisal," by Jerome O. Steffen.

, January, 1976: "[Joseph Dickson] Hard on the Heels of Lewis and Clark,"' by Frank H. Dickson.

New World Outlook, January, 1976: "James Watson, Circuit Rider," by Alberta Klemp.

Ozarker, December, 1975: "The Missouri Southern [Railroad]: 'Gateway To The Ozarks'," by Norbert Shacklett: " 'A Great Legislator' David L. Bales," by William P. Elmer, reprinted; "The [Henry Rowe] Schoolcraft Story," reprinted. Historical Notes and Comments 345

Ozarks Mountaineer, October, 1975: "The [John] Anderson Cabin [near Swedeborg, Mo.]," by Bonnie Howlett Bilisoly.

, December, 1975: "[Springfield] Public Square Launches 'Come-Back'," by Fred Schmickle; "In Library of Congress: Transcribed Music Of the 1930 Ozarks," by Wayne Glenn; [Mariah Wat- kins] Midwife to Greatness," by Vesta-Nadine Robertson.

Pemiscot County Missouri Quarterly, October, 1975: "Where was Kennedy?" by Kathryn V. Hill; "Birth of [Braggadocio Baptist] Church," compiled by Charles A. Davis.

, January, 1976: "History of the First Christian Church of Caruthersville, Missouri," compiled by Frances Aquino Hiller and Roberta Pollock. Renaissance and Modern Studies, 1975: "Anglo-Canadian Abolitionism: The John Anderson Case, 1860-1861," by R. C. Reinders.

Studebaker Family, Winter, 1976: Jonathan Vogan and Susannah Studebaker Barnes in Mercer County, Missouri.

Waterways Journal, November 15, 1975: Nellie Peck, Missouri River "Boss Boat."

, December 27, 1975: Judge Ross, a Missouri River towboat.

Webster County Historical Society Journal, December, 1975: "A History of Early Webster County," by Martha McGrath; "Towns, Villages, Settlements and Country Stores," by Arthur Paul Moser; "The Good Old Days of the Steam Threashing Machine," by Mrs. Glen King; "Shackelford Spring," by Martha McGrath.

Whistle Stop, Fall, 1975: "Thomas Hart Benton and His Mural 'Independence and the Opening of the West'."

Wisconsin Magazine of History, Autumn, 1975: "[Harry S.] Truman and the Historians: The Reconstruction of Postwar American History," by Robert Griffith.

Whooping it Up Boonville Weekly Advertiser, March 31, 1876. He was at a ball down in St. Charles county. Likewise he had looked upon the ruddy wine and had flushed his pale cheek till he was sick at his stomach. He went out to "whoop it up" in the dark, and by the merest mistake leaned up against the hind parts of a black mule, when kerslosh! It wafted him one right in the pit of the place where, his sickness was. And he sat flat on the ground holding on to the grass with both hands he murmered with astonish­ ment: "L I'll be dam 'f that ain't firs' fence ever I at 'ud kickl"—Ex. 346 Missouri Historical Review

INMEMORIAM

L. £. MEADOR Leeson Cook, and one brother, Fred Dr. L. E. Meador, trustee and first Meador of Cassville. vice president of the State Historical BEINKE, FRANZ R., Union: August 30, Society of Missouri, died November 14, 1896-April 24, 1974. at Springfield. A well-known educator and Springfield civic leader, Dr. BUCHER, HY E., Tucson, Arizona: Meador was born near Cassville, Sep­ November 24, 1895-June 23, 1975. tember 9, 1881. He received the Bach­ elor's degree from Chicago University COUDY, MRS. J. C, University City: in 1910 and the Master's degree from December 25, 1902-June 10, 1975. Columbia University, New York, in CozzENS, ARTHUR B., Whaleyville, 1912. Despite failing eyesight which Maryland: November 14, 1900-May 24, plagued him most of his life, he 1975. taught at Drury College in Spring­ field for 40 years. He was head of the DAVIS, MRS. C. W., Hallsville: No­ Economics and Political Science De­ vember 14, 1898-January 26, 1975. partment at Drury when he retired in HORNBACK, DR. G. A., Hannibal: Oc­ 1953. tober 17, 1899-March 15, 1975. Dr. Meador was noted for his con­ tributions as a delegate-at-large to the HURST, J. D., Windsor: December Missouri Constitutional Convention in 26, 1900-December 13, 1975. 1943. Ten years later he chaired a LANDWEHR, Louis F., Jefferson City: committee to draw up a home rule August 17, 1903-July 24, 1975. charter for Springfield. Dr. Meador received honorary degrees from the LEWIS, MARY L., St. Louis: Died Oc­ University of Missouri-Columbia, West­ tober 12, 1975. minster College, Fulton, and Drury College. He also received numerous LICHTY, L. D., Mansfield: December honors from appreciative residents of 30, 1892-August 12, 1974. his home community. LOEHNIG, EDWIN, McKittrick: July Dr. Meador was active in the de­ 5, 1897-November 23, 1975. velopment of Wilson's Creek Na­ tional Battlefield and first chairman MASTERS, COL. R. E., Springdale, of the Wilson's Creek Battlefield Arkansas: March 19, 1902-October 28, Foundation. A Mason and Shriner, he 1975. was also a member of the Springfield MCKEE, GEORGE, Kansas City: March Chamber of Commerce, where he 16, 1896-November 8, 1975. served as director and president; a member of Kiwanis Club, Rotary Club MEDLIN, OTIS, Macon: October 14, and the Missouri Academy of Squires; 1903-April 10, 1975. he served on the Commission for the Blind and on numerous other boards. RAHILL, REV. PETER J., St. Louis: He was a member of Sigma Nu frater­ Died December 26, 1975. nity. RICKLY, MRS. FRANCIS A., Webster Dr. Meador is survived by his wife Groves: October 5, 1895-August 24, of more than 50 years, the former 1975. Historical Notes and Comments 347

RIDGEWAY, GEORGE A., Columbia: SNYDER, WM. F., University City: April 21, 1885-August 5, 1975. May 1, 1905-March 21, 1975.

SHAWVER, MRS. MARY T., Stockton: WENDEL, MRS. E. A., St. Louis: July June 3, 1890-August 26, 1975. 17, 1925-September 23, 1975.

SMITH, PAUL C, Mexico: May 27, WINETROUB, MRS. CARY, Shelbyville: 1907-January 13, 1975. March 12, 1879-September 24, 1974.

Love at First Sound Canton Press, November 2, 1865. GRAMMATICAL—In a country school where there were many old scholars and a young lady teacher she told one of the young men to give the imperative mood of the verb love. He answered, "Love!" and she, to help him along, asked, "love what?" He immediately exclaimed, "love you," and jumped as though he had been struck. They said no more about "love" at that time, but in a few weeks were married.

Washing the Hair Columbia Missouri Herald, July 1, 1898. To keep the hair in perfect health it should be washed at regular stated intervals. If you are strong and well, and free from a cold of any kind, once in every three weeks or a month is the proper limit of time to allow between each washing. If you are in delicate health it should be washed every six weeks. . . . The best time to wash the hair are the morning, the afternoon, or between 6 and 7 at night.

Little Tom Thumb Jefferson City Daily State Journal, August 22, 1878. Tom Thumb is rather fat, bearded, and looks his age of forty years, ac­ cording to a correspondent of the Boston Herald, who visited him a few days ago at his home in Marlboro, Mass. His mother and his married brother and sister live in the neighborhood. He showed a tiny coat that he wore over thirty years ago, when first exhibited, and said: "I used to slip into this easy enough, but now, why I don't believe an ordinary sized man could more than squeeze two of his fingers into that sleeve. Those were the days when I was a little chap, and no mistake. I used to weigh only about 20 pounds, and measure an even eighteen inches high; but now," slapping his thigh, "I'm a porty old fellow, of seventy pounds, and I guess I'm a little rising forty inches. I stopped growing tall—queer to speak about my being tall, isn't it?—when I was about twenty-two years old. . . ." 348 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK REVIEWS The Archaeology of Missouri, I. By Carl H. Chapman (Co­ lumbia: University of Missouri Press, 1975). 288 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Charts. Bibliography. Appendixes. Indexed. $20.00. By every measure this will be an extremely personal review. Forty years ago this past fall the writer and Carl Haley Chapman entered the University of Missouri as freshmen. They swiftly made acquaintance, and became friends, as each was an ardent amateur archaeologist and a charter member of the newly formed Missouri Archaeological Society. Forty years ago scientific archaeology in the midwest was in its infancy. All that was actually known of Missouri's prehistoric inhabitants was the unbelievable number of chipped and polished stone artifacts, pottery shards and many mounds found throughout the state. There were no defined or proved time periods of occu­ pation by aboriginal Missourians—only vast jumbles of artifacts in museums and private collections indicated their presence in the past. In a true sense, the archaeology of Missouri was a puzzle. The only solution to that puzzle lay in digging, collecting, recording and interpreting the results. The puzzle was fascinating and could be solved, at least to a reasonable extent, by hard work, devotion to the task and the utilization of every scientific measure to come available. Today Carl Chapman, the author of Volume I of The Archae­ ology of Missouri, is nationally recognized in his scholarly field. He deserves the title of "Father of Modern Archaeology of Mis­ souri/' as he has spent the best part of the past forty years digging, recording, analyzing and publishing the results of his findings. Of equal importance he has been a great organizer, the leader in developing interest in our state's archaeology and the driving force Historical Notes and Comments 349 behind the Missouri Archaeological Society's publication, The Mis­ souri Archaeologist. Best of all, he stayed in his native state and has long been a distinguished member of the faculty of the Uni­ versity of Missouri. The first volume of The Archaeology of Missouri is Chapman's observations of the inhabitants of Missouri and the adjacent mid­ west, from the earliest settlers to 1,000 B.C. Dividing the state into six general physiographic regions, Chapman then proceeds to define time periods in each and to present the evidence of early man's occupation in the regions and the time periods. The results are illuminating. Tracing first the archaeological evidence of man's entry into the New World, perhaps as early as 40,000 years ago, Chapman presents evidence that Missouri's earliest explorers were hunting the mammoth and other extinct animals about 12,000 years ago. The only evidence of these first settlers is their distinct fluted, Clovis-type, projectile points which have been found in considerable numbers in the lower Missouri River Valley, especially at its juncture with the Mississippi. As no physical remains have been found of these first herd hunters, their presence can be ascertained only by their distinctive stone projectile points. About 8,000-7,000 B.C. the small groups of people living in Missouri changed their life from one of major emphasis on hunting to foraging. Chapman identifies this as the Dalton Period (named in honor of Missouri's late Supreme Court Judge, S. P. Dalton, who built a large collection of the period's artifacts) and, again, only the beautifully chipped projectile points, or cutting imple­ ments, of these people indicate their presence. Following the transition period between the Early Hunters and the Dalton Period, starting about 7,000 B.C., Chapman then outlines the Archaic Period of settlement in which man adapted himself to a forest environment and based his living on small game hunting, fishing and wild plant collecting. Chapman examines and divides the Archaic into three subperiods: Early 7,000-5,000 B.C.; Middle 5,000-3,000 B.C.; and Late 3,000-1,000 B.C. Again the primary indicator of these settlers was their chipped and polished stone tools. In each of the periods of occupation mentioned above, Chap­ man discusses the climatic and geological changes that seem to have influenced cultural changes. As very few village sites of early man in Missouri have been 350 Missouri Historical Review located, as his skeletal remains are not found until late into the Archaic Period, and as the manufacture of pottery was an unknown art and craft, identification of the various periods must rest upon distinctive stone artifacts. Here is where The Archaeology of Mis­ souri becomes an unusual guide and handbook. It is profusely illus­ trated by photographs which are keyed into the study of each period. In addition, Chapman's wife, Eleanor, has beautifully illustrated, in black and white drawings, an appendix of the types of projectile points, knives and other stone artifacts from the early periods in Missouri. In this manner, every amateur archaeologist in the state may read of the evidence of early man and then examine his collection for artifact types identified with the period. Carl Chapman admits that much more collecting and digging must be done before more is known of Missouri's first settlers. As the evidence is so small, and the intervening time so long, future knowledge may be limited. Until more work is done, however, Volume I of The Archaeology of Missouri is a beacon as well as a landmark in the archaeology of our state. It is to be hoped Chap­ man will write his projected books which will study the prehistoric Indian until European and American contact. In one way the reviewer regrets he and Carl Chapman are no longer young university students of forty years ago searching the hills and valleys of Missouri for "Indian Arrows," under the direction of archaeological pioneers such as Professors Jesse Wrench and Brewton Berry. In another sense it is rewarding to pay tribute to an old friend, who through hard professional work and devotion to his academic field, has, during his lifetime, brought new knowl­ edge to the people of our state and nation. The Archaeology of Missouri belongs in the library of every person interested in the prehistory and history of Missouri.

State Historical Society of Missouri Richard S. Brownlee

The Twenty-First Missouri: From Home Guard to Union Regiment, By Leslie Anders (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975). 298 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Bibliographical Essay. Indexed. $17.50. In recent years military historians have produced a number of scholarly Civil War regimental histories. Leslie Anders, professor Historical Notes and Comments 351 of History at Central Missouri State University, was one of the first historians to complete such a history. His Eighteenth Missouri published in 1968 received numerous accolades. His latest effort, The Twenty-first Missouri, should earn Anders similar praises. A volume in the Greenwood Press series, Contributions in Military History, The Twenty-first Missouri deals with men from North Missouri and a few men from Illinois and Iowa who volunteered for Union service during the War of the Re­ bellion. Before the formation of the Twenty-first in December 1861, as members of the First and Second Northeast Missouri Volunteers these men had stymied Confederate activity in their home areas. By the end of the Civil War the Twenty-first had seen action in Kentucky, Mississippi and Tennessee. It would spend time in Ala­ bama maintaining Federal authority in Mobile, for months after the war's end. A gifted writer, Professor Anders painstakingly weaves the Twenty-first through the conflict. He apprises the reader of im­ portant military decisions or events that affected the regiment's movements and dispositions. Anders also relates the political con­ ditions in Missouri that continually caused concern among the officers and men of the Twenty-first. The regiment's success, or lack of success, on the battlefield is aptly covered. But the stories away from the actual fighting prove to be the most rewarding. Regimental recruitment is of serious concern throughout the war. Personality conflicts among the officers are rampant. Ideological differences in the ranks are described. Court-martials, desertions, drunkenness, fisticuffs (within the regiment and also with other regiments) and the over­ all boredom of camp life are reminders of the human problems not associated with glory or valor. Anders describes the not so glamourous aspects of the conflict exceptionally well. When some hilarious events or high jinks takes place, they also are shared with the reader. The author does not end his story with the mustering out of the Twenty-first. Instead he supplies additional and welcome in­ formation about what the survivors accomplished, or failed to accomplish, after the war. In particular, Anders stresses their political activity in Radical Missouri and, of course, their activities as members of the GAR. The history of the Twenty-first ends with the March 1941 death of the last member of the regiment. If the Twenty-first Missouri has any major failing, it lies in 352 Missouri Historical Review the publisher's decision not to include citations. A glance at the bibliographical essay, however, should assure the reader that Anders has examined all the pertinent sources. In fact, the essay provides an excellent methodology on how to do research for any Civil War regimental history. Any Civil War student or buff should profit from reading this well-written volume.

State Historical Society of Missouri James W. Goodrich

Three Important Things Jefferson City Weekly People's Tribune, April 8, 1868. Three things to love—Courage, gentleness and affection. Three things to admire—Intellectual power, dignity and gracefulness. Three things to hate—Cruelty, arrogance and ingratitude. Three things to delight in—Beauty, frankness and freedom. Three things to pray for—Faith, peace and purity of heart. Three things to like—Cordiality, good humor and mirthfulness. Three things to avoid—Idleness, loquaciousness and flippant jesting. Three things to cultivate—Good books, good friends and good humor. Three things to contend for—Honor, country and friends. Three things to govern—Temper, tongue and conduct. Three things to think about—Life, death and eternity. Three things to wish for—Health, friends and a cheerful spirit.

The Most Unfortunate Man Ever Born St. Louis Daily Times, January 26, 1878. A Portsmouth mas [sic] was going East with his wife last week, and the train started off while he was talking with his friends. He grabbed hold of a woman, chucked her on the train, jumped after her and away they went fifty miles an hour, with his wife shrieking and tearing her hair on the platform, and a woman he never saw before going into high pressure hysterics in the car, calling him a monster and yelling "Save me!" By a terrible mistake he had got hold of the wrong woman, and the conductor, refusing to listen to his explanations, kicked him out of the car, the brakeman chucked him into the ditch, the Sheriff met him before he was half way back to town and put handcuffs on him, and when at last he got home, he saw his business partner holding his wife on his lap and telling her that there were men in the world who loved her much better than her faithless husband ever did. He says the next time he travels he will walk. Historical Notes and Comments 353

BOOK NOTES

Life in Pettis County-1815-1973. By Hazel N. Lang (Sedalia, Mo., 1975). 1112 pp. Table of Contents. Illustrated. Not Indexed. $17.95. Hazel Lang began writing historical sketches for the Sedalia Democrat-Capitol in 1968, over forty years after she became a staff member of those newspapers. After her retirement, she agreed to research and write the first Pettis County history to appear since 1918. Her work as a reporter and feature writer since the mid- 1920s allowed Miss Lang to gain personal knowledge of many of the personalities and events that appear in Life in Pettis County. Hundreds of vignettes comprise the book. Each Pettis County township receives mention through sketches of early settlers, promi­ nent people, churches, schools and historical events. Miss Lang provides information on county communities, past and present. Georgetown, LaMonte, Dunksburg, Smithton, Tedieville and Green Ridge are just a few of the towns and villages. The county seat, Sedalia, receives the major emphasis. Over 600 pages are devoted to the people and events that make up Sedalia's heritage, including sketches of Dr. John W. Trader, George C. Smith, John L. Bothwell, Scott Joplin, Benton Howard Ingram and the Missouri State Fair. Miss Lang has incorporated a wealth of information in this book which is enhanced by a number of historic photographs. Those interested in the history of Pettis County will find the volume a welcome and informative edition. To purchase a copy of Life in Pettis County, a check for $17.95 should be made payable to the Hazel Lang Book Fund, and sent to: Marvin Kueck, Treasurer, P.O. Box 848, Sedalia Democrat Building, Sedalia, Missouri 65301.

Jackson County Pioneers. By Pearl Wilcox (Independence, Mo., 1975). 558 pp. Illustrated. Footnoted. Appendix. Indexed. $10.00. Jackson County Pioneers traces the history of the people who settled the area through biographical sketches of the pioneers and sketches of places and events that have had a profound effect on the area. Pearl Wilcox begins her narrative with the Lewis and Clark expedition and its meetings with the Osage Indians. From that 354 Missouri Historical Review starting point the author continues with the majority of her text confined to the nineteenth century. Besides her discussion of the pioneers and later settlers, the author includes information on subjects, such as the mills of Jack­ son County. Material on the county's government and courthouses also is included. Among the many biographical sketches are the prominent personages. From Independence, such men as Alexander Majors, Samuel C. Owens, Hiram Young and Samuel D. Lucas are men­ tioned. Kersey Coates, Thomas H. Swope and Robert T. VanHorn are only a few of prominent Kansas Citians. Mention, of course, of George and Mary Easton Sibley occurs early in the volume. The author's section on the Civil War illustrates the extremely difficult times faced by Jackson Countians. Bushwhacking and guerrilla warfare were common, along with burning and pillage. Mrs. Wilcox's inclusion of personal accounts, taken from letters and diaries, adds to the poignancy and tragedy. Included in the appendix are comments on the restoration of Fort Osage and Jackson County's log courthouse. The book may be purchased for $10.00 from Mrs. Pearl G. Wilcox, 116 South Pleasant, Independence, Missouri 64050.

History of Shelby County, Missouri, 1972. By the Shelby County Historical Society (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth Publishing Co., 1974). 531 pp. Illustrated. Indexed. $20.00. Prepared by a special committee of the Shelby County His­ torical Society, this book contains histories of towns, churches, schools, business organizations and families of Shelby County, with primary emphasis on the 1912-1972 period. Other topics of interest include the poultry business, fine horses, the old chautauqua, rail­ roads, highlights of county fairs, butchering, social history features and the Shelby County Historical Society. Lists of servicemen from the World Wars, Korea and Vietnam, a key to cemetery loca­ tions, early marriages and events of yesteryears 1912-1972, complete the volume. Many persons contributed the accounts which appear in this hardbound history. Some were based primarily on memory and verbal accounts and were included almost exactly as written, giving a variety of writing styles. Historical Notes and Comments 355

History of Shelby County should be of particular interest to local historians, area residents and former Shelby Countians. It may be purchased from the Shelby County Historical Society, Mrs. Emmett Goe, secretary, Shelbyville, Missouri 63469.

Raytown Remembers. By Roberta L. Bonnewitz and Lois T. Allen (Clinton, Mo.: The Printery, 1975). 199 pp. Illustrated. Bibli­ ography. Appendix. Not indexed. $4.00 plus 35 cents postage. Material for this paperback book was provided by family historians and secretaries of lodges, churches, schools and other organizations. Some of its major chapters and articles include the Santa Fe Trail, Brooking Township, Raytown, early residents, clubs, community builders, city officials, World War II, slavery and the Civil War, early churches, schools and postoffices. The volume is dedicated to Albert D. Oetting, school ad­ ministrator and athletic coach for 25 years, and an officer of the Raytown Historical Society. He was serving as president of the Society at the time of his death in 1975. This book should be of interest to area residents and local historians. Copies may be ordered from the Raytown Historical Society, Box 16652, Raytown, Missouri 64133.

This Small Town—Osgood By Ruth Ralls Fisher (Milan, Mo., 1975). 97 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $7.00 postpaid. This reminiscent history tells the story of the people who made up the small Sullivan County town from the pioneers to the 1970s. The town lots of Osgood were sold by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company in 1886. The town was incorporated in 1909. Special chapters feature the Civil War, early town history, schools, churches, newspapers, the war years, drought and disaster and the 1970s. Numerous photographs on excellent quality paper illustrate the work. The hardbound volume, of particular interest to area residents and historians, may be purchased from Ruth R. Fisher, Osgood, Gait, Missouri 64641. 356 Missouri Historical Review

Now and Then in the Amity Area. Compiled by the DeKalb County Historical Society and the Old Timers Club (Marceline, Mo.: Walsworth Publishing Co., 1975). 192 pp. Illustrated. Maps. Indexed. Table of Contents. $7.00 postpaid. The purpose of this paperback book was to record the events in the DeKalb County prairie area from the arrival of the early pioneers in 1869 to the present. The Old Timers Club at Amity, along with other interested people assisted the DeKalb County Historical Society with the compilation of material. Well over 200 people supplied the data, which included newspaper articles. The book contains many excellent photographs, maps of Cam­ den and Sherman townships and historical accounts of the early settlers; the building and destruction of the Rock Island Railroad (1885-1974); building of churches, schools, roads and telephone lines; post offices; cemeteries; government; lodges; clubs; and over 84 genealogies. This is the fifth book published by the county historical society. It should be of particular interest to county residents and local historians. Anyone desiring a copy should contact the DeKalb County Historical Society, Maysville, Missouri 64469.

Twenty-Twenty Hindsight, Part II. By Harold Calvert (Car­ rollton, Mo.: Kreissler Printing, 1975). 62 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $5.00. This paperback, 8/2"xll", spiral-bound booklet contains some sixty articles, first published in area newspapers or magazines. Almost all are illustrated and all but a few relate to Carroll County history. Mr. Calvert's first volume of selected works was published in 1968. Copies of the book may be obtained from Harold Calvert, 305 North Main Street, Apartment 8, Carrollton, Missouri 64633.

Moscow Mills Memories. By The Moscow Mills Community Bicentennial "Heritage" Committee (Troy, Mo.: Troy Free Press, 1975). 43 pp. Illustrated. Map. Not Indexed. $3.30. Moscow Mills Memories was prepared by the Bicentennial "Heritage" Committee as "a kind of 'Memory Book' containing Historical Notes and Comments 357 pictures and recollections of the community as it was before World War II." The community mentioned consists of the area that included the Lincoln County school districts of Hubbard, Owen, Olive (The Point) and Keelstone. In addition, information on Chain of Rocks, a one-time thriving river port, receives mention. This booklet' consists of reminiscences of a number of the area's residents, and selected materials taken from Goodspeed's 1888 county history, county atlases and newspaper items from the Troy Free Press. Among the subjects covered in the booklet are: tobacco farming, Kerplash mill, Hubbard school district and logging. The accompanying photographs augment the text and add to the quality of the booklet. Moscow Mill Memories may be purchased for $3.30 from the Moscow Bicentennial Book Fund, P.O. Box 117, Moscow Mills, Missouri 63362.

Attorney for the Situation. By Leland Hazard (Pittsburgh, Pa.: Carnegie-Mellon University Press, 1975). 314 pp. Illustrated. In­ dexed. $9.95. Attorney for the Situation is an autobiography of a prominent lawyer, who spent more than forty years of his life in Missouri. Now living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and past his 80th birthday, he reflects on the past and includes in the book, his opinions of events of world-wide significance and the ideals by which he has lived. Hazard recalls his early childhood in Kansas City and the summers spent on his grandmother's farm in Boone County. He studied law at the University of Missouri and was associated with law firms in Kansas City. In 1929, he represented Dr. Max F. Meyer, head of the University of Missouri Department of Psy­ chology, when he created a furor in the state over a sex question­ naire. As a Kansas City lawyer, Hazard had first-hand experience with the corruption in that city during the Pendergast era. He served as a legal and political advisor of the National Youth Move­ ment which began a move to destroy the Pendergast machine. In 1938, Hazard moved to Pittsburgh where he served as general counsel, vice president and director of Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. At the age of 65, he began to think of a second career and in 1958 was appointed a full professor of Industrial Administration and Law at Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie-Mellon University. 358 Missouri Historical Review

The author is a world traveler, lecturer and contributor to national magazines on business and current topics. He has served on civic boards and participated in a variety of public works. Hazard has frequently been controversial in espousing ostensibly lost public causes or in pointing our visionary concerns ten years ahead of their times. Of particular interest to lawyers and businessmen as well as historians, this book is distributed by the Columbia University Press, 562 W. 113th Street, New York, New York 10025.

Washington, Missouri: Yesterday Thru Tomorrow. By Stanley Wilke (Washington, Mo.: The Miller Press, 1975). 95 pp. Illustrated. Not indexed. $3.25. A collection of newspaper articles that appeared in the Wash­ ington Missourian weekly series "I Didn't Know That" comprise this booklet. Originally prepared for the Washington Savings and Loan Association, the articles were brought out in book form by Washington's bicentennial committee. Over sixty sketches are in­ cluded. Accompanying drawings by Jim Peters complement the sketches. Among the personalities included are: Fred Franke, an apparent Austrian count; Lilburn Boggs, Missouri's seventh gov­ ernor; Phoebe Apperson Hearst, the famed philanthropist; Emil Hendriks, wildlife conservationist; and Joseph H. Schmidt, the "Boss Jeweler." Other subjects that receive mention are the Calvin Theatre, the Washington Savings and Loan and the chautauqua. The booklet may be purchased for $3.25, including postage, from the Washington Bicentennial Commission, Box 1776, Washington, Missouri 63090.

Books reviewed and noted in the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW7 cannot be purchased through the Society. Inquiries for purchases should be made to the publishers. INDEX TO VOLUME LXX

Nos. 1, 2 and 3

COMPILED BY SALLY GERSHMAN

Archaeology of Missouri I, by Carl H. Chapman, reviewed, 348-350 Aaron, Lynna, 330 Arlberg, Max, 151 Abbott, Clayton, 98 Armstrong, Harry, 330 Abernathy, Robert M„ art. on, listed, Arnold, John D., 323 229 Art Abolition, art. on, listed, 345 -art. on, 54-86; (illus.) Adair County Historical Society, 321 —St. Louis antebellum, thesis on, Adams, Lucille, 101 noted, 231 Adams, Mildred, 215 Askey, Phil, 213 Adams, Virginia, 327 Asmus, Georg, 150 Adamson, Don, 327 Atherton, Dr. Lewis E., 200 Adcock, Mrs. Clyde, 218 Atkins, J. D. C, 11, 14 Address to the Citizens of Missouri, Attorney for the Situation, by Leland 245-246 Hazard, noted, 357-358 Affton Historical Society, 97 Audrain County Historical Society, 97, Agee, Mr. and Mrs. Willard, 327 211, 321 Akers, Muriel, 211 Audubon, John James, 55 Akin, B. F., 329 Auerbach, Berthold, 149, 151 Albrecht Gallery and Museum of Art, Aull, Arthur, art. on, listed, 229 St. Joseph, 203 Aull, Joseph, 201; 199 (illus.) Aldrich, painting by Frederick Kiefern­ Aull, Mary, 201; 199 (illus.) dorf, 78 (illus.) Aull, William, III, 199, 201 Allee, Gail D., 38, 39 Aunt Jemina Pancake Flour, art. on, Allen & George Hardware Co., 93, 95; listed, 340 95 (illus.) Auwater, Ruth, 211 Allen, Lois T., and Roberta L. Bon- Avondet, Henry, art. on, listed, 118 newitz, Raytown Remembers, noted, Aylmer, Jane, 98 355 Allen, Ott, 95 (illus.) Allen, Scott, 104 B Allen, T. E., 95 (illus.) Amedei, John R., 103 Babb, J. G., 51 Ameiss, Elmer C, 97 Baecker, Patricia, 322 American Association for State and Baehr, Edmund, 150 Local History, 132, 133 Baker University, 30 American Bridge Co., 206 Baker, Capt. William, "River House," American School of Osteopathy, 51-52 Carroll County, art. on, listed, 339 Americans for Democratic Action Baldridge School, 90 (ADA) , 297 Bales, David L., art. on, listed, 344 Ames, Gen. Butler, 312 Balfour, Arthur, 275-276; 276 (illus.) Ames, Fifille, 312 Balzac, Honore, 156 Anders, Dr. Leslie, 90-91, 201-202; 199 Baranovic, Arlene, 329 (illus.) ; The Twenty-First Missouri: Barnes, Mrs. Gerald, 99 From Home Guard to Union Regi­ Barnes, Susannah Studebaker, art. on, ment, reviewed, 350-351 listed, 345 Anderson, John, art. on, listed, 345 Barnett, Lloyd, 330 Anderson, Mark M., 22 Barneybach, Mary Ann, 328 Anderson, Sam, 29, 32 Barron, Dottie, 217 Andorfer, Donald E., 55-56; painting Barry, Mo., art. on, listed, 227 by, 73 (illus.) Barstow School, Kansas City, art. on, Andrew County Historical Society, 97, listed, 340 321 Bartlett, Mrs. Francis, 319 Antioch Community Church Histori­ Barton County Historical Society, 97 cal Society, 97 Bartram, Mrs. Gene, 217, 329 359 360 Index

"Base Hospital 21 and the Great War," —Negro Democratic National Con­ by Donna Bingham Munger, 272- ference, 14-15 290; (illus.) —Quinn Chapel AME Church, verso Basler, Lucille, A Tour of Old Ste. back cover, April issue; (illus.) Genevieve, noted, 123-124 —Social Movements of the 1930s, Bass, Peter, 139 thesis on, noted, 231 Bass, Tom, 211; art. on, listed, 114 Blackstone, T. B., 206 Bassett, Ebenezer, 191 Blair, Don, 216 Bates County Memorial Hospital, art. Blair, Emily Newell, art. on, listed, on, listed, 339 113 Bates, Edward, 173. 177-178, 269; 270 Blair, Frank P., 21, 178, 179, 182; 181 (illus.) (illus.) Bauer, Mike, 100 Blakeley, Harvey, 93 Beal, Rev. C. R., 194 Blanton, J. P., 30, 31, 36 Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T., 249 Bliss, C. L. "Pop," 36; 37 (illus.) Becker, Mayor William, art. on, listed, Bloch, E. Maurice, The Drawings of 116 George Caleb Bingham With a Cata­ Becker, Mrs. William, 228 logue Raisonne. reviewed, 233-234 Beinke, Arthur, 317 Blodgett, Wells H., 17 Beinke, Mr. and Mrs. Franz R., 317 Blond, Barton, 319 Beinke, Franz R., obit., 346 Blue Jays, painting by David Plank. Belk, Colleen, 327 81 (illus.) Bell, John C„ 163, 170, 174, 177, 183; Boder, Mary, 330 178 (illus.) Boehm, Franz, 147 Bellamy, Edward, 155 Boernstein, Heinrich, 151, 157, 159 Bellevue Valley Historical Society, 211, Boggs, Joseph, art. on, listed, 115 321 Bonnewitz, Roberta L., and Lois T. Bennett, Philomene Dosek, 56; paint­ Allen, Raytown Remembers, noted, ing by, 73 (illus.) 355 Benoist, Howard, 97 Bolivar, art. on, listed, 118 Bentley, Jordan R., 212 Bolli, John H., obit., 119 Bentley, Minnie, 212 Bolton, Helen, 217 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 55, 90, Bond, Gov. Christopher S., 90, 105, 201, 201, 202; arts, on, listed, 117, 245 203, 326 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator) , 167- Bond, Mrs. Christopher S., 215, 326 168, 260 Book Notes, 123-125, 235-236, 353-358 Bergey, Barry, 325 Book Reviews, 120-122, 233-234, 348- Berman, William, 304 352 Berneche, Jerry D., 55-56; painting by, Boone County, 134, 138; hist, of, art. 74 (illus.) on, 127-141; arts, on, listed, 113, Berneche, Joanne Zucco, 57; painting 225, 339 by, 74 (illus.) Boone County Bank, Columbia, art. Berquist, Goodwin F., Jr., "Missouri's on, 306-314; 310 (illus.) Forgotten General: M. Jeff Thomp­ Boone County Community Trust, 313 son and the Civil War," 237-258; Boone, Daniel, 134, 137, 138 (illus.) Boone, Daniel M., 134 Berri, George W., 220 Boone, Nathan, 134 Berry, Taylor, 136 Boone, Rev. Roland, 220 Bianci, Count and Countess Banci, Boone's Lick County, 135-136 312 ' Boone's Lick Road, 134 Bicentennial, art. on, 127-133 Boonslick Historical Society, 97, 321 Bilbo, Sen. Theodore, 297 Boonslick, hist, of, arts, on, listed, 114, Billings, Josh, art. on, listed, 344 225, 340 Bingham, George Caleb, 55, 200, 202, Booth, Norene, 329 203-204, 319; book on, reviewed, 233- Bothwell Lodge, Pettis County, art. on, 234; arts, on, listed, 226, 344 listed, 344 Bingham Sketches, Inc., 203-204 Boudinat, Elias C, 15 "Bingham's Missouri," 203 Boulson, C. E., 220 Binney, Mrs. Eddie, 324 Bowers, Paul C, "Missouri's Forgotten Black, James, 33 General: M. Jeff Thompson and the Blacks Civil War," 237-258; (illus.) -arts, on, 1-19, 184-198, 291-305; Boyd, Trenton, 93 (illus.) Boyde, Major Robert, 239-240 —Liberties in Missouri, thesis on, Boyer, Frank, 328 noted, 231 Boyler's Mill, art. on, listed, 342 Index 361

Boynton, Thomas J., 180 Bunch, Ann, 331 Brackney School, art. on, listed, 339 Bunch, Rabbit, 13-14 Bradley, N. M., 26 Burgher, Cecil, 331 Bradley, Gen. Omar, 90 Burk, Sam A., 321 Bragg City Homemakers Club, art. on, Burkhart, Flossie, 216 listed, 118 Burnam, J. M., 36 Braggadocio, art. on, listed, 118 Burrow, Ken, 212 Braggadocio Baptist Church, art. on, Busch, August A., arts, on, listed, 228 listed, 345 Bushyhead, Dennis W., 9, 12 Brandom, Bob, 323 Businesses Brandom, Marguerite, 212 —Allen & George Hardware Co., Branham, Mrs. Joe, 329 Lafayette County, 93, 95; 95 Bransby, Eric J., 57-58; lithograph by, (illus.) 75 (illus.) —American Bridge Co., 206 Bray, Robert T., 105 —art. on, listed, 340 Breckinridge Democrats, 163-165, 181, —Boone County Bank, art. on, 306- 183 314; (illus.) Breckinridge, John C, 163-168, 170, —Frakes-Jones Drug Store, Steele, art. 172, 183 on, listed, 118 Brentano, Clemens, 148 —Harshe Stationery Store, Columbia, Bridges 308 —Chicago and Alton Railroad -King Midas Gold Mining Co., 308 Bridge, Glasgow, 206-208; (illus.) —Middleton and Riley Dry Goods, —Sandy Creek Covered Bridge, Jef­ St. Joseph, 239 ferson County, art. on, listed, 116 —Ozark Air Lines, art. on, listed, Briggs, Robert, 331 341 Brigham, F. H., 36 —Powell, W. H., Lumber Co., Cam- Brigham, F. L., 39-40 denton, art. on, listed, 113 Bright, Howard L., 99 —Prewitt and Price Bank, Columbia, Brinton, Maj. Nathan S., 88, 89 306 Bristow, Betty, 330 —Reed and Sons Jewelry, Sedalia, Broadus, Martha Slaughter, 238 art. on, listed, 113 Broadus, William, 238 —Sisson and Vivion Books, Colum­ Broderick, Bill, 329 bia, 308 Brooks, Louis J., Jr., obit., 232 —Smith Brothers Cobblers, art. on, Brophy, Dixie, 332 listed, 113 Brower, Mrs. Clyde, 327 —Stone Hill Winery, Hermann, art. Brown, B. Gratz, 5, 177, 178; art. on, on, listed, 113 listed, 344 —Third National Bank of St. Louis, Brown, John, 243, 244, 245, 256; 245 308 (illus.) —Thompson and Harbine, St. Jo­ Brown, Lawrence, art. on, listed, 113 seph, 241, 243 Brownlee, Richard S., 21 —Thompson's Real Estate Exchange, Brownlee, Dr. Richard S., II, 128, 199- St. Joseph, 241 202; book review by, 348-350 —Transcontinental Air Transport, Bruck, Julius, 150 Inc., art. on, listed, 343 Bruckerhoff, Rep. Vernon, 104 Butler, Gen. Ben, 250-251 Bruening, Mrs. Joseph, 319 Butler, Ed, art. on, listed, 228 Brumback, Mary, 332 Butz, Caspar, 155 Brunda, Jeanne, 321 Byler's Mill, art. on, listed, 342 Bruns, Mr. and Mrs. W. A., 326 Brush & Palette Club, 211, 321-322 Brydon, David, 324 Buchanan County, 240-241, 246 Cabanne, Gratiot, 31 Buchanan County Historical Society, Caesar and the Soothsayer, painting by 322 Elizabeth Montminy, 179 (illus.) Bucher, Hy E., obit., 346 Callaway, Ross, 93 Buckley, Bonnie, 218 Callaway, William, 93 Budweiser, Budweiser, painting by Calvert, Harold, Twenty-Twenty Hind­ William Quinn, 81 (illus.) sight, Part II, noted, 356 Buechner, Ludwig, 158 Camden County Historical Society, 211 Buffington, Agnes, 100 Cameron, Ben, 59; painting by, 76 Bull, A. E., 41-42 (illus.) Bullock, Henry, 185 Cameron, Brooke B., 59-60; painting Bullock, Mrs. William, 216 by, 76 (illus.) 362 Index

Cameron, Elisha, arts, on, listed, 117, Chicago and Alton Railroad Bridge, 343 Glasgow, 206-208; (illus.) Cameron, Jennie M., 322 Chilcote, Gary, 219 Cameron, Richard T., 322 Chitwood, Neuma, 324 Campbell, John Polk, 101 Chopin, Kate, art. on, listed, 343 Campbell, Jolene, 220 Christensen, Lawrence O., "J. Milton Canada, Irma, 324 Turner: An Appraisal," 1-19; (illus.) Canary, Martha Jane, art. on, listed, Christian College, 49 117 Christian County cemeteries, art. on, Cannon, Mrs. Clarence, obit., 232 listed, 229 Cape Girardeau, 91; art. on, listed, 119 Churches Capps, Alfred, 220 —Amazonia United Methodist Carmichael, James W., 99 Church, art. on, listed, 116 Carneal, Thomas W., 329 —Braggadocio Baptist Church, art. Carondelet, arts, on, listed, 229 on, listed, 345 Carondelet Historical Society, 97-98, —Christ Church Cathedral, St. Louis, 212, 322 278 Carpenter, Fredonia, 215 —Cumberland Presbyterian Church, Carroll County, hist, of, art. on, listed, Crawford County, art. on, listed, 339 228 Carroll County Historical Society, 98, —DeKalb County Churches, arts, on, 211-212 listed, 229, 343 Carroll, William, 219 —Drake's Chapel, Clinton, art. on, Carstenson, Blanche, 55 listed, 225 Carstenson, Cecil, 55 —First Christian Church, Caruthers­ Carter, Carol, 325 ville, art. on, listed, 345 Carter, Howard R>, M.D., obit., 119 —Glasgow Presbyterian Church, art. Carthage, arts, on, listed, 113 on, listed, 114 Carver County German Reading So­ —Hallsville Baptist Church, ar's. on, ciety, Waconia, Minn., 142 listed, 114 Carver, G. W., art. on, listed, 226 —Immaculate Conception Abbey, Cary, Mrs. Clarence J., obit., 119 Conception, art. on, listed, 114 Cass County, Kingdom of Amarugia, —Log Providence Church, art. on, art. on, listed, 113 listed, 225 Cass County Historical Society, 98 —Lutheran churches, Pyrmont, art. Catholic Benevolent Society, 242-243 on, listed, 342 Catholics, in Missouri, art. on, listed, —Mount Gilead Church, Liberty, art. 230; in Nodaway County, 242-243 on, listed 115 Caulk, Millie Atherton, 211-212 —New Home Free Will Baptist Cave, Reuben, 137 Church, art. on, listed, 118 Caves, Franklin County, 317 —New Liberty Primitive Baptist Cedar County Historical Society, 98, Church, art. on, listed, 339 212 —Quinn Chapel AME Church, verso Celler, Rep. Emanuel, 295-296 back cover, April issue; (illus.) Cemeteries —St. Ferdinand's Church, Florissant, —Christian County Cemeteries, art. art. on, listed, 117 on, listed, 229 —St. John's Episcopal Church, —Oak Hill, art. on, listed, 113 Caruthersville, art. on, listed, 118 —St. Mary's, Carrollton, art. on, —St. Mary's Catholic Church, Inde­ listed, 225 pendence, art. on, listed, 339; Centralia, art. on, listed, 229 marker dedication, 331 Centralia Historical Society, 98 —St. Mary's Episcopal Church, Fay­ Ceramic Pot, ceramic by Tom Watson, ette, art. on, listed, 339 86 (illus.) —Six Mile (Baptist) Church, art. Cesar, Joan, 219, 330 on, listed, 227 Chandler, C. D., 27 —Starr Chapel, Methodist Episcopal Chandler, Robert S., 3*51 Church, Savannah, art. on, listed, Chapman, Carl H., The Archaeology 228 of Missouri I, reviewed, 348-350 —Valley Center United Church of Chariton County Historical Society, 98, Christ, St. Clair County, art. on, 212, 322 listed, 118 Charless, Edward, 263 Civil War Cherokee Nation, 2, 9-10, 12-17 -art. on, 237-258; (illus.) Chew, Harry, - 58-59; painting by, 75 -Battle of Shiloh, 3 (illus.) —Cherokee Nation, 9 Index 363

—former Confederate Missourians in Cooper, James Fenimore, 152, 155, 159 Texas, art. on, listed, 229 Cooperman, Perry, 330 —Loss of steamboat Ruth, art. on, Cory, H. T., 36-40; 39 (illus.) 87-89; (illus.) Coudy, Mrs. J. C, obit., 346 —Newspaper suppression in Mis­ Cowherd, Mayor William S., 28, 33 souri, thesis on, noted, 231 Cox, Eugene E., 301 Civil War Cemetery, Baxter Springs, Cox, Mignonne, 217 Ks., art. on, listed, 340 Cox, Sarah, 100 Civil War Round Table of Kansas Cozzens, Arthur B., obit., 346 City, 98, 212, 322-323 Craig, Jim, 52 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Historical 99, 212, 323 Society, 99, 213, 324 Civil War Round Table of the Ozarks, Crews, George, 219, 330 99, 212, 323 Crick, J. M., 216 Clairborn, Col. N. C, 170 Crighton, John C, 202, 209; "Robert Clark, Dr. Graham, 319 Beverly Price II: Banker and Phi­ Clark, J. B., 169, 182 lanthropist," 306-314; (illus.) Clark, Maud, obit., 119 Crile, Dr. George, 274 Clark, William, art. on, listed, 344 Crockett, Juanita, 330 Clay County, hist, of, arts, on, listed, Cromer, Marie, 327 115, 227, 341 Cullom, William H., 216 Clay County Historical Society, 323 Cunningham, Dr. Noble E., 200 Clay County Museum Association, 99, Curtis, Alletta, 331 212, 323-324 Curtis, Josephine, 331 Clay, Henry, 157 Cushing, Dr. Harvey, 274 Clayton, George D., Jr., obit., 119 Cutler, George Washington, 37 Cleaver, Ben H., obit., 232 Cutler, Kevin, 215 Clemens, Cyril, art. on, listed, 118 Cleveland, Grover, 11, 14-15 D Clinton County Historical Society, 99, 212-213 Dade County Historical Society, 99, Clodfelter, Paul, 329 213, 324 Clough, Mrs. G. S., 324 Daffron, Opal, 325 Coates House, Kansas City, art. on, Daily, Charles Henry, art. on, listed, listed, 340 229 Cochran, A. C, art. on, listed, 226 Dains, Mary K., "University of Mis­ Colborn, R. I., 329 souri Football: The First Decade," Cole County Historical Society, 213, 20-54; (illus.) 324 Dallas County Historical Society, 99- Colored Immigration Aid Society, 8 100, 213, 324 Colored People's Board of Emigration, Danner, Irene, 219, 330 8 Danuser, Henry, obit., 232 Colton, David L., book review by, 121- Darrah, Helen, 104 122 Dates, Donald M., 322 Columbia, 138, 139, 140 Daughters of Old Westport, 324 -election of 1860, 164, 166, 173-174, Davenport, Rep. Harry J., 294-295 176 Davies, Richard, 298 -hist, of, arts, on, listed, 113, 225, Davis, Mrs. C. W., obit., 346 339 Davis, Frances, 326 —Niedermeyer Apartments, art. on, Davis, Vest, 324 listed, 225 Davison, Letha, 326 Colwell, Chief Elwood, 219 Dawes, Henry L., 11 Compton Heights, St. Louis, art. on, Dawson, Lela May, obit., 232 listed, 341 Dawson, Rachel, 104, 329 Concordia Historical Institute, 213 Dean, R. Hal, 328 Conley, A. H. "Hal," 36, 40, 41, 42, Dean School, DeKalb County, art. on, 45-46; 42 (illus.) listed, 343 Conley, Timothy G., 97 DeArmond, Fred, 99 Conn, Lt. Comdr. Robert, 219 Dedman, Mary Ellen, 99, 213 Conover, C. C, 34 Dedman, Rebecca, 212-213 Constant, Mrs. John, 102 DeKalb County courthouses, art. on, Constitution Union Party, 163-165, 172, listed, 343 173, 175-177, 180, 181 DeKalb County Historical Society, 213, "Contemporary Artists Exhibition," 325; Now and Then in the Amity 55-86; (illus.) Area, noted, 356 364 Index

Democratic Party, 10, 11, 14-15 Eggers, Glessie, 321 -election of 1860, 163, 166-177, 181, Eichendorff, Joseph von, 148 183 Eilers, Rey, 99 -in St. Louis, 264-269 Eisiminger, Jacquetta, 326 Dent County Historical Society, 100, Elam, Charles J., 321 213, 325 Ellender, Sen. Allen, 297 Denver, Colorado, Athletic Club, 30 Ellis, Elmer, 127, 199, 201, 202; 127, Denver, James W., art. on, listed, 117 199, 200 (illus.) Derr, Mrs. Joe, 327 Ellis, Lewis, 219, 330 Des Peres River, art. on, listed, 343 Elsea, Caroline Hutton, art. on, listed, Dewey, C. E., 46-48 229 Dickens, Charles, 149, 155 Ely, Mrs. Russell, 326 Dickson, Joseph, art. on, listed, 344 Elyn, Esther, 326 Dickson, Moses, 6-7 Emigrant Relief Organization, 7 Diehl, Judd, 328 English, George H., 41, 44, 45 Diesing, Jacob, 159 Enloe, Col. John S., 181 Dilliard, Irving, 18 Erdman, Loula Grace, 216 Dobyns, Edward, 265 Ernst, Rev. Alfred, 213 Dodson, Caralee, 330 Ernst, Capt. Edwin C, 385, 386 Dodson, Mrs. Howard, 327 Ettinger, Susi Steinitz, 61; painting Donelan, Patrick, M., 102 by, 77 (illus.) Donovan, Col. Tim, 90 Evans, Authur LaHue, art. on, listed, Dormanci, Olga, 68 331 Douai, Adolf, 151 Evans, Clement, 251-252 Douglas, Sen. Paul H., 295 Evans, Earnest Jasper, art. on, listed. Douglas, Stephen A., 163, 164, 167-173, 113 177, 179, 182, 183; 172 (illus.) Evans, G. A., 31 Douglass, Frederick, 18 Everett, Edward, 170 Dowdall, G. G., 39, 42 Everts, Ava, 214 Dr. John Sappington of Saline County, Eye, Col. John, 241 Missouri, 1776-1856, by Thomas B. Hall, Jr., M.D. and Thomas B. Hall III, M.D., noted, 235-236 Drace, Dr. James, obit., 232 Fabricius, Mrs. Walter, obit., 232 Drake's Chapel, Clinton, art. on, listed, Fahnestock, Gene, 213 225 Fair Employment Practices Commis­ Drawings of George Caleb Bingham sion (FEPC), 293-297, 300-304 With a Catalogue Raisonne, by E. Fairchild, Judy, 332 Maurice Bloch, reviewed, 233-234 Fairhurst, P. V., obit., 232 Drescher, James, Jr., 215 Fairport United Methodist Church, Drewes, Werner, 55 DeKalb County, art. on, listed, 343 Dreyer, Leo, 329 Far West, Caldwell County, art. on, Drissen, Mrs. Ladean, 329 listed, 230 Drumm, Andrew, art. on, listed, 343 Farley, Margaret, 332 Drury College, 26 Farr, Martha, 321 Duden, Gottfried, 146 Farthing, Faye, 98 Duff, Mrs. David, 98 Fata Morgana, 151 Duley, Thomas, 136, 140 reatherston, Russell, obit., 119 Dumas, Alexander, 156, 159 Federal Housing Administration, 299 Dunham, Mrs. James P., 217 Feiner, Dorothy, 329 Dwyer, James, 102 Fellows, Col. Francis E., obit., 119 Fellows, Martha, 212 Feltz, George, 330 Ferguson, C. E., art. on, listed, 113 Eastern Jasper County Historical Sites Feuerbach, Ludwig, 158 Society, 213-214 Fieth, Wesley, 93 Eastland, Sen. James O., 297 Fife, Major, J. D., 278, 283, 287-288 Eckert, William Dean, 60-61; painting Fincham, Leola, 326 by, 77 (illus.) Finley, David, 330 Edgar, William R., 215 Fisher, Ruth Ralls, This Small Town- Education, see also Schools Osgood, noted, 355 —Black education in Reconstruction Fitzpatrick, Bertha, 217 Missouri, art. on, 184-198; (illus.) Flanagan, Dr. Frances, 331 —St. Louis school system, book on, Fleck, Joseph, 68 reviewed, 120-122 Flesher, Col. Franklin, 330 Index 365

Fletcher, Gov. Thomas C, 2, 4, 190; 6 Gaston, Mrs. Tom, 211 (illus.) Geary, Mrs. Ross, 324 Flippin, George, 28, 30 Gentry County Historical Society, 100 Florissant, art. on, listed, 117 Gentry, Jim, 52 Florissant Valley Historical Society, Gentry, Richard, 136-138; 139 (illus.) 100, 214, 325 Gentry, Sue, 102, 327, 331 Flottman, Mrs. Michal, 329 Gentry, T. B., 25 Flower Child, painting by Adrienne George, B. James, obit., 119 Miller, 80 (illus.) George, G. Houston, 92-93, 95; 92, 95 Fly, Judge J. Byron, Sr., 327 (illus.) Flynn, Joseph L., 330 Gerhard, Friedrich, 153 Foley, Dr. Bill, 215 Gerhardt, Tom H., 101 Fontane, Theodore, 151 German Reading Society, Reading, Pa., Football, art. on, 20-54; (illus.) 142 Forder, Samuel W., 97 German School Society, 144-145 Forderhase, R. A., 329 Gerstaecher, Friedrich, 150, 155, 159 Forsythe, Betty, 331 Gibson, J. W., 36, 40 Fort Pillow, 250; 250 (illus.) Gilleland, Mrs. Howard, 216 Fort Sumter, 247 Gillespie, Mayor James, 49 Foster, Ralph D., art. on, listed, 114 Glanville, William S., art. on, listed, Foster, Richard B., 185-186; address by, 117 186-198; 184 (illus.) Glasgow, art. on, listed, 229 Foster, Dr. Robert, 209 Glenn, G. Everette, 218 Foundation for the Restoration of Ste. Glover, Merle, 330 Genevieve, 214 Goe, Mrs. Emmett, 332 Four Seasons-Spring Ice Flow, print by Goethe, Johann, 148 Brooke Cameron, 76 (illus.) Goff, William A., Site-Seeing in Old Fowler, Ray N., 212 Westport, the Cradle of Kansas City, Fox, Kay, 104 noted, 123-124. Franklin, Benjamin, 144 Gold Finches, wood carving by Clem Franklin County, 317 Wilding, 86 (illus.) Franklin County Historical Society, 325 Golden, Louise, 105 Franzwa, Gregory, 220 Golden Section Layering-Blue Series, Free Congregation Library, St. Louis, painting by Thomas Stephens, 85 art. on, 142-161; (illus.) (illus.) Freedmen's Bureau, 186 Goodrich, Dr. James W., 105, 214; Freedmen's Oklahoma Association, 9 book review by, 351-352 Fremont, Jessie, art. on, listed, 116 Gorgas, Col. W. C, 274 Friends of Arrow Rock, 325 Grace, Earl, obit., 232 Friends of Historic Boonville, 214 Grace, Mrs. Earl, obit., 232 Friends of Rocheport, 100 Graebner, Larry, 202 Frisco Railroad, 317; art. on, listed, Graham Historical Society, 326 341 Grannemann, Elton, 325 Fulton, art. on, listed, 114 Grant, Gen. Ulysses, 2, 5, 88, 249 Fultz, David A., 47, 51 Green, Sen. James S., 165-166, 180 Fur trade, arts, on, listed, 118 Green, Russell, 61-62; painting by, 78 (illus.) Greene County, hist, of, art. on, listed, 343 Greene County Historical Society, 100, Gabbert Family, art. on, listed, 343 214, 326 Gaddy, Maude, 330 Gregory, Ralph, 217, 326 Gallagher, Gene, 321 Gallaher, Teresa, 104 Griffin, Gerald, 220 Gallenkamp, E. W., 317; 318 (illus.) Griffith, Paul A., 101 Gamble, Hamilton R., 139 Grimes, Absolom, 89 Gander, Joseph, art. on, listed, 113 Grimm, Jakob, 148 Gant, Sen. Jack, 104 Grimm, Wilhelm, 148 Gardenshire, James B., 176, 179, 180, Grist Mills, art. on, listed, 339 182, 183 Grohe, Herman, 317; 318 (illus.) Garner, Ida, 324 Grosby, Jane, 325 Garrison, Melvin, 209, 321 Grundy County Historical Society, 100 Gasconade County Historical Society, Guilliford, Agnes, 332 325 Guitar, Mayor James, 28 Gass, Joseph, 97 Gutzkow, Karl, 149 366 Index

H Henderson, John B., 169 Henderson, Orval L., Jr., 220 Hacklaender, Friedrich, 149, 152 Henry County, elections of 1860, 170 Hackmann, Clarence, 324 Henry County Historical Society, 101, Haeckel, Ernst, 158 214, 326 Hahatonka Castle, Camden County, Henry, Maj. Dean, 214 art. on, listed, 344 Henry, Jack, 101 Hailey, Sallie, 104 Heritage Seekers (Palmyra), 101, 215, Hair, Mary Scott, 216 326 Hale, Peg, 104 Herndon, A. J., 164 Hall, Mrs. Dewey, 100 Herring, Mrs. Fern Lord, obit., 232 Hall, Henry, 103 Hertle, Daniel, 157 Hall, Thomas B., Jr., M.D. and Thom­ Herwegh, Georg, 149 as B. Hall, III, M.D., Dr. John Sapp­ Hess, Mr. and Mrs. Bill, 217 ington of Saline County, Missouri, Hess, Clarence, 322 1776-1856, noted, 235-236 Hesse, Anna, 325 Hall, Wilma, 103 Hesseltine, William B., 133 Hallsville, hist, of, arts, on, listed, 226 Hetherington, Clark Wilson, 51-53 Hamblin, Bill W. R., 332 Heyse, Paul, 155 Hammon, Dr. John W., obit., 119 Hezel, Gladys, 324 Hannibal, hist, of, art. on, listed, 339 Hicklin, Kenney, 323 Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, 240, Hickok, "Wild Bill," art. on, listed, 241 117 Harbine, Thomas, 241 Hickory County, archaeology, art. on, Harbord, James G., art. on, listed, 344 listed, 225 Harnes, Dr. Alvin R., obit., 119 Hickory County Historical Society, 101, Harney-Price Agreement, 248 215, 326 Harpers Ferry, Va., 237, 238, 244, 245, Hicks, George E., 218 256; 244 (illus.) Hildebrand, Sam, arts, on, listed, 118, Hairing, Harro, 151 230 Harris, Overton, 138, 139 Hill, Adam, 39, 41, 46, 47 Harrison, Mrs. Charles, obit., 232 Hill, Bill, 44 Harrison County Historical Society, Hill, Curtis, 27 100, 214 Hill, George A., 44 Harrison, Eldred, 32 Hill, Katherine, 330 Harshe Stationery Store, Columbia, 308 Hilliker, Frank T., 322 Hartford, Herbert H., obit., 232 Hirst, Pearl, obit., 232 Hartzell, George W., 38 Historic Missouri Churches Harvey, Geneva, 332 —"Old" Trinity Lutheran Church, Hash, Thomas, art. on, listed, 229 St. Louis, verso back cover, Janu­ Hassaurek, Friedrich, 144, 157 ary issue; (illus.) Hatch, William, 179 —Quinn Chapel AME Church, St. Hatzeld, Philip, 44 Louis, verso back cover, April is­ Hauff, Wilhelm, 148 sue; (illus.) Haughey, Rev. Malcolm E., 220 —St. John Nepomuk Church, St. Hawken, Samuel, 265 Louis, verso back cover, October Hay, Abram T., 206, 207 issue; (illus.) Hayden, Sen. Carl, 292 Historical Association of Greater Cape Hayes, Emma Catherine, 239 Girardeau, 101, 326 Hays, Rep. Brooks, 2% Historical Society of Polk County, 101, Hazard, Leland, Attorney for the Situa­ 326-327 tion, noted, 357-358 History of Mississippi County, Mis­ Head of a Boy, painting by Helen souri, Beginning Through 1972, by Smith, 84 (illus.) Betty F. Powell, noted, 123 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, Historical History of Shelby County, Missouri, Society, 326 1972, by Shelby County Historical Hebel, Johann Peter, 148 Society, noted, 354-355 Hecker, Friedrich, 157 Hodgen, John T., art. on, listed, 229 Heflin, Rep. Clarence M., 164 Hoerstkamp, Lois L., 325 Heine, Heinrich, 149 Hofaker, Erich, 159-160 Heinzen, Karl, 144, 145, 157-158 Holbrook, C. W., 42 Heitzeberg, Henry, 21 Holbrook, D. O., 27 Helle, Polly, 324 Holland, Antonio F. and Gary R. Helmsing, Rev. Charles H., 331 Kremer, eds., "Some Aspects of Black Hempel, Max, 145 Education in Reconstruction Mis- Index 367

souri*. An Address by Richard B. Hudson, Kenneth Eugene, 62; paint­ Foster," 184-198; (illus.) ing by, 78 (illus.) Holman, Tom, 213 Huff, Lt. Col. Leo E., 323 Holt County Historical Society, 327 Huffman, John A., 214 Holweck, Friedrich, 147 Hughes, Mrs. Frank, 99 Hombs, Dr. Addison, 331 Hughes, Langston, art. on, listed, 229 Homes Humboldt, Alexander von, 158 —Anderson, John, Cabin, Swedeborg, Humphrey, E. O., obit., 232 art. on, listed, 345 Humphrey, Sen. Hubert H., 293-294, —Baker, Capt. William, "River 303; 302 (illus.) House," Carroll County, art. on, Hunter, Billy, 216 listed, 339 Hunter, D. K., 217 —Bothwell Lodge, Pettis County, art. Hunter, Frank O., obit., 232 on, listed, 344 Hunter, Josephine, 332 —Cardinal's House, St. Louis, art. Hunter, Mrs. Robert, 324 on, listed, 115 Hurst, J. D., obit., 346 —Coates House, Kansas City, art. on, Hutchins, Shirley, 105 listed, 340 Hutchison, Mrs. Preston, 217 —Cruikshank, John J., House, Han­ nibal, art. on, listed, 228 —Executive Mansion, Jefferson City, art. on, listed, 115 —Hahatonka, Camden County, art. Immermann, Karl, 148 on, listed, 344 Indian Chieftain (newspaper) , 13, 17 Indian Creek, hist, of, arts, on, listed, —Hawken, Christopher, House, Web ster Groves, art. on, listed, 115 227, 341 —Maclay House, Tipton, art. on, Indian from Islata Pueblo, painting by listed, 339 Irene Selonke, 83 (illus.) Indians —Wilder, Laura Ingalls, art. on, -Cherokee Nation, 2, 9-10, 12-19 listed, 344 —Choctaws, 9 —Wornall, John, House, Kansas City, art. on, listed, 114 —Delaware, 12, 15 -Shawnee, 12, 15 Hooper, George Francis, 101 Informer of the West (newspaper) , Hoover, Dr. H. Lee, 323 144, 151; 152 (illus.) Hoover, Virgie, 328 Ingenthron, Elmo, 323 Hopkins, Edwin M., 26-27, 28 Intelligencer, Franklin, 135-136, 137 Hornback, Dr. G. A., obit., 346 Iowa Landscape, serigraph by Erica Horstman, Ronald, "The Loss of Gov­ Rutherford, front cover, October is­ ernment Greenbacks on the Steam­ sue er Ruth," 87-89; (illus.) Iron County Historical Society, 101, Hoskins, Mrs. Charles, 213 215, 327 Hotels Iron Mountain Railroad, 249 —Coates House, Kansas City, 38, 43; art. on, listed, 340 —Elms Hotel Spa, Excelsior Springs, j art. on, listed, 224 "J. Milton Turner: An Appraisal," —Green Parrot Inn, Kirkwood, art. by Lawrence O. Christensen, 1-19; on, listed, 227 (illus.) —Lennox Hotel, St. Louis, art. on, Jackson, Gen. Andrew, 176, 177 listed, 117 Jackson, Claiborne Fox, 166-170, 176, -Midland Hotel, Kansas City, 26, 32, 181-183, 247, 248; 168 (illus.) 33, 38 Jackson County Historical Society, 101- —Palace Hotel, Fulton, art. on, 102, 215, 327 listed, 341 Jackson County Pioneers, by Pearl Wil­ —Planters Hotel, St. Louis, art. on, cox, noted, 353-354 listed, 228 Jackson, Hancock, 165, 182, 183 Houx, Samuel B., 47 Jackson, Dr. J. N., 42 Howard County, 135; Baldridge School, Jackson, Judge J. Weldon, 322 90 Jackson, Lucille, 324 Howard, T. P., 47, 49, 50-51 Jackson, Stephen S., 296 Howard, Mrs. William T., 102 James, Henry, 155 Howe, Leni, 324 James, Jesse, arts, on, listed, 226, 228, Howell County Historical Society, 327 343 Huber, Chuck, 322 James, Mrs. W. F, 103 368 Index

Janky, Donna, 329 Keeley, Mary Paxton, art. on, listed, Jasper County, arts, on, listed, 113 114 Jasper County Historical Society, 215, Keil, Til, 329 327 Keith, Charles A., 22 Jecmen, Jean, 324 Kemp, Elma, 330 Jefferson Avenue School, Kirkwood, Kemp, Mrs. Jess, 219 art. on, listed, 344 Kemp, Mrs. Ora, 217 Jefferson City, 247, 248; 248 (illus.) Kempton, Greta, 55 Jefferson, Thomas, 144; art. on, listed, Kenagy, Mrs. Charles, 322 343 Kennedy, John F., 130 Jenkins, Henry, 215 Kennerly, George, 265 Jennings, Mr. and Mrs. Frank S., 327 Kent, Frank E., 97, 211 Jesse, Randall, 99 Kern, Robert H., 17 Jesse, Richard Henry, 25, 26, 28, 30, Kesler, Don S., obit., 232 36, 39-40, 41, 44-46, 53, 54; 27 (illus.) Kieferndorf, Frederick, 62-63; painting Jestes, Mrs. Joseph, 325 by, 78 (illus.) Joffre, Gen. Joseph, 278; 278 (illus.) Kiefner-Kane Museum, art. on, listed. Johnson County Historical Society, 215 118 Johnson, Harlene, 101 Killdeers, wood carving by Clem Weld­ Johnson, Mayor John W., 263-264; 264 ing, 86 (illus.) (illus.) Kinder, Mrs. Byron, 324 Johnson's Island, 252; 253 (illus.) King, Charles Arthur, 99 Johnston, Mrs. Jim, 216 King, Kathryn, 331 Johnston, Ronald, 99 King Midas Gold Mining Co., 308 Jones, E. H., 28 Kirchner, L. L., obit., 119 Jones, E. S., 322 Kirchofer, George, 219, 330 Jones, Harold, 319 Kirkwood Historical Society, 102, 216, Joplin Historical Society, 102, 215 328 Joslyn, L. Danforth, 103 Kirtley and Phillips Store, 21 Judge Ross (steamboat) , art. on, Kite Flyers—Rocheport, painting by listed, 345 Russell Green, 78 (illus.) Julich, Gordan, 215 Kleist, Heinrich von, 148 Klemp, Alberta, 104 K Klink, Leon A., art. on, listed, 341 Kneale, Ardith, 326 Kachina Triptych, painting by Susi Knobbs, Dr. Pauline D., 321 Ettinger, 77 (illus.) Kock, Paul de, 156 Kansas City Koerner, Gustav, 157 —Coates House, 38, 43; art. on, listed, Koerner, Theodor, 148 340 Konneker, Ann Lee, 329 —Convention Hall, art. on, listed, Koob, Georg, 147 114 Kordes, Kay, 324 -Exposition Park, 25, 28, 30, 32, 37, Korns, Dr. Charles, 326 47, 50 Kortum, Karl Arnold, 148 —hist, of, art. on, listed, 114 Kotzebue, August von, 148 —mayors, arts, on, listed, 114, 226, Krai, Stephen J., The Legend of Rose­ 340 bud, noted, 124-125 -Midland Hotel, 26, 32, 33, 38 Kramer, John, 49 —Mighty Monarchs Baseball Team, Kreft, Mary, 325 art. on, listed, 117 Kremer, Gary R., and Antonio F. Hol­ —Municipal Stadium, art. on, listed, land, eds., "Some Aspects of Black 226 Education in Reconstruction Mis­ —Savoy Grill, art. on, listed, 114 souri: An Address by Richard B. —Westport, book on, noted, 123-124 Foster," 184-198; (illus.) —Wornall, John, House, art. on, Krog, Henry, 317; 318 (illus.) listed, 114 Kruse, Carl, 51 Kansas City Blues, art. on, listed, 339 Kansas City Westerners, 102, 215-216, 327-328 Kapfer, Wilma June, 332 Lacey, Charles S., Jr., obit., 119 Kapp, Friedrich, 155 Lafayette County, 92, 94; Allen & Kargan, Ernst E., 157, 159 George Hardware Co., 93, 95; 95 Karns, Kermit, 99 (illus.) Kassebaum, Mrs. Allen, 324 Lafayette County Historical Society, Kearney, Peter, 137 216 Index 369

Lamar, L, Q. C, 11 Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City, 186, Landbein, August, 148 190, 194, 195; 192, 197 (illus.) Landmarks Association of St. Louis, Lincoln University, art. on, listed, 343 102, 216, 328 Lindbergh, Charles A., art. on, listed, Landscape Fantasy, painting by Jerry 341 Berneche, 74 (illus.) Linden, Roger, 212 Landwehr, Louis F., obit., 346 Linn, Joe, 217 Lane, Anthony B., 137 Littell, William R., 22, 23 Lane, Mrs. Barker, 322 Litton, Rep. Jerry, 104 Lane, John, 165-167 Lloyd, Ethel, 328 Lane, Mayor William Carr, 260, 266, Local Historical Societies, 97-106, 211- 268; 267 (illus.) 220, 321-332 Lang, Hazel, Life in Pettis County— "Local History and the Bicentennial," 1815-1973, noted, 353 by James C. Olson, 127-133; (illus.) Lange, Hermann, 147, 150, 160 Lochner, F., 156 Larkin, Chuck, 331 Loco Focos, 266-267 Larson, Sidney, 319; book review by, Loehnig, Edwin, obit., 346 233-234 Long, E. B., 323 LaSalle Urban Renewal Project, art. Long, George, art. on, listed, 113 on, listed, 227 Longstreet, Gen. James, 256 Lathrop Academy, 307 Loomis, J. P., 50 Latrob, Merrill and Thomas, 213 Lord Chamberlain's Garden, painting Laughlin, Elizabeth, 321 by Joanne Zucco Berneche, 74 Laughlin, H. D., 17 (illus.) Lawrence County Historical Societv, "Loss of Government Greenbacks on 102, 216 the Steamer Ruth," by Ronald Lawrence County, Missouri History, Horstman, 87-89; (illus.) edited by Jessie C. Miller, Dan H. Louden, Robert, 89 Stearns, Fred G. Mieswinkel, Eugene Lowry, Chloe, 328 H. Carl, Ruth M. Turner and Har- Lowry, T. J., 25 land Stark, et al., noted, 235 Lucas, Sen. Scott, 297, 300-301, 303, Lawrence, Dr. Thomas, 98 304 Lawson, John D., 34, 40 Lucas, William C, Jr., 323 Layered Forms, painting by Philomene Lucke, Edna, 101 Dosek Bennett, 73 (illus.) Luedeking, Carl, 145 Lebanon Post Office, art. on, listed, Luther, Tal, 323 341 Lykins, Martha, art. on, listed, 227 Lee, Jack, 216 Lyman, Jessie Benton, 319 Lee, General Robert E., 254 Lynch, Otho B., 90 Lee's Summit Historical Society, 102 Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel, 248; art. on, Legend of Rosebud, by Stephen J. listed, 228 Krai, noted, 124-125 Mc Lehmann, Frederick W., 17 Leimbach, Glenda, 330 McCandless, Mrs. Lansden, 102 Leitensdorfer, John Eugene, 212 McClennan, Sen. John L., 297 Leiter, Eldon, 104 McClurg, Joseph, 5 Lenau, Nikolaus, 152 McComas, Etheldean, 332 Lentz, Anne Marie, 331 McConnell, Rep. Samuel K., 302 Lesinski, Rep. John, 301-302 McCue, George, 201, 203-204 Lesueur, A. H., 31 McDaniel, Harriet J., obit., 232 Lesueur, J. H., 31 McDaniel, Lyn, 321 Lewis and Clark Expedition, art. on, McDonald County Historical Society, listed, 343 102-103, 216-217, 328 Lewis County Historical Society, 328 McDonald, Johanna, 217, 329 Lewis, Mary L., obit., 346 McElroy, Henry F., 218 Lexow, Friedrich, 150 McFarrin, Samuel B., art. on, listed, Liberia, 1, 5 225 Lichty, L. D., obit., 346 McGee, Winston, E., 63; painting by, Lick Skillet, arts, on, listed, 115, 227, 79 (illus.) 341 McGilley, Jim, 216 Life in Pettis County—1815-1973, by McGrath, Sen. J. Howard, 293 Hazel N. Lang, noted, 353 Mcintosh, Robert, 214 Lightfoot, B. B., 183 Mcintosh, Vesper Nina, 214 Lincoln, Abraham, 163, 170, 171, 178, McKee, George, obit., 346 183, 185, 245 McKeller, Sen. Kenneth, 297 370 Index

McKinley, William, 158 Miller, Leona, 328 McKinstry, Mrs. Karl V., obit., 232 Miller, Madison, 2-3 McNabb, Alta, 331 Miller, Mrs. Matt, 217 McNeel, William G., obit., 232 Miller, Mavor Victor J., art. on, listed, MacNutt, J. Scott, obit., 232 228 McRae, Austin L., 21-23, 25, 36, 54 Mississippi County, book on, noted, McReynolds, George, 104 123 McVey, W. A., 104 Mississippi County Historical Society, 103, 217, 329 Mississippi River, 7, 87 M Missouri —Artists, art. on, 54-86; (illus.) Maclay House, Tipton, art. on, listed, —Representativeness of legislators, 339 administrators and judges, thesis Macon County Historical Society, 103, on, noted, 231 216, 328 —Rise of second party system, thesis Madison, James, 131 on, noted, 231 Magdalen, Sister Mary, 101 Missouri Archaeological Society, arts, Maitland, Alexander, 28 on, listed, 344 Majors, Alexander, art. on, listed, 227 Missouri Botanical Garden, art. on, Malinckrodt, Roland, 105 listed, 117 Mallard Duck, wood carving by Clem Missouri Conservation Commission, 213 Wilding, 86 (illus.) Missouri Equal Rights League, 3-4 Mallenkrodt, Dr. Otto, 318 (illus.) Missouri Historical Society, 17, 103, 217 Mann, Maynard, 212 Missouri History in Magazines, 117- Manning, George, 100 118, 229-230, 343-345 March, Laverne, 332 Missouri History in Newspapers, 113- March, Gen, Peyton C, art. on, listed, 116, 225-228, 339-342 344 Missouri Pacific Railroad, 317 Marino, Darlene, 328 Missouri Pacific Railroad Station, In­ Mark Twain Museum, Hannibal, 203 dependence, art. on, listed, 343 Marmaduke, Gen. John S., 251, 252; Missouri Republican Central Commit­ 252 (illus.) tee, 16 Marsh, Rev. Jeff, 101 Missouri River, 239. 241, 242; art. on, Marshall, Frances, 212 listed, 339 Martin, Dr. Franklin, 275-276 Missouri Southern Railroad, art. on, Masters, Col. R. E., obit., 346 listed, 344 Mastin, Thomas, 31 Missouri State Guard, 242, 247 Mayes, Joel B., 13-14; 14 (illus.) Missouri State Supreme Court, 262 Meador, L. E., 210; obit., 346 Missouri State Teachers Association, Means, Lewis, 321 186, 196 Meditation, sculpture by Harriet Rein­ Missouri Valley College, 30 hardt, 82 (illus.) "Missouri's Forgotten General: M. Jeff Medlin, Otis, obit., 346 Thompson and the Civil War," by Medsker, Lois, 326 Donal J. Stanton, Goodwin F. Ber- Meier, Herbert, 102 quist, Jr., and Paul C. Bowers, 237- Menefee, Christie, 329 258; (illus.) Meramac Baptist Association Camp, Mitchell, F. T., 173 art. on, listed, 116 Mitchell, Capt. J. J., 207 Mercantile Library, St. Louis, 203 Moellhausen, Baldwin, 152 Mercer County Historical Society, 103, Mollenkamp, August, 93 217, 328-329 Mollenkamp, Charles, 93 Merry, Mayor Samuel, 259-262, 265 Mesnier, C. R., 97 Monroe City, arts, on, listed, 115 Middleton and Riley, St. Joseph, 239 Monroe County Historical Society, 217, Middleton, Brian, 99 329 Millen, Mrs. Frank, 323 Montgomery, Judge M. E., 220 Miller, Adrienne, 63-64; painting by, Montminy, E. Tracy, 64; painting by, 80 (illus.) Miller, Mr. and Mrs. Ben, 328 Moody, R. K., 46 Miller, Davis, 319 Moore, Bob, 265 Miller, Irma, 332 Moore, Kenneth L., 99 Miller, Jessie C, et al. (editors) , Moreau, Donald, 100 Lawrence County Missouri History, Morgan County Historical Society, 103, noted, 235 217-218, 329 Index 371

Morgenthaler, Charles, art. on, listed, National Housing Act, 298 226 Native Sons of Kansas City, 218 Morning Conversation, painting by Neale, Daniel, 137 James Ryon, 82 (illus.) Neihardt, John G., arts, on, listed, 230 Morris, Mayor Leon, 100 Nellesen, Paul, 104-105 Morris, Lucy, 98 Nellie Peck, art. on, listed, 345 Morrison Observatory, art. on, listed, Nelson Gallery-Atkins Museum, 203 114 Nelson, Col. Thomas A., 179 Morse, Authur C, obit., 232 Nettleton schools, art. on, listed, 114 Mortin, Don, 104 Neumann, Robert, 209, 323 Moscow Mills Community Bicenten­ New Liberty Primitive Baptist Church, nial "Heritage" Committee, Moscow art. on, listed, 339 Mills Memories, noted, 356-357 New Madrid Earthquake, arts, on, Moscow Mills Memories, by Moscow listed, 340, 343 Mills Community Bicentennial "Her­ New Madrid Land Grants, 135 itage" Committee, noted, 356-357 Newberry, Capt. John B., art. on, list­ Most, Johann, 157 ed, 225 Motley, Rennick, 214 News in Brief, 90-91, 209-210, 319-320 Mouck, Laura, 103 Newton, Debbie, 329 Mound City Museum Association, 103 Nichols, Roy F., 131-132 Mowry, Letha, 326 Nicolay, Louis H., 97 Muehl, Edward, 144 Niedermeyer Apts., Columbia, art. on, Muench, Friedrich, 144 listed, 225 Muetz, Jean, 329 Nizick, Shirley, 97 Muir, Forrest, 219 Noble, John W., 15-16 Munger, Donna Bingham, "Base Hos­ Nodaway County, 242-243 pital 21 and the Great War," 272- Nodaway County Historical Society, 290; (illus.) 218, 329 Munro, George, 154 Nolte, Roy, 214 Murphy, Dan, 219 North, Mrs. Willard, 215 Murphy, Dr. Fred, 272-273, 288; 280 Northwest Missouri Militia, 247 (illus.) Norton, Rep. Mary, 293 Murphy, Fred, 51 Nouss, Renee, 214, 325 Murphy, Patrick, art. on, listed, 114 Novak, Stan, 330 Murry, Mo., art. on, listed, 114 Now and Then in the Amity Area, by Museums DeKalb County Historical Society, —Albrecht Gallery and Museum of noted, 356 Art, St. Joseph, 203 Nuderscher, Frank, 58 —Bicentennial Museum of the Oz­ arks, Springfield, 209 O —Kiefner-Kane Museum, St. Louis, art. on, listed, 118 Oak Grove, arts, on, listed, 115, 227, —Mark Twain Museum, Hannibal, 341 203 O'Brian, Hugh, 265 —Mound City Museum Association, Oetting, Charles, 93 103 Old Missouri Barn, painting by Jo­ —Museum of Art and Archeology, seph Orr, 80 (illus.) ; front cover, Columbia, 203 , January issue —Nelson Gallery-Atkins Museum, Old Trails Historical Society, 103, 329 Kansas City, 203 Olinger, Helen, 100 —St. Louis Art Museum, 203 Olson, James C, 127, 201; 127, 199 —Springfield Art Museum, 203 (illus.) ; "Local History and the Bi­ centennial," 127-133; (illus.) O'Neil, Hugh, Jr., 261-266 N O'Neil, Hugh., Sr., 263, 264 Ong, Richard M., 218 NAACP, 292, 300 Orr, Joseph, 65; painting by, 80 (il­ Nagel, Helen, 322 lus.) ; Old Missouri Barn, painting Nagel, Paul C, 90, 132 front cover, January issue; art. on, Nast, Wilhelm, 157 listed, 344 National Colored Labor Convention, 4 Orr, Sample, 175-176, 182 National Conference of Christians and Osburn, Rep. D. R., 104 Jews, 299-300 Osburn, Mrs. Nola J., 337 National Endowment for the Humani­ Otto, Carl, art. on, listed, 226 ties, 132 Overstreet, Weller R., obit., 119 372 Index

Ozark Air Lines, art. on, listed, 341 Police, in antebellum St. Louis, thesis Ozark music, art. on, listed, 345 on, noted, 231 "Political Campaign of 1860 in Mis­ souri," by Doris Davis Wallace, 162- 183; (illus.) Padgett, Mrs. LeGene, 332 Pony Express, 245; arts, on, listed, 116, Page, Mayor Daniel, 260-262; 261 (il­ 118, 226 lus.) Pony Express Historical Association, Page, Merritt, 220 104, 219, 330 Paine, Thomas, 158 Pope, James S., 220 Palace Hotel, Fulton, art. on, listed, Popplewell, Jerry, 213 341 Porter, Elizabeth, art. on, listed, 341 Paradoski, Edwin A., 220 Porter, G. W., 173 Parmelee, Louis E., 322 Postl, Karl Anton, 150, 155 Parrish, Dr. William E, 100, 104, 212 Potter, Charles, 219 Pasquelle, L., 156 Powell, Rep. Adam Clayton, 302 Pastime Athletic Club, 31 Powell, Betty F., History of Missis­ Patterson, Franklin, 41, 44-45 sippi County, Missouri, Beginning Pauley, George, 36, 40 through 1972, noted, 123 Payne, Ed., 95 (illus.) Powell, Garnet, 103 Payne, W. H., 190, 194 Powell, W. H., Lumber Co., Camden- Pegram, Ben R., 87, 89 ton, art. on, listed, 113 Pegram, Caroline, 87 Powers, Don, 326 Pelzel, Donald, 99 Powers, Gladys, 332 Pemiscot County Historical Society, Pratte, Bernard, Sr., 260 103-104, 218, 329-330 Preetorius, Emil, 155 Pence, Mr. and Mrs. E. A., 100 Prentice, George D., 257 Pendergast, Beth, 202, 200 (illus.) ; Preston, William, 164 "Smithton, Missouri," 134-141 Prewitt and Price Bank, 306 Prewitt, Moss, 306 Pendergast, Tom, art. on, listed, 226 Price, A. M„ 200, 306 Penster, Mrs. Al, 213 Price, Mrs. C. B., 322 Perche, Mo., 138 Price, Edwin M., 306 Perlman, Philip B., 299 Price, Lawson C, 38, 39 Perry County Historical Society, 104 Price, R. B., Distinguished Professor­ Perry, Lon H., obit., 232 ship in Law, 313 Pershing, Gen. John J., 272; art. on, Price, Robert Beverly, 306-309, 311, 312 listed, 344 Price, Robert Beverlv, II, art. on, 306- Peterson, Verna Lee, 101 314: (illus.) Pettis County Historical Society, 104, Price, Sterling, 179, 252-253; 254 (il­ 218 lus.) Phelps County Historical Society, 218, Price, Tom, 181 330 Primavera, lithograph by Eric Bransby, Phelps, John S., art. on, listed, 343 75 (illus.) Phelps, Lt. Gov. and Mrs. William, Proetz, Dr. Arthur, 272-274, 276-278 104 Public and the Schools: Shaping the Phillips, Bob, 220 St. Louis System 1838-1920, by Sel­ Phillips, Hiram, 21, 25 wyn K. Troen, reviewed, 120-122 Phipps, George, 218 Pulley, Mr. and Mrs. Noland, 213 Phister, Larry, 323 Purvis, Harold, 219 Physical Culture Club of Missouri State University, 48, 52 Piatt, W. H., 29 Pickell, Grace, 331 Quantrill, William C, art. on, listed, Pierce, Mrs. A. R., 101 340 Pierce, Henry Clay, art. on, listed, 228 Quinn Chapel AME Church, St. Louis, Plank, David, 65; painting by, 81 (il­ verso back cover, April issue; (illus.) lus.) Quinn, William, 65-66; painting by, 81 Platte County Historical Society, 104, (illus.) 219 Platte County Railroad, 243 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 104, 219, 330 Radcliffe, Dave, 216, 331 Pogue, Ralph, 216-217 Rahill, Rev. Peter J„ obit., 346 Index 373

Railroads Richardson, Col. William A., 169 —Frisco Railroad, 317 Richmond, Dr. George S., 105 —Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, Rickly, Mrs. Francis A., obit.. 346 240, 241 Riddell, Dr. Richard V., obit., 232 —Iron Mountain Railroad, 249 Ridgeway, George A., obit., 347 —Maryville Railroad, 240 Rigdon, Mrs. J. M., 104 —Missouri Pacific Railroad, 317 Rimbach, Don, 329 —Missouri Pacific Railroad Station, Ringo, Fredonia Jane, obit., 232 Independence, art. on, listed, 343 Ripley County, 248; arts, on, listed, —Missouri Southern Railroad, art. 118, 230 on, listed, 344 Roach, Armand D., obit., 119 —Platte County Railroad, 243 Robbins, Mrs. William R., 104 —St. Joseph and Maryville Railroad, "Robert Beverly Price II: Banker and 243 Philanthropist," by John C. Cright­ —St. Joseph and Topeka Railroad, on, 306-314; (illus.) 240 Roberts, Hazel, 326 Randall, Jack, 212, 323, 332 Roberts, S. Randall, 331 Randolph, Vance, art. on. listed, 344 Robinson, Gerard, 136 Rapp, Helen, 100 Robinson, H. E., 51 Ratchford, C. Brice, 128, 130 Robinson, Harry O., 30, 33, 34, 36, Rattermann, Heinrich, 155 43-46 Ray County Historical Society, 104 Robinson, Jewell, 103 Ray, James, 105 Robison, Viola, 212 Ray, O. Frank, 22 Rockhurst High School, Kansas City, Ray, S. J., cartoons by, 291, 294 (il art. on, listed, 341 lus.) Roeslein, Fritz, 147 Rayburn, Rep. Sam, 298, 301-302: 301 Rolfe, John W., obit., 232 (illus.) Rolla School of Mines, 25, 52 Raytown Historical Society, 104, 219, Rollins, Curtis B., 41 330 Rollins, E. T., 41 Raytown Remembers, by Roberta L. Rollins, G. B., 41 Bonnewitz and Lois T. Allen, noted. Rollins, J. S., 25 355 Rollins, James H., 41 Red Cross, 273-275, 279, 288-289 Rollins, James S„ 169, 173-175, 182 Reed and Sons Jewelry, Sedalia, art. Rollins, Rep. John, 100 on, listed, 113 Rosebud, book on, noted, 124-125 Reed, Hal W., 26-27 Rothensteiner, John, 147 Reed, Mrs. Earnest, 326 Rother, Ann, 105 Regan, Maurice J., obit., 119 Rothwell, G. F., 33 Reichard, Maximilian, "Urban Poli­ Rouen, France, 281-282 tics in Jacksonian St. Louis: Tradi­ Roundy, Mildred, 330 tional Values in Change and Con­ Rowe, Henry, art. on, listed, 344 flict," 259-271; (illus.) Rucker, Jessie, 330 Reid, John W., 173, 182 Ruge, Arnold, 156 Reilly; John, 265 Ruland, Mattie Bess, 216 Reindel, Virginia, 331 Ruppius, Otto, 151, 155, 159 Reindley, Larry, 97 Russell, Sen. Richard, 296-297 Reinhardt, Harriet Fleming, 66-67; Russell, Sol Smith, thesis on, noted, sculpture by, 82 231 Reinhardt, Siegfried, 55, 66 Rutherford, Erica, verso front cover, Reitzel, Robert, 144, 153 October issue; Iowa Landscape, seri­ Rellstab, Robert, 149 graph, front cover, October issue Republican Party, 4, 6, 11, 14-16; elec­ Ryan, Jim, 323 tion of 1860, 163, 164, 167. 169, 171, Ryker, Stella A., obit, 119 176-181, 183 Ryon, James William, 67; painting Reuter, Fritz, 149 by, 82 (illus.) Reynolds County, hist, of, arts, on, listed, 339 Reynolds, John D., 220 St. Reynolds, Thomas C, 167, 169, 174-175, 181, 182 St. Charles County Historical Society, Rice, Harry, 324 104-105, 219, 330 Rich, Mrs. E. E., obit., 232 Ste. Genevieve Richards, Mrs. Burton, 215 -arts, on, listed, 115, 227, 341 Richardson, Evelyn, 322 -book on, noted, 123-124 374 Index

St. Joseph, 239-241, 243-245, 247, 248; Sanderson, Mrs. Jack, 324 240 (illus.) Sargent, Robert E., obit., 232 St. Joseph and Maryville Railroad, 243 Saunders, Eva, 216 St. Joseph and Topeka Railroad, 240 Savoy Grill, Kansas City, art on, listed. St. Joseph Historical Society, 105, 219, 114 330 Schaff, Philipp, 144 St. Louis Schem, Alexander, 156 —art in antebellum period, thesis on, Scher, Audrey, 324 noted, 231 Schiller, Friedrich, 148 —baseball in, hist, of, art. on, listed, Schmal, O., 146 117 Schmidt, Elmer, 317; 318 (illus.) -battle for (1780) , art. on, listed, Schneider, Marie, 324 229 Schnell, Shirley Luke. 67-68; painting —black workers of '30's, thesis on, by, 83 (illus.) noted, 231 Schools —cholera epidemic, art. on, listed, —Baldridge School, Howard Coun­ 117 ty, 90 —Compton Heights, art. on, listed, —Barstow School, Kansas City, art. 341 on, listed, 340 -election of 1860, 164, 166, 179 —Brackney School, art. on, listed, 339 -Fair (1904) , art. on. listed, 343 —Jefferson Avenue School, Kirk­ —fire fighters, art. on, listed, 230 wood, art. on, listed, 344 —Indian slavery in, art. on, listed, —Lincoln University, art. on, listed. 117 343 —Jefferson Hotel, art. on, listed, 115 —Linn Creek School, Camden ton. —Kiefner-Kane Museum, art. on, 211 listed, 118 —Missouri School for the Deaf. Ful­ —Lafayette Park Police Station, art. ton, art. on, listed, 227-228 on, listed, 116 —Nettleton Schools, art. on, listed, —Lennox Hotel, art. on, listed, 117 114 —Library, art. on, listed, 341 —Park College, art. on, listed, 230 —New Sportsman's Park, 31 —politics, art. on, 259-271; (illus.) —Rockhurst High School, Kansas -Red Cross, 273, 275 City, art. on, listed, 341 —Republican Party and Germans, —Southside Day Nursery, art. on, art. on, listed, 117 listed, 228 —school system, book on, reviewed, —Thornton School District, art. on. 120-122 listed, 343 —Second Olympic Theatre, art. on, —Washington University School of listed, 117, 343 Medicine, 272-274, 276-290 —Theater, thesis on, noted, 231 —Wentworth Military Academy, Lex­ —Union Station, art. on, listed, 339 ington, art. on, listed, 227 —Urban Police in antebellum pe­ —Westminster College, Fulton, art. riod, thesis on, noted, 231 on, listed, 227-228 St. Louis Art Museum, 203 —Westport High School, art. on, "St. Louis Free Congregation Library: listed, 227 A Study of German-American Read­ Schubert, Franz, 149 ing Interests," by Don Heinrich Schuecking, Levin, 149 Tolzmann, 142-161; (illus.) Schurz, Carl, 145-147, 155. 157, 180; St. Louis Globe-Democrat, (news­ 154 (illus.) paper) 8; art. on, listed, 115 Schuvler County Historical Society, 105. St. Louis Westerners, 105, 219-220, 331 220, 331 St. Mary's Catholic Church, Independ­ Schwartz, Charles, 55 ence, art. on, listed, 340 Schwartz, Paul, art. on, listed, 341 St. Mary's Episcopal Church, Fayette, Schwartz, Ralph G., 216 art. on, listed, 340 Schwarzer, Franz, 316-318; 317, 318 St. Mary's Pioneer Historical Society, (illus.) 331 Schwendeman, Charles, 105 Scotland County Historical Societv, 105, 331-332 Scott, Dred, 17 Sabath, Rep. Adolph, 297 Scott, Herbert H., 324 Sachs, Edwin, 218 Scott, Milton G., obit., 119 Saler, Franz, 144 Scott, Sir Walter, 155, 159 Saline County Historical Society, 105 Sechler, Rev. Earl T., 213, 324 Index 375

Second Olympic Theatre, St. Louis, Smith, Harvey, 213 arts, on, listed, 117, 343 Smith, Helen M., 69-70; painting by, Seeley, Rosie, 103 84 (illus.) Seibert, William, 102 Smith, Howard, 213 Seidel, Father Martin, 144 Smith, Paul P., obit., 347 Selonke, Irene A., 68; painting by, 83 Smith, Ruby, 214 (illus.); front cover, April issue Smith, Shelby, 219 Senter, Bill B., 69; painting by, 84 Smith, Gen. Thomas A., 136-137; 138 (illus.) (illus.) Setzer, Glenn M., 330 Smith, W. Wallace, 210 Seward, Dr. Glen T., 322 Smith, Gen. William Sooy, 206, 207 Shackelford Spring, art. on, listed, 345 Smithey, Anne, 329 Shaler, Charles, 164 "Smithton, Missouri," by Beth Pen­ Shane, Fred, 55 dergast, 134-141; (illus.) Shanks, Col. David, 253 Sneed, Nell, 98 Shannon County, art. on, listed, 118 Snow, F. H., 26 Sharp, Mr. and Mrs. Carl, 322 Snyder, William F., obit., 347 Sharp, Sam, 98 Solger, Reinhold, 151 Shawhan, D. L., 26, 28, 29 Solon, painting by William Eckert, 77 Shawhan, Tom, 29, 40, 41, 44 (illus.) Shawver, Mary T., obit., 347 "Some Aspects of Black Education in Shelby, Bettie, 216 Reconstruction Missouri: An Ad­ Shelby County Historical Society, 332; dress by Richard B. Foster," edited History of Shelby County, Missouri, by Antonio F. Holland and Gary R. 1972, noted, 354-355 Kremer, 184-198; (illus.) Shelby, Gen. Joseph Orville, 216, 253 Somerville, Ronald L., 201 Shelby, Richard Pindell, 325 Soper, Mr. and Mrs. Don, 219 Shelly v. Kraemer decision, 299 Sosland, Sam, 319 Shelton, Edward Jackson, obit., 232 Souers, Mrs. E. E., 101 Shepherd, George, art. on, listed, 228 South, Marion, 325 Shepley, Ethan A., obit., 119 Spanish-American War, 274, 279 Shields, George H., 7, 15-16; 16 (illus.) Spielhagen, F., 149, 151 Shields, Gen. James, monument, arts. Spiess, Dr. Lincoln, 105 on, listed, 225 Springfield Art Museum, 203 Shippee, Margaret, 323 Stadler, Ernst A., 220 Shippee, Mrs. Mett, 99 Stallo, Joann, 155 Shoemaker, Floyd, 128 Stanton, Donal J., "Missouri's Forgot­ Shrewsbury, art. on, listed, 228 ten General: M. Jeff Thompson and Sides, Ric, 216 the Civil War," 237-258; (illus.) Siebe, Harry C, obit., 232 Stapleton, Jack, Sr., 210 Siegismund, W. H., obit., 119 Stark, Helen, 218 Sigel, Franz, 155 State Archaeological Society of Mis­ Simpson, Frances Lou, 220 souri, art. on, listed, 344 Singleton, Charles M., obit., 232 State Historical Society of Missouri, Singleton, Donald K., 338 55, 93, 127, 128, 133, 203, 313 Sinnett, H. B., 39, 41 —annual meeting, 199-202 Sisson and Vivion Books, 308 —Contemporary Artists Collection, Site-Seeing in Old Westport, The art. on, 55-86; (illus.) Cradle of Kansas City, compiled by Steam Threshing Machine, art. on, William A. Goff, noted, 123-124 listed, 345 Skaggs, Herman, 219 Steamboats Skelton, Sen. Ike, 104 —art. on, listed, 341 Skogman, Elaine, 102, 215 —Ruth, art. on, 87-89; (illus.) Skouby, Buell, 213 —Streckfus Steamboats, art. on, list­ Slaughter, Carl, 214 ed, 230 Slavery, 162; in Callaway County, Steelville, hist, of, arts, on, listed, 116, thesis on, noted, 231 228 Slifer, Judy, 329 Steiger, Ernst, 160 Smith, Alice Marie, 104 Steiner, Ermal, 325 Smith, Ben N., Jr., 97 Stennis, Sen. John, 297 Smith Brothers Cobblers, art. on, list­ Stephens, E. Sidney, 313 ed, 113 Stephens, Earl, 214 Smith, Mrs. Don, 322 Stephens, Thomas Michael, 70; paint­ Smith., E. W., 212 ing by, 85 (illus.) Smith, George R., 218 Stepp, Steve, 326 376 Index

Sterett, Betty, 332 Thompson, Burton, 21, 22 Stewart, Frances Marie, 90 Thompson, Gen. M. Jeff, art. on, 237- Stewart, Mrs. Inez, obit., 119 258; (illus.) Stock, Gregg, 102 Thompson, Capt. Meriwether, 237 Stockton, Carol, 329 Thompson, Mo., art. on, listed, 343 Stoddard County Historical Society, Thompson's Real Estate Exchange, 241 220 Thomson, David, 218 Stodtmann, Adolph, 155 Thornton, Mrs. E. J., obit., 119 Stokes, Parker, 216 Thornton School District 55, DeKalb Stone Hill Winery, art. on, listed, 113 County, art. on, listed, 343 Storm, Theodore, 151 Through a Glass Darkly, painting by Story, Sam, 103 Bill Senter, 84 (illus.) Stotts City, art. on, listed, 118 Thurman, Allen G., 15 Stover, Mo., art. on, listed, 342 Tiara, painting by Kenneth Hudson, Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 155 78 (illus.) Strauss, David Friedrich, 158 Tiefenauer, Frances, 211 Streckfus Steamers, art. on, listed, 230 Tingler, Jack, 324 Stribling, Col. C. R., Ill, 321 Tipton, James W., obit., 232 Struve, Gustav, 157 Titus, Sterrett S., O.D., 218 Sturgeon, Mayor Paul, 98 Todd, David, 136, 138, 139 Sue, Eugene, 156, 159 Toedtmann, Virginia, 322 Sullivan, Aubrey, 100 Tolzmann, Don Heinrich, "The St. Sullivan County Historical Society, Louis Free Congregation Library: A 105-106, 220 Study of German-American Read­ Sullivan, Tom, 323 ing Interests," 142-161; (illus.) Sunkel, Robert Cleveland, 70-71; sculp­ Tom Cares, Care, painting by Shirley ture by, 85 (illus.) Schnell, 83 (illus.) Sunnen, Joe, art. on, listed, 344 Tomsen, Mary M., obit., 232 Sutherland, Esther Lee, 330 Tong, Marvin, 326 Sutherland, Mrs. Lorn, 219 Tong, Marvin E., Jr., 323 Sverdrup, Gen. Leif J., art. on, listed, Tour of Old Ste. Genevieve, by Lu­ 341 cille Basler, noted, 123-124 Sweeney, Dr. Thomas P., 323 Towner, T. H., 173 Sylvester, Frederick Oakes, 55 Transcontinental Air Transport, Inc.. art. on, listed, 343 Trigg, Cyrus, 198 Trinity Lutheran Church, Pyrmont, art. on, listed, 342 Talley, Murl, 102, 215 Trip to Medussa, painting by Winston Tallman, Beulah, 105 McGee, 79 (illus.) Tandy, Charleton, 7 Troen, Selwyn K., The Public and Taylor, Robert Beeson, art. on, listed, the Schools: Shaping the St. Louis 344 System, 1838-1920, reviewed, 120-122 Teasdale, Sara, art. on, listed, 342 Teed, Judge and Mrs. Cecil, 215 Trova, Ernest Tino, 55 Teffts, Edward, 31 "Truman Administration's Fair Deal Tellon, Peter, 87-88 for Black America," by Philip H. Tempel, Fred, 216 Vaughan, 291-305; (illus.) Temple, Wayne, 323 Truman, Harry S. Ten Acres, painting by Donald An­ -art. on, 291-305; (illus.) dorfer, 73 (illus.) -arts, on, listed, 114, 115, 226, 227, Terhune, C. A., 31 229, 343, 345 Terry, Mike, 215 —thesis on, noted, 231 Thacker, Janet, 330 Truman, Harry S., Dam, art. on, list­ Theatre, in St. Louis, thesis on, noted, ed, 340 231 Turner, Harold, 211 Thilenius, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur, 91 Turner, J. Milton, 191; art. on, 1-19; Thilly, Frank, 40 1 (illus.) Third Liberty Loan Drive, 313 Twain, Mark, arts, on, listed, 118, 228, Third National Bank of St. Louis, 308 244 This Small Town—Osgood, by Ruth Twenty-First Missouri: From Home Ralls Fisher, noted, 355 Guard to Union Regiment, by Leslie Thompson and Harbine Real Estate, Anders, reviewed, 350-351 241, 243 Twenty-Twenty Hindsight Part II, by Thompson, Ben L., 38, 39, 44 Harold Calvert, noted, 356 Index 377

Two Women, painting by Ben Cam­ W eron, 76 (illus.) W. H. Christy (ferry), 206 Wagner, Robin, 323 Walder, Herman, art. on, listed, 340 U Waldo, Ray, 219 Uhland, Ludwig, 148 Wallace, Doris Davis, "The Political Ullrich, Emil, 322 Campaign of 1860 in Missouri," 162- Union Cultural Mexicana, art. on, list­ 183; (illus.) ed, 340 Wallace, Mrs. Glen, 332 Union Station, St. Louis, 23 Wallas, Lee Steinbach, 71 > painting by, United States Government 85 (illus.) —Indian Bureau, 11 Walsh, Michael, 217-218 —Interior Department, 11, 15-16 Walsh, Terry, 217-218 —Senate Committee on Indian Af­ Walter Williams Memorial Journal­ fairs, 11 ism Foundation, 313 —"Truman Administration's Fair Walther, Carl, 147 Deal for Black America," by Philip Warbritton, Kathy, 104 H. Vaughan, 291-305; (illus.) Ward, Rev. Thomas J., 332 University of Iowa, 26-27, 31, 34-35, Warner, Helen, 326 37, 41-42 Warren County Historical Society, 220 University of Kansas, 25-29, 31-32, 35, Warten, Henry, 319 37-38, 42-43, 46-48, 50, 52-53 Washburn University, 26 University of Missouri, 307-308, 313 Washington, Booker T., 18 "University of Missouri Football: The Washington, George, 144, 238 First Decade," by Mary K. Dains, Washington, Missouri: Yesterday Thru 20-54; (illus.) Tomorrow by Stanley Wilke, noted, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 127 258 University of Nebraska, 26-28, 30-37, Washington University, 22-24 49, 52 Washington, University School of Med­ University of Texas, 36, 43-44 icine, 272-274, 276-290 University Stadium Corporation, 313 Waters, H. J., 45 Unklesbay, A. G., 129-130, 202 Waterson, Henry, art. on, listed, 118 "Urban Politics in Jacksonian St. Watkins, Marian, art. on, listed, 345 Louis: Traditional Values in Change Watkins, Gen. Nathaniel, 248 and Conflict," by Maximilian Reich- Watney, Marina, 321 ard, 259-271; (illus.) Watson, Cecil, 213 USS Missouri, arts, on, listed, 227, 228 Watson, James, art. on, listed, 344 Watson, Marjorie, 211 Watson, Tom, 71-72, ceramic by, 86 (illus.) Watt, Father Jerry, 213, 325 Van Praag, Mrs. Roger, 329 Webb City—Carterville, art. on, listed, Vance, Myrtle Elizabeth Lee, obit., 232 113 Vandever, Gen. William, 251 Webb, Walter Prescott, 131 Vandiver, Willard D., 209 Webber, Joseph, 201 Vashon, George, 10 Webster County, hist, of, art. on, list­ Vaughan, Philip H., "The Truman ed, 345 Webster County Historical Society, 220, Administration's Fair Deal for Black 332 America," 291-305; (illus.) Webster, Oren S., 322 Vaughn, Bill, 128-129 Wells, Jake, art. on. listed, 344 Vaughn, Mr. and Mrs. Oran, 213 Wells, Nellie F., obit., 119 Veeder, Maj. Borden, 288 Wendel, Mrs. E. A., obit., 347 Vernon County Historical Society, 220, Wentworth Military Academy, Lexing­ 332 ton, art. on, listed, 227 Vessar, Lyndal G., 325 Wentzville, Mo., arts, on, listed, 342 Vest, George G., 169 West, Emma, 216 Veterans' Administration 299 West, Paul, 98 Views From The Past, 92-95; 206-208; Western Inter-State University Foot 316-318 Ball Association, 26-30 Vittum, Mrs. Paul, obit., 119 Weston, Mo., art. on, listed, 340 Vogan, Jonathan, art. on, listed, 345 Westphalia, art. on, listed, 113 Vogt, Helen, 325 Westport High School, art. on, listed, Voorhees, Robert T., 97 227 378 Index

Westport Historical Society, 106, 220, Wolf, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph, 213 332 Wonnerman, Forest, 211 Wheeler, Samuel, 137 Wood, Genevieve, 328 Wherry, Sen. Kenneth, 292 Wood Piece, sculpture by Robert Sun­ Whitaker, Glen L. R., 90, 218, 323 kel, 85 (illus.) White, Earnest C, 49-51 Wood, William L., 323 White, Orlyn, 217, 329 Woodruff, Dr. Wylie G., 47 White, Robert, 210, 211 Woods, Anderson, 138 Whitman, Walter, 46 Woods, Michael, 138 Whitmire, Moses, 17 Woodson, Carter G., 184-185 Whitney, Casper W., 33 Woodson, Col. Charles Hugh, art. on, Whitney, H. E., 42 listed, 343 Whitsett, George P., 22 Woodson, Warren, 138 Wholf, Helen B., 324 Woody, Rev. William, art. on, listed, "Wide Awake Club," 179; 180 (illus.) 339 Wilcox, Dr. Daniel P., 137 World War I, art. on, 272-290; (illus.) Wilcox, Lazarus, 138 Wright, Mrs. C. R., 324 Wilcox, Pearl, Jackson County Pio­ Wright, Dr. George, 218 neers, noted, 353-354 Wright, Peter, 138, 140 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, art. on, listed, Wright, Ralph, 323 344 Wyatt, Harley, 323 Wilding, Clem, 72; wood carvings by, Wyatt, Harold, 325 86 (illus.) Wilke, Stanley, Washington, Missouri: Yesterday Thru Tomorrow, noted, 358 William Volker Memorial Fountain, Yarnell, Mrs. Gerald, 329 art. on, listed, 340 Yates, Z. Hazel, 213 Willis, Charles, 215 Yeater, Sen. Charles E., 33; 33 (illus.) Willis, Kent, 215 Yerges, Howard F., 328 Wilson, Charles, M.D., 326 Yerges, Mrs. Howard F., 102 Wilson, Robert C, 176 Yos, Paul, 220 Wilson, Sen. Truman, 104 Young, Carrie, 29 Wilson, Mrs. W. O., 218 Young, Charles E., 32, 38, 39, 46 Wilson, Woodrow, 274 Young, Rep. Robert Ellis, 323 Wimar, Carl, art. on,- listed, 230 Young, Virginia, 202 Window No. 3, painting by Lee Wal­ las, 85 (illus.) Winetroub, Mrs. Cary, obit., 347 Winkelmeyer, Kathryn, 212 Winterhoff, Elizabeth, 98 Zickel, Salomon, 154 Wittenberg, Mo., art. on, listed, 342 Ziegler, Charles Alvin, 147 Witty, Thomas, 102 Ziehler, Herbert F., Jr., 218 Wohlzogen, Ernst von, 149 Zobrist, Dr. Benedict K., 102 Wolf hunters, Crawford County, art. Zschokke, Heinrich, 148 on, listed, 342 Zuendt, Ernst Anton, 146, 150, 160 MISSOURI

HISTORICAL

REVIEW

Published Quarterly

by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

RICHARD S. BROWNLEE EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR VOLUME LXX OCTOBER, 1975- JAMES W. GOODRICH ASSOCIATE EDITOR APRIL, 1976 CONTRIBUTORS

VOLUME LXX, NOS. 1, 2 AND 3

BERQUIST, GOODWIN F., JR., professor of Communication at Ohio State Uni­ versity, Columbus, Ohio.

BOWERS, PAUL C, assistant professor of History at Ohio State University, Co­ lumbus, Ohio.

CHRISTENSEN, LAWRENCE O., assistant professor of History at the University of Missouri-Rolla.

CRIGHTON, JOHN C, former instructor of History and Social Studies at Stephens College, Columbia, Missouri.

DAINS, MARY K., associate editor of the MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW, Columbia, Missouri.

HOLLAND, ANTONIO F., assistant professor of History at Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri.

HORSTMAN, RONALD, St. Louis vehicle maintenance superintendent, St. Louis Missouri.

KREMER, GARY R., instructor of History at Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri.

MUNGER, DONNA BINGHAM, former archivist for the Washington University School of Medicine Library, St. Louis, Missouri.

OLSON, JAMES C, Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Kansas City.

PENDERGAST, BETH, student at Hickman High School, Columbia, Missouri.

REICHARD, MAXIMILIAN, assistant professor and research associate at Delgado College, New Orleans, Louisiana.

STANTON, DONAL J., associate professor of Speech at Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri.

TOLZMANN, DON HEINRICH, a reference librarian /bibliographer at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, and an associate editor of German-American Studies, Cincinnati.

VAUGHAN, PHILIP H., professor of American and Urban History at Rose College, Midwest City, Oklahoma.

WALLACE, DORIS DAVIS, retired speech pathologist, Clarence, Missouri. CONTENTS

VOLUME LXX, NOS. 1, 2 AND 3

Page

BASE HOSPITAL 21 AND THE GREAT WAR. By Donna Bingham Munger 272

THE CONTEMPORARY ARTISTS EXHIBITION 55

J. MILTON TURNER: AN APPRAISAL. By Lawrence O. Christensen 1

LOCAL HISTORY AND THE BICENTENNIAL. By James C. Olson 127

THE LOSS OF GOVERNMENT GREENBACKS ON THE STEAMER Ruth. By Ronald Horstman 87

MISSOURI'S FORGOTTEN GENERAL: M. JEFF THOMPSON AND THE CIVIL WAR. By Donal J. Stanton, Goodwin F. Berquist, Jr., and Paul C. Bowers 237

THE POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1860 IN MISSOURI. By Doris Davis Wallace 162

ROBERT BEVERLY PRICE II: BANKER AND PHILANTHROPIST. By John C. Crighton 306

THE ST. LOUIS FREE CONGREGATION LIBRARY: A STUDY OF GERMAN- AMERICAN READING INTERESTS. By Don Heinrich Tolzmann 142

SMITHTON, MISSOURI. By Beth Pendergast 134

SOME ASPECTS OF BLACK EDUCATION IN RECONSTRUCTION MISSOURI: AN ADDRESS BY RICHARD B. FOSTER. Edited by Antonio F. Holland and Gary R. Kremer 184

THE TRUMAN ADMINISTRATION'S FAIR DEAL FOR BLACK AMERICA.

By Philip H. Vaughan 291

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI FOOTBALL: THE FIRST DECADE. By Mary K. Dains 20

URBAN POLITICS IN JACKSONIAN ST. LOUIS: TRADITIONAL VALUES IN CHANGE AND CONFLICT. By Maximilian Reichard 259

HISTORIC MISSOURI CHURCHES

Quinn Chapel A.M.E. Church Protestant missionaries began ministering to the Negro community of St. Louis before Missouri became a state. White pastors directed the worship services of black Methodists until the early 1840s. Then, William Paul Quinn, an African Methodist Episcopal Church missionary who later became the denomination's first black bishop, established the first A.M.E. church west of the Mississippi River. However, black congregations were not started in the Carondelet area of South St. Louis until the Recon­ struction era.

Quinn Chapel's present building originally had been built to serve an entirely different purpose. In 1869 the city of Carondelet let a contract for construction of a brick marketplace at the present intersection of Minnesota and Bowen streets. Carondelet also had built two similar structures for the same use, and one of these remains nearby at the corner of Broadway and Schirmer streets—South Market Square. The next year the city of St. Louis annexed Carondelet and the Bowen Street building evidently received little use as a public market. In July 1880, the city of St. Louis sold the property to the Carondelet A.M.E. Church. Members of the newly organized Quinn Chapel A.M.E. Church, named in honor of Bishop Quinn, dedicated the one-story, 42' by 51' rectangular building on June 26, 1882. Exterior features of the church included round-arched windows framed by pilasters, stone window sills, a brick pier at each corner and paired, arched windows in the gable ends which have been bricked in.

The congregation grew to 150 members, and about 1900 added the entrance tower which rises some eight feet above the gable end of the building. The church bell, cast in Pittsburgh in 1847, reputedly came from an abandoned Mississippi River steamboat. In 1908 the con­ gregation built a small brick parsonage just north of the church. The interior of the building has been remodeled in recent years.

Quinn Chapel has been an effective local center for the black community. Besides the traditional religious services, the congregation has provided social, cultural and educational activities for area blacks. Not unlike many urban churches, Quinn Chapel experienced a de­ cline in membership in recent years. The present 50 members have done much to preserve their church which the congregation has used continuously for over 90 years. On October 16, 1974, Quinn Chapel was entered on the National Register of Historic Places. This designation is not ordinarily given a church unless it has acquired a considerable degree of historic im­ portance in the local community. Quinn Chapel A.M.E. Church fits this criterion and continues to serve as a vital religious and social force in South St. Louis.