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LEE-DISSERTATION.Pdf (1.210Mb) Copyright by Kwangjin Lee 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Kwangjin Lee Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: A Study on Jack London’s The Call of the Wild: An Application of Organizational Behavior Theories Committee: Jeffrey L. Meikle, Supervisor Philip J. Barrish Janet M. Davis Janet Dukerich Mark C. Smith A Study on Jack London’s The Call of the Wild: An Application of Organizational Behavior Theories by Kwangjin Lee, B.A.; M.A.Eco. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2011 Dedication To Jesus Christ my God and my Savior and to my wife, Yunkyung Cho, and my daughters. Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation is a painful but meaningful process. It has been meaningful for me partly because it allowed me to realize how lucky I am to be surrounded by people who are wonderful and supportive. In the American Studies program at the University of Texas at Austin, I met scholars who are great not only academically but also in personality. The professors in the program have always been intellectually stimulating, supportive, and open to any kind of discussions. The graduate students were sympathetic, friendly, and encouraging. I was truly lucky to have intellectually diverse but unanimously supportive professors as committee members. My special thanks goes to my dissertation director Jeffrey Meikle who has been a considerate scholar. He waited patiently when I needed time, and when I was ready to write, he willingly sacrificed his time and energy for me by reading the manuscript meticulously and providing valuable feedback which led to a great deal of improvement in my work. I could not have finished this project without his guidance and help. I also want to thank Janet Dukerich, Philip Barrish, Mark Smith, and Janet Davis who assisted me as readers and scholars. Particularly, I thank Janet Dukerich who, with thoughtful scholarship, guided me who was a stranger to the academic territory of Organizational Behavior. Besides Jeffrey Meikle’s dissertation reading group, I would like to thank my friends who read my dissertation in whole or in part and gave invaluable feedback: John Gronbeck-Tadesco, Daniel Max Gerling, Amy Ware, Anna Thompson-Hajdik, Clarissa Ysel, Shaohua Guo, and Sang-Dawn Lee. I particularly thank John Gronbeck-Teadesco and Sang-Dawn Lee who have always been encouraging and supportive as well as being v intellectually inspirational. When I was in trouble or was disheartened, they were always there and helped me overcome difficulties. I also thank Jeanne Reeseman, a passionate Jack London scholar, who taught me about him. Michael Craig Hillmann employed me in a Signature course and offered good advice on writing. I owe what I am partly to Sang- Jun Jung who, as the director of my master’s thesis, introduced me to American Studies while I was in Korea. The staff of American Studies department—Ella Schwartz, Valeri Nichols-Keller, Stephanie Kaufman, and Cynthia Frese—were helpful. Particularly, Ella Schwartz, perhaps the best Graduate Coordinator at UT, assisted me in many ways, including helping me understand UT policies and guiding me through all the paperwork. My fellow graduate students in the program have been good friends, as well as wonderful helpers to me: Sooyoung Lee, Tony Fassi, Ben Lisle, Anne Gessler, John Gronbeck- Tadesco, Daniel Max Gerling, Amy Ware, Anna Thompson-Hajdik, Andrew Busch, Audrey Russek, Tracy Wuster, Irene Garza, Lisa Powell, Marvin Bendele, Becky Dorsogna, Stephanie Kolberg, and Gavin Benke. I am also thankful for the financial support from the Louann Atkins Temple Fellowship. There were people who helped me greatly outside the realm of academia. My father passed away while I was studying here, but he is alive in my heart. I thank him for being my father. I also thank my mother who trusted me and my abilities in all circumstances. My parents-in-law, and the siblings of me and my wife prayed for me and gave financial support when I was in need. The brothers and sisters at Korean Baptist Church of Austin and those at High Pointe Baptist Church kept on praying for me and for my writing project. Without their prayer and support, I could not have finished it. I specially thank brothers in my small group: Jon Eggleton, Milton Woods, Stan Ockleberry, and Bill Kelly. They stood by me when I was in great need of support. I also thank Orlando Guerrero who led me spiritually when I was in danger of going astray. vi Most of all, I thank my wife, Yunkyung Cho, and my daughters, Hayun and Yehyun. Though they suffered a lot because of me, they were my joy, the source of happiness, and the haven for rest and refreshment. I love you. Finally and most importantly, I thank God. He led me in all the process of this academic journey. He not only gave me a new life but has always been good, gracious, and faithful while I was not. He provided me with everything I needed. He even poured words, phrases, and ideas for the dissertation into my mind. I truly thank Him. vii A Study on Jack London’s The Call of the Wild: An Application of Organizational Behavior Theories Kwangjin Lee, PhD The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisor: Jeffrey L. Meikle Abstract: This dissertation examines Jack London’s The Call of the Wild (1903) from a business organization perspective. The novel has long been read as a Naturalistic work with primitiveness and virility at its core. However, this study focuses on London’s presentation of the environment of dog-sledding in the Klondike, into which the dog Buck, his main character, is thrown, as not only primitive but also distinguished by complex organizational characteristics. The novel traces Buck's experiences with several groups of masters, each exhibiting a different leadership style. Buck begins as a mere “hand” in his organization, but he fights for leadership and eventually proves his excellence by rising to the leader position among the team. Although Jack London was never an organization man, his experience as a literary businessman and his previous experience as a manual laborer helped him capture the zeitgeist of a time when Americans experienced the peak of industrialization and, as a result, the ever increasing influence of business and business organizations in American society. London is one of the originators of a genre that might be referred to as business fiction. Two theories of Organizational Behavior, which is a field in the academic discipline of Management, were used for this study: David C. McClelland’s Achievement viii Motivation Theory and Robert J. House’s Path-Goal Leader Effectiveness Theory. Using McClelland’s theory, this study found that Buck has a high need for Achievement, and his high achievement motivation is contrasted with that of the other characters—both human and canine. Buck’s character in the novel is close to that of an entrepreneur as defined by McClelland, and thus the novel can be read as a story of a businessman who rises to become CEO owing to exceptional abilities as a business leader. In addition, this study applies House’s theory in evaluating the impact of the various leadership styles of human masters on the behavior and performance of subordinate members of their dog teams. The results of this case study of The Call of the Wild suggest the possibility of applying Organizational Behavior theories to interpreting other late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century fictions. ix Table of Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................1 1. Emerging Organizational Life in the United States .............................12 2. The Publication of The Call of the Wild ..............................................18 Chapter 2 A Writer As a Businessman ..................................................................29 1. Boyhood: A Strenuous Life .................................................................33 2. Writer as Laborer .................................................................................37 3. Self-employed Literary Businessman: Writer, Laborer, and Entrepreneur ..............................................................................................................55 Chapter 3 The Call of the Wild: An Organizational Novel ....................................70 1. The Call of the Wild: An Organizational Novel ..................................75 A. The Definition of Organization ...................................................75 B. Sledding Team as Organization ..................................................81 i. A Brief Summary of The Call of the Wild ........................82 ii. Clear Goals.........................................................................84 iii. Members ............................................................................88 iv. Structured System hierarchy ..............................................92 v. Communication ................................................................102 2. A Brief Overview of Organizational Behavior and Its Theories .......112 A. Motivation Theory: David C. McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory .......................................................................................117 B. Leadership Theory:
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