DOCSLIB.ORG

Copyright by Michele Bernita Reid 2004

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Copyright by Michele Bernita Reid 2004 Copyright by Michele Bernita Reid 2004 The Dissertation Committee for Michele Bernita Reid Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Negotiating a Slave Regime: Free People of Color in Cuba, 1844-1868 Committee: Oloruntoyin O. Faloloa, Co-Supervisor Aline Helg, Co-Supervisor Jonathan C. Brown Pauline T. Strong James Sidbury Virginia Burnett Negotiating a Slave Regime: Free People of Color in Cuba, 1844-1868 by Michele Bernita Reid, B.A., M.M., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2004 Dedication To my parents Acknowledgements Completing this dissertation has been a challenging, rewarding, and shared journey. I have received immeasurable guidance from the six members of my dissertation committee. I would like to thank my co-advisors, Professors Aline Helg and Toyin Falola. I am indebted to Professor Helg for recognizing and fostering my potential as a historian. I am grateful to Professor Falola for sharing his wisdom and nurturing spirit. I would like to thank Professor Jonathan Brown for his feedback on the graduate seminar paper that later inspired my dissertation topic. I am thankful to Professor Polly Strong for encouraging me to embrace my interdisciplinary interests. Professor Ginny Burnett’s dedication and infectious enthusiasm continue to inspire me. I would like to thank Professor James Sidbury for nourishing my interest in free people of color in the Americas. It has been an honor and a pleasure to work with all of you. Thank you for your leadership, patience, and confidence in my abilities. In addition to my dissertation committee, many colleagues and friends provided critical intellectual support and encouragement. Professor Myron Gutmann’s passionate approach to academia motivated my scholarly pursuits. Fe Iglesias, my mamá de la isla, enriched my dissertation research with everything from guidance in the archives of Havana to cooking lessons a lo cubano. I am indebted to Sandra Frink for accompanying me on the dissertation and job search journey. Kimberly Hamlin and Rebecca Montes v offered valuable insight on issues of gender and labor. I would like to thank Russ Lohse and Ben Vinson, III for their feedback and unwavering encouragement. My fellow Cubanists, Denise Blum, Amanda Warnock, José Ortega, Marc McLeod, and Anju Reejhsinghani provided boundless generosity and camaraderie in Havana and at home. Kristin Huffine, Jenifer Bratter, and Margo Kelly, although we lived miles of part, I could not have imagined making this journey without you. This project would have been difficult to complete without financial assistance. I would like than the following organizations and departments for providing vital funding to conduct research in the United States, Cuba, and Spain: the Fulbright Commission, the Conference on Latin American History, the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports and United States Universities, and the Department of History, the Institute of Latin American Studies, the College of Liberal Arts, and the Study Abroad Office at the University of Texas at Austin. The archivists and scholars I worked with during dissertation research, particularly those at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, the Archivo Histórico Nacional in Madrid, and the Archivo Nacional de Cuba, the Instituto de Literatura y Linguística, and the Biblioteca Nacional José Martí in Havana enriched this study immensely. Finally, I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to my family. Thank you for embracing my decision to purse a doctorate in history, offering your support over the years, and trusting that this journey would lead me back home. vi Negotiating a Slave Regime: Free People of Color in Cuba, 1844-1868 Publication No._____________ Michele Bernita Reid, Ph. D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2004 Supervisors: Oloruntoyin O. Falola and Aline Helg In my dissertation, I investigate how race, gender, and freedom intertwined in colonial Cuba’s slave-based society. By examining government documents, newspapers, manuscript censuses, petitions, and personal accounts from archives in Cuba, Spain, and the United States, Negotiating a Slave Regime charts the strategies employed by free people of African descent (libres de color) to navigate nineteenth-century Cuba. In 1844, a series of slave uprisings, known collectively as the Conspiracy of La Escalera, ruptured the tenuous stability of the colony. Cuban officials accused libres de color of leading the revolt, in collaboration with Creoles, slaves, and British abolitionists, to overthrow slavery and Spanish rule on the island. The ensuing repression intensified Spain’s efforts to limit the influence and demographic growth of libres de color by expelling them from the island, restricting their occupational opportunities, and curtailing their social activities. While Cuba’s proscribed legal, racial, and gendered norms marginalized free men and women of color because of their racial ancestry and potential threat to the slave regime, this system simultaneously cast them as vital to providing for the needs of Spaniards and Creoles. Nevertheless, the tensions of this duality enabled libres de color vii to maneuver effectively within colonial constraints. By 1868, the advent of the Ten Year’s War, Cuba’s first war for independence from Spain, the free population of color had achieved a remarkable demographic recovery. Fueled by the predominance of women, and legal and occupational perseverance, libres de color nurtured a new leadership and political consciousness. By narrating the re-emergence and development of free people of African descent in Cuba, my dissertation explores the themes of freedom and resistance. Moreover, I illuminate the dynamic nature of colonial social relations and the challenges to imperial ideology and control in nineteenth-century Cuba, the African Diaspora in Latin America, and the Atlantic World. viii Table of Contents Introduction..............................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 Free People of Color in a Slave Society: Vital Roles and a Threatening Presence ........................................ 37 Chapter 2 Spectacle of Power: The Repression of the Conspiracy of La Escalera..........................70 Chapter 3 Labor and La Escalera...................................................................104 Chapter 4 Cubans of Color in Exile...............................................................140 Chapter 5 Redefining Service: The Militia of Color in Cuba.......................171 Conclusion ...........................................................................................................198 Bibliography .......................................................................................................216 Vita ....................................................................................................................230 ix INTRODUCTION In 1846, José Moreno wrote to the Spanish Ministry of Justice on behalf of himself and twenty other free Cubans of African descent living in exile in Campeche, a port city on the Gulf Coast of Mexico.1 Moreno’s group, and hundreds like them, had fled Cuba in the wake of the 1844 Conspiracy of La Escalera, an alleged plot to abolish slavery and colonial rule on the island. The ensuing repression forced them to emigrate. After two years of living under difficult circumstances in a foreign land, the cadre of artisans, laborers, and their families felt compelled to request permission to return home. Their letter, which wound its way through the hands of the Spanish Consul in Mexico, the Captain General in Cuba, and the Ministries of Justice and Overseas Affairs in Spain, addressed the tragic circumstances of their departure and the impact of the repression on their lives. Moreover, Moreno’s letter implored Spanish officials to facilitate the group’s safe passage back to Havana. …We were not among the people of color who planned the secret conspiracy, that was fortunately discovered, but we trembled at the [Military] commissions, for they never were about justice… and we can certify to the tears we shed over our desolate families, such that we ran with the current of emigration far from Cuba, a blessed land, sweet like sugar, a land consecrated by the work with which our fathers earned Christian freedom, and which they then gave to us. 1 I use the following terms to refer to the greater free African-descended population in nineteenth- century Cuba: of color, of African descent, libres de color. The terms free and libres are used interchangeably to indicate individuals or groups who are not legally slaves. During the nineteenth century, individuals were denoted in the records I examined for this study as pardo, parda, mulata, and mulatto refer to persons who physically appeared to have partial African ancestry, typically a mixture of African and European heritage. Similarly, the terms moreno, morena, and black refer to persons recorded as appearing to be of full African ancestry or dark in complexion. I may also use the term black in a broader sense, but only when referring to diasporas or political challenges. I use the terms white, Spanish, and Creole to refer the European-descended population, although I recognized that Creole or criollo was a term that generally indicated that individuals were born
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Uneasy Intimacies: Race, Family, and Property in Santiago De Cuba, 1803-1868 by Adriana Chira
    Uneasy Intimacies: Race, Family, and Property in Santiago de Cuba, 1803-1868 by Adriana Chira A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology and History) in the University of Michigan 2016 Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Jesse E. Hoffnung-Garskof, Co-Chair Professor Rebecca J. Scott, Co-Chair Associate Professor Paulina L. Alberto Professor Emerita Gillian Feeley-Harnik Professor Jean M. Hébrard, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales Professor Martha Jones To Paul ii Acknowledgments One of the great joys and privileges of being a historian is that researching and writing take us through many worlds, past and present, to which we become bound—ethically, intellectually, emotionally. Unfortunately, the acknowledgments section can be just a modest snippet of yearlong experiences and life-long commitments. Archivists and historians in Cuba and Spain offered extremely generous support at a time of severe economic challenges. In Havana, at the National Archive, I was privileged to get to meet and learn from Julio Vargas, Niurbis Ferrer, Jorge Macle, Silvio Facenda, Lindia Vera, and Berta Yaque. In Santiago, my research would not have been possible without the kindness, work, and enthusiasm of Maty Almaguer, Ana Maria Limonta, Yanet Pera Numa, María Antonia Reinoso, and Alfredo Sánchez. The directors of the two Cuban archives, Martha Ferriol, Milagros Villalón, and Zelma Corona, always welcomed me warmly and allowed me to begin my research promptly. My work on Cuba could have never started without my doctoral committee’s support. Rebecca Scott’s tireless commitment to graduate education nourished me every step of the way even when my self-doubts felt crippling.
    [Show full text]
  • Educational Experiences During the “Special Period” in Cuba
    Dr. Martin Camacho Dean, Fain Collegeof Fine Arts Midwestern State University Arts Education in Cuba Revolutionary Period Expansion of artistic education and prioritization from 1961 Incorporation of music, dance and visual arts disciplines in primary education (1975) Creation of the Escuela Nacional de Arte System ENA (National Schools of Arts) 1962 – Music, Visual Arts, Theatre, Ballet, Dance, Circus Creation of Specialized Artistic Elementary System (Vocational Schools) ISA – Instituto Superior de Arte University of the Arts Created in 1976 for three disciplines: music, visual arts, and theatre. It recently added Media Arts (FAMCA) and four units outside Havana Specialized Artistic Education Music Example VOCATIONAL SHOOLS - Music Children enter Vocational Music Schools between ages 6-10 and complete K 1-9. Schools are available at the province (state) level. NATIONAL SCHOOLS OF ART - After a competitive process, selected students move to the National Schools or Art to complete professional training and grades K 10-12. Schools are available only at the regional level. UNIVERSITY - After a competitive process, selected students are admitted at ISA, University of the Arts, the only institution of higher education in the arts in Cuba. Cuban Curricula and Soviet Support (Music) Musical educational model was copied and supported by and large by the Soviet Union. The music curricula favored the formation of trained musicians in classical and the Western European tradition. Disciplines such as jazz, afro-Cuban, or traditional Cuban music were not particularly thought as strong within the music curricula, but as a co-curricular or extra-curricular activity. Special Period – Periodo Especial of 1990 The collapse of the Soviet Union in the 1990s and the toughening of the American Embargo (Torricelli and Helms-Burton law) brought very negative economic consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Slaves and Natives in Gómez De Avellaneda's Sab^
    Colonial Others as Cuba's Protonational Subjects: The Privileged Space of Women, Slaves and Natives in Gómez de Avellaneda's Sab^ Kelly Comfort University of California, Davis Throughout Cuban literary history, authors and critics have celebrated racial admixture as representative of the island's unique national character. Beginning most notably with José Martí's "Nuestra Améri- ca" in 1891, one encounters frequent praise of mestizaje and a manifest desire to unite the natives, the newly freed slaves, and the "campesi- nos" or country folk against the foreign element that continued to relégate Cuba to colonial status. More than half a century later, Alejo Carpentier, in his famous 1949 preface to El reino de este mundo, addresses the presence of the "marvelous real" in America and offers further celebration of the Caribbean región as a place that, "[b]ecause of the virginity of the land, our upbringing, our ontology, the Faustian presence of the Indian and the black man, the revelation constituted by the recent discovery, its fecund racial mixing [mestizaje], . is far from using up its wealth of mythologies" (88). Roberto Fernández Retamar, a contemporary Cuban critic, echoes the sentiments of his precursors when he insists that "within the colonial world there exists a case unique to the entire planet: a vast zone for which mestizaje is not an accident but rather an essence, the central line: ourselves, 'our mestizo America' " (4). Ovv^ing to these and many other examples, it has become a commonplace in literary and historical studies to discuss mestizaje as a defining characteristic of Cuban national identity.
    [Show full text]
  • Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21St Century
    California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations Office of aduateGr Studies 6-2015 Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21st Century Arah M. Parker California State University - San Bernardino Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd Part of the Politics and Social Change Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Tourism Commons Recommended Citation Parker, Arah M., "Race and Inequality in Cuban Tourism During the 21st Century" (2015). Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 194. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/194 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Office of aduateGr Studies at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RACE AND INEQUALITY IN CUBAN TOURISM DURING THE 21 ST CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Social Sciences by Arah Marie Parker June 2015 RACE AND INEQUALITY IN CUBAN TOURISM DURING THE 21 ST CENTURY A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Arah Marie Parker June 2015 Approved by: Dr. Teresa Velasquez, Committee Chair, Anthropology Dr. James Fenelon, Committee Member Dr. Cherstin Lyon, Committee Member © 2015 Arah Marie Parker ABSTRACT As the largest island in the Caribbean, Cuba boasts beautiful scenery, as well as a rich and diverse culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page Iii
    DM - Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page iii Defining Moments The spanish- American War Kevin Hillstrom and Laurie Collier Hillstrom 155 W. Congress, Suite 200 Detroit, MI 48226 DM - Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page v Table of Contents Preface . .ix How to Use This Book . .xiii Research Topics for Defining Moments: The Spanish-American War . .xv NARRATIVE OVERVIEW Prologue . .3 Chapter One: American Expansion in the 1800s . .7 Chapter Two: Spain and Its Colonies . .23 Chapter Three: The Call to Arms: Remember the Maine! . .35 Chapter Four: A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba . .53 Chapter Five: The War in the Philippines . .71 Chapter Six: American Imperialism in the New Century . .85 Chapter Seven: Legacy of the Spanish-American War . .103 BIOGRAPHIES Emilio Aguinaldo (1869-1964) . .121 Filipino Rebel Leader and Politician George Dewey (1837-1917) . .124 American Naval Commander of U.S. forces in the Pacific during the Spanish-American War William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) . .128 American Newspaper Publisher of the New York Journal and Leading Architect of “Yellow Journalism” v DM - Spanish American War 8/6/11 1:19 PM Page vi Defining Moments: The Spanish-American War Queen Lili’uokalani (1838-1917) . .132 Last Monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii Antonio Maceo (1845-1896) . .136 Cuban Military Leader in the Ten Years’ War and the Spanish-American War José Martí (1853-1895) . .140 Cuban Revolutionary Leader and Writer William McKinley (1843-1901) . .143 President of the United States during the Spanish-American War Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919) . .147 Hero of the Spanish-American War and President of the United States, 1901-1909 Valeriano Weyler (1838-1930) .
    [Show full text]
  • Cuba's Social Services
    CUBA’S SOCIAL SERVICES: A REVIEW OF EDUCATION, HEALTH, AND SANITATION* Dan Erikson, Annie Lord and Peter Wolf Inter-American Dialogue January 31, 2002 * Commissioned as background for the World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. The authors would like to thank Arachu Castro of Harvard University, Sheryl Lutjens of Arizona University, and Jeffrey Puryear of the Inter-American Dialogue for their comments on previous drafts. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction to Cuba’s Social Services 3 2. Cuba’s Education System 8 3. Cuba’s Healthcare and Sanitation 21 4. Appendix 32 5. Bibliography 38 2 INTRODUCTION TO CUBA’S SOCIAL SERVICES Cuba has become internationally recognized for its achievements in the areas of education and health, with social service delivery outcomes that surpass most countries in the developing world and in some areas match first-world standards. Since the Cuban revolution in 1959, and the subsequent establishment of a communist one-party government, the country has created a social service system that guarantees universal access to education and health care provided by the state. This model has enabled Cuba to achieve near universal literacy, the eradication of certain diseases, widespread access to potable water and basic sanitation, and among the lowest infant mortality rates and longest life expectancies in the region. A review of Cuba’s social indicators reveals a pattern of almost continuous improvement from the 1960s through the end of the 1980s. Several major indices, such as life expectancy and infant mortality, continued to improve during the country’s economic crisis of the 1990s, although other areas, such as incidence of certain diseases and over-65 mortality, were negatively affected.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduced Amphibians and Reptiles in the Cuban Archipelago
    Herpetological Conservation and Biology 10(3):985–1012. Submitted: 3 December 2014; Accepted: 14 October 2015; Published: 16 December 2015. INTRODUCED AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES IN THE CUBAN ARCHIPELAGO 1,5 2 3 RAFAEL BORROTO-PÁEZ , ROBERTO ALONSO BOSCH , BORIS A. FABRES , AND OSMANY 4 ALVAREZ GARCÍA 1Sociedad Cubana de Zoología, Carretera de Varona km 3.5, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba 2Museo de Historia Natural ”Felipe Poey.” Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana, Cuba 3Environmental Protection in the Caribbean (EPIC), Green Cove Springs, Florida, USA 4Centro de Investigaciones de Mejoramiento Animal de la Ganadería Tropical, MINAGRI, Cotorro, La Habana, Cuba 5Corresponding author, email: [email protected] Abstract.—The number of introductions and resulting established populations of amphibians and reptiles in Caribbean islands is alarming. Through an extensive review of information on Cuban herpetofauna, including protected area management plans, we present the first comprehensive inventory of introduced amphibians and reptiles in the Cuban archipelago. We classify species as Invasive, Established Non-invasive, Not Established, and Transported. We document the arrival of 26 species, five amphibians and 21 reptiles, in more than 35 different introduction events. Of the 26 species, we identify 11 species (42.3%), one amphibian and 10 reptiles, as established, with nine of them being invasive: Lithobates catesbeianus, Caiman crocodilus, Hemidactylus mabouia, H. angulatus, H. frenatus, Gonatodes albogularis, Sphaerodactylus argus, Gymnophthalmus underwoodi, and Indotyphlops braminus. We present the introduced range of each of the 26 species in the Cuban archipelago as well as the other Caribbean islands and document historical records, the population sources, dispersal pathways, introduction events, current status of distribution, and impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • African-Americans and Cuba in the Time(S) of Race Lisa Brock Art Institute of Chicago
    Contributions in Black Studies A Journal of African and Afro-American Studies Volume 12 Ethnicity, Gender, Culture, & Cuba Article 3 (Special Section) 1994 Back to the Future: African-Americans and Cuba in the Time(s) of Race Lisa Brock Art Institute of Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs Recommended Citation Brock, Lisa (1994) "Back to the Future: African-Americans and Cuba in the Time(s) of Race," Contributions in Black Studies: Vol. 12 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cibs/vol12/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Afro-American Studies at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Contributions in Black Studies by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Brock: Back to the Future Lisa Brock BACK TO THE FUTURE: AFRICAN­ AMERICANS AND CUBA IN THE TIME(S) OF RACE* UBA HAS, AT LEAST SINCE the American revolution, occupied the imagination of North Americans. For nineteenth-century capital, Cuba's close proximity, its C Black slaves, and its warm but diverse climate invited economic penetration. By 1900, capital desired in Cuba "a docile working class, a passive peasantry, a compliant bourgeoisie, and a subservient political elite.'" Not surprisingly, Cuba's African heritage stirred an opposite imagination amongBlacksto the North. The island's rebellious captives, its anti-colonial struggle, and its resistance to U.S. hegemony beckoned solidarity. Like Haiti, Ethiopia, and South Africa, Cuba occupied a special place in the hearts and minds of African-Americans.
    [Show full text]
  • Ever Faithful
    Ever Faithful Ever Faithful Race, Loyalty, and the Ends of Empire in Spanish Cuba David Sartorius Duke University Press • Durham and London • 2013 © 2013 Duke University Press. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper ∞ Tyeset in Minion Pro by Westchester Publishing Services. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Sartorius, David A. Ever faithful : race, loyalty, and the ends of empire in Spanish Cuba / David Sartorius. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978- 0- 8223- 5579- 3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978- 0- 8223- 5593- 9 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Blacks— Race identity— Cuba—History—19th century. 2. Cuba— Race relations— History—19th century. 3. Spain— Colonies—America— Administration—History—19th century. I. Title. F1789.N3S27 2013 305.80097291—dc23 2013025534 contents Preface • vii A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s • xv Introduction A Faithful Account of Colonial Racial Politics • 1 one Belonging to an Empire • 21 Race and Rights two Suspicious Affi nities • 52 Loyal Subjectivity and the Paternalist Public three Th e Will to Freedom • 94 Spanish Allegiances in the Ten Years’ War four Publicizing Loyalty • 128 Race and the Post- Zanjón Public Sphere five “Long Live Spain! Death to Autonomy!” • 158 Liberalism and Slave Emancipation six Th e Price of Integrity • 187 Limited Loyalties in Revolution Conclusion Subject Citizens and the Tragedy of Loyalty • 217 Notes • 227 Bibliography • 271 Index • 305 preface To visit the Palace of the Captain General on Havana’s Plaza de Armas today is to witness the most prominent stone- and mortar monument to the endur- ing history of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba.
    [Show full text]
  • Sites of Memory of Atlantic Slavery in European Towns with an Excursus on the Caribbean Ulrike Schmieder1
    Cuadernos Inter.c.a.mbio sobre Centroamérica y el Caribe Vol. 15, No. 1, abril-setiembre, 2018, ISSN: 1659-0139 Sites of Memory of Atlantic Slavery in European Towns with an Excursus on the Caribbean Ulrike Schmieder1 Abstract Recepción: 7 de agosto de 2017/ Aceptación: 4 de diciembre de 2017 For a long time, the impact of Atlantic slavery on European societies was discussed in academic circles, but it was no part of national, regional and local histories. In the last three decades this has changed, at different rhythms in the former metropolises. The 150th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in France (1998) and the 200th anniversary of the prohibition of the slave trade in Great Britain (2007) opened the debates to the broader public. Museums and memorials were established, but they coexist with monu- ments to slave traders as benefactors of their town. In Spain and Portugal the process to include the remembrance of slavery in local and national history is developing more slowly, as the impact of slave trade on Spanish and Portuguese urbanization and in- dustrialization is little known, and the legacies of recent fascist dictatorships are not yet overcome. This article focuses on sites of commemoration and silent traces of slavery. Keywords Memory; slave trade; slavery; European port towns; Caribbean Resumen Durante mucho tiempo, la influencia de la esclavitud atlántica sobre sociedades euro- peas fue debatida en círculos académicos, pero no fue parte de historias nacionales, regionales y locales. En las últimas tres décadas esto ha cambiado a diferentes ritmos en las antiguas metrópolis. El 150 aniversario de la abolición de la esclavitud en Francia (1998) y el bicentenario de la prohibición del tráfico de esclavizados en Gran Bretaña (2007) abrieron los debates a un público más amplio.
    [Show full text]
  • To-Morrow in Cuba
    %, ^ %. ^ '^o tS <js % r- '^ fU. \? ?°« a\> </\ ,,: - ^> <£ % #'% <-* * \*\ ' "W ^ ^° <?* <£ - % -^ "3-" V cf> ,<^ *^v ^ r^ *V V^ ^ ^ Oo .0 % ^ *y ** c^M- OO 1 - ^ x . \ % ? %/ i«* .%• 8 4 "^ -5° ,0© "%. : ^ <**«. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/tomorrowincubaOOpepp To -Morrow in Cuba BY CHARLES M. PEPPER NEW YORK AND LONDON HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 1899 TWO COPIES RECEIVED, ossicr KGif : i> \m SECOND COPY, Copyright, 1899, by Harper & Brothers, All rights reserved. JDe&fcatfom TO THE MEMOBY OF MY FATHEK, THE REVEREND GEORGE W. PEPPER. PREFACE My profession as a newspaper correspondent took me to Cuba in the spring of 1897. With the exception of a short intermission passed with the American army and navy outside the island, it kept me there in the midst of the events shaping the destiny of the Antilles. Impressions of these events as they appeared to me were published in various journals. They were record- ed from time to time as they were caught up at the moment. In the new responsibilities that have come to the American people in the border tropics, exact informa- tion is above all things desirable. At the end of more than two years it has seemed to me possible to give information with perhaps more confidence than in the beginning. What is set forth in these pages is not for the purpose of supporting preconceived opinions or of defending any special policy. While the author's views are stated, it has been his aim to set forth the facts on which these views are based.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Cuba and Puerto Rico
    Class Mtgs: Tues 10:40-11:30 Prof. Lillian Guerra Thur 10:40-12:35 Office Hours: Th 2:00-4:00 PM Location: Flint 105 Office: Grinter Hall #307 Grader: Alexa Baldacci University of Florida LAH 3931, Section O5H6 The History of Cuba and Puerto Rico Introduction: When the U.S. military invaded the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico in 1898, the U.S. government promised to grant them liberation from Spanish colonial rule as well as to respect their right to political independence. As Cubans and Puerto Ricans quickly discovered, however, U.S. intervention into their political and economic affairs did nothing of the kind. As Puerto Rico became an official "territorial possession" of the United States ruled by U.S.-appointed governors for most of the Twentieth Century, Cuba saw its political evolution shaped by repeated U.S. military occupations and diplomatic "mediations" meant to protect U.S. investments in Cuba. In both cases, protecting the expansion and rights of U.S. business interests came at the cost of the local citizenry's right to make and enforce its own laws and state agendas. Cubans and Puerto Ricans reacted to foreign domination in divergent ways: by the mid-Twentieth Century, Cuba had launched a stridently anti-imperialist socialist revolution that ruptured all ties to the United States while Puerto Rico accommodated to a U.S.-conceived model of political and social dependence. Similarly, despite their radically divergent historical paths—Puerto Rico toward greater dependence on the United States, Cuba toward greater isolation from the United States—both experiences prompted a massive exodus to the United States in nearly the same period (1950s to the 1970s).
    [Show full text]