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Girardian Reading of Khaled Hosseini's The PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI MIMETIC DESIRE AND SCAPEGOATING: GIRARDIAN READING OF KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS AND AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree in English Language Studies by Ismiati 166332029 THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2020 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI MIMETIC DESIRE AND SCAPEGOATING: GIRARDIAN READING OF KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS AND AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED A THESIS by Ismiati 166332029 Approved by Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D. Advisor Yogyakarta, 25 February 2020 ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI MIMETIC DESIRE AND SCAPEGOATING: GIRARDIAN READING OF KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS AND AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED A THESIS by Ismiati 166332029 Defended before the Thesis Committee And Declared Acceptable THESIS COMMITTEE Chairperson : Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A.(Hons.), Ph. D. ____________ Secretary : Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D. ____________ Member : Dr. Tatang Iskarna ____________ Member : Dra. A.B. Sri Mulyani, M.A., Ph.D. ____________ Yogyakarta, 2020 The Graduate Program Director Sanata Dharma University Dr. G. Budi Subanar, S.J. iii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI STATEMENT OF WORK ORIGINALITY I honestly declare this thesis which I have written does not contain the phrases, sentences, or parts of the other people’s work except those cited in the quotations and references as a scientific paper should. I understand the full consequences including the degree cancellation if I took the other people’s work. Yogyakarta, 25 February 2020 Ismiati iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswi Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Ismiati Nomor Mahasiswa : 166332029 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah yang berjudul MIMETIC DESIRE AND SCAPEGOATING: GIRARDIAN READING OF KHALED HOSSEINI’S THE KITE RUNNER, A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS AND AND THE MOUNTAINS ECHOED Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan. Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain yang untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 25 Pebruari 2020 Yang menyatakan, Ismiati v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah SWT for guiding me to finish this thesis. I owe my deepest gratitude to my thesis advisor, Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D., for his insights, helps and corrections during the writing of this thesis. I would also like to express my greatest appreciation to Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A.(Hons), Ph.D. for her insights, attention and encouragement. I am very grateful for the chance to meet Dr. Tatang Iskarna and Sri Mulyani, Ph.D. in my defense exam, thank you for all the ideas and insights for the betterment of my thesis draft. To my lecturers in English Language Studies, Dr. J. Bismoko, Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, F.X. Mukarto, Ph.D., Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., and Dr. J. Haryatmoko, S.J. I would like to thank you all for the inspiring and fruitful discussions. Next, I am also very grateful for the helps given by the academic staffs during my study. The next expression of gratitude is presented to all my family, my mom, my (late) dad, my mom inlaw, my brothers, and my inlaws. I would also like to thank my dearest husband, Jemmy F.M., my children: Hamim Bumi and Harum. Thank you for your endless support and love. I would like to express my gratefulness to my institutional family, STBA LIA Yogyakarta. Last but not least, to my ELS friends, Desca, Dino, Vincent, Dee, Mike thank you very much. vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE .......................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ................................................................................................ ii DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................. iii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY....................................................... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ x ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Desire in Rene Girard’s Theory and Khaled Hosseini’s Novels .............. 1 1.2. Problem Formulation ................................................................................ 7 1.3. Chapter Outline ........................................................................................ 8 CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................... 10 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................................... 10 2.1. Review of Related Studies...................................................................... 10 2.2. Review of Related Theories ................................................................... 14 2.2.1. Mimetic Desire ................................................................................ 15 2.2.2. Scapegoating ................................................................................... 23 vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................... 29 MIMETIC DESIRE IN KHALED HOSSEINI’S NOVELS ................................ 29 3.1. Desiring Other’s Desire .......................................................................... 30 3.1.1. Between Master’s Desire and Slave’s Desire in The Kite Runner .. 30 3.1.2. Daughter’s Desire and Mother’s Desire in A Thousand Splendid Suns ..........................................................................................................36 3.1.3. Father’s Desire and Sibling’s Desire in And the Mountains Echoed ..........................................................................................................41 3.2. The Metamorphosis of the Mimetic Desire ............................................ 54 3.2.1. Happiness is for Others ................................................................... 55 3.2.2. Emptiness is Another Word for Unhappiness ................................. 57 3.2.3. Regret Always Comes Late ............................................................. 62 CHAPTER 4 ......................................................................................................... 70 GIRARDIAN READING ON HOSSEINI’S SCAPEGOATING ........................ 70 4.1. The Scapegoatings .................................................................................. 71 4.1.1. Brother’s Betrayal ........................................................................... 71 4.1.2. For the Sake of Father’s Good Name .............................................. 76 4.1.3. My Twin, My Enemy ...................................................................... 78 4.2. The Victims’ Acceptance ........................................................................ 80 4.2.1. Self-Sacrifice of the Victim ............................................................. 80 4.2.2. The Victim’s Resistance .................................................................. 84 viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 4.2.3. Shared Suffering .............................................................................. 91 4.3. The Transformation of a Sinner into a Hero ........................................... 94 CHAPTER 5 ....................................................................................................... 105 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................................................... 105 ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT Ismiati. 2020. Mimetic Desire and Scapegoating: Girardian Reading of Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner, A Thousand Splendid Suns and And the Mountains Echoed. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University. This thesis aims at analyzing the characters’ relationships in Khaled Hosseini’s novels to see the origin of the desires which lead to violence. The theory used for the analysis is Rene Girard’s mimetic desire and scapegoating which is of structuralism based. This thesis applies Girardian reading
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