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Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio De Janeiro Instituto UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL RURAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS E SOCIAIS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA - MESTRADO LINHA DE PESQUISA: RELAÇÕES DE PODER, TRABALHO E PRÁTICAS CULTURAIS DIVISÃO NAVAL DA COSTA D`LESTE: A EXPANSÃO DA GUERRA CISPLATINA PARA O LITORAL AFRICANO (1825-1830) MARCELO RODRIGUES DE OLIVEIRA Sob a Orientação do Professor Prof.º Dr. Roberto Guedes Ferreira Dissertação submetida como requisito parcial para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em História , no Curso de Pós-Graduação em História, Área de Concentração em Relações de Poder e Cultura. Seropédica, R.J Outubro de 2017 AGRADECIMENTOS Tornar-se mestre é uma tarefa árdua, pois requer muito investimento de tempo em pesquisa meticulosa. Este trabalho, mesmo que tenha sido executado por minhas aspirações, contou com a ajuda de diversas pessoas, entre familiares, amigos, colegas de pós-graduação, assistentes de pesquisa e professores. Primeiramente, é justo que seja feito o agradecimento ao apoio inestimável dado pelo professor orientador Roberto Guedes Ferreira que tive o prazer de conhecer quando ingressei no curso de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro em 2015. O mesmo acompanhou todas as etapas da elaboração deste trabalho e desde o início confiou na minha capacidade como historiador. Sem a sua orientação e a grande capacidade para apontar caminhos e soluções, desde os ajustes no projeto de pesquisa, esta obra não atingiria a abrangência e a relevância que acredito ter assumido. Meus familiares são dignos de todas as formas de agradecimento possível. Meus pais, Leila Maria Pedro de Oliveira e Job Rodrigues de Oliveira, por todo apoio que me deram desde a minha formação escolar e acadêmica, assim como a minha tia Maria das Graças de Oliveira, um tipo de “segunda-mãe”, que me iniciou na arte de ler e escrever. Minha esposa, Vanessa Torres de Oliveira, por ter suportado os momentos de tensão e vários dias de mau humor. Minhas avós, Arminda Mendes de Oliveira (in memoriam) e Saza Lopes Pedro, pelas formas sábias de me aconselhar e pelas orações em prol de minha saúde e de conquistas profissionais. Este suporte foi importantíssimo durante toda a jornada percorrida para a elaboração final desta dissertação. Dedico esta obra aos meus filhos, Guilherme Torres de Oliveira de seis anos de idade e Manuela Torres de Oliveira, que nasceu neste período difícil, mas estimulante e decisivo da minha vida. Aos professores Manolo Garcia Florentino e Marcelo Otávio Neri Basile, pelos apontamentos na etapa de qualificação, sem os quais não teria melhorado o texto e aprimorado os argumentos. A toda a equipe do Departamento de História da Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha (DPHDM), o meu muito obrigado por todo o apoio concedido durante a minha pesquisa. Agradeço também a todos os funcionários do Arquivo Nacional do Brasil e do Arquivo Histórico do Itamaraty, que com bastante atenção sempre me atenderam em minhas solicitações de documentação. Não poderia deixar de agradecer ao amigo Rodrigo Wonsoski Schwertner, que em sua viagem à Argentina obteve obras que foram fundamentais para este trabalho. Além disso, o meu muito obrigado ao amigo Edwin de Medeiros Pereira pelos serviços de impressão gráfica. Por fim, gostaria de agradecer ao criador dos Céus e da Terra, que além de me conceder sabedoria, possibilitou a minha vitória em muitos desafios. MEMORIAL Este estudo se iniciou em 2010, quando trabalhava no Departamento de História da Diretoria do Patrimônio Histórico e Documentação da Marinha do Brasil. Por meio de pesquisas realizadas com documentações do Arquivo da Marinha do Brasil e do Arquivo Nacional, constatei que uma força naval brasileira se estabeleceu no litoral de Angola entre 1827 e 1830. O propósito inicial da pesquisa era simplesmente verificar quando a Marinha de Guerra brasileira esteve no litoral de Angola pela primeira vez. Mas a pergunta passou a ser outra: o que uma Divisão Naval brasileira faria no litoral africano em pleno contexto da Guerra da Cisplatina (1825-1828)? Para respondê-la inicialmente elaborei um artigo intitulado “Divisão Naval do Leste: A Marinha Imperial na Costa da África.” 1 Em 2012, publiquei outro artigo “A expansão da Guerra Cisplatina para a margem africana do Atlântico.” 2 No ano de 2014, para ingresso no curso de Mestrado Acadêmico do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da UFRRJ, apresentei um projeto inicial de pesquisa, então intitulado: A influência de traficantes de escravos do Rio de Janeiro nas estruturas do poder imperial: a marinha de guerra brasileira como instrumento de proteção do comércio atlântico de africanos (1825-1830). Portanto, aprofundo a pesquisa buscando fazer uma interface entre a história militar, econômica, política e social. Apresento aqui os primeiros apontamentos, fruto de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, e também de reflexões advindas de conversas com meu orientador, de preciosas sugestões recebidas em congressos, disciplinas que cursei, e do exame de qualificação. 1 OLIVEIRA, Marcelo Rodrigues de. Divisão Naval do Leste: A Marinha Imperial na Costa da África . In: Revista Navigator – Subsídios para a História Marítima do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Serviço de Documentação da Marinha, volume 6, n o 11, 2010, p.102-117. 2 OLIVEIRA, Marcelo Rodrigues de. A expansão da Guerra Cisplatina para a margem africana do Atlântico . In: Revista Navigator – Subsídios para a História Marítima do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Serviço de Documentação da Marinha, volume 8, no 16 , 2012, p.48-60. “A guerra é um assunto de importância vital para o Estado; o reino da vida ou da morte; o caminho para a sobrevivência ou a ruína. É indispensável estudá-la profundamente.” 3 (Sun Tzu) 3 TSU, Sun. A arte da guerra . São Paulo: Ciranda Cultural, 2ª edição, 2008, p.7. RESUMO OLIVEIRA, Marcelo Rodrigues de. Divisão Naval da Costa d`Leste: a expansão da Guerra Cisplatina para o litoral africano (1825-1830). 2017. 147p. Dissertação (Mestrado em História, Relações de Poder e Cultura). Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2017. A pesquisa analisa a atuação da Marinha de Guerra do nascente Império do Brasil, por meio da Divisão Naval da Costa d`Leste , em defesa do comércio atlântico de escravos no litoral africano, então sob a ameaça de corsários das Províncias Unidas do Rio da Prata e piratas durante e após a Guerra da Cisplatina (1825-1828); guerra que se estendeu para a costa africana, nomeadamente para as praças de Molembo, Cabinda e Ambriz. O primeiro conflito internacional entre dois países independentes da América do Sul gerou grandes prejuízos financeiros ao comércio marítimo brasileiro, sendo afetada seriamente a praça mercantil do Rio de Janeiro. A elite do capital mercantil carioca, representada pelos grandes negociantes de escravos, que controlavam também as companhias de seguros marítimos, recorreu à proteção do Estado, que por meio da Marinha Imperial, buscou promover a proteção do extenso litoral brasileiro contra a ameaça corsária, além de deslocar navios de guerra para a costa da região congo-angolana. A ação defensiva era acompanhada do bloqueio naval do Rio da Prata, principal cenário do conflito que envolveu as duas maiores praças mercantis do Atlântico Sul: Buenos Aires e Rio de Janeiro. O governo brasileiro visou demonstrar, no contexto da geopolítica naval da América do Sul, a força da Armada Imperial, que funcionou como um instrumento prático da consecução de objetivos estratégicos da política externa do Brasil. A Divisão Naval da Costa d`Leste , efetivamente realizou um duplo papel entre 1827 e 1830: promover a segurança de navios negreiros nos portos de Molembo, Cabinda e Ambriz, zona de desgoverno da coroa portuguesa e prevalência de poderes africanos, além de garantir a preservação de áreas de influência brasileira na costa ocidental da África. Palavras -chave : Divisão Naval da Costa d`Leste; Guerra da Cisplatina na Costa d` África; Áreas de influência no Atlântico Sul escravista. ABSTRACT OLIVEIRA, Marcelo Rodrigues de. Naval Division of the Coast of the East: the expansion of the Cisplatina War to the African coast (1825-1830) . 2017. 147p. Dissertation (Master in History, Power Relations and Culture) . Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2017. The research analyzes the performance of the Navy of the nascent Empire of Brazil, through the Naval Division of the Coast d`Leste, in defense of the Atlantic slave trade on the African coast, then under threat of corsairs from the United Provinces of the River Plate And pirates during and after the Cisplatin War (1825-1828); war that extended to the African coast, namely to the squares of Molembo, Cabinda and Ambriz. The first international conflict between two independent countries of South America generated great financial damages to the Brazilian maritime trade, being seriously affected the commercial square of Rio de Janeiro. The elite of Rio de Janeiro's mercantile capital, represented by the great slave traders, who also controlled the maritime insurance companies, resorted to the protection of the State, which, through the Imperial Navy, sought to protect the extensive Brazilian coast against the corsair threat. Of moving warships to the coast of the Angolan-Congo region. The defensive action was accompanied by the naval blockade of the Rio de la Plata, the main scene of the conflict involving the two largest trading squares in the South Atlantic: Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. The Brazilian government aimed to demonstrate, in the context of the South American naval geopolitics, the strength of the Imperial Navy, which functioned as a practical instrument for achieving strategic foreign policy objectives in Brazil. The Naval Division of the Costa d`Leste effectively accomplished a double paper between 1827 and 1830: to promote the safety of slave ships between the ports of Molembo, Cabinda and Ambriz, a zone of misrule of the portuguese crown and prevalence of African powers, The preservation of areas of Brazilian influence on the west coast of Africa.
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