Mercenários Ou Libertários As Motivaçoes Para O Engajamento Do Almirante Cochrane E Seu Grupo Nas Lutas Da Independência Do Brasil

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Mercenários Ou Libertários As Motivaçoes Para O Engajamento Do Almirante Cochrane E Seu Grupo Nas Lutas Da Independência Do Brasil NÉLIO GALSKY MERCENÁRIOS OU LIBERTÁRIOS AS MOTIVAÇOES PARA O ENGAJAMENTO DO ALMIRANTE COCHRANE E SEU GRUPO NAS LUTAS DA INDEPENDÊNCIA DO BRASIL Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de mestre. Área de concentração : História Social Orientador: Profª.Drª. GLADYS SABINA RIBEIRO Niterói 2006 N G178 Galsky, Nélio. É Mercenários ou libertários. As motivações para o engajamento Ldo Almirante Cochrane e seu grupo nas lutas da Independência do Brasil / Nélio Galsky. – 2006. I 138 f. Orientador: Gladys Sabina Ribeiro. N Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de História, 2006. É Bibliografia: f.133-138. L 1. Brasil – História – Independência, 1822. 2. Brasil – História – Império, 1822-1889. 3. Brasil – Marinha – História – Século I XIX I. Ribeiro, Gladys Sabina. II. Universidade Federal OFluminense. Instituto de Ciências Humanas e Filosofia. III. Título. CDD 981.04 NÉLIO GALSKY MERCENÁRIOS OU LIBERTÁRIOS AS MOTIVAÇOES PARA O ENGAJAMENTO DO ALMIRANTE COCHRANE E SEU GRUPO NAS LUTAS DA INDEPENDÊNCIA DO BRASIL Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de mestre. Área de concentração: História Social. BANCA EXAMINADORA Profª. Drª. GLADYS SABINA RIBEIRO - Orientadora UFF Prof. Dr. CARLOS GABRIEL GUIRMARÃES UFF Profª. Drª. LUCIA M. BASTOS PEREIRA DAS NEVES UERJ Suplente: Profª. Drª. MARCIA M. MENENDES MOTTA Niterói 2006 Agradeço à Profª. Drª. Gladys Ribeiro, a valiosa ajuda na consecução deste trabalho Agradeço a Fátima, companheira de todos os momentos, e a Esther e todos os demais amigos. (...) caminante, no hay camino, Se hace camino al andar. Al andar se hace camino, Y al volver la vista atrás Se ve la senda que nunca Se ha de volver a pisar. Caminante, no hay camino, Sino estelas em la mar. (Antonio Machado, 1936) RESUMO Durante as lutas que se seguiram a nossa emancipação política, a Marinha Imperial foi liderada pelo Almirante Cochrane e por um grupo de veteranos da Royal Navy e da Companhia das Índias. A importância destes oficiais na consolidação da nossa Independência foi inegável. Porém, parte da nossa historiografia os vê apenas como mercenários e caçadores de butim. Para entender a origem da fama citada, buscamos acompanhar às transformações ocorridas na Marinha britânica a partir do final do século XVIII. Naquele momento, as Forças Navais inglesas passaram por um processo de profissionalização dos seus quadros. Uma elite de oficiais cuja origem remontava ao período elizabetano foi forçada a se integrar com graduados oriundos de grupos sociais não aristocráticos. Após as Guerras Napoleônicas, costumes tradicionais, como o direito ao saque, seriam gradualmente extintos. Além disso, valores como patriotismo, lealdade à Monarquia e ao serviço público, ocupariam o lugar de relações de comando baseadas em laços pessoais e lideranças carismáticas. Ao se sentirem tolhidos pela perda de espaço, muitos oficiais da “velha escola” ofereceram seus serviços ao processo de emancipação dos novos países sul-americanos. No Brasil, alguns optariam por permanecer. Tal fato resultou num difícil processo de integração, cujo estudo permite esclarecer alguns aspectos da história naval e brasileira no período entre 1823 a 1853. Em nosso trabalho, acompanhamos a carreira daqueles que tiveram presença mais longa e significativa – João Grenfell, João Taylor e Bartolomeu Hayden. Procuramos, desta forma, relacionar a origem da pecha de mercenários, não só ao apego ao direito às presas de guerra, mas também na utilização destes oficiais na repressão aos movimentos insurrecionais ocorridos no Império. Palavras-chave: Brasil, Independência, Marinha, Saquaremas. ABSTRACT During the combats that followed our political emancipation, the Imperial Navy was led by Admiral Cochrane and by a group of veterans from the Royal Navy and from the East India Company. The importance of these officers for the consolidation of Brazilian Independence was unquestionable. Nevertheless, part of our historiography sees them only as mercenaries and booty hunters. To understand how this came about, we studied the transformations which occurred in the British Navy in the end of the XVIII century. At that time, the English Naval Forces tried to professionalize their cadres. The officers Elite whose origin lay in the Elizabethan period was forced to integrate with officers coming from non aristocratic social groups. After the Napoleonic wars, traditional customs such as the right to make prizes were gradually extinguished. Furthermore, command relationships based in personal ties and charismatic leadership were replaced by values such as patriotism, loyalty to the Monarchy and to the public service. Feeling themselves restricted by these changes, many officers of the “old school” offered their services to the emancipation processes of the new South American countries. In Brazil, some opted to remain. This resulted in a difficult process of integration, the study of which clarifies some aspects of Naval and Brazilian history for the period of 1823 to 1853.In our work, we follow the careers of those with the longest and the most significant presence in Brazil – John Grenfell, John Taylor and Bartholomew Hayden. We tried, thus, to connect the origin of the opprobrious mercenary label not only with the defence of the right to prize money, but also to the use of these officers in the repression of insurrectional movements occurring during the Empire. Key-word: Brazil; Independence; Navy; Saquaremas Lista de siglas AHI Arquivo Histórico do Itamaraty AN Arquivo Nacional CRL Center for Research Libraries CNPQ Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico EDUSP Editora da Universidade São Paulo FAPERJ Fundo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro SDM Serviço de Documentação da Marinha UNB Universidade Nacional de Brasília IHGB Instituto Histórico Brasileiro SUMÁRIO Introdução,11 Capítulo 1: A Cultura Política dos Oficiais Britânicos Engajados nas Marinhas da América do Sul,16 1.1. Aristocratas e Corsários, 16 1.2. Lealdades e Identidades, 26 Capítulo 2: De Mercenários ao Partido da Ordem, 33 2.1 A Pecha de Mercenários, 33 2.2. Um Mal Necessário, 38 2.3. Caçadores de Butim e Polícia Naval, 49 Capítulo 3: A Opção pelo Brasil, 82 3. 1: Um Casamento por Interesse,82 3. 2: O Homem certo, no Lugar Certo. 96 3.3. Um Agente da Centralização. 110 Conclusão, 131 Referências bibliográficas, 133 11 Introdução Em 1995, a Marinha brasileira adquiriu sete novos navios. À medida que foram incorporados à esquadra, estas quatro fragatas e três balisadores receberam seus nomes de importantes personagens da história naval brasileira. A relação dos homenageados incluiu alguns ex-Ministros da Marinha, como Dodsworth, Amorim do Vale e Rademaker1. Porém, mais uma vez perdeu-se a oportunidade de fazer justiça à figura do Almirante Cochrane. Em um procedimento que não teria sofrido alteração na passagem do Império à República, não se vai encontrar navios que homenageiem Cochrane e o grupo de oficiais britânicos em sua maioria, que sob a sua liderança, comandaram a Marinha brasileira nas lutas que se seguiram à Independência. Este tratamento foi estendido inclusive àqueles que optaram por permanecer definitivamente no Brasil, aqui constituindo família, e participando das diversas operações militares ocorridas desde o 1º Reinado até a Guerra contra Rosas. Tal fato teria ocorrido apesar da inegável contribuição destes oficiais para a afirmação do Estado Imperial e na consolidação da unidade territorial brasileira. Resumindo, poderíamos dizer que no Panteão dos heróis navais ainda não estão incluídos nem os que foram gravemente feridos em combate, como James Norton, nem aqueles que galgaram as patentes mais altas da Marinha Imperial brasileira, como foi o caso de João Taylor, João Pascoe Grenfell, Bartolomeo Hayden, Jorge Broom e William Parker2. Este “silêncio” das autoridades navais teve uma contrapartida na historiografia brasileira, que muitas vezes se referiu a Cochrane e a seus comandados apenas como mercenários interessados em presas e butim. Nelson Werneck Sodré, por exemplo, ao descrever as dificuldades de consolidação da nossa independência nem se deu ao trabalho de citar os oficiais britânicos pelos nomes: É por isso que cabe à Marinha, então improvisada, levar a repressão às zonas insubmissas, sob comando, inclusive, as expedições punitivas, de chefes estrangeiros, autênticos mercenários, cuja brutalidade nas ações policiais deixou sulco profundo no espírito de nossa gente3 Marcelo Otávio N. de C. Basile, ainda que citasse a ajuda de Cochrane e Grenfell como providencial para a consolidação da unidade do Império, não fugiu à regra de enquadrá- 1 Revista Marítima Brasileira. V115, jan./mar, 1995, p. 324. 2 Estamos mantendo a grafia dos nomes, como consta dos registros da marinha. Primeiro Livro Mestre de Oficiais do Corpo da Armada. Serviço de Documentação da Marinha (SDM), p. 6/88. 3Grifo nosso. SODRÉ, N. Werneck. Formação histórica do Brasil. 8ed. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1973, p. 134. 12 los na denominação genérica de mercenários4. Entre os autores, que abordaram a presença de britânicos nas Forças Navais brasileiras, Gilberto Freyre seria quase uma exceção. Em um de seus livros, o sociólogo pernambucano descreveria o primeiro Comandante da Armada Imperial, de forma sucinta, mas elegante, como "aventureiro no bom e no mau sentido"5. Por outro lado, embora a
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