Guía De Referencia De Debian I

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Guía de referencia de Debian i Guía de referencia de Debian Osamu Aoki Guía de referencia de Debian ii Copyright © 2013-2021 Osamu Aoki La Guía de Referencia de Debian (version 2.85) (2021-09-17 09:11:56 UTC) pretende aportar una visión amplia del sistema Debian y servir de guía al usuario después de la instalación. Se tratan diferentes aspectos de la administración del sistema, usando ejemplos en el intérprete de órdenes, para todo tipo de usuarios. Guía de referencia de Debian iii COLABORADORES TÍTULO : Guía de referencia de Debian ACCIÓN NOMBRE FECHA FIRMA ESCRITO POR Osamu Aoki 17 de septiembre de 2021 HISTORIAL DE REVISIONES NÚMERO FECHA MODIFICACIONES NOMBRE Guía de referencia de Debian iv Índice general 1. Tutoriales de GNU/Linux 1 1.1. Introducción a la consola ............................................... 1 1.1.1. El cursor del intérprete de órdenes ...................................... 1 1.1.2. The shell prompt under GUI ......................................... 2 1.1.3. La cuenta de superusuario (root) ...................................... 2 1.1.4. El cursor del intérprete de órdenes de superusuario ............................. 3 1.1.5. Herramientas gráficas para la administración del sistema .......................... 3 1.1.6. Consolas virtuales .............................................. 3 1.1.7. Cómo cerrar el intérprete de órdenes ..................................... 3 1.1.8. Cómo apagar el sistema ........................................... 4 1.1.9. Cómo recuperar la configuración normal de una consola .......................... 4 1.1.10. Paquetes complementarios recomendados para usarios sin experiencia ................... 4 1.1.11. Una cuenta de usuario adicional ....................................... 5 1.1.12. Configuración de sudo ............................................ 5 1.1.13. Hora de jugar ................................................. 6 1.2. Sistema de archivos tipo Unix ............................................ 6 1.2.1. Información básica sobre archivos en Unix ................................. 6 1.2.2. Sistemas de archivos internos ........................................ 8 1.2.3. Permisos del sistema de archivos ....................................... 8 1.2.4. Gestión de permisos para nuevos archivos: umask .............................. 10 1.2.5. Permisos para grupos de usuarios (grupo) .................................. 11 1.2.6. Marcas de tiempo ............................................... 12 1.2.7. Enlaces .................................................... 13 1.2.8. Tuberías con nombre (FIFOs) ........................................ 14 1.2.9. «Sockets» ................................................... 14 1.2.10. Archivos de dispositivos ........................................... 14 1.2.11. Archivos de dispositivos especiales ..................................... 15 1.2.12. procfs y sysfs ................................................. 16 1.2.13. tmpfs ..................................................... 16 1.3. Midnight Commander (MC) ............................................. 17 Guía de referencia de Debian v 1.3.1. Personalización de MC ............................................ 17 1.3.2. Primeros pasos con MC ........................................... 17 1.3.3. Gestor de archivos de MC .......................................... 17 1.3.4. Trucos de la línea de órdenes en MC ..................................... 18 1.3.5. El editor interno de MC ........................................... 18 1.3.6. El visor interno de MC ............................................ 19 1.3.7. Selección inteligente del visor en MC .................................... 19 1.3.8. Sistema de archivos FTP virtual de MC ................................... 19 1.4. Fundamentos de entornos de trabajo tipo Unix .................................... 19 1.4.1. El intérprete de órdenes (shell) ........................................ 19 1.4.2. Personalización de bash ........................................... 20 1.4.3. Combinaciones de teclas ........................................... 21 1.4.4. Mouse operations ............................................... 21 1.4.5. El paginador ................................................. 22 1.4.6. El editor de texto ............................................... 22 1.4.7. Configuración del editor de texto por defecto ................................ 22 1.4.8. Using vim ................................................... 23 1.4.9. Grabación de las actividades del intérprete de órdenes ........................... 24 1.4.10. Órdenes básicas de Unix ........................................... 24 1.5. Órdenes simples para el intérprete de órdenes .................................... 26 1.5.1. Ejecución de órdenes y variables de entorno ................................. 26 1.5.2. La variable «$LANG» ............................................ 26 1.5.3. La variable «$PATH» ............................................ 28 1.5.4. La variable «$HOME» ............................................ 28 1.5.5. Opciones de la línea de órdenes ....................................... 28 1.5.6. Expansión de un patrón en el intérprete de órdenes ............................. 28 1.5.7. Valor devuelto por la orden .......................................... 29 1.5.8. Secuencias de órdenes comunes y redirecciones del intérprete de órdenes ................. 30 1.5.9. Alias de órdenes ............................................... 31 1.6. Operaciones de texto al estilo de Unix ........................................ 32 1.6.1. Herramientas de texto Unix ......................................... 32 1.6.2. Expresiones regulares ............................................ 33 1.6.3. Sustitución de expresiones .......................................... 34 1.6.4. Sustituciones globales mediante expresiones regulares ........................... 34 1.6.5. Extracción de datos en archivos de texto en forma de tabla ......................... 35 1.6.6. Fragmentos de órdendes utilizados con tuberías ............................... 36 Guía de referencia de Debian vi 2. Gestión de paquetes Debian 38 2.1. Prerequisitos de la gestión de paquetes Debian .................................... 38 2.1.1. Configuración de paquetes .......................................... 38 2.1.2. Precauciones principales ........................................... 39 2.1.3. Conviviendo con actualizaciones continuas ................................. 40 2.1.4. Fundamentos del archivo de Debian ..................................... 41 2.1.5. Debian es 100 % software libre ........................................ 44 2.1.6. Dependencias de paquetes .......................................... 45 2.1.7. Flujo de eventos de las órdenes de gestión de paquetes ........................... 46 2.1.8. Soluciones a problemas básicos en la gestión de paquetes .......................... 47 2.2. Operaciones básicas de la gestión de paquetes .................................... 48 2.2.1. apt vs. apt-get / apt-cache vs. aptitude ............................. 48 2.2.2. Operaciones básicas de gestión de paquetes utilizando la línea de órdenes ................. 49 2.2.3. Uso interactivo de aptitude .......................................... 51 2.2.4. Combinaciones de teclado en aptitude .................................... 51 2.2.5. Visualización de paquetes en aptitude .................................... 52 2.2.6. Opciones del método de búsqueda con aptitude ............................... 53 2.2.7. La fórmula de la expresión regular de aptitude ............................... 53 2.2.8. Resolución de dependencias en aptitude ................................... 55 2.2.9. Registro de la actividad de los paquetes ................................... 55 2.3. Ejemplos de operaciones con aptitude ........................................ 55 2.3.1. Enumera los paquetes cuyos nombres encajan con la expresión regular ................... 55 2.3.2. Navega por la relación de paquetes que encajan con la expresión regular .................. 56 2.3.3. Purga los paquetes eliminados definitivamente ............................... 56 2.3.4. Estado de instalación ordenado de forma automática/manual ........................ 56 2.3.5. Actualización mayor del sistema ....................................... 57 2.4. Operaciones avanzadas de gestión de paquetes .................................... 58 2.4.1. Operaciones avanzadas de gestión de paquetes desde la línea de órdenes .................. 58 2.4.2. Verificación de los archivos de un paquete instalado ............................ 60 2.4.3. Protección frente a problemas con paquetes ................................. 60 2.4.4. Buscando metadatos en los paquetes ..................................... 60 2.5. Gestión interna de los paquetes Debian ........................................ 60 2.5.1. Metadatos de archivos ............................................ 60 2.5.2. Archivo «Release» del nivel superior y autenticación ............................ 61 2.5.3. Archivos «Release» a nivel de archivo .................................... 62 2.5.4. Actualizando la meta información de los paquetes .............................. 62 2.5.5. Estado del paquete para APT ......................................... 63 2.5.6. El estado del paquete en aptitude ....................................... 63 2.5.7. Copias locales de los paquetes descargados ................................. 63 Guía de referencia de Debian vii 2.5.8. Nombres de archivos de paquetes Debian .................................. 63 2.5.9.
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