The Realms of Desire: an Introduction to the Thought of Bernard Lonergan
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AN INTRODUCTION TO THE THOUGHT OF BERNARD LONERGAN BY THE FELLOWS OF THE WOODSTOCK THEOLOGICAL CENTER THE REALMS OF DESIRE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE THOUGHT OF BERNARD LONERGAN By the Fellows of the Woodstock Theological Center THE WOODSTOCK THEOLOGICAL CENTER at Georgetown University • Washington, DC i Copyright © 2011 Woodstock Theological Center All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Woodstock Theological Center Georgetown University, Box 571137 Washington, DC 20057-1137 [email protected] http://woodstock.georgetown.edu ii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3 1. The Realm of Common Sense ................................................................................... 13 2. The Realm of Theory ................................................................................................. 42 3. The Realm of Interiority: From Descartes to the German Idealists .................... 65 4. The Rise of Intentionality Analysis: From Schopenhauer to the Existentialists.. 98 5. The Realm of Interiority: Lonergan’s Intentionality Analysis........................... 133 6. Intellectual Conversion............................................................................................ 190 7. The Realm of Transcendence.................................................................................. 233 8. The Realm of Art...................................................................................................... 284 9. The Centrality of History ........................................................................................ 317 10. Lonergan and the Ecological Crisis...................................................................... 347 EPILOGUE............................................................................................................. 362 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 367 i Foreword or decades, the thought of Bernard Lonergan has provided the methodological foundation that undergirds all the research of the Woodstock FTheological Center at Georgetown University. Woodstock’s Research Fellows are unified in their commitment to carrying out “theological reflection on the human problems of today”; but they come from diverse backgrounds, and are exploring topics as varied as economic globalization, immigration, business ethics, science & religion, education and urban issues, ecclesiology, interreligious dialogue, and the role of faith in the public sphere. Where can scholars from such diverse fields find a common language that allows them to see their disciplines not as isolated silos of information, but simply as different facets of a larger, unfolding truth that encompasses all our knowledge of God, Creation, and humankind? We have found the theological methodology of Bernard Lonergan invaluable, in providing just that sort of conceptual ‘common ground’ for all of Woodstock’s projects. In fact, we have made the exploration of Lonergan’s methodology (and adaptation of it for Woodstock’s purposes) an ongoing, long-term initiative in which all the Center’s Research Fellows participate, through our regular theological reflection seminar. In 2007, the fruit of years’ worth of seminar conversations appeared in the form of our book, The Dynamism of Desire: Bernard J. F. Lonergan on the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola. Our seminar conversations during the following years have now yielded the new text that we are delighted to present here, in partnership with Marquette University and its groundbreaking efforts to make Lonergan’s thought accessible online. This work represents a collaborative effort of Woodstock’s Research Fellows, whose thoughts and reflections appear throughout the text, and so greatly enrich it. Those of us who played a role in producing and refining the text found the process immensely meaningful; and we hope that in reading the text, you and scholars all around the world will find it equally valuable. We are happy to be able to share it with you. Gasper F. Lo Biondo, S.J. 3 Introduction I have a pretty fair mind. But Bernard Lonergan? Now there’s a mind! John Courtney Murray hirty six years ago both Time and Newsweek called attention to Bernard Lonergan, a little known philosopher and theologian. Time reported that Tmany intellectuals rank the Canadian Jesuit as “the finest theological thinker of the 20th century.” Newsweek pointed out that Lonergan’s life-long objective was, like that of Aquinas, to appropriate “the best of secular knowledge into a higher Christian synthesis.” In one “beefy volume”, it reported, Lonergan had succeeded in providing an “understanding of understanding” which even Aquinas had failed to achieve. His masterwork Insight throws light on the broad outlines of all there is to know and reveals the “invariant pattern” of conscious operations that opens the way for future advances in human knowledge. Protestant theologian Langdon Gilkey, a luminary at the University of Chicago Divinity School at the time, seemed to agree. He saluted Lonergan as “one of the great minds of Christendom,” and said “I used to read Jacques Maritain or Etienne Gilson to find out what Roman Catholic intellectuals were thinking. Now I read Father Lonergan to find out what I am thinking.” And Notre Dame’s David Burrell undoubtedly spoke for many when he added, “The most important thing about Lonergan is that he liberates you to be — and to trust — yourself.”1 Newsweek concluded by predicting that, given the dimensions of Lonergan’s achievement, it might well take another generation for the full power of Lonergan’s thought to make itself felt within Catholic circles and beyond. The prediction has proved accurate. I reread the articles in Time and Newsweek six years ago and immediately a swarm of questions arose. If Lonergan is the foremost theologian of the 20th century, why I wondered has he not been taken more seriously by modern secular philosophers? For that matter, why has he not been taken more seriously by Catholic philosophers and theologians? Why has Lonergan been taken up by so many and then dropped? True, Lonergan centers have multiplied and now exist around the world in places like Toronto, Ottawa, Montreal, Boston, Los Angeles, Washington, and Sydney. But there is nowhere near the widespread acceptance you might expect of one so highly touted a generation ago. The puzzling fact is that within Catholic circles Lonergan remains more of a “cult figure”2 than a celebrity like Hans Küng, Edward Schillebeeckx, or Karl Rahner. In 1976, for instance, Hugo Meynell wrote: “Of all contemporary philosophers of the very first rank, Bernard Lonergan has been up to now the most neglected”3 and added that the neglect of his achievement remains “both astonishing and deplorable.”4 In 1998, in an article on Lonergan in One Hundred Twentieth Century Philosophers, Hugh Bredin asserted: “Lonergan is regarded by some as having one of the most powerful philosophical minds of the twentieth century, but he is not widely known outside Thomistic circles.”5 And this despite the judgment of the brilliant Jesuit 4 theologian John Courtney Murray---the peritus chiefly responsible for Vatican II’s degree on human liberty, who once remarked: “I have a pretty fair mind. But Bernard Lonergan? Now there’s a mind!”6 And finally, in May, 2001, at the first International Lonergan Workshop and in the very great hall at the Gregorian University in Rome where Lonergan taught for 26 years, Benedictine theologian Sebastian Moore noted with sadness and disbelief in his voice that no professors at the Greg today use Lonergan in their courses. Who then is Bernard Lonergan? I asked myself. Is he really important or simply one whose reputation could not stand up to the relentless winnowing of time? But if his achievement is indeed significant, what precise contribution has he made? In particular, anything of use to Christian leaders engaged in dialogue with contemporary secular thinkers? Indeed, given the many problems facing the world today, my hope was that he had some fresh and untried approach to a solution that merits the world’s attention. Bernard Lonergan’s main contribution, to echo Newsweek, can best be summed up in some such slogan as: Understand understanding and you will understand much of what there is to be understood.7 In the introduction to Insight Lonergan elaborated the idea: Thoroughly understand what it is to understand, and not only will you understand the broad lines of all there is to be understood but also you will possess a fixed base, an invariant pattern, opening upon all further developments of understanding.8 “You will understand the broad lines of all there is to be understood”---an extraordinary claim indeed; a claim that struck me as either hyperbolic or shot through with hubris. But it was to substantiate the claim that Lonergan wrote Insight. He designed its first eight chapters, he said, as “a series of five-finger exercises”9 with one goal in view: “to help people experience themselves understanding.” Carl Rogers, Lonergan reminds us, had helped his clients “advert to the feelings that they experience but do not advert to, distinguish, name, identify, recognize.” In the same