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Decolonization, Race, and Cold War Politics in U.S.-Japan-Korea Relations, 1945-1952

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Decolonization, Race, and Cold War Politics in U.S.-Japan-Korea Relations, 1945-1952 CRUCIBLE OF THE POST-EMPIRE: DECOLONIZATION, RACE, AND COLD WAR POLITICS IN U.S.-JAPAN-KOREA RELATIONS, 1945-1952 A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Deokhyo Choi August 2013 © 2013 Deokhyo Choi CRUCIBLE OF THE POST-EMPIRE: DECOLONIZATION, RACE, AND COLD WAR POLITICS IN U.S.-JAPAN-KOREA RELATIONS, 1945-1952 Deokhyo Choi, Ph. D. Cornell University 2013 This dissertation is a synthesis of social, political, and international histories of decolonization in Korea and Japan. My study demonstrates how the liberation of Korea became a foundational historical event not only for the colonized but also for metropolitan society. Despite the recent emphasis on the need to treat the metropole and colony as one analytical field, scholars have yet to approach decolonization as a mutually constitutive process that restructures both the metropole and the colony. The fields of Area Studies and International History often divide their focus on the regional aftermath of the Japanese empire into separate national units of analysis, resulting in histories split between the U.S. and Soviet occupations of Korea (1945- 1948) and the U.S. (Allied) occupation of Japan (1945-1952). In a radical departure from the more nation-centered scholarship, my work treats post-empire Japan and Korea, U.S. occupation policy in Japan and Korea, and Japanese and South Korean anti-Communist regimes as one analytical field. In order to maintain a focused line of inquiry through the complexity of the decolonizing world, I position the Korean postcolonial population in Japan, or the so-called “Korean minority question,” as a primary methodological site in my work. With such an analytical focus, I pose a key set of different questions that turn our attention to the transnational processes of dismantling the Japanese empire. First, how did the problem of repatriating both Korean colonial conscripted workers from Japan and Japanese colonial settlers from Korea molded popular nationalistic sentiments and mutual antagonisms in post-empire Japanese-Korean relations? Second, how did post-1945 everyday encounters between the Japanese and Koreans, the defeated and the liberated, frame the Japanese “embracing” of defeat and colonial independence along with U.S. occupation? And third, how did the politics of Korean diasporic nationalism emerge in Japan from the struggle over self-determination and autonomy from Japanese power and how did it develop into the critical locus of U.S.-Japan-South Korea cold war containment policy? By exploring these issues previously overlooked in the existing historiography, my work offers a new framework that overcomes a dichotomy and separation between histories of post-1945 Japan and Korea. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Deokhyo Choi graduated from Rikkyo University in Japan in March 2000 with a B.A. from the Department of International and Comparative Law at the College of Law and Politics. He received his M.A. in the Department of Area Studies from the University of Tokyo in March 2003. In 2009, he earned his M.A. in history from the Department of History at Cornell University, and received his Ph.D. in History from Cornell in 2013. He will be a postdoctoral research fellow in the Department of East Asian Studies at the University of Cambridge from Fall 2013. iii For My Parents iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During my years as a graduate student, I have been blessed with the support of so many individuals and institutions. I would like to express my deepest gratitude toward my dissertation committee members: Professors Victor J. Koschmann, Chen Jian, Derek Chang, Jae-Jung Suh, and Katsuya Hirano. I am indebted first and foremost to my advisor, Professor Koschmann, who has always believed in the value of this project and has given invaluable and patient support throughout the research and writing process. His generosity and encouragement allowed me to maintain my passion and confidence in pursuing my goal of studying in the United States – to write a meaningful dissertation. I thank him for his integrity and meticulousness in reading and commenting on my chapters. Special thanks to Professor Chen who expanded my scope beyond Japan and Korea by teaching me a great deal about modern Chinese history. I still vividly remember that how much I learned about Mao’s life and thoughts in his class through his energetic story telling about the Chinese revolution. I also had the good fortune to study about American race relations in Professor Chang’s class. His critical engagement in bridging African-American and Asian- American experiences in his teaching inspired me to consider how I could bring “race” to the fore in my project and how my project could speak to an American Studies audience also. I enormously benefited from conversations and on-and-off-campus meetings with Professor Suh. A one-to-one reading seminar I had with him in my second year was a precious time for me to read and discuss intensively some major works in political science and international relations, and I am grateful for his warm support and advice during my graduate life. I would like thank Professor Hirano who deeply enlightened me about critical theories and a minshūshi methodology with his great enthusiasm and knowledge. His tireless engagement in my work v always encouraged me to expand my perspectives, and his extensive comments on my dissertation inspired me to develop my thesis into a more ambitious project. I owe a great debt to Professors Naoki Sakai, Brett de Bary, Mark Selden, and Daniel McKee at Cornell. My sincere gratitude goes to Professor Sakai who was always generous in engaging with my questions and taught me a great deal about how to understand the politics of Area Studies in the United States. Special thanks to Professor de Bary who provided me with important opportunities to meet with international visiting scholars from Japan and Korea, which helped me catch up on cutting-edge work in Japanese and Korean academia. I would like to thank Professor Selden for his kindness reading my dissertation proposal and offering incisive comments. I am also grateful to Professor McKee who brought to Cornell Library numerous published Japanese historical materials crucial to my work. The research for this dissertation was made possible by the generous support of many institutes. I would like to thank the Department of History for a Brown Fund, the East Asia Program for international travel grants and Robert J. Smith Fellowships in Japanese Studies, the Mario Einaudi Center International Studies for international travel grants and a Peace Studies Program Fellowship, the Center for Japanese Studies at the University of Michigan for an Asia Library Travel Grant, and the Korea Foundation for Fellowships for Graduate Studies. I am also grateful to Professors Kyeong-Hee Choi, Bruce Cumings, Nojin Kwak and Youngju Ryu for their support for my dissertation research at the University of Michigan and the University of Chicago. I owe a great debt to Professor Kim Dong-Choon who read my chapter and shared with me his insights into the Korean War, and to Professor Chung Yong-Wook who helped me find relevant U.S. military documents during my archival research at the National Archives in Maryland. My friend Chris Ahn also deserves my deep gratitude for reading my vi term papers and giving me critical feedback. Monica Kim is the one who has always pushed me to become more ambitious about my work and to get out of my comfortable zones in my writing. She has been perhaps the most straightforward and critical reader of my dissertation, and I am really thankful for her unflinching support and a huge investment of her time and effort to understand the potential of my project. Before I came to the United States, I was blessed with support from numerous friends and scholars in Japan and Korea. I am indebted particularly to Professors Suh Kyungsik, Rim Cheol, and Nakano Toshio for their invaluable inspiration and support for my work and intellectual life in Japan. Ever since I took his class at college, Professor Suh has been the model of a teacher of passion and integrity and a public intellectual full of courage and empathy. His long-time firm commitment to my intellectual and academic trajectory impacted the foundation of who I am now as a historian. I also thank Professor Rim for opening my eyes to the significance of “historical understanding” through our inter-campus study group when I was a M.A. student in Tokyo. I am very grateful to Professor Nakano who brought me to his extremely exciting and ambitious international research project and both encouraged and supported me to build international scholarly networks through the project. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude toward the Sim Ajung family, Kang Sanggyu family, and Heo Su family. Finally, I would like to thank my parents in Japan. They have been incredibly patient and supportive throughout the years of my graduate student life. As the oldest son born and raised in a family of Korean descent in Japan, I have always wanted to do something for my parents that would fulfill the truly beautiful and extremely Confucian name they have given to me – Deok (morality) Hyo (filial piety). So far, my Hyo part has been something very far from uncompleted project, and I really appreciate their understanding of and trust in my life. Thank you so much. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS BIOGRAPHICAL SKETECH ……………………………………………………………………..iii
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