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Demand and Supply of Opiates for Medical and Scientific Needs

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Demand and Supply of Opiates for Medical and Scientific Needs E/INCB/52/Supp INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Vienna Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1980 Demand and Supply of Opiates for Medical and Scientific Needs UNITED NATIONS New York, 1981 ABBREVIATIONS The following abbreviations are used, except where the context otherwise requires: Abbreviation Full title Board (or INCB) International Narcotics Control Board Commission on Narcotic Drugs Commission on Narcotic Drugs of the (or Commission) Economic and Social Council Council (or ECOSOC) Economic and Social Council of the United Nations 1961 Convention Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, signed at New York on 30 March 1961 Division of Narcotic Drugs Division of Narcotic Drugs of the (or Division) United Nations Secretariat Fund (or UNFDAC) United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control General Assembly General Assembly of the United Nations Narcotic drug Any of the substances in Schedules I and II of the 1961 Convention, whether natural or synthetic 1972 Protocol Protocol amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, signed at Geneva on 25 March 1972 Secretary-General Secretary-General of the United Nations WHO World Health Organization NOMENCLATURE OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES In referring to political entities, the Board is guided by the rules governing the practice of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL BOARD Vienna Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 1980 Demand and Supply of Opiates for Medical and Scientific Needs UNITED NATIONS New York, 1981 E/INCB/52/Supp December 1981 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.82.XI.4 Price: $US 15.00 Foreword This Study of the demand and supply of opiates for medical and scientific needs has been prepared pursuant to Article 9, paragraphs 4 and 5 and Article 15 of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as amended by the 1972 Protocol, and in accordance with the request of the Economic and Social Council in Resolution E/1980/20. TABLE OF CONTENTS STUDY OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF OPIATES FOR MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC NEEDS Page CHAPTER I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 CHAPTER II DEMAND FOR OPIATES FOR MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC NEEDS 8 CHAPTER III PRODUCTION OF RAW MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE 21 OF OPIATES CHAPTER IV MANUFACTURE OF OPIATES 34 CHAPTER V INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN OPIATES 42 CHAPTER VI STOCKS OF OPIATES 51 CHAPTER VII BALANCE BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF OPIATES 55 CHAPTER VIII LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS 60 CHAPTER IX ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 70 CHAPTER X CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 80 ANNEXES A STATISTICAL TABLES 91 B UNITED NATIONS RESOLUTIONS 144 C COUNTRY STATEMENTS 159 Australia 159 France 165 Hungary 175 India 179 Poland 187 Romania 189 Spain 191 Turkey 199 Yugoslavia 205 CHAPTER I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. The present Study is concerned exclusively with the supply and demand of opiates for medical and scientific needs; consequently whenever reference is made to cultivation, production, trade etc, we are concerned exclusively with the licit aspects of these activities unless the context indicates otherwise. 2. The Study consists of ten chapters together with statistical tables included as Annex A. The first chapter deals with definitions and certain introductory questions which will facilitate an examination of the technical chapters which relate successively to demand, production of raw materials, manufacture, international trade, stocks and the balance between the supply and the demand of opiates (Chapters II to VII). These chapters are termed technical because they consist mainly of an analysis of the statistical data. The Board has reserved for certain paragraphs of Chapter VIII, Legal Considerations; Chapter IX, Economic Considerations; and of course Chapter X, Conclusions and Recommendations, the expression of some opinions. For purposes of reference, Annex A which includes the basic data is followed by Annex B consisting of the resolutions adopted by United Nations organs related to the subject of the Study. 3. Finally we have left the statement of the exact situation in each producing country to the country itself, and statements by those countries wishing to contribute are included in Annex C. 4. For reasons of clarity and precision, a special terminology is used in this Study. This terminology is not always that used in the treaties on narcotic drugs. For example the concept of consumption used in this Study is much more inclusive than the definition in the Convention of 1961 (see paragraph 22 below). The term "production" is applied in the Convention of 1961 only to "the separation of opium, coca leaves, cannabis and cannabis resin from the plants from which they are obtained". We shall however speak of the production of poppy straw. The term "ton" or "tonne" refers to metric tons. 5. The term opiates is used in this Study to designate the phenanthrene alkaloids of opium and their derivatives which have been placed under international control. Diagram of opiate manufacture 6. Among the drugs used for medical and scientific requirements, the most important group from the point of view of the quantities consumed is made up of substances derived from various methods of processing the plant of the species Papaver somniferum. Nowadays, some of these substances are derived in very small part from the Papaver bracteatum plant. 1/ Diagram I gives a summary of the process whereby these substances are manufactured. 1/ See however paragraph 119 below. DIAGRAM I: OPIATES MANUFACTURE 7. The agricultural products of these two species of Papaver, used as raw materials in the manufacture of opiates, are opium and poppy straw on the one hand, and Papaver bracteatum straw on the other. 8. Morphine, natural codeine (as opposed to semi-synthetic codeine produced by methylation of morphine) and thebaine can be obtained from opium and poppy straw by straight extraction. The process of extracting these alkaloids from poppy straw is sometimes temporarily halted at the stage of concentrate of poppy straw, in which there is considerable trade. The principal extraction product of Papaver bracteatum straw is thebaine. Papaver bracteatum straw means all parts (except the seeds) of the plant of that species after harvesting. 9. Concentrate of poppy straw, thebaine and the bulk of morphine are used in the manufacture of other opiates of which the principal are semi-synthetic codeine, ethylmorphine, pholcodine, hydrocodone and oxycodone. In addition, dihydrocodeine is manufactured from codeine. Other products, such as heroin, hydromorphone, nicomorphine and acetyldihydrocodeine, are also manufactured by conversion. All these substances, including natural codeine and a very small proportion of the opium produced (2 %) and the morphine manufactured (1 %), are intended for use in preparations. Yields 10. It is useful to examine yields from the point of view both of control and of forecasts. In addition to the direct surveillance which can be exercised over harvest operations in the fields or over extraction and conversion in the factories, the calculation of the yield makes possible an indirect control of the security of the licit channels. Any reduction in yield not attributable to a specific cause should give rise to an investigation. Furthermore, the decision to cultivate an area of poppy adjusted to a final demand expressed in amounts by weight of different opiates will be well founded only if a whole series of yields are known at least approximately. 11. Opium is harvested in the form of latex, which may have a moisture content of up to 40%; it is then subjected to several conditioning processes for purposes of export, which reduce its moisture content to about 10% for Indian opium and 20% for Turkish opium. 2/ In the USSR opium was not intended for export and the latex was processed directly to extract the alkaloids. The moisture content may vary within certain limits over time. A small percentage variation in the moisture content results in a difference of several tonnes in the total harvest. This fact must be taken into consideration when the results for a year are drawn up and exports and imports are compared. 12. Poppy straw is subject to still greater variations especially if it is not compressed and processed into granules, as is done by certain manufacturers. Moreover, in the course of processing a not inconsiderable part (up to 8%) may be converted into a powder which is unusable for extraction because the morphine it contains is oxidized by contact with the air. 2/ Turkey decided not to produce opium after 1972. Table of coefficients of equivalence Equivalent quantity of morphine Substances per unit of weight of the substance Codeine 1.042 Dihydrocodeine 1.042 Ethylmorphine 1.100 Pholcodine 0.820 Morphine 1.000 Raw opium 0.110 Medicinal opium 0.100 Poppy straw Australia 1971-1974 0.0046 1975-1976 0.0055 1977 0.0047 1978 0.0060 1979 0.0068 1980 0.0081 France 1964-1973 0.0018 1974 0.0024 1975-1976 0.0029 1977 0.0033 1978 0.0025 1979 0.0027 1980 0.0045 India 0.0024 Spain 1974-1978 0.0023 1979 0.0041 1980 0.0061 Turkey 1964-1972 0.0026 1974-1980 0.0036 USSR 0.0025 Yugoslavia 0.0025 Preparations of Schedule III of the 1961 Convention 21. Some preparations have been exempted by the 1961 Convention from certain measures of control because of the limited risks of abuse and drug recovery which they imply. These preparations, which are included in Schedule III of the 1961 Convention, are exempted in particular from the accounting system which enables national administrations to report to the INCB the precise use to which each narcotic drug has been put. Consequently, there are no statistics available on imports, exports, distribution or stocks of these preparations.
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