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University of Alberta TIGHT GAS RESERVOIR University of Alberta TIGHT GAS RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION IN MONTNEY FORMATION, NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA, WESTERN CANADA By Edwin Ikhuoria Egbobawaye A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences ©Edwin Ikhuoria Egbobawaye Fall, 2013 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author’s prior written permission. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my father and mother, to my beloved children (Ogbemudia Josiah and Ogbewi Emmanuel), and to everyone that has contributed in one way and another to my overall educational achievement from elementary school to Ph.D. level. ABSTRACT The Montney Formation is a primary focus of unconventional gas reservoir in northeastern British Columbia, Western Canada. This study presents the sedimentology and ichnology, Rock-Eval geochemistryand reservoir potential, C13 and O18 isotopic composition, and magnetostratigraphy correlation of the Montney Formation in the Fort St. John area (T86N, R23W and T74N, R13W), northeastern British Columbia. The Montney Formation consists of siltstone with subordinate interlaminated very fine-grained sandstone. Five lithofacies association were identified in the study interval: Lithofacies F-1 (organic rich, wavy to parallel laminated, black coloured siltstone); Lithofacies F-2 (very fine-grained sandstone interbedded with siltstone); Lithofacies F- 3A (bioturbated silty-sandstone attributed to the Skolithos ichnofacies); Lithofacies F-3B (bioturbated siltstone attributed to Cruziana ichnofacies); Lithofacies F-4 (dolomitic, very fine-grained sandstone); and Lithofacies F-5 (massive siltstone). The depositional environments interpreted for the Montney Formation in the study area is lower shoreface through proximal offshore to distal offshore settings. Rock-Eval data (hydrogen Index and Oxygen Index) shows that Montney sediments contains mostly gas prone Type III/IV with subordinateType II kerogen, TOC ranges from 0.39 – 3.54 wt% with a rare spike of >10.9 wt% along the Montney / Doig boundary. The vitrinite reflectance data and Tmax shows that thermal maturity of the Montney Formation is in the realm of ‘peak gas’ generation window. Magnetostratiphy analyses from this study shows that the Montney Formation in the study area exhibits normal and reverse polarity intervals across the Upper Montney and Lower Doig formations boundary. The geomagnetic polarity correlation matched known intervals of the Triassic GPTS at 245 Ma. The results suggest that Lowermost Doig phosphatic zone (Montney / Doig boundary) occur within a single magnetostratigraphic interval characterized by a coplanar Trypanites – Glossifungites demarcated discontinuity surface, interpreted herein as a regionally correlatable surface. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I thank the Almighty God for keeping me alive, and for making it possible for me to complete this dissertation, despite many obstacles that would have hindered my successful completion of this program. I’m indeed grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Murray Gingras for his exceptional leadership, and how he has mentored me throughout the entire period of my doctoral residence here at the University of Alberta. I’m very thankful to Dr. Murray Gingras for his supervision of my research, corrections of my thesis, his patience, and polite correspondences. His genius and exceptional ability to communicate in the most effective demeanor is a personality quality that I enjoyed, admired, and appreciated during my day-to-day dealings with Dr. Gingras, which I have emulated, and considered as an additional gain to the degree I earned at the University of Alberta. Dr. Murray Gingras, for all that you did to polish me and constructively guarded me through the tempestuously turbulent times during the entire period of the graduate program is greatly appreciated. Murray, I sincerely thank you immensely from my heart. Dr. S. George Pemberton is thank and will forever be applauded by me in my geological career because of his persistent, fatherly, pedagogic persuasiveness on me and our research team (IRG) through sharing his unmatched intellectual experiences, providing support, propping and luring me and our research team (IRG) into becoming academic journal publishers, by exemplifying his experiences in his early days in academic journals publications. These and many more of Dr. Pemberton’s stimulating pedagogy has tremendously illuminate and broadened my horizon, expanded my knowledge, and has equipped me enormously beyond the sphere of a traditional sedimentologist to a paradigm who combines the schools of the dynamic interplay of sedimentology and ichnology to sedimentary depositional systems. With these acquired endowments by virtue of my interactions with Dr. Pemberton and Dr. Murray Gingras during my academic pursuit at the University of Alberta has fully prepared me for my geological career. Dr. Vadim Kravchinsky is thanked for his corrections on the Magnetostratigraphy Chapter. Dr. Vadim Kravchinsky will be best remembered in my mind and in my geological career as the professor who introduced me to the field of paleomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy. His avid dedication and teaching of paleomagnetic studies to me led to the utilization of paleomagnetic technique in my research, which subsequently resulted in a co-authored paper with Dr. Vadim, et al. (2010). Dr. Vadim’s kind words, and mutual respect in his communication is highly appreciated. Dr. Vadim was always available to shed his thoughts on many of my paleomagnetic questions. I thank Dr. Karlis Muehlenbachs for making his isotope geochemistry laboratory available to me to analyze my samples. Throughout the period of my analyses in his lab, Dr. Karlis was very cooperative, given me supportive advise, publication suggestions, and insightful and stimulating discussions on interpretation of carbonates using isotopic compositions. I sincerely thank the Graduate Chair, Dr. Tom Chacko of the department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences here at the University of Alberta for his brave, unbiased, and moral oriented leadership. I thank Dr. Andrew Cullen and Doug Bellis for linking me with Chesapeake Energy Corporation, Oklahoma, USA; and as our discussions on the Montney Formation tight gas reservoir continued at a time, Andrew and Doug Bellis made it possible for me to get free laboratory analyses (tight rock, Rock-Eval, porosity, permeability and quantitative X-ray diffraction analyses) for my samples. This relationship further paves way for me to do internship with Chesapeake Energy in the summer of 2011. Without you Andrew, these would not have been possible; for all of the above, I thank you. My profound appreciation goes to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research for the four years scholarship awarded to me during my doctorate degree program here at the University of Alberta. Similarly, I would like to express my appreciation to Geoscience B.C for awarding me a scholarship in 2010. Chesapeake Energy Corporation in Oklahoma City is thanked for performing tight rock analyses for me in their shale gas laboratory. Igor Jakab is appreciated and thanked for the tremendous help he constantly rendered to me with issues relating to digitizing, formatting of my thesis in ‘in- design’ to meet FGSR thesis specification, and his usual cooperation for last minute requests to print posters for conferences. For my entire four years of my study at the U of A, Igor Jekab was consistently my solution and tutor for software related problems. Thank you so much, Igor. Chris Lough is appreciated for always helping me to enhance, repair, maintain, and update my computer and backing-up of my data. Without Chris, I would have suffered the loss of too many hours of work. Valery Companiytsev was very helpful in showing me how to use GIS in the plotting of my well data, map digitizing, online data searching, retrieval and data manipulations to meet my desired GIS needs. I thank Mark Labbe for promptly making available materials that were needed during the time I spent in the rock-crushing house when I was using the Pulverizing shatter box machine to crush my samples. Diane Caird is thanked for the timely analysis of my samples using XRD and for helping to adjust mineral picks in the XRD data output. I’m truly thankful to laboratory technician Olga Levner in Prof. Karlis Isotope Lab for practically teaching me how to operate the isotope geochemistry flow line in the lab, helping to take my extracted CO2 to mass spectrometer for analyses. Similarly, I thank paleomagnetic laboratory technician L.P. Koukhar (Department of Physics) in the paleomagnetic lab for the cooperation and for working with me during the measurement and analyses of my samples for magnetostratigraphy. My friend, Dr. Chima Nzewunwah deserves the record of my appreciation. He has been
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