Induced Infestation of Fruit by the Caribbean Frubt Fly, Anastrepha Suspensa (Loew)
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386 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1974 INDUCED INFESTATION OF FRUIT BY THE CARIBBEAN FRUBT FLY, ANASTREPHA SUSPENSA (LOEW) A. K. Burditt, Jr., D. von Windeguth and mitis Blanco), kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia R. J. Knight, Jr. Swingle), Surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.), rose apples (Syzygium jambos (L.) Alst.), Bar Subtropical Horticulture Research Unit bados cherry (Malpighia glabra L.), peach ARS, U.S.D.A. (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), and other soft Miami fruits. Swanson added loquat (Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.) and tropical almond (Terminalia Abstract. Several cultivars or seedlings of caiappa L.) to the list of major hosts. He also mango, guava, grapefruit, murcott, and other presented information about the monthly infesta fruit were exposed in an outdoor cage containing tion of the major host species. These data were a large population of Caribbean fruit flies or by obtained by holding fruit in polyethylene contain injection of fruit fly eggs into the fruit. Varia ers and allowing the fruit fly larvae to emerge tion in susceptibility of species and varieties of from the fruit and drop to the bottom of the con fruit was determined. tainer where they pupated in vermiculite. Thus he Infestations in grapefruit ranged as high as could state that lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), 10.6, 13.3, and 57.4 larvae/kg of fruit for natural, mango, and several types of citrus were occasion injected and cage infested fruit, respectively. ally infested and that only a few species of fruit Guavas, a natural host, supported infestations of were not, among them breadnut (Brosimum ali- 28.8 and 113 larvae/kg when the infestations castrum SW.), Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauriti- were natural and cage-induced. Temple and mur ana Lamb.), karanda (Carissa carandas L.), and cott oranges exposed to cage infestations aver Calophyllum inophyllum L. aged 2.5 and 21.0 larvae/kg, respectively. Likewise, von Windeguth et al. (5) examined Cage infestations of mangos ranged to 163.9 the fluctuations in infestations of Caribbean fruit larvae/kg. Cultivars and selections of mangos fly larvae in the preferred hosts on the island of showed high variability; some were highly in Key West, which was to be the site of an attempt fested, and one remained uninfested. to suppress the fly population by using the sterile This research was undertaken to obtain in fly release method. They found that guava and formation needed for developing commodity treat tropical almond were the primary hosts of the ments for use by quarantine personnel in approv Caribbean fruit fly in the test area and that the ing shipment of fruit through quarantine barriers infestations in guava might reach 395 larvae/kg into areas where the Caribbean fruit fly does not of fruit. However, loquat, Surinam cherry, and occur. sapodilla (Achras zapota L.) also supported in festations in excess of 100 larvae/kg of fruit, and The most recent infestation of the Caribbean significant populations of larvae were found in fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), in Florida calamondin, Barbados cherry, Governor's Plum appears to have begun in April 1965. Since that (Flacourtia indica (Burm. f. Merr.), spondias time, the fly has spread as far north as Jackson (Spondias sp.), and kumquats. For these studies ville and up the west coast of Florida to Tampa. (5), fiberglass holding boxes were used for fruit There is still no indication that the present infesta and the larvae emerged and dropped into a layer tion will disappear as the first one did (it was de of sand on the bottom of the box. By this method tected in 1931 and disappeared in 1936). Indeed, they found that minor hosts on the island of Key such an outcome seems less likely than before. In West included egg fruit (Pouteria compechiana 1972, Swanson and Baranowski (4) reported that (H.B.K.) Baehni), peach, cocoplum (Chryso- 84 species of fruits in 23 famiiles were hosts of balanus icaco L.), satin leaf (Chrysophyllum the fly. In 1966, Weems (6) reported only 34 host oliviforme Lam.), lime (Citrus aurantifolia species and found that the Caribbean fruit fly was Swingle), mango, seagrape (Coccoloba uvifera), not a serious pest of commercial citrus, mangos date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), and sugar (Mangifera indica L.) or avocados (Persea amer- apple (Annona squamosa L.). An additional 17 icana Mill.) in Florida, though it did heavily infest species of fruit that were examined for fruit fly guavas (Psidium guajava L.), calamondin (Citrus larvae were negative. BURDITT, ET AL: INDUCED CARIBFLY INFESTATION 387 Research to develop commodity treatments such pared with 1.2 to 1.5% and 9.2 to 10.0%, respec as fumigation (2) for fruit infested with fruit tively, in uninfested fruit. flies requires that the investigator have available Similarly, in March and June, fruit obtained large numbers of fruit with moderate to heavy in from local cooperators were cage infested. The festation of larvae. However, in Florida, com mature Isle of Pine grapefruit supported an av mercial plantings of citrus, mangos, avocados and erage infestation of 3.4 larvae per kg. fruit in other fruit are generally not subject to heavy in March compared with 0.0 for similar fruit in Feb festations by the Caribbean fruit fly. Usually, ruary. Green fruit of this variety that had been when citrus were natural hosts the fruit was on injected did not support an infestation in June. backyard trees and had been left until they were Beginning in late June 1974, other grapefruit over-ripe (4). Even so, the incidence of larval were made available from fruit shippers in Ft. survival was low. Pierce, Vero Beach, and Tampa through the co operation of the Florida Fresh Citrus Fruit Ship Methods pers Association and their membership. These fruit and some locally grown grapefruit were either In our research therefore, the natural infesta cage infested or infested by injection. The results tion of larvae is being supplemented by using two (Table 1) showed levels ranging to an average of techniques, cage infestation or injection of eggs. 57 larvae per kg fruit for cage infested fruit com For cage infestation of fruit, the fruit are placed pared with 11 larvae per kg fruit for the naturally in a 12 x 12 x 9 feet high outdoor cage containing infested fruit. In this series of tests, varieties populations of adult fruit flies in excess of 30,000 showed considerable variation in susceptibility for 3-5 days. Generally one species of fruit is (Table 1). placed in the cage at a time though several va Finally, in early June 1974, we first placed rieties have frequently been infested at the same fruit from 28 mango seedlings and 7 cultivars time. For injection of eggs, eggs collected from (generally 25 from each tree) in our infestation oviposition cages are washed in water and sodium cage and held them for observation. (Four of these benzoate. Then, when the eggs are about 24 hours seedlings and a cultivar, Florigon, were derived old, ca. 200 are injected into each fruit by using a from an open pollinated Cambodiana tree.) The hypodermic syringe and needle. Infested fruit are infestation achieved by the exposure ranged from held in fiberglass containers at room temperature 8.9 to 132.3 larvae/kg fruit (Table 2). In another until the eggs hatch and larvae develop (5). test of fruit from seedlings of 13269, N 2187, and Larvae and pupae of the fruit fly are removed M 1007, (F-2 seedlings from Cambodiana) the in weekly from the containers and held in sand for festations averaged 7.2/kg; ranged from 0.4 to adult emergence. Simultaneous tests of total 163.9; and ranged from 0.0 to 13.5 respectively. In titratable acidity (expressed as citric acid) and of addition, fruit of 3 cultivars derived from Mulgoba soluble solids (expressed as sucrose) in a repre and 3 from other sources were cage infested. The sentative sample of infested fruit are analyzed by resultant infestations ranged from 5.9 to 64.9 standard methods (3). (Table 3). Results Discussion Early in February 1974, we obtained 159 fruit representing 5 varieties of grapefruit from the Investigations have demonstrated that the USDA Horticulture Research Laboratory in Or Caribbean fruit fly has a wide potential range of lando. These fruit, 39 locally grown Isle of Pine hosts. Research is needed to determine the factors variety grapefruit, and 4 over-ripe grapefruit of involved in the susceptibility of fruit to egg de mixed sources were placed in the infestation cage. position, hatch and survival of the larvae. Such The results (Table 1) showed that only 6 Carib factors as terpene content (of mangos), maturity, bean fruit fly larvae survived in and pupated from acidity, peel thickness, all could have an influence. 236 fruit; 11 were obtained from the 4 over-ripe All of the mango seedlings examined, the re fruit. The 6 larvae that did survive came from sult of an open pollination, are highly heterogene fruit with both thick (14.3 mm) and thin rind ous in origin. Three parents (13269, N2187 and (5.3 mm). The analysis of the test fruit showed M1007) were selected because of outstanding horti citric acid ranging from 0.6 to 1.4% and sucrose cultural performance. Although all 3 derive orig ranging from 9.8 to 11.0% in infested fruit com inally from P.I. 11645, 'Cambodiana', all show 388 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1974 Table 1, Infestation of Caribbean fruit fly larvae in fruit. Fruit Infestation Data Time of No/kg. vear Kind Variety Number Technique fruit February Grapefruit Duncan 37 cage 0.0 Temple x Nakon x Duncan 38 cage 0.3 Pink seedless 44 cage 0.0 Isle of Pines Rough 35 cage 0.0 Normal 4 cage 0.4 Marsh 40 cage 0.1 Mixed over ripe 4 cage 6.9 March Grapefruit Isle of Pines 32 cage 3.4 Guava Common 60 cage 67.0 Orange Temple 25 cage 2.5 Murcott 25 cage 21.0 June Grapefruit Ruby red 24 cage 41.2 Isle of Pines 12 injected 0.0 Marsh 102 cage 57.4 Lime Persian 18 injected 2.3 Guava Common 40 injected 113.0 Common 20 natural 28.8 Grapefruit Pink seedless 34 natural 0.1 Marsh 23 natural 10.6 Marsh 13 injected 8.8 Marsh 13 injected 13.3 July Grapefruit Ruby red 86 injected 3.8 Marsh 125 injected 2.4 Marsh 242 injected 0.5 signs of a mixed background and two (M1007 and 10 of the 19 seedlings of N2187.