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Applied Paleozoology and Biogeography: Four Case Studies from Missouri

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Applied Paleozoology and Biogeography: Four Case Studies from Missouri APPLIED PALEOZOOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY: FOUR CASE STUDIES FROM MISSOURI A Dissertation presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy by HEATHER GIBB Dr. R. Lee Lyman and Dr. Todd VanPool, Dissertation Supervisors MAY 2018 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, have examined the dissertation entitled APPLIED PALEOZOOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY: FOUR CASE STUDIES FROM MISSOURI presented by Heather M. Gibb, a candidate for the degree of doctor of philosophy, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Associate Professor Todd VanPool Professor Emeritus R. Lee Lyman Professor Emeritus Deborah Pearsall Professor Matthew E. Gompper ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor and committee for their support and comments. Dr. R. Lee Lyman has been a source of professional guidance and encouragement for many years. His open-door policy allowed me bring an idea or concept to him for discussion, as I worked my way through this project. Dr. Lyman always knew when to let me explore interesting new topics and when to redirect me back or to the next hurdle in completing this dissertation. Thank you to Dr. Todd VanPool who graciously stepped in as co-chair following Dr. Lyman’s retirement. Dr. Deborah Pearsall and Dr. Matthew E. Gompper have been incredibly helpful throughout the years with their time and comments. Thank you to the State Historic Preservation Office, whose staff has been supportive of my research by providing access to their records and answering my many questions about their history and archives. My research progress was assisted by the funding received by University of Missouri W. Raymond Wood Opportunities for Excellence in Archaeology and Sandra K. Abell Scholarship Award for Excellence in Science Outreach scholarship. Since I arrived at the University of Missouri, I have been lucky to have a group of friends and fellow graduate students who were always willing to listen to a problem, idea, or read a draft, particularly Jessica Boldt, Stephanie Child, April Bass, Erin Miller, and Matt Boulanger, but the support between students has been extensive so I’m sure that I’ve missed someone. About half way through this dissertation I realized that I needed a hobby that did not involve science or archaeology. I found roller derby and my friends ii and teammates in COMO Roller Derby supported me by letting me hit them when I was frustrated. I would not have been able to complete this massive endeavor without the support of my partner, Jason. He handled everything else so that I could focus on this over the past semester, but still managed to fit in time for editing and listening to one more idea without being frustrated by my endless projects and found treasures. My dogs and cats have kept me company on late nights spent working on every step of this project. I would like to thank my brothers for always asking questions and trying to understand what I do, while I do the same for them. My parents have supported me throughout this process, but need special thanks for nurturing and being patient with my curiosity for the natural world. Little did they know how encouraging me to read, explore nature, and dig some holes would affect my future. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. ii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...............................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................1 2. PRACTICAL LIMITATIONS WITH PALEOZOOLOGY ..................................15 3. SPECIES OF INTEREST ......................................................................................27 4. METHODS AND MATERIAL .............................................................................45 5. RESULTS ..............................................................................................................75 6. CONCLUSION: CULTURAL AND CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS .......96 REFERENCES CITED ....................................................................................................100 Appendices .......................................................................................................................151 Appendix 1: Data Sheet Examples ..................................................................................152 Appendix 2. Attributes contained in the MOFauna database ..........................................154 Vita ...................................................................................................................................160 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. FAUNMAP relationship diagram for the three spreadsheets ................................121 2. Archaeology sites of Missouri ...............................................................................122 3. Getis-Ord local statistic. Reproduced from ESRI Online Help (ESRI 2018a).. ...123 4. Optimized hot spot analysis using Missouri Archaeological Sites. ......................124 5. Optimized Hot Spot Analysis completed using site count by 250,000m2 quadrangle. ............................................................................................................125 6. Optimized Hot Spot Analysis completed using survey count by 250,000m2 quadrangle. ............................................................................................................126 7. The important Missouri features mirroring the clusters identified in survey analysis. .................................................................................................................127 8. The important Missouri features mirroring the clusters identified in site analysis ...............................................................................................................................128 9. Hot Spot Analysis with municipalities, lakes, and Mark Twain National Forest. 129 10. Modern distributions (Natureserve and IUCN 2008) and MOFauna examples. ...130 11. Historic landcover for Missouri, based off GLO survey notes. ............................131 12. Historic landcover for elk. .....................................................................................132 13. Historic landcover for jackrabbits. ........................................................................133 14. Historic landcover for river otter. ..........................................................................134 15. Historic landcover for eastern spotted skunk. .......................................................135 16. Species location by deposition agent. ....................................................................136 17. Missouri Archaeological Sites by historic landcover. ...........................................137 18. Elk sites by historic landcover. ..............................................................................138 19. River otter sites by historic landcover. ..................................................................139 20. Eastern spotted skunk sites by historic landcover. ................................................140 21. Jackrabbit sites by historic landcover. ...................................................................141 Maps throughout this project were created using ArcGIS® software by Esri. ArcGIS® and ArcMap™ are the intellectual property of Esri and are used herein under license. Copyright © Esri. All rights reserved. For more information about Esri® software, please visit www.esri.com. v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Number of sites by type .........................................................................................142 2. Species and common names ..................................................................................143 3. IUCN terrestrial mammal attribute selection. .......................................................144 4. Nearest neighbor results. .......................................................................................145 5. Elevation for state and species of interest. ............................................................146 6. General site information ........................................................................................147 A1. Survey data sheet example ...................................................................................152 A2. Site data sheet example ........................................................................................153 A3. Attributes contained in mofauna_site table in the MOFauna database. ...............154 A4. Attributes contained in mofauna_site table (continued) .......................................155 A5. Attributes contained in mofauna_site table (continued) .......................................156 A6. Attributes included in mofauna_id table in the MOFauna database. ...................157 A7. Attributes included in mofauna_id table in the MOFauna database. ...................158 A8. Attributes included in mofauna_id table in the MOFauna database. ...................159 vi ABSTRACT Numerous zooarchaeological
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