CONTRIBUTIONS IN NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 11 Contributions in New World Archaeology ( ISSN 2080-8216) is a semi-annual journal dealing with various aspects of North and South American archaeology, anthropology and ethnohistory. Its main aim is to publish results of archaeological excavations and surveys conducted in various parts of the New World as well as to present papers devoted to the studies of collections of archaeological artefacts discovered in either American continent. Moreover, the journal addresses such subjects as theory, methodology and practice in New World archaeology. www.cnwajournal.org E-mail: [email protected]

REDACTION ADDRESS: EDITORS: 'HSDUWPHQWRI1HZ:RUOG$UFKDHRORJ\   -DQXV].U]\V]WRI.R]áRZVNL ,QVWLWXWHRI$UFKDHRORJ\    -DURVáDZħUDáND -DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\    5DGRVáDZ3DORQND *ROHELD6WUHHW     0LFKDá:DVLOHZVNL .UDNRZ      3RODQG Telephone: +48 126631595

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CONTRIBUTIONS IN NEW WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 11

Weaving Histories: Women in Mesoamerican Culture, Society and Politics

Special Issue

Proceedings of the 5 th Cracow Maya Conference ‘Weaving Histories: Women in Mesoamerican Culture, Society and Politics’ February 25-28, 2016, Cracow

Edited by 0RQLND%DQDFK &KULVWRSKH+HOPNH DQG-DURVáDZħUDáND

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ISSN 2080-8216

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 3DFWDQGPDUULDJH6RFLRSROLWLFDOVWUDWHJLHVRIWKH.DQX¶O'\QDVW\DQGLWVDOOLHV  GXULQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLFSHULRG Verónica Amellali Vázquez López

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 :K\µKHVKH¶LVQRWDUHOHYDQWGLVWLQFWLRQLQ&ODVVLF0D\DQ How grammar reveals patterns of thought Agnieszka Hamann

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PACT AND MARRIAGE: SOCIOPOLITICAL STRATEGIES 2)7+(.$18¶/'<1$67<$1',76$//,(6 DURING THE LATE CLASSIC PERIOD

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Abstract Epigraphic, iconographic and archaeological evidence show the development of strategies for sociopolitical reproduction WKURXJK PDULWDO DOOLDQFHV DQG SDFWV EHWZHHQ WKH .DQX¶O DQG LWV DOOLHV HVSHFLDOO\ GXULQJ WKH  th and 7 th  FHQWXU\ 7KLV NLQG strategies of social cohesion pursued the creation of a system of stable and durable sociopolitical relationships that supported WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH.DQX¶OKHJHPRQ\,QWKLVV\VWHPDOOWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVEHQH¿WHGIURPWKHDFKLHYHPHQWVRIWKH.DQX¶O² VRPHPRUHWKDQRWKHUV²DQGZHUHLQWHJUDWHGLQWRDVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDOQHWZRUN7KHFLUFXLWRIPDULWDOH[FKDQJH RI ZLYHV HVWDEOLVKHGE\&DODNPXOZLWKWKHLUQHLJKERUVDOVRLPSOLHGLQWHUDFWLRQWKURXJKWUDGHURXWHVRQZKLFKGLIIHUHQWJRRGV ZHUHWUDQVSRUWHGIURPWKHVRXWKHUQ0D\D/RZODQGVDQGIURPWKH0RWDJXDUHJLRQ7KURXJKWKHVHDOOLDQFHVDQGSDFWV&DODNPXO LPSURYHGLWVDFFHVVWRWKHVRXWKDQGEXLOWDKHJHPRQLFQHWZRUNDJDLQVW7LNDO+HUH,H[SORUHWKHRUHWLFDOO\DQGHPSLULFDOO\WKH PDUULDJHVDQGRWKHUNLQGVRISDFWVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH.DQX¶OZLWKRWKHUUXOLQJVRFLDOXQLWVHYLGHQFHFRPLQJIURPKLHURJO\SKLF WH[WVLPDJHU\DQGWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHFRUGZKLFKUHÀHFWDVW\OLVWLFFDQRQW\SLFDORIWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\ .H\ZRUGV 0D\D&ODVVLFSHULRG6RFLRSROLWLFDO6WUDWHJLHV.DQX¶OG\QDVW\,FRQRJUDSKLFSURJUDPV

Resumen /D HYLGHQFLD HSLJUi¿FD LFRQRJUi¿FD \ DUTXHROyJLFD SRQH GH PDQL¿HVWR HO GHVDUUROOR GH HVWUDWHJLDV GH UHSURGXFFLyQ VRFLRSROtWLFDPHGLDQWHDOLDQ]DVPDWULPRQLDOHV\SDFWRVHQWUHORV.DQX¶O\VXVDOLDGRV²FRPRODVpOLWHVGH8[XO/D&RURQD\ (O3HU~HQWUHRWURV²SDUWLFXODUPHQWHHQWUHORVVLJORV9,,\9,,,(VWHWLSRGHHVWUDWHJLDVGHFRKHVLyQVRFLDOEXVFDEDODFUHDFLyQ GHXQVLVWHPDGHUHODFLRQHVVRFLRSROtWLFDVHVWDEOHV\GXUDGHUDVTXHIDYRUHFLHUDHOGHVDUUROORGHODKHJHPRQtDGHORV.DQX¶O GRQGHWRGRVORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVJR]DURQGHORVORJURVGHODGLQDVWtDDVtFRPRGHODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQXQDUHGGHLQWHUFDPELR VRFLDOHFRQyPLFR\SROtWLFR(OFLUFXLWRGHLQWHUFDPELRGHHVSRVDVTXHHVWDEOHFLy&DODNPXOFRQVXVYHFLQRVWDPELpQLPSOLFyOD LQWHUDFFLyQHQXQDUXWDGHLQWHUFDPELRDWUDYpVGHODFXDOFLUFXODURQGLIHUHQWHVELHQHVSURFHGHQWHVGHOVXUGHODVWLHUUDVEDMDV\ GHODUHJLyQGHO0RWDJXD$WUDYpVGHHVWDVDOLDQ]DV\SDFWRV&DODNPXOPHMRUyVXDFFHVRKDFLDHOVXUGHO3HWpQ\FRQVWUX\yXQD UHGKHJHPyQLFDHQFRQWUDGH7LNDO(QHVWDSRQHQFLDDERUGDPRVWDQWRWHyULFDFRPRHPStULFDPHQWHODVDOLDQ]DVPDWULPRQLDOHV \RWURWLSRGHSDFWRVTXHORV.DQX¶OHVWDEOHFLHURQFRQRWUDVXQLGDGHVVRFLDOHVJREHUQDQWHV\TXHKDQTXHGDGRSODVPDGRVWDQWR HQWH[WRV\HQUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVYLVXDOHVFRPRHQHOUHJLVWURDUTXHROyJLFRJHQHUDQGRXQFDQRQHVWLOtVWLFRSURSLRGHODGLQDVWtD .DQX¶O Palabras claves: PD\DVSHULRGRFOiVLFRHVWUDWHJLDVVRFLRSROtWLFDVGLQDVWtDNDQX¶OSURJUDPDVLFRQRJUi¿FRV 10 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

INTRODUCTION

5HFHQWDGYDQFHVLQWKHHSLJUDSKLFDQDO\VLVRIKLHURJO\SKLFH[SUHVVLRQVUHODWHGWRKLHUDUFKLHV²VXFK DVWLWOHVRI¿FHVDQGUHODWLRQDOVXEVWDQWLYHVLQGLFDWLQJVXERUGLQDWLRQRUDFWVRIHPSRZHUPHQW²KDYH been of substantial importance for the understanding of ancient Maya political dynamics. During the ODVWGHFDGHQHZ¿QGLQJVDQGWKHRUHWLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHVKDYHRSHQHGWKLV¿HOGRIUHVHDUFKWRDQHZUDQJH RIOHYHOVRIDQDO\VLV VHH)RLDV UHDFKLQJIURPWKHFRQ¿JXUDWLRQRIWKHUR\DOFRXUW VHH-DFNVRQ 2005, 2013) to the interaction among empowered social units in a hegemonic system of regional scale (see Martin and Grube 1995, 2000, 2008). In this endeavor, the epigraphic evidence has been IXQGDPHQWDOKRZHYHULFRQRJUDSKLFDQGDUFKDHRORJLFDOGDWDSURYLGHHTXDOO\LPSRUWDQWLQIRUPDWLRQ 5HODWLRQVRINLQVKLSPDUULDJHDQGRWKHUNLQGVRISDFWVWKDWDUHUHOHYDQWWRWKHVRFLRSROLWLFDOV\VWHP and its reproduction may be indicated by images and particular archaeological contexts. Inter- and PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\UHVHDUFKRIIHUVDQLQWHJUDOSHUVSHFWLYHRQWKHLVVXHVDWKDQG 5HSNR ,QWKLV article, I focus on iconographic and epigraphic evidence, complementing it with archaeological data LQRUGHUWRGH¿QHVRPHRIWKHVRFLRSROLWLFDOVWUDWHJLHVLPSOHPHQWHGDQGXVHGE\WKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\ GXULQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLFSHULRGDWLPHZKHQWKHSULQFLSDOFRXUWZDVHVWDEOLVKHGDW&DODNPXO According to the epigraphic evidence and reinforced by recent discoveries of two glyphic panels DW;XQDQWXQLFKWKHVHDWRISRZHURIWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\ZDVDW']LEDQFKHXQWLOWKHHDUO\VHYHQWK FHQWXU\ +HOPNHDQG$ZHDE0DUWLQ0DUWLQDQG9HOiVTXH]*DUFtD1DOGD +HUQiQGH]9HOiVTXH]*DUFtD $JO\SKLFWH[WIRXQGDW/D&RURQDLQ (OHPHQW  mentions the expression that has been read as .$- 1, that can be understood as the restoration of the VHDWRISRZHURIWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\LQDQHZORFDWLRQLQ$' 6WXDUW6WXDUW et al . 2015). The UHDGLQJRIWKHQHZ;XQDQWXQLFK3DQHOVDQGVXJJHVWVWKHVSOLWRIWKHG\QDVW\LQDKRVWLOHVLWXDWLRQ +HOPNHDQG$ZHDE DQGWKHVKLIWRIDSRUWLRQRIWKHG\QDVW\WR&DODNPXO 2 +HOPNHDQG $ZHDE0DUWLQ0DUWLQDQG9HOiVTXH]*DUFtD )URPWKDWPRPHQWRQZDUGVWKH .DQX¶OZLWK

1 'DYLG6WXDUW  KDVLQWHUSUHWHGWKLVYHUEDVµIRXQGDWLRQ¶DYHUEDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHEHJLQQLQJEXWDOVRZLWK the restoration of political seats in new locations. In 2012, Dmitri Beliaev and Albert Davletshin have proposed WKDWWKLVYHUEFRPHVIURPWKH&K¶RODQURRW kaj µWRVHWWOHLQKDELW¶EDVHGRQFRPSOHPHQWDU\DI¿[HVRI ka and ja DW&REDDQG3LHGUDV1HJUDV 'PLWUL%HOLDHYDQG$OEHUW'DYOHWVKLQSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQFLWHGLQ7RNRYLQLQH DOVRLQ0DUWLQDQG9HOiVTXH]*DUFtDQ  2 ;XQDQWXQLFK 3DQHO  PHQWLRQV kanu’l as a toponym that according to previous evidence might refer to ']LEDQFKH +HOPNH DQG$ZH E  ZKHUHDV 8[WH¶WXXQ DQG &KL¶N 1DDKE DUH WKH WRSRQ\PV DVVRFLDWHG WR &DODNPXOSURSHU 6WXDUWDQG+RXVWRQ0DUWLQDQG*UXEH +HUHWKHWH[WRI/D&RURQD(OHPHQW is hard to understand, since the .$- H[SUHVVLRQLVOLQNHGWR kanu’l as toponym, that could be understood as the µVHWWOHLQKDELW¶RIWKHG\QDVW\DW']LEDQFKHEXWSXWWLQJWRJHWKHUWKHDYDLODEOHHSLJUDSKLFGDWDWKHG\QDVW\ZDV seated at and around AD 635 they split and a powerful part of it changed its residence and seat of SRZHUWR&DODNPXO Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 11

VWUXFWXUDOUROH 'HPDUHVW)R[ HWDO  *DODFWLFHQWLWLHVDQGWKHDWHUVWDWHVPRGHOV² RULJLQDOO\GHYHORSHGWRH[SODLQVRFLDOG\QDPLFVLQ6RXWKHDVW$VLD VHH*HHUW]7DPELDK  ²DUHUHFXUUHQWGHFHQWUDOL]HGPRGHOVWKDWKDYHEHHQDSSOLHGWRWKH&ODVVLF0D\D 'HPDUHVW ,QRPDWDDE 7KHVHPRGHOVSURSRVHWKDWWKHSRZHURIWKHUXOHULVEDVHGRQ FKDULVPDDQGLGHRORJLFDOSRZHUEXWQRWVRPXFKRQWKHFRQWURORIPDWHULDOUHVRXUFHVWKXVKHJHPRQLF expansions would have been based on war, matrimonial alliances, rituals, and ceremonial ostentation 'HPDUHVW,QRPDWDD  1HYHUWKHOHVVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ0D\DSROLWLFDOG\QDPLFVWKURXJKHLWKHURIWKHVHEURDGFDWHJRULHV² FHQWUDOL]HG RU GHFHQWUDOL]HG²KDV QRW EHHQ DV IUXLWIXO DV PLJKW EH DQWLFLSDWHG 7KDQNV WR WKH archaeological and epigraphic evidence, it has become clear that political entities were diverse, not only LQVL]HEXWDOVRLQVWUXFWXUH7KHUHIRUHLQRUGHUWRDSSURDFKWKH³0D\DVWDWH´DQGWU\WRXQGHUVWDQGLWV G\QDPLFVLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRVWXG\VSHFL¿FFDVHVDQGSRLQWRXWWKHLULQWHUQDOFRPSOH[LWLHV$V$QWRQLD )RLDV  HPSKDVL]HVRQFHZHXQGHUVWDQGWKHSHFXOLDULWLHVRIVSHFL¿FFDVHVZHFDQXQGHUVWDQG the diversity among the different political entities in space and time, by conducting comparative studies. ,QUHFHQW\HDUVWKHLGHDRID.DQX¶OHPSLUHKDVEHHQHPSKDWLFDOO\DQGHYHQSROHPLFDOO\SURSRVHG E\VRPHVFKRODUV VRPHRIWKHPZHUHLQWHUYLHZHGE\(ULN9DQFH>@ DQGLVFXUUHQWO\H[SORLWHG DVDQDGYHUWLVLQJVORJDQLQDFHUWDLQEUDQFKRIWRXULVPLQ*XDWHPDOD 2QWKHVFKRODUO\VLGH6LPRQ 0DUWLQ  PHQWLRQVWKDWWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\FDPHFORVHUWKDQDQ\RIWKHLUULYDOVWREXLOGD0D\D ³LPSHULXP´ +LHURJO\SKLF WH[WV FOHDUO\ LQGLFDWH WKDW PDUULDJH NLQVKLS E\ DI¿QLW\  SOD\HG D YHU\ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI D UR\DO KRXVH DQG WKDW UHODWLRQVKLSV E\ DI¿OLDWLRQ GHWHUPLQHG VXFFHVVLRQLQWKHKLJKHVWRI¿FH7KHUHIRUHNLQVKLS²DVDV\VWHPWKDWLQFOXGHVEORRGWLHVDQGDI¿QLW\² LVDUHOHYDQWIDFWRUZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHOHJLWLPDF\RISRZHUZLWKLQWKH.DQX¶OHQWLW\ZKLFKLQWXUQVHHPV WRKDYHGHYHORSHGDNLQGRIFHQWUDOL]HGV\VWHP Most studies on pre-Hispanic Maya political systems have focused on epigraphic data, and to DOHVVHUGHJUHHRQDUFKDHRORJLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQ([DPSOHVRIWKLVDUHWKHSHHUSROLWLHVPRGHORI3HWHU 0DWKHZV   DV ZHOO DV 6LPRQ 0DUWLQ DQG 1LNRODL *UXEH¶V    VXSHUVWDWHV 2WKHU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVIRFXVPRUHRQWKHDUFKDHRORJLFDOHYLGHQFHVXFKDVUHJLRQDOVWDWHPRGHOV $GDPV Adams and Jones 1981). In the 1990s some scholars added ethnohistorical data to the archaeological DQG HSLJUDSKLF LQIRUPDWLRQ VHH &XOEHUW  0DUFXV  7RGD\ VWXGLHV RQ WKH VRFLRSROLWLFDO system still tend to give more importance to the epigraphic data, although the archaeological and iconographic information also receive some attention. :KHWKHURUQRWZHFDQWDONDERXWDQ³HPSLUH´²DGLVFXVVLRQWKDWUHTXLUHVIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKRQWKH HPLFSHUFHSWLRQVRIWHUULWRULDOLW\DVZHOODVWKHFRQWURODQGH[FKDQJHRIPDWHULDOUHVRXUFHV²ZHFDQVD\ ZLWKVRPHFHUWDLQW\WKDWWKH.DQX¶OEXLOWDODUJHKHJHPRQLFQHWZRUNWKDWLQFOXGHGPDQ\VRFLRSROLWLFDO HQWLWLHV6XFKDFRPSOH[V\VWHPUHTXLUHGDVHWRIVWUDWHJLHVWRVWDELOL]HWKHERQGVEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQW UR\DOKRXVHVLQFOXGLQJPDUULDJHVDQGRWKHUNLQGVRISDFWV7KHHYLGHQFHDOVRVKRZVYDULRXVGHJUHHV of integration of distinct social units, which are related to the physical distance from the seat of power and other factors. Alliances and socio-political interactions are well attested in the epigraphic record, in particular in texts from the 7 th and 8 th century. However, epigraphy is not the only source of relevant data, since WKHUH DUH FHUWDLQ LGHQWL¿DEOH SDWWHUQV WKDW FRQVWLWXWH DUFKDHRORJLFDO DQG LFRQRJUDSKLF LQGLFDWRUV RI PDUULDJHVDQGRWKHUNLQGVRIVRFLRSROLWLFDOSDFWVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH.DQX¶OZLWKRWKHUOLQHDJHVDQG houses. Therefore, it is important to underline the importance of iconographic studies at the regional OHYHO²GH¿QLQJSDWWHUQVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQOLQNHGWRFHUWDLQVRFLDOXQLWVDQGWKHLUGLVWULEXWLRQLQWKH ODQGVFDSH²LQRUGHUWRGHWHFWLQÀXHQFHVDQGLQWHUDFWLRQLQFHUWDLQGRPDLQV HJ+HOPNH et al . 2015). +HUH,IRFXVRQWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH.DQX¶ODQGLWVDOOLHV'LIIHUHQWNLQGVRIDI¿OLDWLRQ ZHUHUHSUHVHQWHGLQGLVWLQFWZD\VDQGWKHUHDUHFOHDUSDWWHUQVWKDWUHYHDOLQWHUVLWHQHWZRUNVDQGWKHLU 12 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

HIIHFWVRQWKHSROLWLFDOODQGVFDSH7KLVLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\DSSURDFKLVDZRUNGHULYHGIURPP\GRFWRUDO dissertation, and also builds upon research conducted in collaboration with Ana García Barrios (García %DUULRVDQG9i]TXH]/ySH] 3.

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7KH ZRUNLQJ K\SRWKHVLV IRU WKLV VWXG\ LV WKDW LPDJHU\ UHODWHG WR WKH .DQX¶O G\QDVW\ WHQGV WR produce visual patterns with a high degree of standardization. There are certain sets of elements which DUHHDVLO\LGHQWL¿HGDVSDUWRIDVWDWHSURJUDPRIPRQXPHQWDOGLVFRXUVH2QFHDSDWWHUQKDVEHHQ LGHQWL¿HGDWDVSHFL¿FVLWHZHPD\VXJJHVWDUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKLVVLWHDQGWKH.DQX¶O 7KHPDLQPRWLIGHSLFWHGRQDVVRFLDWHGVWHODHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH.DQX¶OLVWKHUXOHURUKLJKVWDWXV ZRPHQZLWKHODERUDWHFRVWXPHVDQGV\PEROVRISRZHUDQGDXWKRULW\6RPHWLPHVWKHFHQWUDO¿JXUHLV accompanied by humiliated captives or by dwarves who are members of the royal court. These visual programs contain little direct information on the social relationships between the rulers and their own social unit or others. Thus, the direct information contained in imagery is relatively poor with regard to the issues discussed here, since marriages or political pacts between two or more different social XQLWVRUSROLWLFDOHQWLWLHVDUHQRWH[SOLFLW7KHUHIRUHZHQHHGWR³UHDGEHWZHHQOLQHV´¿JXUDWLYHO\ VSHDNLQJLQRUGHUWRH[WUDFWWKHLQWHQGHGPHDQLQJV$VPHQWLRQHGEHIRUHLPDJHU\UHSUHVHQWVYHU\ VSHFL¿F SHUVRQV ZLWK D VHW RI HOHPHQWV UHODWHG WR SRZHU DQG DXWKRULW\ DV ZHOO DV ULWXDO DFWLYLWLHV DQGSROLWLFDODWKOHWLFFRQWHVWVVXFKDVWKHEDOOJDPH0RUHVSHFL¿FLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVUHTXLUHUHDGLQJWKH hieroglyphic texts, but also an analysis on an intertextual level. The format of the images, the repetition RIVSHFL¿FPRWLIVDQGWKHVSDWLDOFRQWH[WRIWKHHI¿JLHVRIWKHUXOHUVSURYLGHFUXFLDOLQIRUPDWLRQRQ WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH.DQX¶ODQGRWKHUVRFLDOXQLWV 7KHSULQFLSDOYLVXDOSURJUDPVRIWKH.DQX¶OWKDWUHFRUGSDUWLFXODUVWUDWHJLHVIRUWKHFRRSHUDWLRQ DQG LQWHJUDWLRQ ZLWK RWKHU VRFLDO XQLWV DUH KLJKO\ FRGL¿HG DQG UHSUHVHQW PDUULDJHV RU PRWKHUVRQ UHODWLRQVKLSVRQPHGLDVXFKDVSDLUHGVWHODHFDUYHGSDQHOVDQGOLQWHOV3DFWVDQGSROLWLFDODOOLDQFHVFDQ EHWUDFHGWKURXJKWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIZRPHQZHDULQJDQHWWHGGUHVVWKDWVKDUHVVSHFL¿FHOHPHQWV,Q DGGLWLRQLPDJHVRIEDOOSOD\HUVXVXDOO\UHSUHVHQWHGRQSDQHOVDQGEORFNRIKLHURJO\SKLFVWDLUFDVHVDUH GLDJQRVWLFLQGLFDWRUVRIVRFLRSROLWLFDODOOLDQFHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\$OOWKHVHIRUPDWV DSSHDULQGLIIHUHQWVLWHVXQGHUSROLWLFDOLQÀXHQFHRIWKH.DQX¶OVXFKDV8[XO/D&RURQD1DUDQMR 'RV3LODVDQG(O3HU~WRPHQWLRQVRPHRIWKHP,QWKHIROORZLQJ,ZLOOSUHVHQWDPRUHGHWDLOHG DQDO\VLVRIWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGYLVXDOSURJUDPV²SDLUHGVWHODHZRPHQZHDULQJWKHQHWFRVWXPHDQG EDOOSOD\HUV²LQRUGHUWRGHWHUPLQHWKHLUUHOHYDQFHIRUWKH.DQX¶OV¶V\VWHPRIVRFLRSROLWLFDOVWUDWHJLHV

Paired stelae 3DLUHGVWHODHEHORQJWRDFRPPRQDQGLPSRUWDQWW\SHRIYLVXDOPHGLDOLQNHGWRWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\ DQGKDYHEHHQWKHVXEMHFWVRIGLIIHUHQWVWXGLHV VHH*DUFtD%DUULRVDQG9i]TXH]/ySH] -DEáRĔVND-R\FH0DUFXV5HHVH7D\ORU HWDO 6WHZDUW9i]TXH] /ySH] 8VXDOO\WKHVHVWHODHGHSLFWWKHUR\DOFRXSOHDOWKRXJKLQVRPHFDVHVWKHUXOHU¶V PRWKHULVUHSUHVHQWHGLQVWHDGRIWKHZLIHDVREVHUYHGRQWKHSDLUHGVWHODHIURP1DUDQMRZKHUH/DG\ 6L[6N\ 4 is depicted.

3 3DUWRIWKLVDUWLFOHZDVSUHVHQWHGGXULQJWKHSDSHUVHVVLRQ Las estrategias hegemónicas de la dinastía Kaan RUJDQL]HGE\%HQLDPLQR9ROWD.DL'HOYHQGDKODQG1LNRODL*UXEHDWWKH&RQJUHVR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH0D\DVWLDVLQ ,]DPDO

Basically, there are three different formats of what we can call paired stelae. The most common IRUPDWFRUUHVSRQGVWRWZRYHUWLFDOPRQROLWKV 7DEOHD)LJXUH HDFKRIWKHPGHSLFWLQJRQHSHUVRQ VHWVLGHE\VLGHVRWKDWWKH¿JXUHVGHSLFWHGRQWKHPORRNWRZDUGVHDFKRWKHU2QRWKHURFFDVLRQVWKHUH LVLQRQO\RQHPRQROLWKGHSLFWLQJRQH¿JXUHRQHDFKRILWVODUJHUIDFHV 7DEOHE 7KHOHVVFRPPRQ DUUDQJHPHQWFRUUHVSRQGVWRPRQROLWKVZLWKWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIERWK¿JXUHVPDQDQGZRPDQRQ WKHVDPHIDFHHJ/D&RURQD(OHPHQW,QIDFWWKLVNLQGRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQLVQHLWKHUDVWHODQRULV it paired, but is included in this category because the motif it represents is clearly related to the same JHQUH7KHPRVWIUHTXHQWIRUPDWXVHGE\WKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\LVWKHRQHRIWKHWZRPRQROLWKVHDFKRI them portraying of one of the two members of the royal couple. 7KHVHYLVXDOPHGLDDUHXVXDOO\VHWDWWKHHQWUDQFHRIEXLOGLQJVIRUH[DPSOH&DODNPXOVWHODH and 24 at the entrance of Structure VI and stelae 28 and 29 on the north façade of Structure V (both H[DPSOHVDUHIURPWKH0DLQ3OD]D  )LJXUHE 8[XOVWHODHDQGÀDQNWKHFHQWUDOVWDLUZD\RI 6WUXFWXUH'$QRWKHUFRPPRQORFDWLRQRIWKLVNLQGRIVWHODHLVWKHSOD]DÀRRULQIURQWRISODWIRUPV IRUH[DPSOH&DODNPXO6WHODZDVHUHFWHGDWWKHIRRWRI6WUXFWXUH,9RQWKH0DLQ3OD]DDQGVWHODH DQGDWWKHIRRWRI6WUXFWXUH;9RQWKH*UHDW$FURSROLV2EVHUYLQJWKHSODFHVZKHUHSDLUHGVWHODH

Figure 1. 3DLUHGVWHODHIURP(O3HU~D 6WHOD OHIW GHSLFWVWKHORFDOUXOHU.¶LKQLFK%DKODPDQGE 6WHOD ULJKW GHSLFWV/DG\.¶DEHODQ ixkanu’l 3KRWRVE\-RKQ+0LOOHU

personal name should be transcribed ixwak jalam? chan lem? ajaw 7KHQLFNQDPH RUURXJKWUDQVODWLRQ ³/DG\ 6L[6N\´LVZLGHO\FLWHGDQGWKHUHIRUHXVHGKHUHDVZHOO 14 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

Table 1. A /LVWRISDLUHGVWHODH HQVHPEOHVRIWZRPRQROLWKV  B. Combined stelae (monuments including two portraits on opposite sides) A Site Female Male Date Structure Ruler associated Observations 28 29 623 90DLQ3OD]D 7DMRP8¶NDE.¶DKN¶ :RPDQORRNLQJWR her left 2 3 632 Group A, at the ,[LN

FRQW Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 15

Site Female Male Date Structure Ruler associated Observations

Naranjo 29 30 714 Group C /DG\6L[6N\" Woman and man (no 28) .¶DKN¶7LOLZ&KDQ ORRNWRWKHULJKW &KDDKN Naranjo 31 40 726 31 in C-9 /DG\6L[6N\" :RPDQORRNLQJWR 40 in D-1 .¶DKN¶7LOLZ&KDQ her right. &KDDKN +HOPNH Calakmul 54 52 731 I

B Site Female Male Date Structure Ruler associated Observations Zapote 5b 5a 439 3RVLEO\0DLQ 6L\DM&KDQ.¶DZLLO 6FKHOH)DKVHQDQG 3OD]D Grube 1992 Calakmul 9b 9a 662 ,90DLQ3OD]D

Pechal 1b 1a /DWH Structure VII ? Ruppert and Classic Denison 1943 El Perú 32 32 790 3OD]D /DG\3DNDO 6XXW]¶(PEOHP Glyph Guenter 2005: 374 El Perú 37b 37a /DWH 3OD]D ? .¶DQXO" Classic- Guenter 2005: 379 Terminal Classic Cancuen 1 1 790-800 6WUXFWXUH/ 1RUWK3OD]D 16 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

DUHORFDWHGLQGLIIHUHQWVLWHV 7DEOHVDDQGE)LJXUH WKHUHLVDSURQRXQFHGSUHIHUHQFHIRUSXEOLF DQGWRVRPHH[WHQWVHPLSXEOLFVSDFHV&DODNPXOLVWKHVLWHZLWKWKHKLJKHVWQXPEHURIH[DPSOHVIRU WKLVYLVXDOPHGLXPZLWKDWRWDORIVL[LGHQWL¿HGVHWV Most of these stelae also share other diagnostic traits, besides depicting the royal couple. Women XVXDOO\ZHDUDQHWWHGGUHVV7KHUHLVDWHQGHQF\WRGHSLFWLQGLYLGXDOVRIORZHUVRFLDOVWDWXVORRNLQJ WRWKHLUOHIWZKLOHWKRVHRIKLJKHUVWDWXVORRNWRWKHLUULJKWUHÀHFWLQJDFRPPRQGLUHFWLRQDOSULQFLSOH in Maya art that is present in different types of visual media (e.g. ceramics, sculpture, wall painting, etc.). The repertoire of iconographic conventions that codify social status has been studied by different VFKRODUV VHH+RXVWRQ0DUFXV0LOOHU9HOiVTXH]*DUFtDDPRQJRWKHUV  Here, I propose that, according of the context of the depictions, the act of depicting women to the YLHZHU¶VOHIWRUULJKWPLJKWDOVREHDQLQGLFDWRURIK\SHUJDP\RUK\SRJDP\UHVSHFWLYHO\6WHSKHQ +RXVWRQ  PHQWLRQVWKDWWKHGRPLQDQWSULQFLSOHLQ0D\DDUWLVWKH]RQHRIFRQWDFW²³DQ DUHDEHWZHHQWKH¿UVWSHUVRQIDFLQJYLHZHU¶VULJKWDQGWKH¿UVWSHUVRQIDFLQJYLHZHU¶VOHIW´ZKHUHDV

Figure 2. 6LWHFRUHRI&DODNPXO5HSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIZRPHQLQWKHPRQXPHQWDOGLVFRXUVH SXEOLFDQGVHPLSXEOLF DUHDV D 6WHODGHSLFWVDZRPDQSHUIRUPLQJDULWXDORILQFHQVHVFDWWHULQJ GUDZLQJE\5RFtR*DUFtD9DOJDxyQ  E 3DLUHGVWHODHDQG6WUXFWXUH9 DGDSWHGIURP5XSSHUWDQG'HQLVRQ  Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 17

(ULN9HOiVTXH]*DUFtD  UHIHUVWRWKLV]RQHDV symbolic locus , where persons of higher VWDWXVDUHORFDWHG$FFRUGLQJWR+RXVWRQ  WKHSHUVRQIDFLQJOHIW ORRNLQJWRKLVKHUULJKW  PD\EHGHVFULEHGDVWKHPDLQFKDUDFWHUWKRVHSHUVRQVEHKLQGKLPKHUDUHDWWHQGDQWVRIOHVVHUUDQN DVDUHWKRVHORFDWHGWRWKHULJKWDOWKRXJKWKLVSDWWHUQFKDQJHVZKHQWKHPDLQ¿JXUHLVDGHLW\7KH UHODWLYHKLHUDUFK\RIWKH¿JXUHVLVGH¿QHGE\DUWLVWLFFRQYHQWLRQVWKDWDUHSDUWRIWKHYLVXDOSURJUDPRI &ODVVLF0D\DDUW +RXVWRQDQG6WXDUW9HOiVTXH]*DUFtD ,QWKLVLFRQRJUDSKLF FDQRQSRVWXUHVJHVWXUHVWLWOHVDQGFRVWXPHVDUHDVLPSRUWDQWDVWKHUHODWLYHSRVLWLRQRIHDFK¿JXUH LQDSLFWRULDOVSDFH 9HOiVTXH]*DUFtD VLQFHVSDFHLVQRWKRPRJHQRXVEXWUHODWLRQDODQG KLHUDUFKLFDO +RXVWRQDQG6WXDUW 2QPDQ\RIWKHSDLUHGVWHODHDW&DODNPXOH[FHSWIRU VWHODHDQGZRPHQDUHRQWKHOHIWVLGHRIWKHFRXSOH IURPWKHREVHUYHU¶VSHUVSHFWLYH ORRNLQJ WRWKHOHIWWRZDUGVWKH.DQX¶OUXOHUZKRLVRIKLJKHUVRFLDOVWDWXV0DQ\H[DPSOHVIURPRXWVLGH &DODNPXOVKRZWKHRSSRVLWH LH ZRPHQORRNLQJWRWKHLUULJKW2Q(O3HU~6WHOD,[N¶DEHO 5² an ixkanu’l GDXJKWHURI

5 The reading of the name is preliminary, since it clearly involves another, hitherto undeciphered element between WKHIHPDOHSUH¿[ ix - and the hand sing .¶$% . 18 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

Figure 3. :RPHQZHDULQJWKHQHWFRVWXPHD &DODNPXO6WHOD GUDZLQJE\(ULNYRQ(XZ E &DODNPXO 6WHOD GUDZLQJE\$VLHU5RGUtJXH]0DQMDYDFDV F /D&RURQD(OHPHQW GUDZLQJE\1LNRODL*UXEH  G (O3HU~6WHOD GUDZLQJE\-RKQ0RQWJRPHU\ H 1DUDQMR6WHOD GUDZLQJE\,DQ*UDKDP I 1DUDQMR 6WHOD GUDZLQJE\,DQ*UDKDP J ;XOWXQ6WHOD GUDZLQJE\(ULNYRQ(XZDQG,DQ*UDKDP K &RED6WHOD  GUDZLQJE\(ULNYRQ(XZDQG,DQ*UDKDP $OOZRPHQGHSLFWHGRQWKHVHPRQXPHQWVDUHORRNLQJWRWKHLU UHVSHFWLYHULJKWH[FHSWIRU&DODNPXO6WHOD Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 19

Figure 4. Maps showing the distribution of paired stelae. a) Combined stelae (monuments including two portraits RQRSSRVLWHVLGHV E 3DLUHGVWHODH WZRPRQROLWKV  PDSVJHQHUDWHGE\)HOL[.XSSUDWDQG9HUyQLFD$9i]TXH] /ySH]  20 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

1DUDQMRKLHURJO\SKLFVWDLUZD\²EXWWKHUHLVQRFOHDUHYLGHQFHIRUKLVLQYROYHPHQW$FWXDOO\WKHUH DUHQRWH[WVWRFRQ¿UPKLVUHVLGHQFHDW&DODNPXO$FFRUGLQJWRWKHHSLJUDSKLFHYLGHQFHGLVFXVVHG DWWKHRXWVHW VHH+HOPNHDQG$ZHDE0DUWLQDQG9HOiVTXH]*DUFtD6WXDUW  WKHSULPDU\VHDWRIWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\VHHPVWRKDYHEHHQDW']LEDQFKHLQ$'+HQFHLWLVWKH SUHVHQFHRIDYLVXDOSDWWHUQVRFORVHO\WLHGWRWKH.DQX¶OLVGLI¿FXOWWRXQGHUVWDQGE\LWVRFFXUUHQFH DW&DODNPXODWWKDWWLPHVLQFHWKH³UHVWRUDWLRQ´RISROLWLFDOSRZHULQWKLVFLW\SUREDEO\RFFXUUHGPRUH than a decade later, in AD 635 (Stuart 2012). The second earliest pair is Uxul stelae 2 and 3, erected in AD 632. Stela 2 represents a woman bearing the title k’uhul chatahn winik sak wahyis , while Stela 3 portrays a k’uhul suutz’ ajaw who also was a kalo’mte’ (Grube 2008: 217-220), so that both individuals VHHPWRKDYHEHORQJHGWRLPSRUWDQWOLQHDJHVWKDWZHUHQRWGLUHFWO\WLHGWRWKH.DQX¶ODWWKDWWLPH7KLV OHDYHVXVZLWKWZRRSWLRQV(LWKHUWKHYLVXDOFDQRQVRVWURQJO\OLQNHGWRWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\DIWHU$' ZDVRULJLQDOO\HVWDEOLVKHGE\RWKHUVRFLDOXQLWVSULRUWRWKH.DQX¶OWDNHRYHUDW&DODNPXORUWKH .DQX¶OKDGFRQVLGHUDEOHLQÀXHQFHDW&DODNPXODQGLWVVXUURXQGLQJVVRPHWLPHEHIRUH$'7KH second option is tempting, considering that there is some evidence to suggest a close alliance between WKH.DQX¶ODQGWKH&KDWDKQ UHIHUUHGRQWKH8[XO6WHOD GXULQJWKH th FHQWXU\ 9i]TXH]/ySH] HWDO  DQGWKDWWKHHDUOLHVWSDLUHGVWHODHDW&DODNPXODQG8[XOLQFOXGHDVHULHVRIHOHPHQWVWKDWEHFDPH DQLFRQRJUDSKLFFDQRQRI.DQX¶OLQÀXHQFHDWOHDVWGXULQJWKH th century, when women began to be UHSUHVHQWHGPRUHIUHTXHQWO\LQSXEOLFDQGVHPLSXEOLFVSDFHV The appearance and proliferation of two monoliths conforming paired stelae is closely tied to WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH .DQX¶O¶V KHJHPRQ\ FOHDUO\ FRQFHQWUDWHG LQ WKH VRXWKHUQ 0D\D ORZODQGV VXUURXQGLQJEXWFOHDUO\H[FOXGLQJWKHODUJHU7LNDODUHD )LJXUHVEDQGD ZLWKDWHPSRUDOUDQJH between AD 623 and 736 (17 cases out of 18, see Table 1). Nevertheless, the formal variations that LQYROYHRQO\RQHPRQROLWKDUHPRUHZLGHVSUHDGLQVSDFHDQGWLPH )LJXUHDDQG7DEOHE 7KHIRFDO DUHDLVOHVVGH¿QHGDQGPDQ\RFFXUUHQFHVDUHODWHUWKDQ$' LHRURXWRIVHH7DEOHE  3DLUHGVWHODHFRQVWLWXWHFOHDUHYLGHQFHRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIZRPHQLQWKHSROLWLFDODUHQD7KHLU GHSLFWLRQVZHUHIUHTXHQWO\SDUWRISXEOLFGLVFRXUVHDVHYLGHQFHGE\WKHLUVSDWLDOFRQWH[W )LJXUH  7KHVHPRQXPHQWVDOVRUHYHDOWKHUHOHYDQFHRIUHODWLRQVKLSVE\DI¿QLW\DQGDI¿OLDWLRQDVIXQGDPHQWDO factors in the strategies of a political reproduction, where marital relations and maternal heritage ZHUH LPSRUWDQW FRPSRQHQWV 9i]TXH] /ySH]     :RPHQ²DV FRQGXFWRUV IRU WKH WUDQVPLVVLRQRISRZHUDQGWKHSURFUHDWRUVRIUXOHUV²KDGDVLJQL¿FDQWSDUWWRSOD\LQWKHUHSURGXFWLRQ RIWKHVRFLDOXQLWVWKH\EHORQJHGWRDVZHOODVLQWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRILQWHUKRXVHQHWZRUNV *DUFtD %DUULRVDQG9i]TXH]/ySH]9i]TXH]/ySH] 7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIZRPHQZDV not limited to their capacity of giving birth to future rulers, but lies also in their faculty of legitimizing WKHLU KXVEDQGV RQ WKH WKURQH HVSHFLDOO\ LQ FDVHV WKDW IROORZ SDWWHUQV RI K\SRJDP\ 7KLV LV TXLWH FOHDUZKHQLWFRPHVWRWKHPDULWDOUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQ.DQX¶OZRPHQDQGPHQWKDWZHUHPHPEHUVRI ORZHUUDQNLQJVRFLDOXQLWV+\SRJDPLFPDUULDJHVDUHHSLJUDSKLFDOO\ZHOODWWHVWHGLQ/D&RURQD HJ 3DQHO VLQFHWKHUHDUHH[SOLFLWKLHURJO\SKLFUHIHUHQFHVEXWLQRWKHUFDVHVWKHLQGLFDWRUVDUHPRUH FRGL¿HGVLQFHWKHUHDUHQRFOHDUSDUHQWDJHVWDWHPHQWVLQWKHWH[WV HJ LQWKHPRQXPHQWVRI(O3HU~ 2WKHUH[DPSOHVRIWKLVW\SHRIPDULWDOSDWWHUQLVWKHFDVHRI/DG\6L[6N\DQ ixmutu’l IURP'RV3LODV sent to Naranjo in AD 682 to restore the political authority through her marriage with the local ruler and by giving birth the future ruler of Naranjo (Martin and Grube 2008: 74-77). Actually, she was WKHSROLWLFDODXWKRULW\IRUDORQJSHULRGEHIRUHKHUVRQDFFHGHGWRUR\DOSRZHU +HOPNH 7KH Naranjo example does not directly involve an ixkanu’l EXW/DG\6L[6N\ZDVDPHPEHURIWKH'RV 3LODVEUDQFKRIWKH0XWX¶OG\QDVW\DFORVHDOO\RIWKH.DQX¶OZKLFKLVZK\DVWURQJLQÀXHQFHRIWKH latter may be inferred. In terms of marital alliances as sociopolitical strategies, it is probable that the .DQX¶OZRUNHGDVLQWHUPHGLDULHVRIWKHPDUULDJHEHWZHHQ/DG\6L[6N\DQGKHUKXVEDQGLQRUGHUWR stabilize political tensions in the geopolitically crucial Naranjo area. Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 21

Women and the net costume 7KHVHFRQGLFRQRJUDSKLFWUDLWVSUHDGE\WKH.DQX¶OLVWKHLPDJHVRIZRPHQZHDULQJDQHWFRVWXPH 'XULQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLFSHULRGZRPHQDFTXLUHGPRUHLPSRUWDQFHLQWKHSXEOLFPRQXPHQWDOSURJUDPV 3URVNRXULDNRII SOD\LQJDVXEVWDQWLDOUROHLQWKHSROLWLFVRIWKH.DQX¶OUHDOP *DUFtD%DUULRV DQG9i]TXH]/ySH]0DUFXV5HHVH7D\ORU et al . 2009). This development is particularly apparent from the second decade of 7 th century onwards (c. AD 623) (also see Reese- Taylor et al . 2009). )HPDOH UHJDOLD VHHP WR KDYH KDG D VLJQL¿FDQW V\PEROLF YDOXH 2Q WKH RQH KDQG WKHUH DUH representations of women dressed in a huipil and conducting ritual activities such as the scattering of incense, expressed by the clause XFKRNRZFK¶DDM 7ZRH[DPSOHVRIWKLVDUH&DODNPXO/LQWHOIURP 6WUXFWXUH9,,DQG6WHODVWLOOVWDQGLQJRQ6WUXFWXUH,,ERWKORFDWHGDWWKH0DLQ3OD]D )LJXUHD  Different huipil GHVLJQVDUHVHHQLQWKHPXUDOSDLQWLQJVRI6WUXFWXUH,RIWKH&KL¶N1DDKE*URXSDW the same site (see Carrasco Vargas HWDO &DUUDVFR9DUJDVDQG&RUGHLUR%DTXHLUR*DUFtD %DUULRVDQG9i]TXH]/ySH]0DUWLQD :RPHQZHDULQJWKHQHWWHGGUHVVRQRWKHU hand, are also depicted with elements denoting warfare and political power (García Barrios and 9i]TXH]/ySH]5HHVH7D\ORU et al  %RWKLFRQRJUDSKLFSURJUDPV²QHWWHGGUHVV and the representation of other huipil— display women conducting activities that are also and primarily associated with men and, more precisely, the ruler. Here, I will focus on the representations of women with the net costume, because of its apparent FRQQHFWLRQWRWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\7KHVWXG\RIZRPHQRIDQGDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH.DQX¶OZDVVWDUWHG by Ana García Barrios and myself in 2008 6, and I continued this line of research in the following years. Therefore, part of my approach to the beaded netted dress is based on these antecedents (García %DUULRVDQG9i]TXH]/ySH]  The compilation of monuments depicting women in the netted dress shows that not only the ixkanu’l ajaw were portrayed with this attire, but also women belonging to other social units that were DOOLHGWRWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\ VHH$SSHQGL[)LJXUHE 7KXVLWKDVEHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHUHJDOLD DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHQHWWHGGUHVVLQGLFDWHGVRPHNLQGRIDI¿OLDWLRQZLWKWKH.DQX¶OG\QDVW\FRQVWLWXWLQJ DV\PERORISRZHUDQGOHJLWLPDWLRQ *DUFtD%DUULRVDQG9i]TXH]/ySH]DOVRVHH5HHVH Taylor et al . 2009). However, the patterns of spatial and temporal distribution are fuzzier than those of SDLUHGVWHODHZKLFKLVZK\DPRUHGHWDLOHGGLVFXVVLRQLVUHTXLUHG )LUVWLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRSRLQWRXWWKDWWKHQHWFRVWXPHZDVQRWLQYHQWHGE\WKH.DQX¶O There DUHVHYHUDOH[DPSOHVIURPWKH(DUO\&ODVVLFSHULRGHJ7LNDOVWHODHDQG(O=DSRWH6WHOD &DUDFRO6WHODDQGWKHVRFDOOHG8FDQDO3ODTXH VHH$SSHQGL[)LJXUHD ,QWHUHVWLQJO\PRVWRI WKHVHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVFRUUHVSRQGWRPDOH¿JXUHV$FFRUGLQJWRWKHFRQYHQWLRQVRI0D\DDUW²PDOH VNLUWVWHQGWREHVKRUWHUDQGZRPHQ¶VVNLUWVORQJHUDOPRVWUHDFKLQJGRZQWRWKHDQNOHV²(O=DSRWH 6WHOD $' VHHPVWRGHSLFWDZRPDQ1HYHUWKHOHVV/LQGD6FKHOH)HGHULFR)DKVHQDQG1LNRODL *UXEH  VXJJHVWHGWKDWWKH¿JXUHLVPDOHEDVHRQWKHDEVHQFHRIUHIHUHQFHVWRDZRPDQLQWKH hieroglyphic text, on the one hand, and on the comparison with the Dancer vessels and the /DWH&ODVVLF 6WHOD+IURP&RSDQZKHUHPDOH¿JXUHVDUHGUHVVHGLQWKHQHWFRVWXPHSHUVRQLI\LQJ the maize god, on the other hand. These examples were created decades and even centuries before the VWDQGDUGL]DWLRQRIWKHQHWFRVWXPHE\WKH.DQX¶ODQGLQVRPHFDVHVWKHGHSLFWLRQVGRQRW\HWLQFOXGH the xook VKDUN KHDG DQGYDOYHEHOW HJRQWKH%DODPNXIUHH]HDQGWKH8FDQDO3ODTXH WKDWZRXOG EHFRPHFDQRQLFDOLQWKH/DWH&ODVVLF,QHDUO\H[DPSOHVWKHGUHVVLVFRPSRVHGRIDVLPSOHQHWVNLUWRU of two pieces, a keechkemitl RUDVPDOOFDSHDQGDVNLUW7KHDVVRFLDWHGKHDGGUHVVIHDWXUHVWKHKHDGRI

6 3DUWRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVSUHVHQWHGDWWKH th (XURSHDQ0D\D&RQIHUHQFHLQ3DULV 22 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

DVW\OL]HGVQDNHZLWKDWULDGLFV\PEROLQWKHFHQWHUDQGDQRUQDPHQWPDGHRIIHDWKHUVRQWKHEDFNVLGH /H)RUW3URVNRXULDNRII7DXEH 7KH(DUO\&ODVVLFPRQXPHQWVKDYHPDQ\ WUDLWVWKDWEHFRPHGRPLQDQWLQWKH/DWH&ODVVLFFRVWXPH 3URVNRXULDNRII  )LJXUHVEDQG  A second problem for the detection of patterns of distribution is the existence of different styles of WKHQHWFRVWXPHV )LJXUHE )RUH[DPSOHRQ&REDVWHODH )LJXUHK DQGDQGRQ;XOWXQVWHODH )LJXUHJ DQGWKHQHWWHGGUHVVLVFOHDUO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKHVSHFLPHQVIURP&DODNPXO/D&RURQD DQG1DUDQMR )LJXUH $W&REDWKHGUHVVLVDYHU\ORQJ huipil ZLWKDVNLUWRU corte 7 underneath it and GRHVQRWLQFOXGHWKHVKDUNEHOWZKLOHDEHOWZLWKWKUHHDQFHVWRUPDVNVLVVHHQRQ6WHOD7KHQHWWHG GUHVVDW;XOWXQGRHVQRWLQFOXGHWKHVKDUNYDOYHHQVHPEOHHLWKHUDQGVHHPVWREHZRUQE\PHQIRU DVSHFL¿FGDQFHDVLQGLFDWHGE\DFDSWLRQRQ6WHOD%RWKYDULDQWVVHHPWREHORFDOGHYHORSPHQWV ZKLFKPD\RUPD\QRWKDYHUHFHLYHGLQÀXHQFHVIURPWKHODUJHUSURFHVVHVGLVFXVVHGEHORZ This leads us to a third issue, namely that the beaded net attire is not exclusive to women in the /DWH&ODVVLFHLWKHU0HQZHDUDQHWDWWLUHLQVHYHUDORFFDVLRQV HJ on the sarcophagus lid of Janaab 3DNDOLQ3DOHQTXHRU:D[DNODMXQ8EDDK.¶DZLLORQ&RSDQ6WHOD+ %DXGH] MXVWWR PHQWLRQVRPHH[DPSOHV VHH$SSHQGL[ +RZHYHUPHQXVXDOO\ EXWQRWH[FOXVLYHO\ ZHDUDVKRUWVNLUW rather than a long one or a huipil 7KHQHWDWWLUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKZRPHQKDVVSHFL¿FFKDUDFWHULVWLFV OLNHWKHEHOWZLWKD xook -head and a Spondylus VKHOO )LJXUH :RPHQZHDULQJWKHQHWDWWLUHWHQGWR DSSHDUZLWKDKHDGGUHVVIHDWXULQJDVQDNHKHDGZLWKDODUJHVQRXW,QVRPHH[DPSOHVWKHKHDGGUHVVLV FOHDUO\WKDWRIDVFKHPDWLF:DWHU/LO\6HUSHQWDQGFRPELQHGZLWKDVWHSSHGKDLUGR²&DODNPXO6WHOD DQG(O3HU~6WHODDUHWZRJRRGH[DPSOHV *DUFtD%DUULRVDQG9i]TXH]/ySH]VHHDOVR 3URVNRXULDNRIIIRUJDUPHQWVWKDWFDQEHDVVRFLDWHGWRWKHQHWFRVWXPH &RPPRQWUDLWVRIWKHVH FRPSRVLWLRQVLVWKHSUHVHQFHRIFDSWLYHVRQZKRPZRPHQDUHVWDQGLQJ &DODNPXOVWHODH>)LJXUHD@ DQG>)LJXUHE@1DUDQMR6WHOD>)LJXUHH@&REDVWHODH>)LJXUHK@DQG;XOWXQ6WHOD >)LJXUHJ@DQG PDUWLDODWWULEXWHVOLNHVKLHOGV (O3HU~6WHOD>)LJXUHVEDQGG@ DQGULWXDO LQVLJQLD (O3HU~6WHOD1DUDQMR6WHOD>)LJXUHH@ VHH3URVNRXULDNRII )HZHURI

Figure 5. 'HWDLORIWKHVKDUNKHDGDQGYDOYHEHOWD (O3HU~6WHOD GUDZLQJE\-RKQ0RQWJRPHU\ E 1DUDQMR Stela 24 (drawing by ).

7 The terms corte or enredo  µGUDSHGFORWK¶ UHIHUWRDORQJKHDY\FORWKWKDWIXQFWLRQDVDVNLUW,WLVIROGHGLQWKH PLGGOHDQGZUDSSHGDURXQGWKHZDLVW *DUFtD%DUULRVDQG9i]TXH]/ySH]VHHDOVR$QDZDOW  Corte is a word used by the current Maya groups living in Guatemalan Highlands. Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 23

Figure 6. 0DSVVKRZLQJWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHQHWFRVWXPHD (DUO\&ODVVLFE /DWH&ODVVLF PDSVJHQHUDWHG E\)HOL[.XSSUDWDQG9HUyQLFD$9i]TXH]/ySH]  24 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

Figure 7. 0DSVVKRZLQJWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHQHWFRVWXPHRQPRQXPHQWVVFXOSWHGGXULQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLFD  huipil RUWXQLFVW\OHE WZRSLHFHDWWLUH FDSHDQGVNLUW DQGORFDOYDULHWLHV PDSVJHQHUDWHGE\)HOL[.XSSUDWDQG 9HUyQLFD$9i]TXH]/ySH]  Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 25 these representations included a dwarf, HJ (O3HU~6WHOD,QVXPWKHPRVWFRQVWDQWHOHPHQWRQDOO these depictions is the belt with the xook KHDGDQGWKHVKHOOPDNLQJWKLVHOHPHQWDGLDJQRVWLFLQGLFDWRU These regalia are constantly associated with the wives or mothers of rulers that were part of the .DQX¶OSROLWLFDOVSKHUHDWVLWHVVXFKDV(O3HU~/D&RURQD1DUDQMRDQG8[XOWRPHQWLRQDIHZ 7DEOH 6RPHRIWKHIHDWXUHVWKDWDUHSDUWRIWKHDWWLUHKDYHEHHQLGHQWL¿HGLQEXULDOVRIZRPHQ 7RPERI6WUXFWXUH;9DW&DODNPXOPLJKWKDYHKRXVHGWKHUHPDLQVRI

8 This number is not precise since some texts are not readable and are dated according to graphic style and archaeological context. 26 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH] especially the marital alliances between ixkanu’l ajaw ²GDXJKWHUVRI.DQX¶OUXOHUV 3DQHO ²DQGWKH ORFDOOLQHDJHDVZHOODVWKHSDUHQWDJHVWDWHPHQWVWKDWOLQNVWKHLURIIVSULQJWRWKH.DQX¶O k’uhul kanu’l ajaw 7KHPDUULDJHEHWZHHQWKHGDXJKWHURI

The Ballplayer Panels $V ¿UVW SRLQWHG RXW E\ &KULVWRSKH +HOPNH DQG KLV FROOHDJXHV   DQRWKHU YLVXDO PRWLI EURDGO\ SURPRWHG E\ WKH .DQX¶O LV WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH EDOOJDPH RQ WKH VFXOSWHG SDQHOV RI PRQXPHQWDOVWDLUZD\V 7DEOH)LJXUH ,QWKHVHVFHQHV.DQX¶OUXOHUVDSSHDULQWKHFRPSDQ\RI RWKHUSHUVRQVZKRDUHIUHTXHQWO\LGHQWL¿HGDVORFDOUXOHUVRIWKHVLWHVZKHUHWKHVHSDQHOVFRPHIURP WKURXJKKLHURJO\SKLFFDSWLRQV7KHHDUOLHVWEDOOSOD\HUSDQHONQRZQFRUUHVSRQGVWR0RQXPHQWIURP Dzibanche. This panel was relocated in the hieroglyphic stairway of the Building of the Captives and DSUREDEOHGDWHIRULWVRULJLQDOGHGLFDWLRQLV$'GXULQJWKHUXOHRI

Figure 8. 0DSVKRZLQJWKHSUROLIHUDWLRQRIWKHQHWFRVWXPHGXULQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLFSHULRGDVFRPSDUHGWRWKH (DUO\&ODVVLFRFFXUUHQFHV PDSJHQHUDWHGE\)HOL[.XSSUDWDQG9HUyQLFD$9i]TXH]/ySH] 

/HHDQG3LHKO 8[XO *UXEH HWDO *UXEHDQG'HOYHQGDKO (O 3DOPDU 7VXNDPRWR et al  'RV3LODV +RXVWRQ DQG=DSRWH%REDO 7XQHVL  )LJXUH  $OOWKHVHVLWHVDUHZHOONQRZQIRUKDYLQJIRUPHGSDUWRIWKH.DQX¶O¶VVRFLRSROLWLFDOQHWZRUNGXULQJ WKH/DWH&ODVVLFDIWHUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWDW&DODNPXO &DQXWRDQG%DUULHQWRV4XH]DGD*UXEH +HOPNH et al 0DUWLQ0DUWLQDQG*UXEH7VXNDPRWR et al .  )XUWKHUPRUHWH[WVRQSDQHOVIURPGLVWDQW7RQLQDDOVRVHHPWRH[SUHVVDQDOOLDQFHZLWKWKH .DQX¶O 6WXDUW ZKHUHDVWKHUHDVRQVIRUODWHRFFXUUHQFHVDW

Table 2. Ballplayer panels by sites and dates

Site Monument Date Structure Associated to ruler 5HIHUHQFH Dzibanche Monument 19 c. 573 Building of

FRQW Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 29

Site Monument Date Structure Associated to ruler 5HIHUHQFH Yaxchilan Step X, HS 2 c. 751 Structure 33 .¶DQ7RN:D\DDE Graham 1982:155-164

Figure 9. Map of the distribution of hieroglyphic stairways and ballplayer panels in the Maya area (map generated E\)HOL[.XSSUDWDQG9HUyQLFD$9i]TXH]/ySH]EDVHGRQ+HOPNH HWDO 2015). 30 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

WKDWWKHVHYLVXDOPHGLDKDYHDGHHSHUVLJQL¿FDQFHWKDQWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHULWXDOSROLWLFDOVSRUW OHWXVIRFXVRQDQH[DPSOHIURP8[XO3DQHOIURPWKDWVLWHGHSLFWV@QDO . The correspondence EHWZHHQ&DODNPXOIUDJPHQWVDQG8[XOSDQHOVVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHEDOOFRXUWQDPHPLJKWUHIHUWRWKH EDOOFRXUWDW&DODNPXO )HOL[.XSSUDWSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ  The iconographic standardization of ballplayer panels discussed here and their presence at sites LQWHJUDWHGLQWRDQHWZRUNRIDOOHJLDQFHDQGYDVVDODJH +HOPNH et al . 2015: 21) suggest that the ballgame LWVHOIZRUNHGDVDFHPHQWLQJDFWWRHVWDEOLVKVRFLRSROLWLFDODOOLDQFHVDQGVHFXUHOR\DOW\$FFRUGLQJWR +HOPNHDQGFROOHDJXHV  WKLVFORVXUHRISDFWVLQYROYHGSXEOLFSHUIRUPDQFHVZKHUHYDVVDOV DQGRYHUORUGVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHEDOOJDPHDFWLYHO\0RUHVLJQL¿FDQWLVWKHIDFWWKDWWKHVHSDQHOVDUH PRUHWKDQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIWKHEDOOJDPHEHWZHHQD.DQX¶OUXOHUDQGKLVOR\DODOO\EXWVWDWHPHQWVRI sociopolitical alliances and pacts where the participants of the ballgame were members of a powerful QHWZRUNZKLFKQRWDOZD\VZHUHPHDQWWRUHIHUWRDFWXDOVSRUWV Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 31

DISCUSSION

The shared visual canons on paired stelae, monuments featuring the netted dress, and ballplayer panels discussed here, together with their distribution throughout the Maya lowlands and their dates, UHÀHFWSDWWHUQVRILFRQRJUDSKLFGLVWULEXWLRQDVSDUWRIDKHJHPRQLFGLVFRXUVH6LWHVUHSURGXFLQJWKHVH YLVXDOPHGLDZHUHPHPEHUVRIDSRZHUIXOQHWZRUNOHDGE\WKH.DQX¶O3URGXFLQJPRQXPHQWVWKDWVKDUH QRWRQO\DVSHFL¿FVW\OHEXWDOVRDV\PEROLFEDFNJURXQGODEHOHGWKHUXOHUVZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKLV SURJUDPDVPHPEHUVRIDV\VWHPRIDOOHJLDQFHDQGYDVVDODJHWRWKH.DQX¶O7KHVHVKDUHGFDQRQVDOVR project shared politics, since all these patterns are closely tied to political insignia of power. It would EHGLI¿FXOWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKHLUSROLWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQVE\VLPSO\ORRNLQJWRWKHLFRQRJUDSKLFHYLGHQFH on different supports, which is why the epigraphic data is an invaluable source for the reconstruction of the sociopolitical system, providing information on the relationships among different sites and on WKHQHWZRUNVDOOLDQFHVDQGYDVVDODJHVDVZHOODVFRQÀLFWDQGFRHUFLYHUHODWLRQVKLSV7KURXJKRXW WKLVH[SRVLWLRQZHKDYHVHHQKRZQHFHVVDU\LWLVWRWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIGDWDLQRUGHU WRFURVVWKHPDQGREWDLQHGPRUHGHWDLOHGLQIRUPDWLRQRQVSHFL¿FLVVXHV9LVXDOPHGLDDUHKHDYLO\ FRGL¿HGWKHUHIRUHDVLQJXODUIRFXVRQLFRQRJUDSK\ZRXOGEHOLPLWHG,WLVHDV\WRLQIHUWKDWVLWHV VKDULQJDQLFRQRJUDSKLFSDWWHUQDUHVRPHKRZUHODWHGE\NLQVKLSPDUULDJHRURWKHUNLQGVRIERQGV RUWKDWWKH\DUHVKDULQJWUDGLWLRQVDQGSUDFWLFHVRUWKDWWKHVHVLWHVDUHSDUWRIDSROLWLFDOQHWZRUN EXW LW ZRXOG EH KDUG WR GH¿QH WKH QDWXUH WKHVH UHODWLRQVKLSV (SLJUDSKLF GDWD RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG RIIHUVPRUHSUHFLVHLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHNLQGRIWLHV²SDUHQWDJHVWDWHPHQWVPDULWDODOOLDQFHVPDWHUQDO UHODWLRQVYDVVDODJHW\SHVRIVXERUGLQDWLRQDQGWKHOLNH²RQVRFLRSROLWLFDOG\QDPLFV²WLWOHVRI¿FHV KLHUDUFKLHV²DQG DOVR RQ ULWXDOV FHUHPRQLHV P\WKRORJ\ DQG RWKHU WRSLFV 1HYHUWKHOHVV WH[WV DUH DOVRFRGL¿HGDQGIUHTXHQWO\QRWYHU\H[SOLFLWDQGLQFRPSOHWH%\FURVVLQJERWKOLQHVRIHYLGHQFH we obtain an integral understanding of the research problem. The presence of visual canons at certain VLWHVLQWHUSUHWHGDVWDNLQJSDUWLQWKHSROLWLFDOVSKHUHRIWKH.DQX¶OLVUHLQIRUFHGE\WKHHSLJUDSKLF GDWDWKDWFRQ¿UPVWKHLQWHUDFWLRQDPRQJWKHVHVLWHVDQGWKHLUUHODWLRQVZLWKWKH.DQX¶O0RUHRYHU archaeological data is a third fundamental line of evidence, such as the important example opposing WKDWWKHQDUUDWHGYHUVXVWKHPHGLFDODFFRXQWRI

Figure 10. Comparison of maps show- ing the distribution of a) paired stelae, b) monuments depicting women wear- LQJWKH.DQX¶OVW\OHQHWFRVWXPHDQG c) ballplayer panels. The distribution pattern of the visual programs clearly RPLWWKHODUJHU7LNDODUHD Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 33

.¶DZLOOUXOHURI'RV3LODVZKRZDVVHQWWR1DUDQMRWRPDUU\WKHORFDOUXOHUDQGUHVWRUHSROLWLFDO authority. The ballplayer panels from Tipan Chen Uitz might also be an example of a less direct LQWHUIHUHQFHRIWKH.DQX¶O7KHVHSDQHOVGRDFWXDOO\QRWPHQWLRQDQ\.DQX¶ORYHUORUGEXWLWLVSUREDEOH that Tipan Chen Uitz maintained direct relations with Naranjo, which would have included the site ZLWKDODUJHUQHWZRUNXOWLPDWHO\PDQDJHGIURP&DODNPXO +HOPNH et al . 2015). 3DLUHGVWHODHDQGZRPHQZHDULQJWKHQHWWHGDWWLUHH[SUHVVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIPDULWDODOOLDQFHVDV DVWUDWHJ\RIH[SDQVLRQLVPDQGWKHUHSURGXFWLRQRIVRFLRSROLWLFDOQHWZRUNV,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWPDUULDJHV ZHUHDOVRXVHGDVDPHDQVWRVHDORWKHUNLQGVRISROLWLFDOSDFWV7KHUHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJGLIIHUHQW empowered groups suggest dynamic interdynastic interaction, more active and complex, with a higher degree of negotiation than we would have assumed from the epigraphic data only. Among the Classic Maya, power was not fundamentally based on the domination of the territory, but on the domination and integration of other social relations, a goal achieved through negotiation, pacts, and alliances. 7KHVHG\QDPLFVKDYHEHHQGHVFULEHGH[WHQVLYHO\IRUWKH3RVWFODVVLF0D\D VHH2NRVKL+DUDGD 2000, 2009, 2010) and seem to be valid for Classic times, as well. Besides the importance of political and economic alliances, other strategies were also important DQGGHWHUPLQDQWLQWKHUHSURGXFWLRQRIWKHSROLWLFDOV\VWHP7KHPHFKDQLVPVRIDI¿OLDWLQJRWKHUJURXSV and establishing sociopolitical relationships accomplished voluntary relationships but also coercive ones. Warfare and the control of resources were common tactics for subjugation. Strategies that seem WR KHOS WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI YROXQWDU\ WLHV²RU DW OHDVW WKH LOOXVLRQ RI WKHP²LQFOXGHG PDUULDJHV SDFWVFRQVROLGDWHGWKURXJKEDOOJDPHVGDQFHVGLDFULWLFDOIHVWLYLWLHV VHH7RNRYLQLQH DQGWKH H[FKDQJHRIJLIWVWRPHQWLRQVRPH2WKHUVWUDWHJLHVIRFXVHGRQWKHVRFLDOUHFRJQLWLRQRILQWHJUDWHG communities, such as the change from the cult of ancestors to the cult of patron deities, which was LGHQWL¿HGDW/D&RURQDE\-RDQQH%DURQ  0HFKDQLVPVRIVRFLDOFRKHVLRQZHUHDWZRUN over large distances, as well as on the local level, as for instance shown by the incorporation of VWHODH RI GLIIHUHQW OLQHDJHV LQ D FHQWUDO /DWH &ODVVLF DUFKLWHFWXUDO SURJUDP DW &DODNPXO$W VRPH SRLQWWKH.DQX¶OLQWHJUDWHGVWHODHDQG²HUHFWHGE\D chatahn winik and a k’uhul suutz’ ajaw , UHVSHFWLYHO\²LQWRWKHIDoDGHRI6WUXFWXUH,,SD\LQJUHVSHFWWRWKHVHVXERUGLQDWHOLQHDJHV 9i]TXH] /ySH] et al . 2016). It is important to point out that the evidence has revealed various levels of integration DQGLQYROYHPHQWRIWKH.DQX¶OLQWKHDIIDLUVRIWKHLUDOOLHV 9i]TXH]/ySH]DOVRGLVFXVVHGE\ *UXEHDQG'HOYHQGDKO 7KHGHJUHHRILQÀXHQFHLQDFRPPXQLW\ZDVQRWWKHVDPHLQVLWHVFORVHU WR&DODNPXOWKDQLQWKRVHORFDWHGIDUWKHUDZD\OLNH&DUDFRO(O3HU~&DQFXHQRUHYHQ4XLULJXD ZKHUHWKH.DQX¶OUXOHUVFHUWDLQO\KDGDOHVVDFWLYHUROH DOVRVHH+HOPNH et al . 2015). Sites closer to WKHLPPHGLDWH]RQHRILQÀXHQFHDURXQG&DODNPXOOLNH8[XOZHUHDIIHFWHGRULQÀXHQFHGLQDVWURQJHU PRUHGLUHFWZD\ZKLFKLVUHÀHFWHGQRWRQO\E\WKHXVHRIYLVXDOFRGHVRUVLWHOD\RXWEXWDOVRE\WKH UHODWLYHO\VRRQDEDQGRQPHQWRIWKHVLWHVDIWHUWKHIDOORIWKH.DQX¶O 9i]TXH]/ySH]  Thus, last carved monument at Uxul dates to AD 705, and ceramic analyses reveal a rapid decrease of WKHSRSXODWLRQDOWKRXJKWKHWRWDODEDQGRQHGRIWKHVLWHGLGQRWRFFXUEHIRUH$' ']XO*yQJRUD DQG%DFK*UXEHDQG'HOYHQGDKO 1HYHUWKHOHVVFHUDPLFVDQGRWKHUDUFKDHRORJLFDO GDWDVKRZWKDW/D&RURQDDQG(O3HU~PDLQWDLQHGDQDFWLYHOLIHIRUDORQJHUWLPHDIWHUWKHIDOORIWKH .DQX¶OGRPDLQ/D&RURQD² F NPIURP&DODNPXO²VHHPVWRKDYHEHHQDEDQGRQHGDURXQG$'  %DURQ %DUULHQWRV4XH]DGDDQG&DQXWR%DUULHQWRV4XH]DGDHWDO &DQXWRDQG%DUULHQWRV4XH]DGD GHVSLWHRIWKHVSHFLDOOLQNWKDWH[LVWHGEHWZHHQWKHVRFLDO KRXVHVRIOD&RURQDDQGWKH.DQX¶OSULQFLSDOO\WKURXJKPDULWDOERQGV 0DUWLQ (O3HU~² F 115 NPIURP&DODNPXONPVRXWKRI/D&RURQDDQG F NPZHVWIURP7LNDO²KDVDSHFXOLDUORFDWLRQ FORVHUWR7LNDOEXWZLWKVWURQJWLHVWR&DODNPXOGXULQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLFSHULRG7KHVLWHOD\RXWLVPRUH FRPSOH[WKDQWKRVHDW8[XODQG/D&RURQDDQGDOVRWKHRFFXSDWLRQRIWKHVLWHLVORQJHUWKDQIRUDQ\ of the two other sites, the site being abandoned around AD 1000 (Eppich 2011: 32-43). The longer RFFXSDWLRQRI(O3HU~LQGLFDWHVDKLJKHUGHJUHHRILQGHSHQGHQFHZKLOHWKHSUR[LPLW\WR7LNDOH[SODLQV 34 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

WKHLQWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKDWVLWHDIWHUWKHIDOORIWKH.DQX¶O7LNDODSSDUHQWO\IRFXVHGRQLQWHJUDWLQJWKH IRUPHUYDVVDOVRIWKH.DQX¶OUHDOPLQWRLWVVSKHUHE\DGRSWLQJWKHVDPHVWUDWHJ\K\SRJDPLFPDUWLDO DOOLDQFHV)RUH[DPSOH/D&RURQD0RQXPHQWGHGLFDWHGLQ$'GHSLFWVDZRPDQZLWKWKH 0XWX¶O(PEOHPJO\SKIURP7LNDOWKDWDUULYHGDW/D&RURQDLQ$' %DURQ $W(O3HU~ WKHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHRIPDUULDJHZLWKKLJKUDQNLQJZRPHQIURP7LNDOSUREDEO\EHFDXVHWKHVLWHZDV DWWDFNHGE\7LNDOLQ$'DVVWDWHGRQWKH/LQWHORI7HPSOH,9DW7LNDO *XHQWHU 7KHVH cases show how different the degrees of integration were even at relatively central sites within the .DQX¶OVSKHUHVWURQJO\VXJJHVWLQJWKDWGLVWDQFHWRWKHUHJLRQDOFDSLWDOZDVDNH\IDFWRUIRUFRQWURO DQGLQÀXHQFH A system of sociopolitical reproduction with strong cohesive characteristics would led to the LQWHJUDWLRQRIVRFLDOXQLWVRUKRXVHVLQWRDSROLWLFDOQHWZRUNDQGDSUHVWLJHHFRQRP\ZLWKEHQH¿WVIRU DOOPHPEHUV HJWKH*UHDW:HVWHUQ7UDGH5RXWHVHH:RRG¿OODQG$QGULHX 7UDGHURXWHVZRXOG WUDQVSRUWJRRGVOLNHREVLGLDQMDGHLWHFKHUWVDOWFRWWRQZRRGYHVVHOVPLQHUDOVVKHOOVDQGIHDWKHUV DPRQJRWKHUVIURPGLIIHUHQWDUHDVRIWKH6RXWKHUQ0D\D/RZODQGVWKH0RWDJXDUHJLRQDQGDOVRWKH 1RUWKHUQ/RZODQGV7KURXJKWKHVHDOOLDQFHVWKH.DQX¶OIURP&DODNPXOLPSURYHGWKHLUDFFHVVWRWKH VRXWKHUQ3HWHQDQGEXLOWDKHJHPRQLFEORFNDJDLQVW7LNDO )LJXUH  7KHVHVWUDWHJLHVDUHLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHDFWLYHSURFHVVRIOHJLWLPDWLRQ .XUQLFN WKURXJK WKHPUHODWLRQVKLSVDUHUHLQIRUFHGVLQFHWKH\ZRUNDVVWDWHPHQWVRIVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOKLHUDUFK\ DOVR VHH7RNRYLQLQH 7KHVRFLRSROLWLFDOVWDWXVRIDSHUVRQFDQEHLGHQWL¿HGEDVHGRQLFRQRJUDSKLF traits, LH WKHGLUHFWLRQLQZKLFKWKH¿JXUHVDUHGHSLFWHGJD]LQJWKHORFDWLRQRID¿JXUHLQDVFHQHOLNH on ballplayers panels or paired stelae, or graphic attributes. The visual canons discussed here seem to ZRUNDVLQGLFDWRUVRIVRFLRSROLWLFDOVWUDWHJLHVRIWKH.DQX¶OIURP&DODNPXOGXULQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLF 0DUULDJHVHVWDEOLVKHGE\WKH.DQX¶OZLWKRWKHUVRFLDOXQLWVZRUNDVDVRXUFHRIH[WHUQDOOLIHJLYLQJ WKHSRVVLELOLW\WRH[SDQGWKHLULQÀXHQFHWRWKHH[WHULRU7KHVHPDULWDODOOLDQFHVZHUHDOVRLQYROYHGLQ the transmission of status, material goods, and political authority from one patriline to another, through ZRPHQWKDWZHUHPHPEHUVRIKLJKHUUDQNLQJVRFLDOKRXVHV$FFRUGLQJWR0DULO\Q6WUDWKHUQ   ³PDUULDJHH[FKDQJH´LQLWVGRXEOHVHQVHUHIHUVWRDFLUFXODWLRQRIXQLRQVEHWZHHQH[FKDQJLQJ social units and other transactions that accompany marriage. The strategies discussed here might have IDFLOLWDWHGORQJWHUPH[FKDQJHVDVVHHQEHWZHHQWKH.DQX¶ODQGWKHVRFLDOXQLWVRI/D&RURQDORUWKH .DQX¶ODQGWKH0XWX¶OIURP'RV3LODVZKRVHWLHVVXUYLYHGWKHGHIHDWRI

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,ZDQWWRWKDQNWKHHGLWLQJERDUGRI&UDFRZ3XEOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHLQYLWDWLRQWRFRQWULEXWHWRWKLV YROXPH7KDQNVWR&KULVWRSKH+HOPNH+DUUL.HWWXQHQ&KORp$QGULHXDQG(ULN9HOiVTXH]*DUFtD for their guidance, observations and comments during the gestation of my dissertation. To Beniamino 9ROWD.DL 'HOYHQGDKO DQG 1LNRODL *UXEH IRU WKH LQYLWDWLRQ WR WKH SDSHU VHVVLRQ Las estrategias hegemónicas de la dinastía Kaan , as part of the Congreso Internacional de Mayistas at , June ZKHUH,SUHVHQWHGDSUHOLPLQDU\YHUVLRQRIWKHSUHVHQWWH[W6SHFLDOWKDQNVWR)HOL[.XSSUDWIRU his insights, comments, revision, and help in producing the maps. Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 35

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&$55$6&2 9$5*$6 5$0Ï1 20$5 52'5Ë*8(= &$03(52 $*867Ë1 $1$<$ &$1&,12 0$5,1e6&2/Ï1*21=È/(=&/$8',$*$5&Ë$62/Ë6.$,'(/9(1'$+/9(5$7,(6/(5%/26 $1'3$75,&,$0((+$1+(50$1621 2003 3UR\HFWRDUTXHROyJLFR&DODNPXO,QIRUPH7pFQLFR , Tomo 1. Mexico: Report submitted to Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. &$55$6&29$5*$65$0Ï19(5Ï1,&$$9È=48(=/Ï3(=$1'6,0210$57,1  'DLO\ OLIH RI WKH DQFLHQW 0D\D UHFRUGHG RQ PXUDOV DW &DODNPXO 0H[LFR Proceedings of the Nactional Academy of Sciences 106(46): 19245-19249. &$55$6&29$5*$65$0Ï1$1'0$5Ë$&25'(,52%$48(,52  7KH0XUDOVRI&KLLN1DKE6WUXFWXUH6XE&DODNPXO0H[LFR Maya Archaeology 2 , edited by &KDUOHV*ROGHQ6WHSKHQ'+RXVWRQDQG-RHO6NLGPRUHSS6DQ)UDQFLVFR3UHFROXPELD0HVRZHE3UHVV &+$6($5/(1$1'',$1(&+$6(  0RUHWKDQ.LQDQG.LQJ&HQWUDOL]HG3ROLWLFDO2UJDQL]DWLRQDPRQJWKH/DWH&ODVVLF0D\D Current Anthropology 37(5): 803-810. &+$6(',$1($1'$5/(1&+$6( 1992 0HVRDPHULFDQ(OLWHV$Q$UFKDHRORJLFDO$VVHVVPHQW 1RUPDQ8QLYHUVLW\RI2NODKRPD3UHVV &+$6(',$1($5/(1&+$6($1':,//,$0$+$9,/$1' 1990 The Classic : Reconsidering the Mesoamerican Urban Tradition. American Anthropologist 92(3): 499-506. &5$6%251-26e(/,=$%(7+0$55248Ë1)('(5,&2)$+6(1$1'0$5Ë$(/(1$9(*$  8QQXHYRPRQXPHQWRHQ4XLULJXD/DEDQFD\SDQHOWDOODGRVGHOD(VWUXFWXUD%GHO*UXSR Este. XXV Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2011 HGLWHGE\%iUEDUD$UUR\R/XLV 3DL]DQG+pFWRU0HMtDSS*XDWHPDOD0LQLVWHULRGH&XOWXUD\'HSRUWHV,QVWLWXWRGH$QWURSRORJtD H+LVWRULD\$VRFLDFLyQ7LNDO &8/%(5773$75,&.  3ROLWLHVLQWKH1RUWKHDVW3HWHQ*XDWHPDOD  Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Ar- FKDHRORJLFDO(YLGHQFH HGLWHGE\73DWULFN&XOEHUWSS&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV '=8/*Ï1*25$6$5$$1'-8/,$%$&+  /DFHUiPLFDGH8[XO/RORFDOORUHJLRQDO\ORDMHQR 3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWR&RQJUHVR,QWHUQDFLRQDO GH0D\LVWDV&DPSHFKH8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR-XO\ DEMAREST, ARTHUR 1984 Conclusiones y especulaciones acerca de . Mesoamerica 7: 138-150.  ,GHRORJ\LQ$QFLHQW0D\D&XOWXUDO(YROXWLRQ7KH'\QDPLFVRI*DODFWLF3ROLWLHV  Ideology and Pre-Columbian Civilizations HGLWHGE\$UWKXU$'HPDUHVWDQG*HRIIUH\:&RQUDGSS6DQWD)H 6FKRRORI$PHULFDQ5HVHDUFK3UHVV 1996 Concluding Comment on the Maya State: Centralized or Segmentary? Current Anthropology 37(5): 821-824. 2006 $QFLHQW0D\D7KH5LVHDQG)DOORID5DLQIRUHVW&LYLOL]DWLRQ &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV (33,&+.(,7+  /LQHDJHDQG6WDWHDW(O3HU~:DND¶&HUDPLFDQG$UFKLWHFWXUDO3UHVSHFWLYHVRQWKH&ODVVLF0D\D 6RFLDO'\QDPLF8QSXEOLVKHG3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ'DOODV'HSDUWPHQWRI$QWKURSRORJ\6RXWKHUQ0HWKRGLVW University. (63$5=$2/*8Ë12&7$9,248(7=$/&Ï$7/ 2016 (VWXGLR GH ORV PRQXPHQWRV HVFXOSLGRV GH &REi 4XLQWDQD 5RR \ VX FRQWH[WR DUTXHROyJLFR . 8QSXEOLVKHG3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ0H[LFR0HVRDPHULFDQ6WXGLHV*UDGXDWH3URJUDP8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO $XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR )2,$6$1721,$( 2013 Ancient Maya Political Dynamics *DLQHVYLOOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVRI)ORULGD Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 37

)2;-2+1:*$55(77:&22.$5/(1)&+$6($1'',$1(=&+$6(  4XHVWLRQVRI3ROLWLFDODQG(FRQRPLF,QWHJUDWLRQ6HJPHQWDU\9HUVXV&HQWUDOL]HG6WDWHVDPRQJWKH Ancient Maya. Current Anthropology 37(5): 795-801. *$5&Ë$%$55,26$1$$1'9(5Ï1,&$$9È=48(=/Ï3(=  0RGD\SURWRFRORIHPHQLQRHQHOUHLQRGH.DQX¶O VLJOR9,,G&  3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH WK (XURSHDQ0D\D&RQIHUHQFH 3DULV*URXSHG¶(QVHLJQHPHQWHWGH5HFKHUFKH0D\D(XURSHDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI 0D\DQLVW:$<(%'HFHPEHU  7KH :HDYLQJ RI 3RZHU :RPHQ¶V &ORWKLQJ DQG 3URWRFRO LQ WKH 6HYHQWK&HQWXU\ .LQJGRP RI .DQX¶O Latin American Indian Literatures Journal 27(1): 50-95.  0RGD\SURWRFRORIHPHQLQRHQHOUHLQRGH.DQX¶O VLJOR9,,G&  Maya Daily Lives, edited by 3KLOLSSH1RQGpGpRDQG$ODLQ%UHWRQSS $FWD0HVR$PHULFDQD 0XQLFK9HUODJ$QWRQ6DXUZHLQ *$5&Ë$02//52%(572  3RPRQi 8Q VLWLR GHO &OiVLFR PD\D HQ ODV FROLQDV WDEDVTXHxDV 0H[LFR ,QVWLWXWR 1DFLRQDO GH Antropología e Historia. *$5&Ë$025(1252'5Ë*8(=5(1$7$  /HV FRLIIXUHV IXQHUDLUHV GH &DODNPXO &DPSHFKH 0H[LTXH /HXU HWXGH WHFKQRORJLTXH HW V\PEROLTXH8QSXEOLVKHG3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ3DULV'HSDUWPHQWRI3UH&ROXPELDQ$UFKDHRORJ\8QLYHUVLWp 3DULV,3DQWKpRQ6RUERQQH *$5&Ë$025(1252'5Ë*8(=5(1$7$$1'-26(),1$*5$1$'26*  7XPEDVUHDOHVGH&DODNPXO Arqueología Mexicana 42: 28-33. '(/$*$5=$0(5&('(6*8,//(502%(51$/520(52$1'0$57+$&8(9$6*$5&Ë$ 2012 3DOHQTXH/DNDPKD¶ 8QD SUHVHQFLD LQPRUWDO GHO SDVDGR LQGtJHQD . (Serie Ciudades). Mexico: )RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFD(O&ROHJLRGH0p[LFR)LGHLFRPLVR+LVWRULDGHODV$PpULFDV *((57=&/,))25'  1HJDUD7KH7KHDWHU6WDWHLQ1LQHWHHQWK&HQWXU\%DOL3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV GRAHAM, IAN 1982 Cover: Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions 9RO3DUW

 7KH(SLJUDSK\RI(O3HU~ $UFKDHRORJ\DW(O3HU~:DND $QFLHQW0D\D3HUIRUPDQFHVRI5LWXDO Memory, and Power  HGLWHG E\ 2OLYLD & 1DYDUUR)DUUDQG 0LFKHOOH 5LFK SS  7XFVRQ 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\RI$UL]RQD3UHVV +$9,/$1':,//,$0$  6WDWXVDQG3RZHULQ&ODVVLF0D\D6RFLHW\7KH9LHZIURP7LNDO American Anthropologist 94(4): 937-940.  2QWKH0D\D6WDWH Current Anthropology 38(3):443-445. +(/0.(&+5,6723+(  ,QGLFDWRUV RI 0DWULIRFDOLW\ DQG 0DWHUQDO 'RPLQDQFH GXULQJ WKH 5HJHQF\ RI /DG\ 6L[ 6N\ DW 1DUDQMR*XDWHPDOD3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH th Cracow Maya Conference. Cracow: Jagiellonian University, )HEUXDU\ +(/0.(&+5,6723+($1'-$,0(-$:( D 'HDWK %HFRPHV +HU$Q$QDO\VLV RI 3DQHO  ;XQDQWXQLFK %HOL]H 7KH 3$5, -RXUQDO 16(4): 1-14. E 6KDUSHUWKDQD6HUSHQW¶VWRRWK$7DOHRIWKH6QDNHKHDG'\QDVW\DV5HFRXQWHGRQ;XQDQWXQLFK 3DQHO 7KH3$5,-RXUQDO 17(2): 1-22. +(/0.(&+5,6723+($1'5(65&+5,6723+(56+$:1*025721 $1'*$%5,(/':52%(/  )RU/RYHRIWKH*DPH7KH%DOOSOD\HU3DQHOVRI7LSDQ&KHQ8LW]LQ/LJKWRI/DWH&ODVVLF$WKOHWLF Hegemony. 7KH3$5,-RXUQDO 16(2): 1-30. +(/0.(&+5,6723+($1')(/,;.8335$7  :KHUH6QDNHV$ERXQG6XSHUQDWXUDO3ODFHV2ULJLQDQG)RXQGLQJ0\WKVLQWKH7LWOHVRI&ODVVLF Maya Kings. 3ODFHV RI 3RZHU DQG 0HPRU\ LQ 0HVRDPHULFD¶V3DVW DQG 3UHVHQW +RZ 6LWHV 7RSRQ\PV and Landscapes Shape History and Remembrances , edited by Daniel Graña-Behrens, pp. 33-83. Estudios ,QLGLDQD%HUOLQ,EHUR$PHULNDQLVFKHV,QVWLWXW*HEUGHU0DQQ9HUODJ  /RVJOLIRVHPEOHPD\ORVOXJDUHVVREUHQDWXUDOHVHOFDVRGH.DQX¶O\VXVLPSOLFDFLRQHV (VWXGLRV de Cultura Maya 50: 95-135. +28672167(3+(1'  3UREOHPDWLF(PEOHP*O\SKV([DPSOHVIURP$OWDUGH6DFUL¿FLRV(O&KRUUR5tR$]XODQG;XOWXQ Research Reports in Ancient Maya Writing 3: 1-11.  1RWHV RQ &DUDFRO (SLJUDSK\ DQG ,WV 6LJQL¿FDQFH Investigations at the Classic Maya City of &DUDFRO%HOL]H HGLWHGE\$UOHQ'&KDVHDQG'LDQH=&KDVHSS 0RQRJUDSK 6DQ )UDQFLVFR3UH&ROXPELDQ$UW5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH 1993 Hieroglyphs and History at Dos Pilas: Dynastic Politics of the Classic Maya . Austin: University of 7H[DV3UHVV 1998 Classic Maya Depictions of the Built Environment. Function and Meaning in Classic , edited by Stephen D. Houston, pp. 333-372. Washington, D.C.: 'XPEDUWRQ2DNV5HVHDUFK /LEUDU\DQG&ROOHFWLRQ +28672167(3+(1'$1''$9,'678$57  3HRSOLQJWKH&ODVVLF0D\D&RXUW 5R\DO&RXUWVRIWKH$QFLHQW0D\D9ROXPH2QH7KHRU\&RP - parison, and Synthesis, HGLWHGE\7DNHVKL,QRPDWD\6WHSKHQ'+RXVWRQSS%RXOGHU:HVWYLHZ 3UHVV ,120$7$7$.(6+, D 3ROLWLFV DQG 7KHDWULFDOLW\ LQ 0D\DQ 6RFLHW\  $UFKDHRORJ\ 3HUIRUPDQFH 7KHDWHUV RI 3RZHU Community, and Politics HGLWHGE\7DNHVKL,QRPDWDDQG/DZUHQFH6&REHQSS/DQKDP$OWD0LUD 3UHVV E 3OD]DV3HUIRUPHUVDQG6SHFWDWRUV3ROLWLFDO7KHDWHUVRIWKH&ODVVLF0D\D Current Anthropology 47(5): 805-842. Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 39

-$%à2ē6.$-2$11$  ,FRQRJUDSK\DQGVW\OHRI&DODNPXO¶VLPSHULDOLVPLPSRVHGRQLWVKLQWHUODQGVLQWKH/DWH&ODVVLF 3HULRG3DSHUSUHVHQWHGDWWKH st European Maya Conference. Moscow: Knorozov Center for Mesoamerican 6WXGLHV5XVVLDQ6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\IRUWKH+XPDQLWLHVDQGWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI$QFLHQW+LVWRU\/RPRQRVRY 0RVFRZ6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\(XURSHDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI0D\DQLVW:$<(%2FWREHU -$&.6216$5$+(  'HFLSKHULQJ &ODVVLF 0D\D 3ROLWLFDO +LHUDUFK\ (SLJUDSKLF $UFKDHRORJLFDO DQG (WKQRKLVWRULF 3HUVSHFWLYHVRQWKH&RXUWO\(OLWH8QSXEOLVKHG3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ&DPEULGJH'HSDUWPHQWRI$QWKURSRORJ\ Harvard University. 2013 3ROLWLFVRIWKH0D\D&RXUW+LHUDUFK\DQG&KDQJHLQWKH/DWH&ODVVLF3HULRG . Norman: University RI2NODKRPD3UHVV -2<&(526(0$5<$ 2000 Gender and Power in Prehispanic Mesoamerica $XVWLQ8QLYHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV KURNICK, SARAH  3DUDGR[LFDO3ROLWLFV1HJRWLDWLQJWKH&RQWUDGLFWLRQVRI3ROLWLFDO$XWKRULW\ Political Strategies in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica HGLWHGE\6DUDK.XUQLFNDQG-RDQQH%DURQSS%RXOGHU8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVVRI&RORUDGR /(('$9,')  :. ([FDYDFLRQHV HQ OD HVWUXFWXUD / HQ HO &RPSOHMR 3DODFLHJR 1RURHVWH  Proyecto $UTXHROyJLFR(O3HU~:DND¶,QIRUPHQR7HPSRUDGD , edited by Héctor Escobedo and David A. )UHLGHOSS*XDWHPDOD5HSRUWVXEPLWWHGWR,QVWLWXWRGH$QWURSRORJtDH+LVWRULD  :.([FDYDFLRQHVHQHO&RPSOHMR3DODFLHJR1RURHVWH 3UR\HFWR$UTXHROyJLFR(O3HU~:DND¶ ,QIRUPHQR7HPSRUDGD HGLWHGE\+pFWRU/(VFREHGRDQG'DYLG$)UHLGHOSS*XDWHPDOD Report submitted to Instituto de Antropología e Historia.  $SSURDFKLQJWKH(QG0D\D5R\DO5LWXDOLQWKH3DODFH*URXSDW(O3HU~:DND¶3HWpQ*XDWHPDOD 8QSXEOLVKHG3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ'DOODV'HSDUWPHQWRI$QWKURSRORJ\6RXWKHUQ0HWKRGLVW8QLYHUVLW\ /(('$9,')$1'-(11,)(5&3,(+/  5LWXDODQG5HPHPEUDQFHDWWKH1RUWKZHVW3DODFH&RPSOH[(O3HU~:DND¶  $UFKDHRORJ\DW(O 3HU~:DND¶$QFLHQW0D\D3HUIRUPDQFHVRI5LWXDO0HPRU\DQG3RZHU HGLWHGE\2OLYLD&1DYDUUR)DUU DQG0LFKHOOH5LFKSS7XFVRQ7KH8QLYHUVLW\RI$UL]RQD3UHVV /()257*(1(9,Ê9( 2001 /DUR\DXWpVDFUpHFKH]OHV0D\DVGHO HSRTXHFODVVLTXH DS-& 8QSXEOLVKHG3K' GLVVHUWDWLRQ%UXVVHOV)DFXOWpGH3KLORVRSKLHHW/HWWUHV8QLYHUVLWp/LEUHGH%UX[HOOHV 2002 El traje real entre los mayas de la época clásica (250-900 d. C.) Actas de las Ias Jornadas ,QWHUQDFLRQDOHVVREUH7H[WLOHV3UHFRORPELQRV edited by Victoria Solanilla, pp. 27-41. Barcelona: Universidad $XWyQRPDGH%DUFHORQD 0$/(57(2%(57 1901 5HVHDUFKHVLQWKH&HQWUDO3RUWLRQRIWKH8VXPDWVLQWOD9DOOH\  0HPRLUVRIWKH3HDERG\0XVHXP RI$PHULFDQ$UFKDHRORJ\DQG(WKQRORJ\+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\9ROXPH1XPEHU &DPEULGJH3HDERG\ Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. 0$5&86-2<&( 1987 7KH,QVFULSWLRQVDW&DODNPXO5R\DO0DUULDJHDWD0D\D&LW\LQ&DPSHFKH0H[LFR . Technical Report 21. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology. 1992 0HVRDPHULFDQ :ULWLQJ 6\VWHPV 3URSDJDQGD 0\WK DQG +LVWRU\ LQ )RXU$QFLHQW &LYLOL]DWLRQV . 3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV  $QFLHQW0D\D3ROLWLFDO2UJDQL]DWLRQ  /RZODQG0D\D&LYLOL]DWLRQLQWKH(LJKWK&HQWXU\$' , edited E\ -HUHP\ 6DEORII DQG -RKQ 6 +HQGHUVRQ SS  :DVKLQJWRQ '& 'XPEDUWRQ 2DNV 5HVHDUFK /LEUDU\DQG&ROOHFWLRQ 40 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

2006 Identifying Elites and their Strategies. ,QWHUPHGLDWH(OLWHVLQ3UH&ROXPELDQ6WDWHVDQG(PSLUHV , HGLWHGE\&KULVWLQD0(OVRQ\5$ODQ&RYH\SS7XFVRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI$UL]RQD3UHVV 0$57,16,021  ,QYHVWLJDFLyQ(SLJUi¿FDGH&DPSR ,QIRUPHWpFQLFR3UR\HFWR$UTXHROyJLFR&DODNPXO HGLWHGE\&DUUDVFR9DUJDV6\OYLDQH%RXFKHU5DPyQ(PLO\*RQ]iOH]$FFHVVHG6HSWHPEHU th @ D +LHURJO\SKV IURP WKH 3DLQWHG 3\UDPLG7KH HSLJUDSK\ RI &KLLN 1DKE 6WUXFWXUH , &DODNPXO Mexico. Maya Archaeology 2 HGLWHGE\&KDUOHV*ROGHQ6WHSKHQ'+RXVWRQDQG-RHO6NLGPRUHSS 6DQ)UDQFLVFR3UHFROXPELD0HVRZHE3UHVV 2012b Escritura  &DODNPXO3DWULPRQLRGHOD+XPDQLGDG , edited by Regina Martínez Vera, pp. 157-175. Mexico: Grupo Azabache. 2017 The Hieroglyphic Stairway. Maya Decipherment : https://decipherment.wordpress. com/2017/01/20/the-caracol-hieroglyphic-stairway/ >$FFHVVHG-DQXDU\ th @ 0$57,16,021$1'1,.2/$,*58%( 1995 Maya Superstates. Archaeology 48(6): 41-46.  3ROtWLFDFOiVLFDPD\DGHQWURGHXQDWUDGLFLyQPHVRDPHULFDQDXQPRGHORHSLJUi¿FRGHRUJDQL]DFLyQ política ‘KHJHPyQLFD¶  0RGHORV GH HQWLGDGHV SROtWLFDV PD\DV HU VHPLQDULR GH ODV 0HVDV 5HGRQGDV GH HGLWHGE\6LOYLD7UHMRSS0H[LFR&21$&8/7$,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGH$QWURSRORJtDH Historia. 2000 &KURQLFOHRIWKH0D\D.LQJVDQG4XHHQV'HFLSKHULQJWKH'\QDVWLHVRIWKH$QFLHQW0D\D /RQGRQ Thames & Hudson. 2008 &KURQLFOHRIWKH0D\D.LQJVDQG4XHHQV'HFLSKHULQJWKH'\QDVWLHVRIWKH$QFLHQW0D\D . 2 nd HGLWLRQ/RQGRQ7KDPHV +XGVRQ 0$57,16,021$1'(5,.9(/È648(=*$5&Ë$  3ROLWLHVDQG3ODFHV7UDFLQJWKH7RSRQ\PVRIWKH6QDNH'\QDVW\ 7KH3$5,-RXUQDO 17(2): 23-33. 0$7+(:63(7(5 1991 Classic Maya Emblem Glyphs  Classic Maya Political History: Hieroglyphic and Archaeological (YLGHQFH HGLWHGE\73DWULFN&XOEHUWSS6FKRRORI$PHULFDQ5HVHDUFK$GYDQFHG6HPLQDU6HULHV &DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 0$7+(:63(7(5$1'$/(;$1'(53$50,1*721  ,QYHVWLJDFLRQHV HSLJUi¿FDV 2SHUDFLyQ   3UR\HFWR $UTXHROyJLFR 1DDFKWXQ ,QIRUPH 1R  )HEUHUR$EULOGH , edited by Martin Rangel and Kathrine Reese-Taylor, pp. 104-113. Guatemala: Report submitted to Instituto de Antropología e Historia de Guatemala. 0$<(5.$5/+  (LQ 0D\D %DOOVSLHOHUUHOLHI DXV &RED 4XLQWDQD 5RR 0H[LNR (WKQRORJLD $PHULFDQD 113: 1203-1205. 0(-Ë$+e&725(-26(0,*8(/*$5&Ë$&$03,//2$1'-8$13('52/$3$572  /D(VWHODGH,W]LPWp3HWpQ*XDWHPDOD Mexicon 27: 37-40. 0,//(59,5*,1,$(  3RVHDQG*HVWXUHLQ&ODVVLF0D\D0RQXPHQWDO6FXOSWXUH8QSXEOLVKHG3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ$XVWLQ Department of Art and Art History, University of Texas. Pact and marriage: Sociopolitical strategies of the Kanu’l dynasty and its allies 41

1983 A Reexamination of Maya Gestures of Submission. Journal of Latin American Lore 9(1): 17-38. 025/(<6

STUART, DAVID  ³7KH)LUH(QWHUV+LV+RXVH´$UFKLWHFWXUHDQG5LWXDOLQ&ODVVLF0D\D7H[WV  Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture , edited by Stephen D. Houston, pp. 373-425. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton 2DNV5HVHDUFK/LEUDU\DQG&ROOHFWLRQ 2010a Notes on Accession Dates in the Inscriptions of Cobá. ¶s Notes , Mesoweb: www. mesoweb.com/stuart/notes/Coba.pdf >$FFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ th @ E 6KLQLQJ6WRQHV2EVHUYDWLRQVRQWKH5LWXDO0HDQLQJRI(DUO\0D\D6WHODH 7KH3ODFHRI6WRQH0RQ - XPHQWV&RQWH[W8VHDQG0HDQLQJLQ0HVRDPHULFD¶V3UHFODVVLF7UDQVLWLRQ , edited by Julia Guernsey, John E. &ODUNDQG%DUEDUD$UUR\RSS:DVKLQJWRQ'&'XPEDUWRQ2DNV5HVHDUFK/LEUDU\DQG&ROOHFWLRQ  1RWHV RQ D 1HZ 7H[W IURP /D &RURQD Maya Decipherment: KWWSVGHFLSKHUPHQWZRUGSUHVV FRPQRWHVRQDQHZWH[WIURPODFRURQD >$FFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ th @  7RQLQD¶V&XULRXV%DOOJDPH Maya Decipherment: KWWSVGHFLSKHUPHQWZRUGSUHVVFRP UHSRUWWRQLQDVFXULRXVEDOOJDPH >$FFHVVHG)HEUXDU\ th @  5HFRQVWUXFWLQJD6WXFFR7H[WIURP3DOHQTXH¶V3DODFH  Maya Decipherment: KWWSVGHFLSKHUPHQWZRUGSUHVVFRPUHFRQVWUXFWLQJDVWXFFRWH[WIURPSDOHQTXHVSDODFH >$FFHVVHG'HFHPEHU th @ 678$57 '$9,' 0$5&(//2 $ &$1872 720È6 %$55,(1726 48(=$'$ -2&(/<1 321&( 672.9,6$1'-2$11(%$521  'HDWKRIWKHGHIHDWHG1HZ+LVWRULFDO'DWDRQ%ORFNRI/D&RURQD¶V+LHURJO\SKLF6WDLUZD\V La Corona Notes 1(3): 1-7. 678$57'$9,'$1'67(3+(1'+286721 1994 Classic Maya Place Names 6WXGLHVLQ3UH&ROXPELDQ$UWDQG$UFKDHRORJ\1R:DVKLQJWRQ '&'XPEDUWRQ2DNV5HVHDUFK/LEUDU\DQG&ROOHFWLRQ 678$57'$9,'$1'*(25*(678$57 2008 3DOHQTXH(WHUQDO&LW\RI7KH0D\D /RQGRQ7KDPHVDQG+XGVRQ 7$0%,$+67$1/(<-  :RUOG&RQTXHURUDQG:RUOG5HQRXQFHU&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV  7KH*DODFWLF3ROLW\7KH6WUXFWXUHRI7UDGLWLRQDO.LQJGRPVLQ6RXWKHDVW$VLD Annals of the New

768.$0272 .(1,&+,52 -$9,(5 /Ï3(= &$0$&+2 /8= (9(/,$ &$03$f$ 9$/(1=8(/$ +,52.$=8.27(*$:$$1'2&7$9,24(63$5=$2/*8Ë1  3ROLWLFDO,QWHUDFWLRQVDPRQJ6RFLDO$FWRUV6SDWLDO2UJDQL]DWLRQDWWKH&ODVVLF0D\D3ROLW\RI(O 3DOPDU&DPSHFKH0H[LFR Latin American Antiquity 26(2): 200- 220. 781(6,5$3+$(/  $1HZ0RQXPHQW1DPLQJ:DPDDZ.¶DZLLORI&DODNPXO 7KH3$5,-RXUQDO 8(2): 13-19. VANCE, ERIK 2016 El imperio perdido de los mayas. National Geographic 39(3): 44-59. 9È=48(=/Ï3(=9(5Ï1,&$$  (OSDUHQWHVFRGHQWURGHODHVWUXFWXUDSROtWLFDGHORVPD\DVGHO&OiVLFR8QDFHUFDPLHQWRHSLJUi¿FR\ OH[LFRJUi¿FRDOFDVRGHOVHxRUtRGH.DDQ>9@O 0H[LFR8QSXEOLVKHG0DVWHU¶VWKHVLV0p[LFR0HVRDPHULFDQ 6WXGLHV*UDGXDWH3URJUDP8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR  6RFLDO 8QLWV LQ WKH 6RFLRSROLWLFDO 6WUXFWXUH RI WKH /DWH &ODVVLF 0D\D7KH &DVH RI WKH .DQX¶O Dynasty. Socio-political Strategies among the Maya from the Classic Period to the Present , edited by 9HUyQLFD$9i]TXH]/ySH]5RJHOLR9DOHQFLDDQG(XJHQLD*XWLpUUH]SS2[IRUG$UFKDHRSUHVV  'LQDVWtDVOLQDMHV\FDVDV/DVXQLGDGHVVRFLDOHVPD\DVHQHOiPELWRSROtWLFRGHORV.DQX¶OHQHO &OiVLFRWDUGtR8QSXEOLVKHGGRFWRUDOWKHVLV0H[LFR0HVRDPHULFDQ6WXGLHV*UDGXDWH3URJUDP8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR 9È=48(=/Ï3(=9(5Ï1,&$$)(/,;.8335$7&$5/26025$/(6$*8,/$5+8*2*$5&Ë$ &$3,675È1$1'52*(/,29$/(1&,$5,9(5$  /RVFDPELRVGHSRGHUHQHOMXHJRLQWHUGLQiVWLFRORVJREHUQDQWHVGH&DODNPXOGHORVVLJORV9D9,,, d.C. Memorias del XXIX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas de Guatemala 2015 , Vol. 22, edited by %iUEDUD$UUR\R/XLV0pQGH]6DOLQDVDQG*ORULD$M~ÈOYDUH]SS*XDWHPDOD$VRFLDFLyQ7LNDO Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes de Guatemala. 9(/È648(=*$5&Ë$(5,.  /RV HVFDORQHV MHURJOt¿FRV GH ']LEDQFKp  /RV FDXWLYRV GH ']LEDQFKp  HGLWHG E\ (QULTXH 1DOGD Hernández, pp. 79-105. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 2009 /RVYDVRVGHODHQWLGDGSROtWLFDGHµ,N¶8QDDSUR[LPDFLyQKLVWyULFRDUWtVWLFD(VWXGLRVREUHODV HQWLGDGHVDQtPLFDV\HOOHQJXDMHJHVWXDO\FRUSRUDOHQHODUWHPD\DFOiVLFR 8QSXEOLVKHG3K'GLVVHUWDWLRQ 0H[LFR$UW+LVWRU\*UDGXDWH3URJUDP8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO$XWyQRPDGH0p[LFR :22'),//%5(17.6$1'&+/2e$1'5,(8  7LNDO¶V (DUO\ &ODVVLF 'RPLQDWLRQ RI WKH *UHDW :HVWHUQ 7UDGH 5RXWH &HUDPLF /LWKLFV DQG Iconographic Evidence. Ancient Mesoamerica 23(2): 189-209. 44 9HUyQLFD$PHOODOL9i]TXH]/ySH]

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