DOCSLIB.ORG

The Arrangement of an Alliance: English and the Making of Indian

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Arrangement of an Alliance: English and the Making of Indian The Arrangement of an Alliance / 161 The Arrangement of an Alliance: English overseas. The speaker, one of the most distinguished and influ- and the Making of Indian Literatures1 ential scholars of his generation and a well-known activist in the cause of Kannada and of Indian literature, V.K. Gokak. Among SUSIE THARU the speakers at the seminar were LA. Richards and John Holloway. Gokak charged the seminar with discussing literature in too utilitarian a manner and forgetting those "brave translu- nary things" that were its essence. "Literature is as much an expression of universal man, of 'eternal verities' as it is of the manifold stages in the life of a society or nation," he insisted. The year, 1846. The occasion, a meeting of the Edinburgh Philo- "To the soul-gaze of man, when he stands face to face with Real- sophical Association. The speaker, one of the most respected ity, the earth is Adam's paradise, hell or heaven, not England or and influential figures of his time, Thomas Macaulay. The text, a India, Egypt or Lebanon. It is the theatre set for the evolution of toast that he proposed: the individual, of humanity, through the ages. ." That, for Gokak, is the grandeur of English literature; its generative power to the literature of Britain . ., the most durable of all the glories of therefore extends into his own nationalist territory and through our country, to that literature, so rich in precious truth and precious it into Indian history and into a literary tradition that will be fiction ... to that literature which has exercised an influence wider energized and renewed though the relationship with English lit- than that of our commerce and mightier than that of our arms, . to that literature, before the light of which impious and cruel super- erature. Students of English literature in developing countries stitions are fast taking flight on the Banks of the Ganges; to that liter- should be aware that ature which will, in future ages, instruct and delight the unborn mil- lions who will have turned the Australasian and Catafrarian deserts their literary study will be invaluable to them if they choose to into cities and gardens. To the literature of Britain, then! And wher- become pioneers in a national culture. But there is also the likeli- ever the literature of Britain spreads, may it be accompanied by hood that they may come under the spell of 'La belle Dame sans British virtue and British freedom!2 Merci' and be held in her thraldom forever. ... In that case they will be a lost generation, like the Indians in the fifties of the last century, If there is a subject interpellated in this text it is one confi- who thought they lived in a desert, . remembered with avidity . dently equal to the task of the statesmanship of the world, not every detail in the topography of Thyrsis and The Scholar Gypsy, only in its time, but in all time to come: English literature. Its but not the landscape pictured in Kalidasa's Meghaduta or the statesmanship is not that of the anden regime, not one there- name of the sage who educated Rama and his brothers. • . fore of might or indeed of terror; or that of the brutish greed of Gokak is confident that the desert can be transformed into a trade, but one more sublime and enduring that will forge the garden, just as a generation in danger of being "lost" can find bonds of virtue and freedom, even as it founds itself on them, itself, if the experience gained in the study of English literature Its law, therefore, is one that will be accepted spontaneously, as is extended to the development of an indigenous literature and the very logic of feeling and of sensation and as the source and the making of a national culture. Macaulay might not have dis- essence of a free identity. We might set alongside that tribute agreed. The 1941 English Teachers' Conference had set its paid by an Englishman to the literature of his nation, which like sights still higher. "The correlation of western and Hindu all tributes, also creates the authority it extols, another tribute, canons of criticism is a task which can be performed only by remarkably similar in its imagery and visionary scope, written the scholars of English working in this country," Amarnath Jha more than a hundred years after Macaulay and more than a had declared in his Presidential Address.^ S.R. Nagarajan, writ- decade after independence. The year, in this case, 1961. The oc- ing in the late seventies, introduces a different note and his casion, a British Council seminar on the teaching of literature 162 / Rethinking English The Arrangement of an Alliance / 163 opinion is perhaps a more accurate document of the way Most Indian literatures, notable exceptions such as Tamil and Indian critics today view the alliance. English declined in India, Hindi apart, trace their origins to somewhere between the ninth he argues, because it was not founded on the firm base of profi- and fourteenth centuries. Literary historians commonly acknow- ciency in the vernacular language and its literature; "because we ledge that Indian literatures of the nineteenth and twentieth tried to acquire a different personality instead of a supplemen- centuries have been influenced by their European counterparts. tary personality. We lost our wedded wives; and we lost our Scholars debate the nature and the extent of the influence and, imported girl-companion also. Concubinage flourishes only 5 more recently, have raised the somewhat more troubled ques- when marriage flourishes." tion of whether modernism itself is a totally alien mode. Rarely is it pointed out, however, that the agendas set up in the nine- n teenth century actually constituted the concept of an Indian lit- A sizeable body of scholarship concerned with the rise of erature (to purloin a phrase from Gokak); or indeed that these English as a discipline has emerged in recent years. Agendas agendas informed the writing of lijterary history as much as they evolved as Britain extended its empire and consolidated a did literary production, pedagogy and criticism. Consequently, national culture, and subsequently elaborated in critical and that these agendas took into their structural scope not only the pedagogical practice, have now been sketched out in broad out- literature that was subsequently produced, but the five or so mil- line.^ The emergence of 'modern' Indian literatures, in many lennia of literary activity they sought to codify. ways closely tied to the rise of English literary studies in India Commentaries on the Orientalist-Anglicist debate and the and in Britain, is yet to be excavated, as are the ways in which momentous decisions taken in 1835, rarely point out that most English literature itself gained strength and identity through the Anglicists considered the use of English as the medium for the interaction. I want in this paper to investigate the beginnings of transmission of "useful knowledge and the improvement of ... what was a founding relationship, often warm, sometimes embit- 8 moral character," only as a temporary stage in the long-term tered, but always intimate, and always dominative, between enterprise of educating the Indian peoples. Any viable and effi- English literature and Indian literatures. These are beginnings cient system of national education, they were broadly agreed, quickly erased in the metaphysical epistemology of aesthetics; would necessarily have to replace English with the vernacular, their structuring of the present therefore largely unacknowl- just as, the implication was, the study of vernacular literature edged and rarely challenged.7 In fact, the tendency, more pro- would eventually substitute for the study of English literature. nounced perhaps among disillusioned teachers of English than When pressed to declare themselves on the issue the Commit- among teachers of Telugu or Urdu, is to proclaim the authentic- tee for Public Instruction, which had been responsible for the ity of a student's response to Indian literatures, emphasize their 1835 decisions, made it quite clear that the formation of a ver- closeness to the pulse of the people, and set Indian literatures nacular literature was to be the "ultimate object" to which all up as the remedy for the malaise that affects the study of efforts should be directed. English, they argued, had been ren- English literature in India today. The argument seems to be that dered indispensable only by "the almost total absence of a ver- a literary experience can only become meaningful—and, the nacular literature, and the consequent impossibility of obtain- implication is, literary study more efficient—if it is indigenous. ing a tolerabie education from that source only."^ Alternatively, this study can be regarded as a meditation on Written into the recommendations made in the 1854 some of the lines that connect the imperial 'moment' of Despatch, therefore, was the commitment to 'strengthen' Indian Macaulay with the nationalist 'moments' of Gokak and of Jha in languages and make them suitable vehicles for the communica- the effort to reclaim the category of literature for more demo- tion of useful knowledge and of western science as well as the cratic aspirations. commitment to the 'development' of vernacular literatures. Both these objectives called for a rupture in existing literary 164 / Rethinking English The Arrangement of an Alliance / 165 practices as well as in the social processes that appear to have 'modernize' the vernaculars were obviously charged with alto- been at work transforming the languages and their literatures.10 gether different and more elitist, socio-political programmes It was assumed,«for example, that while the indigenous languages and drew, for the development of a 'modern' science and tech- would as a matter of course be modernized as they came into nology, on knowledges that discredited and marginalized exist- contact with English, planned and conscious efforts to upgrade ing artisanal ones.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Colonialism Postcolonialism
    SECOND EDITION Colonialism/Postcolonialism is both a crystal-clear and authoritative introduction to the field and a cogently-argued defence of the field’s radical potential. It’s exactly the sort of book teachers want their stu- dents to read. Peter Hulme, Department of Literature, Film and Theatre Studies, University of Essex Loomba is a keen and canny critic of ever-shifting geopolitical reali- ties, and Colonialism/Postcolonialism remains a primer for the aca- demic and common reader alike. Antoinette Burton, Department of History, University of Illinois It is rare to come across a book that can engage both student and specialist. Loomba simultaneously maps a field and contributes provocatively to key debates within it. Situated comparatively across disciplines and cultural contexts, this book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in postcolonial studies. Priyamvada Gopal, Faculty of English, Cambridge University Colonialism/Postcolonialism moves adroitly between the general and the particular, the conceptual and the contextual, the local and the global, and between texts and material processes. Distrustful of established and self-perpetuating assumptions, foci and canonical texts which threaten to fossilize postcolonial studies as a discipline, Loomba’s magisterial study raises many crucial issues pertaining to social structure and identity; engaging with different modes of theory and social explanation in the process. There is no doubt that this book remains the best general introduction to the field. Kelwyn Sole, English Department, University of Cape Town Lucid and incisive this is a wonderful introduction to the contentious yet vibrant field of post-colonial studies. With consummate ease Loomba maps the field, unravels the many strands of the debate and provides a considered critique.
    [Show full text]
  • Brave Sisters
    Brave Sisters A novel & A Study of Ambivalence and Change: Indian Woman-Warrior or Victim? Meira Chand MA, Edith Cowan University 2009 This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The University of Western Australia School of Humanities (English and Cultural Studies) 2013 ii ABSTRACT This thesis is comprised of a novel entitled Brave Sisters and an accompanying essay entitled, A Study of Ambivalence and Change: Indian Woman – Warrior or Victim? Both novel and essay are linked by an exploration of the issues of feminism and the impact of colonialism and the nationalist uprisings against British rule in late colonial India. Brave Sisters This is a historical novel set in the late 1930s and 1940s against a backdrop of India and South East Asia. It explores the life of an illiterate Indian woman, Sita, condemned early to the completely disempowered state of child widow. She is rescued from this situation through the intervention of a humanitarian female doctor and enabled to join her brother who has migrated to Singapore. He arranges for Sita’s marriage there to an Indian friend, a scholarly man who has become embroiled in the Indian freedom struggle. Sita’s life is soon overwhelmed by the events of the Second World War and the Japanese occupation of Singapore. During this time she encounters the charismatic revolutionary Indian leader, Subash Chandra Bose, and his struggle for Indian independence from the British. Bose commands the Japanese-backed Indian National Army and Sita joins the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, a women’s fighting force initiated by Bose within the army.
    [Show full text]
  • Empire, Nation and the Literary Text Tity It Describes in the First Instance Would Be Different Than the Entity It Describes in the Second
    198 R. Srivatsan easy to dismiss such an action as an intentional political strategy, such an analysis would be superficial. How do we then account for the 'Hindu mentality' which thinks up such strategies in the first place? 35. The personal pronoun / in this sentence is deceptive in that the en- Empire, Nation and the Literary Text tity it describes in the first instance would be different than the entity it describes in the second. / in co-operation is different from / in indi- viduation—constitutionally different, and not just in the multiplica- SUSIE THARU AND K. LALITA tive power of co-operative effort. In 1910, when Bangalore Nagaratnamma reprinted the classic Radhika Santwanam (Appeasing Radhika), she was quite certain why she wanted to make the work of the eighteenth century Telugu poet Muddupalani available to the reading public again. 'However often I read this book,' she wrote in her pre- face to the new edition, 'I feel like reading it all over again.' And as if that were not reason enough, she added, 'Since this poem, brimming with rasa, was not only written by a woman but one born into our community, I felt it necessary to publish it in a proper form.'1 As a rasika Nagaratnamma considered Radhika Santwanam to have achieved that rare balariee of form and feeling: it was filled to its brim but not a drop spilled over. Even Muddupalani's harshest critic, Kandukuri Veereshalin- gam (1848-1919), who had grave reservations about Mud- dupalani's character, and considered her work perverse, had been forced to admit, 'There is no doubt that this woman's poetry is soft and melodious, and that she is a scholar, well- versed in the literature of Sanskrit and Telugu.'2 Nagaratnamma had first found mention of Muddupalani in an eighteenth century commentary on the Thanjavur period of Telugu literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Title Dr. First Name Venkata Ramaiah Last Name Gampa Photograph Designation Associate Professor of Telugu Department Modern
    CURRICULUM VITAE Title Dr. First Venkata Last Name Gampa Photograph Name Ramaiah Designation Associate Professor of Telugu Department Modern Indian Languages and Literary Studies Address (Campus) Department of Modern Indian Languages and Literary Studies, Tutorial building, University of Delhi, Delhi -110007. (Residence) Flat No.23/3, Cavalry Lines, Delhi University, Delhi-110007. Phone No. 011 - 27666626 (Campus) (Residence) optional Mobile 09958607789 Fax 011 - 27666626 Email [email protected] Web-Page ----------------------- Education Subject Institution Year Details Ph.D. (Telugu) University of Hyderabad 2011 Thesis topic: Telugu Sahityam – Charitraka Vimarsha M.Phil. (Telugu) University of Hyderabad 2004-2005 Topic: Prapanchikarana Kathalu –Vimarshanatmaka Parisheelana M.A. (Telugu) University of Hyderabad 2002-2004 Subjects: Telugu Language and Literature Career Profile Organization / Institution Designation Duration Role University of Delhi Associate Professor April 2020 – Till date Teaching & Research University of Delhi Assistant Professor April 2008 – April 2020 Teaching & Research University of Hyderabad Research Scholar 2005 - March 2008 Research Research Interests / Specialization Modern Telugu Literature. Indian Literary Theories Bhakti Literature Ancient and Medieval Indian Literature www.du.ac.in Page 1 Teaching Experience ( Subjects/Courses Taught) 2008 – Till date: Telugu Language Teaching, Indian Literary Theories, Introduction to Literary and Cultural theories, Bhakti Movements in Indian Literature, Women Saint Poets of India, Indian Literature (Ancient and Medieval), Literature and Human Rights. Honors & Awards ---------------------- Publications Books Venkata Ramaiah Gampa. 2019. Dakshina Bharathi Foot prints in south Indian Literature (An Anthology of Literary and Critical Essays). Delhi: V R Publication. (ISBN: 978-93-5382-753-3) _________________. (Joint Editor) 2019. Breaking the Silence on Muddupalani Relocating Radhika Santwanam in Contemporary Studies Delhi: A G Publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Sebuah Kajian Pustaka
    International Journal of Research in Social Sciences Vol. 8 Issue 11, November 2018, ISSN: 2249-2496 Impact Factor: 7.081 Journal Homepage: http://www.ijmra.us, Email: [email protected] Double-Blind Peer Reviewed Refereed Open Access International Journal - Included in the International Serial Directories Indexed & Listed at: Ulrich's Periodicals Directory ©, U.S.A., Open J-Gate as well as in Cabell‟s Directories of Publishing Opportunities, U.S.A The Voice of Double Subjugation: Dalit Telugu Women’s Writing Kriti Songriwal Scholar (M.Phil.) University of Delhi Abstract Indian society has always been a caste-based society. Caste has formed the very base for all its rules, regulations, codes and conventions as a result of which, Indian population unfortunately till date is divided into 2 groups: The Upper Caste and Lower Caste. High caste population tend to get everything, be it property, voting rights, land, wealth, education etc. not because they deserve it but because Vedas and Puranas have got their back. On the other hand, maximum number of lower caste people are destined to struggle throughout their life for even the basic necessities like water, clothes, food and shelter. We Indians, thanks to the struggle and fight from lower caste section most important weapon for which was Dalit Literature, have somehow managed to use „maximum number of lower caste people‟ instead of „all the lower caste people‟. Dalit Literature which technically emerged during Bhakti Tradition with the voice of many Untouchables like Chokhamela , Dadu Dayal, Ravidas etc. gained a modern outlook with Marathi Dalit Panther Movement. It spread to almost all the corners of the world from there and Telugu Dalit Literature is no exception.
    [Show full text]
  • Women in Pre- and Post-Victorian India: the Use of Historical Research in the Writing of Fiction
    Radhika Praveen/05039123 Vol 1 of 2 Creative Writing PhD Vol 2 Women in pre- and post-Victorian India: The use of historical research in the writing of fiction by Radhika Praveen This practice-based thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of London Metropolitan University for a Doctorate of Philosophy degree in Creative Writing. September 2018 1 Radhika Praveen/05039123 Vol 1 of 2 Creative Writing PhD This work is dedicated to both my grandmothers, Devaki Amma, and Saroja Iyengar. A deep regret that I could not spend much time with my paternal grandmother, Devaki Amma (Achchamma), is probably reflected in my novel. Memories with her are few, but they will last forever. For my dear Ammamma, Saroja, who has always lamented the lack of formal education in her life: this doctorate is for you. 2 Radhika Praveen/05039123 Vol 1 of 2 Creative Writing PhD Abstract This practice-based creative writing doctorate supports the creation of a novel that is in part, historical fiction, based on research focusing on the discrepancies in the perceived status of women between the pre-Victorian and the postmillennial periods in India. The accompanying component of the doctorate, the analytical thesis, traces the course of this research in connection to the novel's structural development, its narrative complexity and its characters. The novel traces the journey of two women protagonists – each placed in the 18th- and the 21st-centuries, respectively – as they reconcile to the realities of their individual circumstances. The introduction to the critical thesis gives a brief synopsis of the novel.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reorganization of Political Power 2
    Contents Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxix A Note on Transliteration xxxi Chronology xxxiii Thematic Table of Contents xli List of Maps lvii 1. The Eighteenth Century: Ferment and Change 1 The Reorganization of Political Power 2 Aurangzeb: Letters to His Sons 4 Shah Wali-Allah: The Urgency of Political Instability 5 Iradat Khan: Decay at the Center of the Empire 7 Rebelling Against the Mughals: The Sikhs 8 Muhammad Qasim on Banda Bahadur’s Sikh Army 9 The Sikh Religious Code: Lives of Discipline and Devotion 10 Marathas: Courtiers, Rebels, Raiders, and State Builders 11 The History of Khafi Khan and the Story of Tara Bai 12 Ahilya Bai Holkar: A Maratha Woman Ruler 13 vi Contents The Marathas as Raiders: A Bengali Perspective 14 Forts and War: The Essential Features of Any Kingdom 15 The Reality of War for a Common Soldier 16 The Chronicle of Bhausahib: Defeat in 1761 of the Marathas at Panipat 16 Tipu Sultan: Visionary Ruler of Mysore 18 The Infl uence of Commerce 20 Bankers and Traders: The Powers Behind the Thrones 21 “Business Men are the Glory and Ornament of the Kingdom” 22 Ananda Ranga Pillai: Merchant and Agent of the French 23 Ghulam Husain Khan: The Nawab of Bengal, the Marathas, and the Jagat Seths 24 Abu Talib: Cultural Comparisons, India Versus the West 26 On the Margins of Power 27 The Sannyasi Uprising 28 Himmat Bahadur, the People’s Hero 29 Religious Expressions, Devotional and Intellectual 30 Ramprasad Sen: Singing to the Goddess in Bengal 31 The Poetry of Nagaridas: Krishna Devotion in Vrindavan 33 Tyagaraja: Telegu Composer
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Telugu Literature;
    Jf THE HERITAGE OF INDIA SERIES Planned by J. N. FARQUHAR, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon.), D.D. (Aberdeen). /The Right Reverend V. S. AZARIAH, LL.D of Dornakal. Joint (Cantab.), Bishop E. C. M.A. Editors DEWICK, (Cantab.) J. N. C. GANGULY, M.A., (Birmingham), Darsan-Sastri. Already published. The Heart of Buddhism. K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A., D.Litt. (Cantab.) A History of Kanarese Literature, 2nd ed. E. P. RICE, B.A. The Sarhkhya System, 2nd ed. A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.Litt. (Oxon.) ASoka, 2nd ed. JAMES M. MACPHAIL, M.A., M.D. Indian Painting. _2nd ed. Principal PERCY BROWN, Calcutta. Psalms of Maratha Saints. NICOL MACNICOL, M.A., D.Litt. A History of Hindi Literature. F. E, KEAY, M.A., D.Litt. The Karma-MImamsa. A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.Litt.(Oxon.) Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints. F. KINGSBURY, B.A., and G. E. PHILLIPS, M.A. Rabindranath Tagore. EDWARD THOMPSON, M.A. (Oxon.), Ph.D. Hymns from the Rigveda. A. A. MACDONELL, M.A., Ph.D., Hon. LL.D. Gautama Buddha. K. J. SAUNDERS, M.A., D.Litt. (Cantab.) The Coins of India. C. J. BROWN, M.A. Indian Poems by Women. ^ MRS. MACNICOL. Bengali Religious Lyrics, Sakta. EDWARD THOMPSON, M.A. (Oxon.), Ph.D., and A. M. SPENCER. Classical Sanskrit Literature, 2nd ed. A. BERRIEDALE KEITH, D.C.L., D.Litt. (Oxon.) The Music of India. H. A. POPLEY, B.A. Subjects proposed and volumes under preparation. HISTORY AND THE HERITAGE. The Early Period. The Gupta Period. The Mogul Period.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Music Trinity
    Contribution of Music Trinity (Proceedings of the National Seminar - 2018) Editor Dr. V Premalatha Central University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur 2020 ISBN: 978-93-5407-985-6 Contribution of Music Trinity (Proceedings of the National Seminar -2018) (A Collection of Peer reviewed papers presented at the National Seminar on Karnataka Music, in February 2018, organised by the Department of Music, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur). Edited by Dr. V Premalatha Head, Department of Music Dean, School of Performing Arts and Fine Arts Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur. Published by Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur. Editorial Board (Peer - Reviewers) 1. Dr. V Premalatha 2. Prof Ritha Rajan 3. Prof Mandapaka Sarada 4. Dr. R S Jayalakshmi 5. Dr. Arati N Rao First Edition - 2020 © Central University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur Contribution of Music Trinity (Proceedings of the National Seminar -2018) Edited by Dr. V Premalatha Head, Department of Music Dean, School of Performing Arts and Fine Arts Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur Published by Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 2020 Dr. V Premalatha Dean, School of Performing Arts and Fine Arts Head, Department of Music Central University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur - 610005 Editorial Note Thiruvarur is known to be a holy land of Music and is the birth place of the Trinity of South Indian Classical Music. The Department of Music was established at the Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur in the year 2016-17, which happened to be the 250th birth anniversary of Sri Tyagaraja, one of the Trinity of Music. A National seminar on the “Contribution of Trinity to Karnataka music” was organised in February 2018.
    [Show full text]
  • The Journal the Music Academy
    ISSN «970—3101 THE JOURNAL OF THE MUSIC ACADEMY DEVOTED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE SCIENCE AND ART OF MUSIC Vol. LVIII 1 9 8 7 k TOTfa tf$ R ^ I “ I dwell not in Vaikontha, nor in tbe hearts of Yogins nor in the Son : (bat) where my bhaktas sing, there be I, Narada ! ” Edited by T. S. PARTHASARATHY The Music Academy Madras 306, T. T. K. Road, Madras-600 014 Annual Subscription - Inland - Rs. 20: Foreign $ 3.00 OURSELVES *■ This Journal is published as an Annual. All correspondence relating to the Journal should be addressed and all books etc., intended for it should be sent to The Editor, Journal of the Music Academy, 306, Mowbray’s Road, Madras-600 014. Articles on music and dance are accepted for publication on the understanding that they are contributed solely to the Journal of the Music Academy. Manuscripts should be legibly written or, preferably, type­ written (double-spaced and on one side of the paper only) and should be signed by the writer (giving his or her address in full). The Editor of the Journal is not responsible for the views ex­ pressed by contributors in their articles. The publication o f this issue was partly financed by the Sangeet Natak Akademi, Mew Delhi. CONTENTS PAGE The 60th Madras Music Conference—Official Report 1 Proceedings of the Experts Committee ... 43 The Sadas ... 54 Katya Sastra tradition in Tamilakam during Chola rule ... 70 V. Sivasamy, Jaffna Music in the Natya Sastra ... 91 Bharat Gupt v Maharashtrian Musicians pf Karnatic Music .« 110 Courtesy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Representation of the Figure of the Devadasi in European Travel Writing and Art from 1770 to 1820 with Specific Reference to Dutch Writer Jacob Haafner
    The Representation of the Figure of the Devadasi in European Travel Writing and Art from 1770 to 1820 with specific reference to Dutch writer Jacob Haafner an exegesis & The Pagoda Tree a novel by Claire ScoBie BA (Hons) CamBridge Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctorate of Creative Arts at University of Western Sydney, Sydney FeBruary 2013 Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text, I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. Signed, Claire Scobie. 14 February 2013 Authority of Access The thesis may be made available for loan after 14 February 2013 and limited copying in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor Gail Jones for her unwavering support from the start. Her wise insight and enthusiasm for my project have been invaluable throughout my candidature. I am fortunate to have had such a generous and understanding supervisor. Thanks also to Professor Ivor Indyk as a steadying hand and to Dr Mridula Chakraborty’s input in the early stages. It’s been a great privilege to be part of the University’s Writing and Society Research Group. Throughout my scholarship, I have benefitted from the range of seminars and particularly valued the time on the Creative Ecologies Retreat and with fellow post-graduates at Varuna. I am grateful to Nirmala Lakshman for assisting with foreign language elements of the text and to VR Devika for her advice on cultural aspects of the novel.
    [Show full text]
  • Indianness, Hindu Nationalism and Authenticity
    INDIANNESS, HINDU NATIONALISM AND AUTHENTICITY: UNITED FORWARD WOMEN, CAPABLE INDIA1 Antonia Navarro2 Universidad de Córdoba Abstract This paper examines how Hindutva is currently hijacking the heterogeneous notion of In- dianness, and reducing it to a very simplistic and radical entity, always viewed through the lens of its own radical ideology. In that sense, the women’s movement has been manipulated by those guards of tradition and authenticity. In order to prove that the women’s move- ment in India has a long and rich history, an overview of those women who rebel against their prescribed gender role as well as an analysis of current Feminism in India are offered. Keywords: Women Movements in India, Indian Identity Problematized, Historical Overview Resumen Este artículo examina como el Hindutva está atacando actualmente la noción heterogénea de la identidad india, reduciéndola a una entidad simplista y radical, vista siempre bajo la lente de su propia ideología radicalizada. En este sentido, el movimiento de mujeres ha sido manipulado por estos guardianes de la tradición y de la autenticidad. Para probar que el 67 movimiento de mujeres en La India cuenta con una historia rica y longeva, se ofrecen tanto una perspectiva de esas mujeres que se rebelaron contra el rol prescrito para su género, así como un análisis del movimiento Feminista contemporáneo en La India. Palabras clave: Movimientos de mujeres en la India, problematización de la identidad india, perspectiva histórica 1. INTRODUCTION: AND AIN’T I AN INDIAN The discussion on Indianness is a recurrent topic in a variety of fora in In- dia. Almost everyday, one can often hear or read somebody arguing that a certain group of Indians is disobedient, antagonistic and has little respect for the Indian culture, tradition as well as social values.
    [Show full text]