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Opinnäytteen Nimi HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO Translating Old Forests Culture-bound items in forestry related texts Pirjo Surakka-Cooper 011493046 Master’s Thesis English Philology Department of Modern Languages University of Helsinki May 2020 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Humanistinen tiedekunta Tekijä – Författare – Author Pirjo Surakka-Cooper Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Translating Old Forests: Culture-bound Items in forestry related texts Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englantilainen filologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Aika – Datum – Month and Sivumäärä– Sidoantal – Number of pages Level year 82 Filosofian maisteri Toukokuu 2020 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tässä tutkielmassa analysoin kulttuurisidonnaista materiaalia vanhoja suomalaisia metsiä käsittelevässä teoksessa Suomalaiset aarniometsät (2010) ja sen käännöksessä Primeval Forests of Finland: Cultural History, Ecology and Conservation (2014). Kirjan ovat kirjoittaneet Petri Keto-Tokoi ja Timo Kuuluvainen, ja sen on kääntänyt Pirjo Tikkanen. Kattavat taustatiedot taatakseni käsittelin tutkielman alussa suomalaisten ja suomalaisuuden suhdetta metsiin ja sen vaikutusta kulttuurisesta, historiallisesta, sosiopoliittisesta, ekologisesta sekä ekonomisesta perspektiivistä. Näistä lähtökohdista kumpuaa kulttuurisidonnaisia merkityksiä, joista osa on suoraan merkityksellistä ainoastaan lähtökulttuurissaan ja -kielessään. Tällaiset kulttuuriset sanat ja merkitykset asettavat haastavia asetelmia kääntäjille, joiden ensisijaiseksi työks kohteeksi voidaan katsoa kohdekielen lukijat. Teoreettiselta pohjalta utkielma pohjautuu pääosin Gideon Touryn teorioihin lähtö- ja kohdekielen vaikutuksista toisiinsa sekä Ritva Leppihalmeen teoriaan kulttuurisidonnaisuuksista ja alluusioista teksteissä sekä niiden vaikutuksista kääntäjän työhön. Nämä teoriat esitellään ennen varsinaista analyysiosuutta, joka on jaettu kahteen osaan. Analyysiosion ensimmäisessä osassa katsotaan yksittäisten kulttuurisidonnaisten sanojen ja käsitteiden kääntämisen haasteellisuutta, kun taas toisessa osiossa tarkastellaan tekstiä suurempina kokonaisuuksina. Analyysiosiot eivät ole toisensa poissulkevia, vaan niiden välillä löytyy päällekkäisyyksiä, mikä tekstiä käännettäessä on luonnollista. Ensimmäisessä osiossa keskityn erityisesti puihin ja niihin liittyviin sanoihin, sekä hyönteis- ja kasvimaailmasta kertoviin teksteihin, ja toisessa osiossa katsoin esimerkiksi halventavia ilmauksia, käännettyjä historiallisia ilmauksia sekä analysoin niiden merkityksiä. Tutkimuksessa käytin kvalitatiivista analyysia. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli myös tutkia, miksi juuri tämä teksti on käännetty, sekä pohtia, mikä tekee metsistä ja luonnosta kertovien tekstien kääntämisestä relevanttia juuri nyt. Näiden pohdintojen sekä analyysissa ilmenevien esitettyjen etymologisten, historiallisten ja sosiopoliittisten päätelmien perusteella voisi kulttuurisidonnaista käännösmateriaalia metsiä ja luontoa kuvailevissa ja käsittelevissä eri genrejä edustavissa teksteissä tutkia myös laajemmin. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Kulttuurisidonnaisuus käännöksissä, alluusiot, kvalitatiivinen analyysi, metsiin liittyvät tekstit Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Keskustakampuksen kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Forests in Finnish Mindscape .......................................................... 2 1.2 Primeval Forests of Finland ............................................................ 2 1.3 Translating forestry related texts ..................................................... 3 1.4 Research questions .......................................................................... 3 1.4.1 Culture-bound material in smaller units of text ....................... 4 1.4.2 Culture-bound material in the whole text ................................ 4 1.4.3 What will not be examined ...................................................... 5 2 Forests in Finland and in Finnish culture ............................................... 6 2.1 Many words for mänty .................................................................... 7 2.2 Ancient Forests of Finland the book ............................................... 8 2.2.1 Why and to whom was the book translated ............................. 9 3 Theoretical Background ........................................................................ 13 3.1 Toury and the two basic laws of translation .................................. 14 3.2 Leppihalme and Culture Bumps .................................................... 16 3.3 Strategies for Translators ............................................................... 19 4 Research ................................................................................................ 23 4.1 Lexical Units and Concepts ........................................................... 24 4.1.1 Trees ....................................................................................... 24 4.1.2 Relating to trees...................................................................... 29 4.1.3 Stylistics choices .................................................................... 33 4.1.4 When there is no straight-forward equivalent ........................ 38 4.1.5 Flora and Fauna ...................................................................... 41 4.2 On a textual level ........................................................................... 44 4.2.1 Pejorative terminology ........................................................... 45 4.2.2 Keeping metaphors and mottos .............................................. 46 4.2.3 Taking chances ....................................................................... 47 4.2.4 Leaving the reader with too little assistance .......................... 50 4.2.5 The bigger picture .................................................................. 53 5 Results and Discussion ......................................................................... 57 6 Conclusions and Future Research ......................................................... 60 Bibliography ................................................................................................. 63 Primary written sources................................................................................ 63 Online sources .............................................................................................. 65 Secondary sources ........................................................................................ 67 Appendices ................................................................................................... 68 List of illustrations Figure 1 Different types of allusions according to Leppihalme (1997)............ 17 Figure 2 The overlap of allusive names in English and Finnish ...................... 18 Figure 3 An information board on pökkelö in Salmi nature trail, Vihti. Photo: Pirjo Surakka-Cooper ....................................................................................... 29 Figure 4 Percentage of protected forests in Finland (YLE) .............................. 62 1 1 Introduction There is a special place for forests in the Finnish mindscape. It has played an imperative part not only in terms of culture and arts, but “the green gold” has also brought ecological prosperity throughout the centuries in terms of timber and wood products, as well as ecological and economical know-how and technology. These developments have not always occurred in harmony, few things do, and this too has left its unique mark on Finnish culture, lifestyle, economy and, of course, her language. This uniqueness of language is most evident in tangible things, such as names of flora and fauna, but it also moulds many a spoken word and text in a less observable way, creating moods and mindscapes where hard facts and pure pleasure of language intertwine like roots of an ancient tree. These texts often include references outside of that text, such as events and characters, imaginary and real. While these references might be apparent to a native reader of a text, they are particularly challenging to a translator working between two or more cultures and languages. In order to understand the challenges faced by translators when they encounter cultural references that do not often have a straight-forward equivalent in their target text, the context should first be thoroughly examined. This applies to this thesis too. I will begin by examining forests, old forests in particular, and their position in the Finnish culture. To illustrate the challenges of a translator, I will draw examples from Suomalainen aarniometsä by Petri Keto-Tokoi and Timo Kuuluvainen (2010), which was translated by Pirjo Tikkanen (2014). The translation’s name is Primeval Forests of Finland: Cultural History, Ecology and Conservation. Gideon Toury’s (1995) translation universals and Ritva Leppihalme’s (1997) theories on translating allusions, or culture bumps, as she has aptly called them, will serve as a theoretical background. The analysis will be qualitative throughout and in addition to the theoretical background, dictionaries such as the most recent Finnish-English Dictionary1, The Oxford English Dictionary and the Dictionary of Finnish dialects2 is used to provide support for the analysis. 1 Syväoja, Olli, Turtia, Kaarina, and Sovijärvi Sini 2012. Suomi-Englanti-sanakirja. 2 Suomen murteiden sanakirja. 2 1.1 Forests in
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