A Queer Feminist Discursive Investigation
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Imaginaries of Sexual Citizenship in Post-Maidan Ukraine: A Queer Feminist Discursive Investigation Thesis How to cite: Plakhotnik, Olga (2019). Imaginaries of Sexual Citizenship in Post-Maidan Ukraine: A Queer Feminist Discursive Investigation. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2019 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000f515 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Imaginaries of Sexual Citizenship in Post-Maidan Ukraine: A Queer Feminist Discursive Investigation by Olga Plakhotnik Submitted to the Open University, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate in Sociology April 2019 2 Abstract This doctoral project is an investigation of the imaginaries of sexual citizenship in post- Maidan Ukraine. I used a queer feminist discourse analysis method to examine how LGBT+ communities seek to position themselves in relation to hegemonic discourses of state and nationhood. Collecting data from focus group discussions and online forums, I identified the Euromaidan (2013-2014) as a pivotal moment wherein sexual citizenship was intensified as a dynamic process of claims-making and negotiation between LGBT+ communities and the state. Analysing how LGBT+ communities imagine and make sense of sexual citizenship, I demonstrated how the dominant discourse of sexual citizenship – homopatriotism, as I call it – emerged as a specific form of homonormativity at the complex intersection of the post-Maidan nationalist mobilisation, war in the eastern part of Ukraine, global human rights discourse, post- socialism, neoliberalism and axes of colonial power. Through homopatriotism, the universal discourse of (neoliberal) human rights and the particular discourse of Ukrainian ‘civic nationalism’ have become intertwined. This enmeshment, I argue, positioned LGBT+ communities as patriots and ‘good citizens’ and enabled instrumentalisation of the LGBT+ claims for sexual citizenship by the state. Being oriented towards Western models of ‘LGBT+ progress’ and away from ‘Russian’ and ‘Soviet’ regimes of sexuality, homopatriotism in Ukraine reinvigorated the geotemporal position of Eastern Europe as undeveloped and, therefore, ‘catching up’. Following the methodological and ethical bases of queer feminist studies, I looked closely at the counter-discourses that are scattered across the communities, with particular emphasis on grassroots ‘queer activism’. Opposing both heteronormativity and homonormativity, critiquing capitalist/neoliberal, militarist, racist, ableist, misogynist and Western-centred tendencies within mainstream LGBT+ politics, the counter-discourses point to the analytic limits of the concept of sexual citizenship and enable alternative imaginaries of belonging, subjectivities and solidarities to emerge beyond the framework of sexual citizenship. 3 4 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I owe my gratitude to Professor Jacqui Gabb and Professor Darren Langdridge, my supervisors at the Open University. Thanks for your knowledge, support and passion that you have shared with me generously; for believing in me and giving me enough freedom to explore on my own. I am indebted to other scholars and fellow students from the OU, including participants of the Citizenship Studies seminars in 2017-2018 that created the insightful academic environment for developing the conceptual framework of my study and finding my own voice in the area. I also thank Dr Sarah Jane Mukherjee for supporting my academic writing and personal self- confidence. I am deeply grateful to you, all my study participants from the Queer Homes community centres in Ukraine for sharing your thoughts, experiences and feelings with me openly and bravely. Though I cannot provide the list of your names here (because it would breach the principle of confidentiality I am committed to), I want you to know how grateful I am. I am also thankful to all activists and artists who gave permission to use their photographs and artworks in my study. I owe sincere thanks to those of my colleagues and comrades who discussed different parts of my project with me: Lesia, Syaivo, Igor, Galka, Tonya, Nadya, geo and Maks. Last but not least, I am particularly indebted to my intellectual companion and kindred spirit, my partner Maria Mayerchyk for reading and commenting on many drafts of this thesis thoughtfully and tirelessly. I am grateful for the possibility to present and discuss different parts of this study at academic events across Europe in 2016-2019: two InterGender PhD courses (Trans Studies and Intersectional Activism - Analyzing and Deconstructing the Gender Binary and Decolonial Feminisms) at Södertörn University and Linköping University, respectively; Queer(y)ing Kinship in the Baltic Region International Workshop at Södertörn University; Multiculturalism, Gender, Identity: Queer Studies in the Post- Soviet Region International Conference in Kyiv; the 2017 ESA Conference in Athens; Fucking Solidarity: Queering Concepts on/from a Post-Soviet Perspective International Conference at University of Vienna; Queer and Feminist Studies in Eastern Europe 5 International Conference at University of Bucharest; Feministische Zirkulationen Zwischen Ost und West International Conference at Literaturhaus Stuttgart; ESA Sexuality Research Network Midterm Conference at Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Before starting this project, I was affiliated with the Philosophy Department at the National Aerospace University in Kharkiv for many years. I am deeply thankful to my former teachers and colleagues for making me a scholar and supporting all my endeavours. Please, know that I am always ‘yours’, and I am grateful. Finally, I would like to express the deepest gratitude for this thesis to my family: Maria, Lev, Taras, Vova and Ira. Thank you all for waiting, meeting me in airports and railways stations, and upholding our bonds via the Internet for more than three years. If the amount of hearts that was transferred between us could be converted to electricity, it would be enough to light up all our homes. This is especially true regarding my fabulous parents. This thesis is dedicated to my wonderful father, Vasyl’ Plakhotnik, and to the loving memory of my mother, Zinaida Plakhotnik. 6 Table of contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 5 Table of contents ........................................................................................................................... 7 List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 9 Transcription notation used .......................................................................................................... 9 Table of Illustrations .................................................................................................................... 10 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 13 The context of LGBT+ communities before and after the Euromaidan ...................................... 14 Why study sexual citizenship in Ukraine? ................................................................................... 19 Research questions and aim ........................................................................................................ 21 Chapter outlines .......................................................................................................................... 22 2. Conceptual Framework .................................................................................................. 25 Sexual citizenship ......................................................................................................................... 25 De-centring sexual citizenship ..................................................................................................................... 26 Sexual citizenship in my study ..................................................................................................................... 32 Nationalisms in post-Maidan Ukraine ......................................................................................... 34 Gender and nation ....................................................................................................................... 36 Homonationalism and homopatriotism ................................................................................................... 38 Neoliberal sexual citizenship ....................................................................................................... 42 Chapter summary ........................................................................................................................ 45 3. Epistemology and Methodology....................................................................................