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Common Coralline Algae of Northern New Zealand an Identification Guide

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Common coralline algae of northern New Zealand An identification guide Tracy Farr Judy Broom Darren Hart Kate Neill Wendy Nelson NIWA Information Series No. 70 Published by NIWA Wellington 2009 Edited and produced by Science Communication, NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Wellington, New Zealand ISSN 1174-264X © NIWA 2009 Citation: Farr, T.; Broom, J.; Hart, D.; Neill, K.; Nelson, W. (2009). Common coralline algae of northern New Zealand: an identification guide. NIWA Information Series No. 70. Ministry of Fisheries project ZBD2004-07 Cover: Non-geniculate coralline algae on rock wall (left); geniculate coralline algae, and non-geniculate coralline algae growing epiphytically and on rock (right). Photos by Kate Neill & Tracy Farr, NIWA. Disclaimer Notwithstanding any mention, recommendation, or lack of recommendation for a product or service made in this report by NIWA, NIWA will not be held to have made any endorsement, warranty, promise, or representation as to the suitability, competence, or performance of that product or service. The National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Experts in environmental science www.niwa.co.nz Preface Our group’s work on non-geniculate coralline algae had present and the complex ecological roles particular species its genesis in the early 1990s, when Bill Woelkerling and may play. We hope that the production of this guide and the Wendy Nelson first discussed how to begin to document underlying research that has been supported by the Ministry New Zealand’s non-geniculate coralline flora and increase of Fisheries will cause people to look more closely, and to recognition of the importance of these species in coastal recognise and document coastal diversity including these key ecosystems. The gaps in our knowledge about the coralline organisms, and that this will lead to a better understanding algae of New Zealand had been obvious for many years of the dynamic relationships between these algae and other but the technical difficulties involved in working with these components of the coastal flora and fauna. calcified red algae, as well as the history of confused taxonomy and nomenclature for New Zealand species, meant that there were significant hurdles to overcome. Scope of this identification guide In 2001, the Ministry of Fisheries Biodiversity Programme funded our group to document the ‘crustose’ coralline This guide deals with the identification of coralline algae in algae of central New Zealand, and to develop a reliable and northern New Zealand, based predominantly on targeted durable reference – Coralline algae of central New Zealand: collections made from 2005 to 2008 in a project (ZBD2004- An identification guide to common ‘crustose’ species (NIWA 07) funded by the Ministry of Fisheries Biodiversity Information Series No. 57) – for use in fisheries and coastal Programme, but also drawing on previous collections and management, as well as in marine resource protection and opportunistic sampling. The aim of this guide is to provide conservation. In that programme as well as the current a reference tool for those wanting to identify coralline algae programme, funded in 2005 to document the non-geniculate growing in northern New Zealand, and to provide information and geniculate coralline algae of northern New Zealand, we on the biodiversity of these organisms in the region. Our wanted to make information accessible to marine scientists focus in producing this guide is to provide information and resource managers, and to improve understanding of that will be useful in the field. However, coralline algae these algae, both through the production of identification are notoriously difficult to identify, and so we give several guides and through improved reference collections lodged in levels of information which should enable the identification the herbaria at Te Papa (WELT), Auckland Museum (AK), and of the species treated in this guide, although for some Landcare Research (CHR). species this may require specialist equipment, techniques and experience. Species profiles are provided for 25 non- The taxonomic research using morphological and anatomical geniculate species and half a dozen geniculate species. characters which forms the basis of this guide has been Each species profile includes colour photographs, a map, complemented with data from molecular sequencing. This and information on habitat, anatomy and reproduction, and forms a very important and exciting area of research, distribution. Key characters are highlighted for each species, making use of new tools and approaches to better with a focus on characters that aid identification in the field. understand species relationships and identity. Using A range of keys to identification are provided throughout the molecular sequencing to inform and confirm our “traditional” guide, as well as a glossary of terms, and a list of references. identification effort has allowed us to most efficiently This identification guide builds on the work carried out in a make progress on understanding relationships within this previous project, funded also by the Ministry of Fisheries, challenging group of organisms. In this identification guide on crustose coralline algae of central New Zealand, and the we also incorporate recently published changes to the identification guide produced as part of that project (Harvey taxonomy of coralline algae, perhaps most notably within the et al. 2005). geniculate corallines. The focus of this guide has been steered towards the field, incorporating field photographs of coralline species, and highlighting key characters that are observable in the field and the laboratory. In treatments of coastal communities, even in recent publications, non-geniculate coralline algae have been referred to as “pink paint”, and geniculate coralline algae as “turfs”, completely overlooking the diversity that may be Study area – geographical cover of this guide Far North Bay of Islands This guide is based almost entirely on new collections of 35˚ S encrusting and geniculate coralline algae from northern New Zealand in a region covering 10 degrees of latitude – from Coromandel the Kermadec Islands (29° S) through to northern Taranaki Whangarei (39° S). Bay of Plenty Auckland / East Cape We obtained material from 91 field sites (see the detailed / Hauraki Gulf site map [Appendix 1] and list [Appendix 2] at the end of this guide) concentrating our collecting effort to the north of Mount Taranaki in the west, and East Cape (Figure 1). North Taranaki The southernmost collections from this study overlap at the Northern New Zealand margins with the study area of our previous work (Harvey et study area al. 2005), which covered central New Zealand including the Chatham Islands. 40˚ S We obtained samples from both the intertidal/upper subtidal zone as well as subtidal collections, from a range of habitats and substrate types. Central New Zealand The collecting sites have been grouped into eight regions, study area seven in the North Island and 1 region for the Kermadec (incl. Chatham Islands, not shown) Islands: Kermadecs ( 4 sites in the Islands, 1 on the Kermadec Ridge), Far North (21 sites), Bay of Islands (12), Whangarei (7), Auckland/ Hauraki Gulf (13), Coromandel (16), Bay of Plenty /East Cape (9) and North Taranaki (10). The algal flora of the Kermadec Islands shows strong affinities with other warm-water regions of the Pacific 45˚ S and Indian Oceans and is quite different from the flora of “mainland” New Zealand (Nelson & Adams 1984). The northeastern North Island is influenced by subtropical waters km from the East Australian Current, whereas the west coast 0 200 400 of the North Island experiences cooler waters of the West Auckland current. 170˚ E 175˚ E FIG. 1 Study area for this 30˚S identification guide Kermadec is shown. It includes Islands sites in the Kermadec Islands, to the north of mainland New Zealand. Coverage of a previous identification guide to corallines of central New Zealand (Harvey km et al. 2005) is outlined 0 200 in green (also included 180˚ 175˚W Chatham Islands, not shown here). References Authorship and contribution HARVEY A.S.; WOELKERLING W.J.; FARR T.J.; NEILL K.F.; NELSON W.A. (2005). Coralline algae of central New Zealand: Tracy Farr is in the Marine Biodiversity Group at the An identification guide to common ‘crustose’ species.NIWA National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Information Series No. 57. based in Wellington, New Zealand. She collected and photographed corallines, prepared thin sections and identified NELSON W.A.; ADAMS N.M. (1984). The marine algae of the non-geniculate samples, and produced the majority of this Kermadec Islands – a list of species. National Museum of guide. New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 10: 1-29. Judy Broom (University of Otago) developed methods, For more information: sequenced samples, and carried out molecular analysis. Judy WOELKERLING W.J.; NELSON W.A. (2004). A baseline wrote the section on Molecular phylogeny in the Coralline summary and analysis of the taxonomic biodiversity of algal taxonomy chapter of this guide. coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) recorded from the New Zealand region. Cryptogamie Algologie 25: 39–106. Darren Hart (University of Otago) developed methods, sequenced samples, and carried out molecular analysis. WOMERSLEY H.B.S. (1996). The Marine Benthic Flora of Southern Australia – Part IIIB. Gracilariales, Rhodymeniales, Kate Neill (Marine Biodiversity Group, NIWA) participated in Corallinales and Bonnemaisoniales. Canberra,
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