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Beispielseite 370-371 Die Theorbe wurde um 1600 in Italien ent- theorbo was developed around 1600 in wickelt. Aufgrund der großen Mensur wurde Italy. The length of the Petit jeu meant that der erste Chor und meist auch der zweite eine the first and usually also the second course Oktave tiefer gestimmt (re-entrant-Stimmung). had to be tuned an octave lower (re-entrant Die Theorbe steht meist in a (FFeff: a e h g d tuning). The theorbo is most often tuned A), manchmal auch in g. Der Korpus ist oft im in A (FFeff; a e b g d A), sometimes also in Querschnitt flacher als derjenige der Laute und G. The body section is often flatter than im Umriss oft etwas gestreckter. Beides er- that of the lute and its outline is often leichtert die Spielhaltung. Für das Spielen von somewhat elongated. Both are for ease Sololiteratur gab es in Frankreich eine kleinere of holding the instrument. For the solo Variante in d1 (Spielmensur ca. 72–78 cm), die repertoire there was in France a smaller Théorbe de pièces genannt wurde. Text S. 88f, variant in d1 called Théorbe de pièces 230ff; Abb. S. 100, 102, 132, 176, 196. (Petit jeu c. 72-78 cm) . Text pp. 88f. & Tiorbino: Kleine Theorbe, normalerweise 13-, 230ff., ill. pp. 100, 102, 132, 176 & 196. vaber auch nur 11-chörig, eine Oktave höher Tiorbino: Small theorbo, usually with 13 gestimmt als die Theorbe. but sometimes with just 11 courses, tuned Torban: Ukrainisches Instrument, das die an octave higher than the theorbo. Merkmale der Barocklaute mit Schwanenhals Torban: Ukrainian instrument which com- und der Zither in sich vereint und zwischen bines features of the swan neck Baroque 1746 und 1748 erfunden wurde. Die Stim- lute and the Zither, invented between 1746 mung besteht aus einem F-Dur-Dreiklang. and 1748. It was tuned in an F major triad. Text S. 182-186; Abb. S. 264. Text pp. 182-186, ill. p. 264. MANDOLINENFAMILIE (Übersicht S. 17) THE MANDOLIN FAMILY (gallery p. 17) Die Mandolinenfamilie umfasst eine Vielzahl The family of the mandolins consists of a von lautenähnlichen Instrumenten, meist mit multitude of instruments similar to lutes, Muschelkorpus. Zwei verschiedene Familien usually with a bowl-shaped back. There müssen unterschieden werden: Die Neapoli- are two different subgroups: The Nea- tanische Mandoline mit ihren Artverwandten politan mandolin with its relatives is zeichnet sich durch eine Quintstimmung wie tuned in fifths and was developed in the bei den Streichinstrumenten aus und entstand mid-18th century. als neuer Instrumententyp in der Mitte des 18. The other subgroup lacks a collective Jahrhunderts. name. To it belong the medieval Gittern Die andere Familie hat keinen einheit- (French: Guisterne. English: Gittern. Spanish: lichen Namen. Zu ihr gehören die mittelalter- Guitarra. Italian: Chitarra. German: Quin- liche Quinterne (franz. Guisterne, engl. Gittern, terne), the french Mandore which was popular span. Guitarra, ital. Chitarra, dt. Quinterne), die in the late 16th and early 17th century (German: französische Mandore, die im späten 16. und Mandürinchen or Pandurina), the descant ver- frühen 17. Jahrhundert beliebt war (dt. Man- sion of the Chitarra [italiana] – the Chitarrino –, dürinchen bzw. Pandurina), die Diskantver- the Italian Mandola/Mandolino of the 17th sion der Chitarra [italiana] – der Chitarrino –, and 18th century, today called Baroque man- die italienische Mandola/Mandolino des 17. dolin and later instruments like the Mando- und 18. Jahrhunderts, die heute Barock- lini Genoves, the Mandolino Milanese or the mandoline genannt werden sowie die spä- Mandolino di Cremona/Brescia with single ter gebauten Instrumente wie der Mandolino strings tied to a lute-type bridge. Genovese oder der Mandolino Milanese oder Depending on the context and period the der mit einem Knüpfsteg und Einzelsaiten ver- term mandolino may thus mean the Neapoli- sehene Mandolino di Cremona / Brescia. tan mandolin or an instrument of the Man- 370 Unter dem Begriff Mandolino kann demnach dola/Mandolino family with the tuning g2 d2 je nach Kontext und Zeit sowohl die Neapolita- a2 e1 b g. nische Mandoline (in Quintstimmung) als auch Differences in today’s usage contribute to the ein Vertreter der Stimmung g2 d2 a1 e1 h g aus confusion: E.g. James Tyler and Paul Sparks der Mandola/Mandolino-Familie gemeint sein. (The Early Mandolin, Oxford etc. 1989) call Das Durcheinander wird durch Differenzen the Baroque mandolin Mandolino und the im modernen Sprachgebrauch vergrößert: Neapolitan mandolin “Mandoline”, but in So nennen z.B. James Tyler und Paul Sparks Italian the Neapolitan mandolin is called Man- (The Early Mandolin, Oxford etc. 1989) die dolino… Barockmandoline Mandolino und die neapo- Baroque mandolin: It is difficult to define the litanische Mandoline Mandoline. Mandolino borderlines between descant and octave lute, meint aber im Italienischen die Neapolita- Mandore and what today is called Baroque nischen Mandoline. mandolin. From about the middle of the 17th Barockmandoline: Der Übergang zwischen century the terms seem to have stabilized into Diskant-/Oktavlaute, Mandore und der heute Mandolino (for the smaller instrument with so genannten Barockmandoline ist fließend. a string length of c. 31-36 cm) and Mandola Ab etwa der Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts fes- (for the larger instrument with a string length tigen sich die Begriffe Mandolino für das of about 40-56 cm). As understood today the kleinere Instrument mit ca. 31-36 cm Mensur Baroque mandolin has a tuning in fourths and und Mandola für das größere Instrument mit thirds (mostly in g2) with a third most often ca. 40-56 cm Mensur. Die Barockmandoline separating the 5th and 6th course (ffffe in con- verfügt nach heutigen Verständnis über eine trast to the Vieil ton of the lutes with ffeff). In Quart-Terz-Stimmung (meist in g2), wobei die Rome around 1720 6 courses seem to have Terz meist zwischen dem 5. und 6. Chor liegt been a widely accepted standard, but there (ffffe im Gegensatz zum Vieil ton der Laute mit were also 5- and 4-course instruments. Pluck- ffeff). Eine weitgehende Standardisierung auf ing seems to have been made with the fin- 6 Chöre ist in Rom um 1720 zu beobachten, gers. Text pp. 106-110, ill. p. 192. aber auch 5- und 4-chörige Instrumente haben Flat bodied mandolin: An instrument existiert. Der Anschlag scheint mit Fingern er- tuned in fifths like the Neapolitan mando- folgt zu sein. Text S. 106-110; Abb. S. 192. lin (descant in e2) and strung with double Flachmandoline: Ein wie die Neapolitanische courses, but with a body built up from Mandoline in Quinten gestimmtes Instrument sides with flat or lightly arched sound- (Diskant in e2) mit 4 Chören, aber mit einem board and back. The outline may vary Korpus in Zargenbauweise mit einer flachen from oval to fantastic forms like that of oder leicht gewölbten Decke und ebensolchem the legendary Florentine models by Gib- Boden. Die Form des Deckenumrisses kann vari- son or Lloyd Loar. Ill. p. 306. ieren von einem Oval bis zu Fantasieformen wie Mandolino di Cremona/Brescia: Plucked derjenigen der legendären Florentiner Model- string instrument with a lute-like body, flat len von Gibson bzw. Lloyd Loar. Abb. S. 306. soundboard and slim neck and 4 single strings Mandolino di Cremona / Brescia: Zupfinstru- tuned like the courses of the Neapolitan man- ment mit lautenartigem Korpus, flacher Decke dolin (hhh; e2 a1 d1 g). The string length is c. und schmalem Hals zur Aufnahme von 4 Ein- 31-33 cm. The stringing consisted of plain gut zelsaiten in der gleichen Stimmung wie die Ne- and wound strings. apolitanische Mandoline (hhh; e2 a1 d1 g). Die Mandolino Genovese: Plucked string in- Mensur beträgt ca. 31-33 cm. Die Besaitung strument with a lute-like body, a sound- bestand aus Darm und umsponnenen Saiten. board with a bend, broad neck and 6 cours- Mandolino Genovese: Zupfinstrument mit es tuned in the same intervals as the modern lautenartigem Korpus, geknickter Decke, brei- guitar, but an octave higher (fefff; e2e2 h1h1 371.
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