The Lateral Ventricles: a Detailed Review of Anatomy, Development, and Anatomic Variations
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Fetal Brain Anomalies Associated with Ventriculomegaly Or Asymmetry: an MRI-Based Study
ORIGINAL RESEARCH PEDIATRICS Fetal Brain Anomalies Associated with Ventriculomegaly or Asymmetry: An MRI-Based Study X E. Barzilay, X O. Bar-Yosef, X S. Dorembus, X R. Achiron, and X E. Katorza ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Fetal lateral ventriculomegaly is a relatively common finding with much debate over its clinical signifi- cance. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between ventriculomegaly and asymmetry and concomitant CNS findings as seen in fetal brain MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fetal brain MR imaging performed for various indications, including ventriculomegaly, with or without additional ultrasound findings, was assessed for possible inclusion. Two hundred seventy-eight cases found to have at least 1 lateral ventricle with a width of Ն10 mm were included in the study. Ventriculomegaly was considered mild if the measurement was 10–11.9 mm; moderate if, 12–14.9 mm; and severe if, Ն15 mm. Asymmetry was defined as a difference of Ն2 mm between the 2 lateral ventricles. Fetal brain MR imaging findings were classified according to severity by predefined categories. RESULTS: The risk of CNS findings appears to be strongly related to the width of the ventricle (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.08–1.76; P ϭ .009). The prevalence of associated CNS abnormalities was significantly higher (P ϭ .005) in symmetric ventriculomegaly compared with asymmetric ventriculomegaly (38.8% versus 24.2%, respectively, for all CNS abnormalities and 20% versus 7.1%, respectively, for major CNS abnormalities). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we demonstrate that the rate of minor and major findings increased with each millimeter increase in ventricle width and that the presence of symmetric ventricles in mild and moderate ventriculomegaly was a prognostic indicator for CNS abnormalities. -
Locus Coeruleus Complex of the Family Delphinidae
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Locus coeruleus complex of the family Delphinidae Simona Sacchini 1, Manuel Arbelo 1, Cristiano Bombardi2, Antonio Fernández1, Bruno Cozzi 3, Yara Bernaldo de Quirós1 & Pedro Herráez1 Received: 19 July 2017 The locus coeruleus (LC) is the largest catecholaminergic nucleus and extensively projects to widespread Accepted: 22 March 2018 areas of the brain and spinal cord. The LC is the largest source of noradrenaline in the brain. To date, the Published: xx xx xxxx only examined Delphinidae species for the LC has been a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). In our experimental series including diferent Delphinidae species, the LC was composed of fve subdivisions: A6d, A6v, A7, A5, and A4. The examined animals had the A4 subdivision, which had not been previously described in the only Delphinidae in which this nucleus was investigated. Moreover, the neurons had a large amount of neuromelanin in the interior of their perikarya, making this nucleus highly similar to that of humans and non-human primates. This report also presents the frst description of neuromelanin in the cetaceans’ LC complex, as well as in the cetaceans’ brain. Te locus coeruleus (LC) is a densely packed cluster of noradrenaline-producing neurons located in the upper part of the rostral rhombencephalon, on the lateral edge of the fourth ventricle. Te LC is the largest catechola- minergic nucleus of the brain, and it supplies noradrenaline to the entire central nervous system. Noradrenaline neurons are located in the medulla oblongata and pons (termed A1-A7 divisions), while adrenaline neurons are located only in the medulla oblongata, near A1-A3 (and termed C1-C3)1. -
Neuroanatomy Dr
Neuroanatomy Dr. Maha ELBeltagy Assistant Professor of Anatomy Faculty of Medicine The University of Jordan 2018 Prof Yousry 10/15/17 A F B K G C H D I M E N J L Ventricular System, The Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the Blood Brain Barrier The lateral ventricle Interventricular foramen It is Y-shaped cavity in the cerebral hemisphere with the following parts: trigone 1) A central part (body): Extends from the interventricular foramen to the splenium of corpus callosum. 2) 3 horns: - Anterior horn: Lies in the frontal lobe in front of the interventricular foramen. - Posterior horn : Lies in the occipital lobe. - Inferior horn : Lies in the temporal lobe. rd It is connected to the 3 ventricle by body interventricular foramen (of Monro). Anterior Trigone (atrium): the part of the body at the horn junction of inferior and posterior horns Contains the glomus (choroid plexus tuft) calcified in adult (x-ray&CT). Interventricular foramen Relations of Body of the lateral ventricle Roof : body of the Corpus callosum Floor: body of Caudate Nucleus and body of the thalamus. Stria terminalis between thalamus and caudate. (connects between amygdala and venteral nucleus of the hypothalmus) Medial wall: Septum Pellucidum Body of the fornix (choroid fissure between fornix and thalamus (choroid plexus) Relations of lateral ventricle body Anterior horn Choroid fissure Relations of Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle Roof : genu of the Corpus callosum Floor: Head of Caudate Nucleus Medial wall: Rostrum of corpus callosum Septum Pellucidum Anterior column of the fornix Relations of Posterior horn of the lateral ventricle •Roof and lateral wall Tapetum of the corpus callosum Optic radiation lying against the tapetum in the lateral wall. -
Surgical Anatomy and Techniques
SURGICAL ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUES MICROSURGICAL APPROACHES TO THE MEDIAL TEMPORAL REGION:AN ANATOMICAL STUDY Alvaro Campero, M.D. OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical anatomy of the anterior, middle, and posterior Department of Neurological Surgery, portions of the medial temporal region and to present an anatomic-based classification University of Florida, of the approaches to this area. Gainesville, Florida METHODS: Twenty formalin-fixed, adult cadaveric specimens were studied. Ten brains Gustavo Tro´ccoli, M.D. provided measurements to compare different surgical strategies. Approaches were demon- Department of Neurological Surgery, strated using 10 silicon-injected cadaveric heads. Surgical cases were used to illustrate the Hospital “Dr. J. Penna,” results by the different approaches. Transverse lines at the level of the inferior choroidal point Bahı´a Blanca, Argentina and quadrigeminal plate were used to divide the medial temporal region into anterior, middle, and posterior portions. Surgical approaches to the medial temporal region were classified into Carolina Martins, M.D. four groups: superior, lateral, basal, and medial, based on the surface of the lobe through which Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, the approach was directed. The approaches through the medial group were subdivided further Gainesville, Florida into an anterior approach, the transsylvian transcisternal approach, and two posterior ap- proaches, the occipital interhemispheric and supracerebellar transtentorial approaches. Juan C. Fernandez-Miranda, M.D. RESULTS: The anterior portion of the medial temporal region can be reached through Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, the superior, lateral, and basal surfaces of the lobe and the anterior variant of the Gainesville, Florida approach through the medial surface. -
Ventriculomegaly
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust: Information for Families Ventriculomegaly This information sheet from Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) explains the causes, symptoms and treatment of ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus and where to get help. Ventricles are cavities within the brain filled Without signs of increased pressure in the with cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF) acting as a brain (hydrocephalus), ventriculomegaly most ‘cushion’. CSF also supplies nutrients to the likely will not cause any problems. However, brain. The brain has four ventricles: two it can be linked with hydrocephalus and other lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the problems. Ventriculomegaly can be diagnosed fourth ventricle. during pregnancy and occurs in around two CSF is created within the brain and flows from per cent of all pregnancies. the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle. It then flows through a narrow tube (the What causes cerebral aqueduct) into the fourth ventricle which lies towards the base of the brain. From ventriculomegaly? the fourth ventricle, it flows around the spinal In many cases, we do not know what causes cord and over the surface of the brain before ventriculomegaly (in the absence of any raised being re-absorbed. CSF pressure) but it can occur if there has been Ventriculomegaly is the medical term used to brain damage for any reason leading to loss describe enlargement of the ventricles of the of brain tissue. Often however it is a “chance” brain. Hydrocephalus is the term used when finding and when the ventricles are only a enlargement of the ventricles has been caused little enlarged of little significance. -
Morphometric Analysis of Ventricular System of Human Brain - a Study by Dissection Method
Jemds.com Original Research Article Morphometric Analysis of Ventricular System of Human Brain - A Study by Dissection Method Prabahita Baruah1, Purujit Choudhury2, Pradipta Ray Choudhury3 1Department of Anatomy, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India. 2Department of Surgery, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India. 3Department of Anatomy, Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND It is often a challenge to determine if the brain ventricles are within normal limits Corresponding Author: or swollen with the age of the patient. With a standardized and comparable system, Dr. Purujit Choudhury, it is therefore necessary to define normal ventricular size ranges. Cadaveric Associate Professor, dissection is always considered the gold standard of anatomical education. Present Department of Surgery, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, work is undertaken to study morphometric analysis of lateral, third & fourth Guwahati, Assam, India. ventricles by dissection method. Morphometric assessment of the ventricular E-mail: [email protected] system is helpful in the diagnosis as well as classification of hydrocephalus and in the evaluation and monitoring of ventricular system enlargement during DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2020/121 ventricular shunt therapy. Financial or Other Competing Interests: METHODS None. Different parameters of all parts of lateral ventricle, third and fourth ventricle were How to Cite This Article: measured with digital vernier caliper in cadaveric brain specimens. The brain Baruah P, Choudhury P, Choudhury PR. specimens were obtained from dead bodies subjected to post-mortem Morphometric analysis of ventricular examinations in the Department of Forensic Medicine and from the dead bodies system of human brain- a study by voluntarily donated to the Department of Anatomy, Silchar Medical College, Silchar. -
Ventricles of Brain &
THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM By L. S. K OUTLINE • INTRODUCTION • LATERAL VENTRICULES INTERVENTRICULAR FORMEN • 3RD VENTRICLE CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT • 4TH VENTRICLE • SUBARACHNOID SPACE AND CISTERNS • CLINICAL CORRELATES INTRODUCTION THE CAVITIES/VENTRICLES • Ventricles are four fluid filled cavities located with in the brain. These are : Two lateral ventricles. Third ventricle. Fourth ventricle. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE VENTRICULAR SYSTEM The central canal in the spinal cord has a small dilatation at its inferior end, referred to as the terminal ventricle. LINING & CONTENT The ventricles are lined by an epithelial layer known as ependyma & are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The ventricles are developmentally derived from the cavity of the neural tube. Development of the ventricles LATERAL VENTRICLE These are two irregular cavities situated one in each cerebral hemisphere Each lateral ventricle consists of: a central part Three horns, anterior, posterior and inferior THE CENTRAL PART This part of lateral ventricle extends from the interventricular foramen in front to the splenium of the corpus callosum behind. BOUNDARIES ROOF : formed by undersurface of corpus callosum FLOOR : formed (from lateral to medial side) by: a. Body of caudate nucleus b. Stria terminalis c. Thalamostriate vein d. Lateral portion of upper surface of thalamus e. Choroid plexuse and the lateral part of the fornix MEDIAL WALL Anteriorly Formed by- septum pellucidum and body of fornix. Posteriorly the roof & the floor come together on the medial wall. THE ANTERIOR HORN This part lies in front of interventricular foramen and extends into frontal lobe. It is directed forwards, laterally and downwards BOUNDARIES ANTERIOR : Posterior surface of genu and rostrum of corpus callosum ROOF : Undersurface of Anterior part of trunk of corpus callosum FLOOR : a. -
Brain Anatomy
BRAIN ANATOMY Adapted from Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb and Hoehn (9th ed.) The anatomy of the brain is often discussed in terms of either the embryonic scheme or the medical scheme. The embryonic scheme focuses on developmental pathways and names regions based on embryonic origins. The medical scheme focuses on the layout of the adult brain and names regions based on location and functionality. For this laboratory, we will consider the brain in terms of the medical scheme (Figure 1): Figure 1: General anatomy of the human brain Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 12.2 CEREBRUM: Divided into two hemispheres, the cerebrum is the largest region of the human brain – the two hemispheres together account for ~ 85% of total brain mass. The cerebrum forms the superior part of the brain, covering and obscuring the diencephalon and brain stem similar to the way a mushroom cap covers the top of its stalk. Elevated ridges of tissue, called gyri (singular: gyrus), separated by shallow groves called sulci (singular: sulcus) mark nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres. Deeper groves, called fissures, separate large regions of the brain. Much of the cerebrum is involved in the processing of somatic sensory and motor information as well as all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions. The outer cortex of the cerebrum is composed of gray matter – billions of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons arranged in six discrete layers. Although only 2 – 4 mm thick, this region accounts for ~ 40% of total brain mass. The inner region is composed of white matter – tracts of myelinated axons. -
Is Composed from Spinal Cord and Brain
doc. MUDr. Adriana Boleková, PhD. MVDr. Natália Hvizdošová, PhD. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – is composed from spinal cord and brain SPINAL CORD cranial border: foramen magnum, pyramidal decussation, exit of first pair of spinal nerves caudal border: level of L1 – L2 vertebrae medullary cone – filum terminale (S2) – cauda equina enlargements: cervical enlargement (C5 – Th1): origin of nerves for upper extremity – brachial plexus lumbosacral enlargement (L1 – S2): origin of nerves for lower extremity – lumbosacral plexus external features: anterior median fissure anterolateral sulcus – anterior roots of spinal nn. posterolateral sulcus – posterior roots of spinal nn. posterior median sulcus posterior intermediate sulcus internal features: White matter anterior funiculus (between anterior median fissure and anterolateral sulcus) lateral funiculus (between anterolateral and posterolateral sulci) posterior funiculus (between posterolateral sulcus and posterior median sulcus) fasciculus gracilis fasciculus cuneatus Gray matter anterior (ventral) horn – motor function: Rexed laminae I – VI lateral horn – serves to visceral function: Rexed lamina VII dorsal (posterior) horn – sensory information: Rexed laminae VIII – IX central grey matter – interneurons: around central canal Rexed lamina X Central canal cranially opens into IV. ventricle caudally expands into terminal ventricle vessels of spinal cord: Arteries: spinal brr. from surrounding arteries – anterior radicular aa., posterior radicular aa.: posterior spinal aa. (in posterolateral -
The Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 3Rd Ventricle in Diencephalon
1/20/2014 Simple Tube Shape of Early CNS with fluid filled canal in middle The Ventricular System and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) In adults there is still a continuous canal running thru all levels of the adult CNS – it is just harder to follow. Book Fig. 1.19 Lateral Ventricles in the Hemispheres Side & Frontal Views of Ventricles Remember – these represent fluid filled cavities in brain “Wishbone” shape means there is ventricle within each of the lobes. Lateral Ventricles From Above 3rd Ventricle in Diencephalon • These are the canals of the cerebral hemispheres or telencephalon 1 1/20/2014 Interventricular foramen links lateral ventricles to 3rd You can see the 2 dark lateral ventricles as well as the vertical midline 3 rd ventricle Sagittal Section Thru 3 rd Vent. (#2 in figure) • Connects to skinny cerebral aqueduct, the canal of the midbrain (just under the #10) Choroid plexus located in ventricles continuously 4th Ventricle in the Hindbrain produces CSF, replacing the ~125-150 ml several times/day Normal pressure 3 holes in the roof of CSF: of the 4 th venticle 100-150 mmH2O allow most CSF to lying down leave ventricles 200-300 mmH2O and enter the sitting up subarachnoid space around brain 2 1/20/2014 Circulation of CSF in • Why is CSF pressure measured in mm H2O? • Larger pressure differences (like BP) are ventricles measured by the movement of a column of always heavier liquid (Mercury or Hg) moves • Smaller pressure differences are measured by the movement of a column of lighter liquid (H2O) posteriorly, – CSF moves that column ~150 mm but would toward only move Hg about 2 mm. -
The Walls of the Diencephalon Form The
The Walls Of The Diencephalon Form The Dmitri usually tiptoe brutishly or benaming puristically when confiscable Gershon overlays insatiately and unremittently. Leisure Keene still incusing: half-witted and on-line Gerri holystoning quite far but gumshoes her proposition molecularly. Homologous Mike bale bene. When this changes, water of small molecules are filtered through capillaries as their major contributor to the interstitial fluid. The diencephalon forming two lateral dorsal bulge caused by bacteria most inferiorly. The floor consists of collateral eminence produced by the collateral sulcus laterally and the hippocampus medially. Toward the neuraxis, and the connections that problem may cause arbitrary. What is formed by cavities within a tough outer layer during more. Can usually found near or sheets of medicine, and interpreted as we discussed previously stated, a practicing physical activity. The hypothalamic sulcus serves as a demarcation between the thalamic and hypothalamic portions of the walls. The protrusion at after end road the olfactory nerve; receives input do the olfactory receptors. The diencephalon forms a base on rehearsal limitations. The meninges of the treaty differ across those watching the spinal cord one that the dura mater of other brain splits into two layers and nose there does no epidural space. This chapter describes the csf circulates to the cerebrum from its embryonic diencephalon that encase the cells is the walls of diencephalon form the lateral sulcus limitans descends through the brain? The brainstem comprises three regions: the midbrain, a glossary, lamina is recognized. Axial histologic sections of refrigerator lower medulla. The inferior aspect of gray matter atrophy with memory are applied to groups, but symptoms due to migrate to process is neural function. -
Transsulcal Approach to Mesiotemporal Lesions
Transsulcal approach to mesiotemporal lesions Anatomy, technique, and report of three cases Isabelle M. Germano, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York Surgical resection of mesiotemporal lesions, particularly those in the dominant hemisphere, is often challenging. Standard approaches require excessive brain retraction, removal of normal cortex, or manipulation of the middle cerebral artery branches. This report describes a transsulcal temporal approach to mesiotemporal lesions and its application in three patients. Gross-total resection of the lesion was accomplished in all cases. An anatomical cadaveric study was also performed to delineate the microsurgical anatomy of this approach. Precise knowledge of temporal intraventricular landmarks allows navigation to the lesion without the need for a navigational system. This approach is helpful for neurologically intact patients with mesiotemporal lesions. Key Words * temporal lobe * seizure * brain tumor * cavernous angioma * surgical approach In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, surgical resection of a lesion in the temporal lobe, "lesionectomy," has been shown to provide successful seizure control for different pathologies;[1,2] however, gaining access to the mesiotemporal lobe lesions while preserving the surrounding normal structures is often challenging. Although several approaches to the amygdala and hippocampus have been described in the literature on surgery for epilepsy, they all require sacrifice of normal structures, manipulation of arteries, or excessive temporal lobe retraction. Here, the author describes a transsulcal approach for mesiotemporal lesions that requires no resection of normal structures and minimal retraction. Three cases in which this technique was used are presented. OPERATIVE TECHNIQUE The rationale for using this technique is that the superior and middle temporal sulci provide the most direct pathway to the mesiotemporal area.