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University of Arizona GENETIC AND CYTOGENETIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE GENUS CUPHEA Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Byrd, Abigail Denniston, 1953- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 29/09/2021 05:51:34 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276451 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. University MicixJilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Order Number 1331391 Genetic and cytogenetic investigations in the genus Cuphea Byrd, Abigail Denniston, M.S. The University of Arizona, 1987 U MI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages \/ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other University Microfilms International GENETIC AND CYTOGENETIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE GENUS CUPHEA by Abigail Denniston Byrd A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE WITH A MAJOR IN AGRONCMY AND PLANT GENETICS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 8 7 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED J - / Xcl lc/ tr D. T. RAY 'Date Assistant Professor oI Plant Sciences SOLI DEO GLORIA iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with sincere gratitude to my thesis director, Dr. Dennis Ray, that I submit this thesis. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. John Endrizzi and Dr. Anson Thompson. My parents, Pat and Doug Denniston, along with Richard and Joann Sherman and Ed Lubbers provided help without which this work could not have been completed. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Viii ABSTRACT ix 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Domestication 3 Botany 4 Agronomy 5 Cytogenetics 7 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 9 Interspecific Crosses 9 Cytogenetics 11 Genetic Study 12 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 16 Interspecific Crosses 16 Cytogenetics 18 Genetic Study 28 4. CONCLUSIONS 46 Interspecific Crosses 46 Cytogenetics 46 Genetic Study 47 APPENDIX A : FLOWER COLOR DESIGNATIONS OF CUPHEA PROCUMBENS ACCORDING TO THE MUNSELL BOOK OF COLOR 49 APPENDIX B : SCORES OF 5 TRAITS SEGREGATING IN THE F2 GENERATION OF C^ PROCUMBENS ACC. 3 0100 (LAVENDER) X 0263 (PINKS) 51 REFERENCES 56 v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Species and Sections of Plants used in the Interspeci­ fic Crossing Programs 10 2. Traits of Three C^_ procumbens Accessions 12 3. Results of Interspecific Crosses 17 4. Conditions Associated with Meiotic Stages in Cuphea Species 19 5. Bud Length at Meiosis Related to Mature Floral Tube Size.. 20 6. Arm Pairing for 4 Cuphea Species and 1 Interspecific Hybrid 22 7. MI Bivalent Sizes (Micrometers) in Cuphea wrightii (N=22) 23 8. MI Bivalent Sizes (Micrometers) in Cuphea ignea (N=15).... 23 9. MI Bivalent Sizes (Micrometers) in Cuphea laminuligera (N=10) 24 10. MI Bivalent Sizes (Micrometers) in Cuphea caesariata (N=18) 24 11. Mean Numbers of MI Configurations in 4 C^_ pinetorum Cells 25 12. Flower Color of the Fl, F2, and Backcross Progeny of the Crosses between C^_ procumbens Accessions 0263 (pink) and 0100 (lavender) 30 13. Flower Color of the Fl, F2 and Backcross Progeny of the Crosses between C. procumbens Accessions 0263 (pink and 0235 (red) 31 14. Flower Color of the Fl, F2 and Backcross Progeny of the Crosses between C. procumbens Accessions 0235 (red) and 0100 (lavender) 33 vi vii LIST OF TABLES—Continued Page Table 15. Inheritance of Stickiness of Trichomes on Floral Tube ... 35 16. Inheritance of Pigment Spots on Seed Coats 36 17. Inheritance of Seed Coat Hairs 38 18. Percent Germination in Parental and F1 Generations AO 19. Distribution of Percent Germination at 19 Days in the F1 Population 41 20. Inheritance of Seed Dormancy 42 21. Linkage Analysis by Pairs of Traits 44 22. Effect of PEG Treatment on Seed Germination 45 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1. Anaphase I in Cuphea ignea 26 2. Metaphase I in Cuphea ignea 26 3. Metaphase I in C. pinetorum 27 viii ABSTRACT Cuphea (Lythraceae) is a genus of interest as a possible domestic source of medium-chain fatty acids. The genus is in the preliminary phases of domestication. An unsuccessful attempt was made to produce interspecific hybrids between species in several sections of the genus and with varying chromosome numbers. An analysis was made of the time of day and size bud to collect for cytological study of meiotic phases. Chromosome numbers were reported for C. ignea and C. pinetorum. Arm-pairing data were collected for 4 species and one interspecific hybrid. Metaphase I bivalent size was measured for 4 species. A genetic study was done in C^_ procumbens. Hypotheses regarding the inheritance of flower color, viscid plant hairs, seed coat spots, seed coat hairs and seed dormancy are proposed. A PEG osmoticum pre-germination treatment was found inneffective in breaking dormancy. ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Cuphea is the largest and most advanced (approximately 200 species) genus in the Lythracae family. The range of the genus extends from South America to as far north as Illinois, but the main distribution is in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Mexico, Cen­ tral and South America. The genus includes annuals and short-lived perennials from several centimeters to 1.5 meter's in height. Typical floral morphology consists of a fused calyx tube with outside veins. Six petals are usual and floral anatomy ranges from highly zygomorphic with the two dorsal petals being larger to almost actinomorphic in structure. Stamens number from six to eleven and are borne on filiments of unequal lengths. The seed are borne on the pla­ centa within the persistant calyx tube. At maturity the placenta typ­ ically arches upward, rupturing the placental membrane and calyx tube longitudinally, leaving the seed exposed for dispersion (Graham, 1968b"). Current interest in the domestication of Cuphea is primarily related to the medium-chain triglycerides contained in the seed. Medium-chain (eight to fourteen carbons in length) fatty acids are utilized in the making of soaps, detergents and surfactants (Thompson,1984).
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