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Review of Technologies for Workload Or Crew Reduction on Royal Canadian Navy Ships

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5HYLHZRI7HFKQRORJLHVIRU:RUNORDG RU&UHZ5HGXFWLRQRQ5R\DO &DQDGLDQ1DY\6KLSV /LVD+DJHQ 6\OYDLQ3URYRQRVW +HDWKHU&ROEHUW CAE Professional Services The scientific or technical validity of this Contract Report is entirely the responsibility of the contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R&D Canada. '5'&&25$&5 0DUFK 'HIHQFH5 '&DQDGD &HQWUHIRU2SHUDWLRQDO5HVHDUFK $QDO\VLV Review of Technologies for Workload or Crew Reduction on Royal Canadian Navy Ships Lisa Hagen Sylvain Provonost Heather Colbert CAE Professional Services Contract Number: DRDC CORA Task Authorization 112 Contract Scientific Authority: Leesa Tanner The scientific or technical validity of this Contract Report is entirely the responsibility of the contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of Defence R&D Canada. Defence R&D Canada – CORA Contractor Report DRDC CORA CR 2012-058 March 2012 Principal Author Original signed by Lisa Hagen Lisa Hagen Human Factors Consultant Approved by Original signed by Dr. R.E. Mitchell Dr R. E. Mitchell Head, Maritime and ISR Systems Operational Research Approved for release by Original signed by Paul Comeau Paul Comeau Chief Scientist DRDC CORA Defence R&D Canada – Centre for Operational Research and Analysis (CORA) © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2012 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2012 Abstract …….. The Royal Canadian Navy is looking at various technological means to optimize manning for its future fleet programmes. This report documents recent research on technologies for workload and crewing reduction. It constitutes a follow-up to previous research (Beevis et al., 2001) on the same subject, in the form of an annotated bibliography. Online searches using open access databases were used to produce this literature review, which was further categorized into four broad types of technologies (ship function, policies and procedures, personnel and training, and human-systems integration), as well as an assessment of the technology as being current or for future development. Technologies and solutions for workload and crewing reduction used in the Royal Canadian Navy were investigated, as well as those employed by foreign navies, civilian fleets (merchant marines, shipping companies, etc.), and Coast Guards. The resulting annotated bibliography includes abstracts and links to the original source references, as well as a table to quickly map the articles to the categories under which they are classified. Résumé …..... La Marine royale canadienne (MRC) est à la recherche de moyens technologiques pour optimiser la dotation en personnel d’éventuels programmes de la flotte. Le présent compte rendu renferme la récente recherche sur des technologies destinées à réduire la charge de travail et l’équipage. Il constitue un suivi de la recherche antérieure (Beevis et al., 2001) sur le même sujet, sous la forme d’une bibliographie annotée. Des recherches en ligne faisant appel à des bases de données à libre accès ont été utilisées pour réaliser cette révision de la documentation, par la suite subdivisée en quatre grandes classes de technologie (fonctionnement des navires, politiques et procédures, personnel et formation et intégration des systèmes humains), de même qu’une évaluation de la technologie actuelle ou liée à des projets futurs. Des technologies et des solutions visant la réduction de la charge de travail et de l’équipage de la Marine royale canadienne ont été analysées, de même que celles des marines étrangères, des flottes de navires civiles (marine marchande, sociétés de transport maritime, etc.) et des gardes côtières. La bibliographie annotée obtenue comprend des résumés et des liens vers des références originales ainsi qu’un tableau permettant de diriger rapidement les articles vers les catégories où ils ont été classés. DRDC CORA CR 2012-058 i This page intentionally left blank. ii DRDC CORA CR 2012-058 Executive summary Review of Technologies for Workload or Crew Reduction on Royal Canadian Navy Ships Lisa Hagen; Sylvain Pronovost; Heather Colbert; DRDC CORA CR 2012-058, Defence R&D Canada – CORA; March 2012. Introduction: The Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) is looking at various technological means to optimize manning for its future fleet programmes. A strategic roadmap for the Navy’s Future Fleet has been deployed in order to assess the feasibility of reduced ship manning, whether by crew optimization methods, better shift rotation strategies, variations in personnel training, or even ship function automation and enhanced human-technology interfaces. A serious constraint on such manning optimization measures concerns the uncertain impact of crew and operator workload reduction technologies on the eventual crew complement requirements for future ships. The purpose of this report is to document and categorize papers presenting recent research advances in the development of technologies for workload and crewing reduction. It constitutes a 1 follow-up to previous researchF F on the same subject, in the form of an annotated bibliography. Results: A number of search queries were conducted using Google Scholar, the National Technical Information Service (NTIS), and the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). The types of documents found through such queries were papers such as internal technical reports, contractual reports, and academic dissertations from various defense agencies of the Department of National Defense (DND) and Canadian Forces (CF) in Canada, Department of Defense (DoD) and various United States Armed Forces, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) members, or NATO allies. The papers were then sorted and categorized with regards to four broad classes of technologies and solutions, namely ship function, policies and procedures, personnel and training, and human-systems integration. The development status of such technologies was also characterized as being suitable for either current or future implementations. A table summarizing the research results of the annotated bibliography is provided, as well as the exhaustive list of research papers and their respective abstracts. Significance: This research follows up directly on a report by Beevis et.al. 2(001) entitled Technologies for Workload and Crewing Reduction, which documented and categorized technologies and solutions available for crewing and workload reduction in the RCN at that time. As such, the current report focused on the state of the art in manning optimization/reduction and naval operator workload since 2001 in order to facilitate future work for the elaboration of the strategic roadmap for the RCN’s Future Fleet programmes. Future plans: This report segues into another phase of the same research endeavour, whereby an evaluation of each technology documented in the first phase (the current report) would be conducted with regards to costs and applicability to the RCN. This study would help determine estimates in crewing reduction for the Navy’s Future Fleet. 1 Beevis, D., Vallerand, A. & Greenley, M. (2001). Technologies for workload and crewing reduction. DCIEM Technical Report 2001-109. DRDC CORA CR 2012-058 iii Sommaire ..... Review of Technologies for Workload or Crew Reduction on Royal Canadian Navy Ships Lisa Hagen; Sylvain Pronovost; Heather Colbert; DRDC CORA CR 2012-058, R & D pour la défense Canada – CORA; mars 2012. Introduction : La Marine royale canadienne (MRC) est à la recherche de divers moyens technologiques d’optimiser la dotation en personnel d’éventuels programmes de la flotte. Une carte stratégique de la future flotte de la Marine a été dressée afin d’évaluer la faisabilité d’une dotation en personnel réduite, que ce soit à l’aide de méthodes d’optimisation de l’équipage, de meilleures stratégies de rotation des quarts de travail, de variations dans la formation du personnel ou même de l’automatisation du fonctionnement des navires et des interfaces humain-technologie améliorées. De telles mesures d’optimisation de la dotation en personnel comportent une importante contrainte, notamment à l’égard de l’incidence incertaine des technologies de réduction de la charge de travail des membres d’équipage et des opérateurs sur les éventuels besoins supplémentaires de l’équipage des futurs navires. Le présent compte rendu a pour objectif de répertorier et de classer par catégories les documents qui présentent des progrès récents dans l’élaboration de technologies de réduction de la charge de travail et des équipages. Il constitue un 2 suivi de la recherche antérieureF F sur le même sujet, sous la forme d’une bibliographie annotée. Résultats : Des recherches ont été réalisées à l’aide de Google Scholar, du National Technical Information Service (NTIS) et du Defence Technical Information Center (DTIC). Les documents trouvés dans le cadre de ces recherches sont, notamment, des comptes rendus techniques internes, des comptes rendus contractuels et des dissertations théoriques de divers organismes de défense du ministère de la Défense nationale (MDN) et des Forces canadiennes (FC) au Canada, du Département de la Défense et des diverses Forces armées des États-Unis, de pays membres de l’Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN) ou d’alliés de l’OTAN. Les documents ont ensuite été triés et classés en fonction de quatre grandes classes de technologie et de solution, à savoir fonctionnement des navires, politiques
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