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Experience and Identity in the Development of Palestinian Nationalism 1917-1967 Victoria Lynn Penziner

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Experience and Identity in the Development of Palestinian Nationalism 1917-1967 Victoria Lynn Penziner Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2004 The Story Behind the Story: Experience and Identity in the Development of Palestinian Nationalism 1917-1967 Victoria Lynn Penziner Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES THE STORY BEHIND THE STORY: EXPERIENCE AND IDENTITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PALESTINIAN NATIONALISM 1917-1967 By VICTORIA LYNN PENZINER A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2004 The members of the Committee approve the Thesis of Victoria Penziner defended on May 14, 2004. Peter Garretson Professor Directing Thesis Jonathan Grant Committee Member Ed Wynot Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii The story behind the story, They are always looking for the story after the story Which means they will never understand the story. Which means it will go on and on. -Naomi Shihab Nye, “The Palestinians Have Given Up Parties,” 19 Varieties of Gazelle: Poems of the Middle East, (New York: Greenwillow Books, 2002), 61. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank Dr. Peter Garretson for all of his hard work, dedication and patience. His guidance went far beyond this work alone and will be appreciated always. Next, my committee members need to be recognized, Dr. Jonathan Grant for always giving pointed advice, guidance and help and Dr. Ed Wynot for being patient with this project and with me. My appreciation to Taleb Salhab is endless, not only for his hospitality, but without his help, my interviews would never have occurred. For those who participated in this study, Dr. Khaled Diab, Riad Mansour, Ahmed Mubarak, Sami Qubty and Muhammad Lutfi my thanks and gratitude to each of you for your frankness and openness during our interviews, as well as the sheer pleasure of your company. My sincerest thanks also goes out to the families of my oral informants who were so kind as to open their homes to me and make me feel most welcome. My eternal thanks goes to Travis Ritt who has read countless drafts of this work and knows it probably as well as I do at this point. His comments were enormously helpful and honest. I would also like to thank Patrick Galbreth for his help with the title of this work and for his support throughout the process, Stephanie Laffer for her brainstorming and editing expertise, as well as Patrick Hightower for his support. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for their understanding when maps, oral histories, and books covered their kitchen table and countertops throughout the Christmas holidays and Spring Break. I cannot express to all of you how much your support, friendship, help and love meant to me during the writing of this work. My sincerest thanks. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................................................... Page vii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ Page 1 Historiography ............................................................................................ Page 2 Oral History ................................................................................................ Page 8 Memory ................................................................................................ Page 11 Palestinian Identity ..................................................................................... Page 12 Manifestations of Identity........................................................................... Page 17 Views on Israelis......................................................................................... Page 20 Collective Memory and Identity in America .............................................. Page 22 Chapter Breakdown .................................................................................... Page 26 2. Diplomacy, Israel and Palestinian Experience ............................................... Page 28 Under the British Thumb ............................................................................ Page 31 Al Nakba ................................................................................................ Page 35 1948 and Personal Experience.................................................................... Page 38 Deir Yassin and Infamy .............................................................................. Page 41 Refugees ................................................................................................ Page 44 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 48 3. From Ebb to Rising Tide: The Development of Palestinian Nationalism 1950-1966................................... Page 49 Pan-Arabism and Jamal Abd Al Nasser...................................................... Page 49 The United Nations (UN) and UN Relief and Works Association............. Page 54 Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)............................. Page 59 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 63 4. Combining the Legacies: The 1967 War and Palestinian Experience .......................................................... Page 65 Course of the War ....................................................................................... Page 66 Impact of the Media.................................................................................... Page 68 1967 and Personal Experience.................................................................... Page 71 Effect ................................................................................................ Page 83 v The 1967 War in America........................................................................... Page 86 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 91 5. Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 94 APPENDICES ................................................................................................ Page 100 A Biographical Information of Oral Informants....................................... Page 100 B Population of Palestine, 1922-1942...................................................... Page 102 C Maps ................................................................................................ Page 103 Map 1 The UN Partition Plan, 1947 ............................................ Page 103 Map 2 The Israeli War of Independence, 1948-1949 .................. Page 104 Map 3 The Arab Refugees, 1948 ................................................. Page 105 Map 4 Israeli Conquests, 1967 .................................................... Page 106 D Oral Informant Release Form ............................................................... Page 107 E Human Subjects Committee Approval Letter....................................... Page 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ Page 109 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................. Page 118 vi ABSTRACT Prior to 1967, the liberation of the Palestinian people meant a coordinated attack by the Arab armies on Israel. After 1967, the liberation of the Palestinians fell to the people who inhabited the Territories-West Bank and Gaza and the refugee camps. The liberation became less of an elite, intellectual concept and more of a grass roots desire. These changes manifest themselves in a number of ways, but none so important as the changes in people and how their experiences relate to diplomatic and military data. Using oral history, memory and experience this work seeks to connect these three categories of data. The 1967 War was a turning point in the development of Palestinian identity both collectively and individually, however, this aspect of the war has been largely overlooked by scholars. By looking at the legacies of the British Mandatory period, the 1948 War, the affects of Pan-Arabism, the United Nations and the Palestine Liberation Organization, a greater understanding of the 1967 War and its importance on the individual level can be seen. This work examines not the diplomatic and course of the war, but how this war affected individual Palestinians using oral histories and personal experience. Due to the availability of sources, it focuses mainly on experiences of Palestinians within the West Bank and on men. Sources for women are more difficult to find and although female recollections included, gender is not discussed. This work relies heavily on experiences of Arabs in America and works in translation. As such, a discussion of the 1967’s War impact on America is also discussed in detail. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Often forgotten or glossed over in the recitation of the Arab-Israeli dispute is the 1967 War. Also known as the “June War” or the “Six Day War,” this war was exactly that-six days in June. Within less than a week, the Israeli Air Force was able to disable or destroy the entire Egyptian and Syrian air forces, crippling both armies and leading ultimately to defeat for the third time
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