The Experience of Displacement and Social Engineering in Kola Saami Oral Histories Acta Electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis 288

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The Experience of Displacement and Social Engineering in Kola Saami Oral Histories Acta Electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis 288 ACTA ELECTRONICA UNIVERSITATIS LAPPONIENSIS 288 Lukas Allemann The Experience of Displacement and Social Engineering in Kola Saami Oral Histories Acta electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis 288 LUKAS ALLEMANN The Experience of Displacement and Social Engineering in Kola Saami Oral Histories Academic dissertation to be publicly defended with the permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Lapland in Castrén Hall on 15 October 2020 at 12 noon. Rovaniemi 2020 University of Lapland Faculty of Social Sciences Supervised by Florian Stammler, Research Professor, Arctic Anthropology, Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Finland Julia Obertreis, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History of Eastern Europe, University of Erlangen, Germany Reviewed by Otto Habeck, Professor, Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Hamburg, Germany Veli-Pekka Lehtola, Professor of Saami Culture, Giellagas Institute, University of Oulu, Finland Opponent Otto Habeck, Professor, Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Hamburg, Germany Layout: Taittotalo PrintOne Acta electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis 288 ISBN 978-952-337-225-2 ISSN 1796-6310 Permanent address to the publication: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-337-225-2 Abstract in English The thesis examines people’s experiences of Soviet-time, state-initiated displacement and (re)emplacement on the Kola Peninsula as well as the consequences of these developments. Sources show that Saami communities bore the brunt of these processes. The work seeks to draw for the first time a holistic picture of the social transformation among the Kola Saami, while nevertheless respecting the reality of mixed and multiple ethnic belongings as well as other categories of identity in the region. Tapping extensive fieldwork by the author, the research systematically identifies, analyses and contextualises the processes and consequences of displacement as one of the most profound social transformations of the twentieth century in the Arctic. The consequences discussed include a chronic housing shortage, changed gender relations, skewed dynamics in boarding schools, self-harming behaviour, and social rifts that persist to this day. Perspectives characteristic of the state are juxtaposed with grassroots experiences. This work is in many ways a historical anthropology of suffering, one laying bare mechanisms of scapegoating and social exclusion. Yet traumatic events are dealt with in ways acknowledging that victims can be simultaneously agents who accommodate, subvert and resist. The stages and consequences of displacement are contextualised within the larger frame of social engineering undertaken by modern nation-states across the circumpolar world, thus relativising Soviet–Western dichotomies. Conceived as a historical-anthropological inquiry, the study draws on empirical materials produced and gathered using a combined approach of open-ended biographical interviewing, participant observation and archival research. Ethical questions prompted by this co-productive approach with a long-term commitment to field partners are taken up as an additional strand of the research. The main methodological principle of this thesis is that the production and the analysis of materials should be phenomenologically driven and rooted in a radically interpretive, non-positivist approach. Embracing this commitment, the work tries to show that the common — but mostly unspoken — link between oral history and anthropology lies in phenomenological philosophy as the study of experience. Making this link more explicit is an important and long overdue task, because experience is the pivot between the universal and the singular. 3 Allemann: The Experience of Displacement and Social Engineering in Kola Saami Oral Histories Tiivistelmä suomeksi Väitöskirja keskittyy ihmisten kokemuksiin neuvostoajasta ja valtion toimeen- panemasta väestön siirrosta ja takaisin asuttamisesta Kuolan niemimaalla sekä siihen, mitä tästä kaikesta on seurannut. Lähteiden perusteella saamelaiset ovat kärsineet prosessista eniten. Väitöskirjassa pyritään ensimmäistä kertaa luomaan holistinen kuva Kuolan saamelaisten kokemasta sosiaalisesta muutoksesta unohtamatta alueen etnisen diversiteetin ja muiden identiteettikategorioiden realiteetteja. Laajan kenttätyön pohjalta tutkija identifioi, analysoi ja kontekstualisoi siirtoprosesseja ja niiden seurauksia yhtenä arktisen alueen vaikuttavimmista sosiaalisista transformaatioista 1900-luvulla. Tekijän pohtimia seurauksia ovat muun muassa jatkuva asuntopula, sukupuolten välisten suhteiden muutos, sisäoppilaitosten vääristyneet käytännöt, itsetuhoinen käytös ja vielä tänä päivänä vallitseva sosiaalinen epätasa-arvo. Tutkimuksessa vertaillaan valtiollisia lähtökohtia ja ruohonjuuritason kokemuksia. Se on eräänlainen kärsimyksen antropologinen kuvaus, jossa syitä vieritetään muiden niskaan ja ihmiset päätyvät yhteiskunnan ulkopuolelle. Traumaattisia tapahtumia silti käsitellään pitäen mielessä, että uhrit voivat samalla olla mukau- tuvia, mitätöiviä ja vastustavia toimijoita. Siirtojen vaiheita ja seurauksia verrataan nykyajan kansallisvaltioiden sosiaaliseen suunnitteluun kaikkialla sirkumpolaarisessa maailmassa, mikä antaa mittasuhteet neuvostojärjestelmän ja länsimaisen järjes- telmän väliselle dikotomialle. Tutkimuksen lähestymistapa pohjautuu historialliseen antropologiaan ja sen empiirinen materiaali on tuotettu ja kerätty avointen biografisten haastattelujen, osallistujahavaintojen ja arkistotutkimuksen keinoin. Tämän pitkään sitoutumiseen perustuvan, yhteistuotannollisen metodin esiin nostamat eettiset kysymykset poikivat ylimääräisen tutkimushaaran. Väitöskirjan metodologinen pääperiaate on, että materiaalia tulee tuottaa ja analysoida fenomenologisista lähtökohdista ja lähestymistavan tulee olla vahvasti tulkinnallinen ja ei-positivistinen. Tätä silmällä pitäen tutkimus pyrkii osoittamaan, että suullisen historian ja antropologian yhdistävä – joskin vaiettu – yhteys juontuu kokemuksen tutkimukseen osana fenomenologista filosofiaa. Tämä yhteys tulee viimeinkin saada selkeämmin esille, koska juuri kokemus on universaalin ja erityisyyden keskipisteessä. 4 Allemann: The Experience of Displacement and Social Engineering in Kola Saami Oral Histories Аннотация на русском языке В советское время переселялись миллионы людей – в разное время и по самым разным причинам. Но всегда переселения влекли за собой существенные изменения в жизни затронутых ими людей. Последствия переселений значительно повлияли на жизненные пути переселенных и их последующих поколений. Данная работа является попыткой систематизировать переселения и их последствия в восточной, сельской части Кольского полуострова и дать им интерпретацию, с опорой на жизненный опыт жителей. Более конкретно, данная диссертация освещает аспекты истории Кольских саами, в связи с тем, что важной областью государственной «социальной инженерии» стали поселения коренных народов. Такая политика повлекла за собой, в том числе, хронический дефицит жилья, изменение гендерных ролей и отношений, скошенность функций школ-интернатов, повышенные болезненность и смертность населения, социальные конфликты. Работа является попыткой посмотреть на события и последствия переселений в широком, пан-арктическом контексте переустройства целых обществ. Обсуждаются сходства такой политики арктических государств в ХХ веке по обе стороны железного занавеса (проявляющиеся, например, в переводе на оседлый образ жизни, переселениях, интернатах). Позиция государства сопоставляется с оценками ситуации переселения обычными людьми. В рамках методологии устной истории и социальной антропологии исследование строится на эмпирических материалах, собранных с помощью комплекса методов: открытого интервью, включенного наблюдения и архивной работы. Данная работа во многом является антропологией и историей страданий. Раскрываются механизмы публичного осуждения, социального исключения и циничных знаний на местном уровне. Тем не менее, анализ материалов показывает, что быть жертвой не противоречит проявлению агентности в виде тонких форм приспособления или сопротивления к новым условиям. Отдельно рассматриваются этические вопросы, возникшие при долгосрочных отношениях с информантами и совместном создании эмпирических материалов. Постоянным фоном при сборе и анализе материалов являлась феноменологическая философская установка. В результате данная диссертация делает теоретико-методологический вклад тем, что представляет и систематизирует феноменологию как общую философскую основу устной истории и социальной антропологии – основу, часто неосознанную, но при этом присутствующую как глубинная общность этих двух дисциплин, изучающих жизненный опыт людей. Таким образом, данное исследование показывает решающую важность изучения жизненного опыта людей для комплексного понимания как целевых установок государственной социальной инженерии, так и индивидуальных судеб людей тех сообществ, на которых она направлена. 5 Allemann: The Experience of Displacement and Social Engineering in Kola Saami Oral Histories To Cristina 6 Allemann: The Experience of Displacement and Social Engineering in Kola Saami Oral Histories Preface This doctoral thesis reflects my path as a scholar, and has played a significant part in who I have become as a person. This was only possible thanks to exchanges with, the influence of and support by many individuals and several institutions. The thesis emerged initially from the research project ORHELIA (Oral History of Empires by Elders in the Arctic),
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