Social Entrepreneurship – Powered by the Crowd
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Social Entrepreneurship – Powered by the Crowd Crowdfunding, social entrepreneurship, and philanthropy; a case study of InnoVentum Copenhagen Business School 2016 MSc. In International Business & Politics Supervisor: Sigvald Harryson Master’s thesis Author: Lennie Marie Olsen Hand-in date June 1st 2016 STU count: 181,743 Abstract Crowdfunding is a way of funding projects, start-ups, individuals or non-profits by receiving many small investments from a crowd of backers after having made an open call for help on the Internet (Belleflamme et al 2010). It is a rapidly growing industry and has been used to fund everything from popular TV-show reboots, SmartWatches, medical bills, and relief aid efforts for disaster-stricken areas. Crowdfunding as well as its academic field are very young, albeit somewhat plentiful. One branch of the academic research has focused on how certain factors can affect or predict the outcome of a campaign, be it campaign duration or use of social media. However, most of this research has investigated only one or two factors, not allowing for context nor for the possibility that a multitude of factors could affect the outcome concurrently. Furthermore, most of this research has been focused on crowdfunding for start-ups. Not a lot of research has been done on either crowdfunding with a philanthropic purpose or on campaigns launched by social enterprises, and research combining the two is non-existent. This thesis combines these shortcomings in the existing literature by examining social enterprises engaged in crowdfunding with both a philanthropic and publicity purpose and analyses how to succeed in such a venture. A theoretical model of outcome-affecting factors for a social enterprise to consider when creating a philanthropic crowdfunding campaign has been created. It consists of three dimensions answering the what, who, and where questions of a campaign: content, crowd, and platform. The goal is for the model to be used both as a guideline for creating new campaigns and as an analytical tool to determine why a campaign fails or succeeds. The model has been created through the use of a literature review as well as an analysis of the crowdfunding industry. It was then tested by applying it to the case of InnoVentum, a Swedish social enterprise in renewable energy. The model has been tested in two ways. The first test was of its use as an analytical tool by using it to determine why a previous campaign launched by the company (the Power to the Philippines campaign on Indiegogo, 2014) failed. The second test was of the model’s applicability to a real-world context by using it as a guide for the creation of a future campaign, the aim of which is to gather funds for the transportation and installation of an InnoVentum Giraffe (a hybrid solar and wind power model) to a community for differently-abled children in India called Kiran Village. Page 2 of 114 The thesis concludes that the use of the model as both an analytical tool as well as a guideline works quite well, although the choices made throughout the campaign creation are highly context dependent. The model might even be applicable in other contexts, although a few alterations to the model would be required. Page 3 of 114 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 6 2. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Epistemology ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Research approach ................................................................................................................................ 10 2.3 Research design ..................................................................................................................................... 12 2.4 Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 13 3. Theory .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 3.1 Social entrepreneurship ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.2 Crowdfunding ........................................................................................................................................ 20 4. Model of outcome-influencing factors ........................................................................................................ 27 4.1 Content .................................................................................................................................................. 28 4.2 Crowd .................................................................................................................................................... 37 4.3 Platform ................................................................................................................................................. 41 4.4 Sequence of dimensions ........................................................................................................................ 46 5. Crowdfunding platforms.............................................................................................................................. 49 5.1 Kickstarter .............................................................................................................................................. 50 5.2 Indiegogo ............................................................................................................................................... 50 5.3 Generosity ............................................................................................................................................. 51 5.4 GoFundMe ............................................................................................................................................. 51 5.5 StartSomeGood ..................................................................................................................................... 52 5.6 Chuffed .................................................................................................................................................. 52 6. Case presentation - InnoVentum................................................................................................................. 54 6.3 InnoVentum as a social enterprise ........................................................................................................ 55 6.4 Power to the Philippines ....................................................................................................................... 56 7. The donation of the Eurovision Giraffe ....................................................................................................... 64 7.1 The Mandiavato project ........................................................................................................................ 64 7.2 Kiran Village ........................................................................................................................................... 66 7.3 The Kiran Village crowdfunding campaign ............................................................................................ 66 8. Discussion and conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 78 8.1 Analytical tool ........................................................................................................................................ 78 Page 4 of 114 8.2 Guideline ................................................................................................................................................ 79 8.3 Applicability to other contexts .............................................................................................................. 80 8.4 Choice of factors .................................................................................................................................... 81 8.5 Suggestions for future research ............................................................................................................ 81 9. Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................. 82 9.1 Books and peer-reviewed articles ......................................................................................................... 82 9.2 Non-academic articles and websites ..................................................................................................... 85 Appendix 1 – Kiran Village Campaign Proposal ........................................................................................... 88 Appendix 2 – Transcript of interview with Ala Kazlova ............................................................................... 91 Page 5 of 114 1. Introduction “Nothing attracts a crowd like a crowd” (Capital C 2014). This is the cornerstone of the crowdfunding revolution. Financing start-ups and projects by asking a crowd of people for small donations rather than asking traditional financial