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Proquest Dissertations Apocalyptic poverty: Gerard Segarelli, Fra Dolcino and the legitimization of deviance among the Order of Apostles, 1260-1307 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Pierce, Jerry Benjamin Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 14:41:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280789 APOCALYPTIC POVERTY: GERARD SEGARELLL FRA DOLCINO AND THE LEGITIMIZATION OF DEVI ANCE AMONG THE ORDER OF APOSTLES, 1260-1307 by Jerry Benjamin Pierce Copyright © Jerry Benjamin Pierce 2004 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY Ib Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2004 UMI Number: 3165787 Copyright 2004 by Pierce, Jerry Benjamin All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3165787 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 The University of Arizona ® Graduate College As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Jerry Benjamin Pierce entitled Apocalyptic Poverty: Gerard SegarelH, Fra Dolcino and the Legitimization of Deviance among the Order of Apostles, 1260 1307 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ; % Alan E^Bernstein date 03 0^1. n Futrell/fj date /' f / 3-^1' 'SMve Johr^s;l'6ne \ d^e date date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director; date Alan E, Bernstein 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Librar>' to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: Wjf 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Nino Cellamaro and Rita Ciullo at the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan, who not only helped me solve the mystery of the "missing" manuscript, but who also, through their kindness and hospitality, made me feel welcome when far from home. I would also like to thank the archivists at the Archivio di Stato in Parma for their invaluable assistance in locating various manuscripts. Tavo Burat at the Centro Studi Dolciniani in Biella, and Corrado Momese of Millennia SAS in Novara also guided me through the historiographicai debates that would have been otherwise daunting. I am grateful for the funding I received from the University of Arizona Social and Behavioral Sciences Research Institute that allowed me to have Russian and Chinese articles translated. Fellowships from the University of Arizona Graduate College and the Department of History, especially the travel grant I received with the help of Richard Cosgrove, allowed me to conduct archival research in Milan and Parma. My outstanding dissertation committee, Alan Bernstein, Alison Futrell and Steven Johnstone, taught me how to delve into the sources, always searching for a deeper meaning, while never neglecting the bigger picture. I will always be indebted to them for their tireless efforts in helping me improve my writing and analysis, and also for providing such great examples of what it really means to be a historian. 1 am also forever grateful to Augustine Thompson who introduced me to the study of religious history as an undergraduate, and who inspired and encouraged me to pursue it. Vittorio and Claudia Pisaniello, who welcomed me into their home, were my surrogate family in Milan. I will never forget their hospitality as they befriended a lonely American and introduced me to wonders of Italian life that I would not have found in the archives. I am deeply indebted to Lydia and Vera Anderson, who patiently taught me to speak and read Italian on such short notice. Luigi Cicciotti of Casa Giorgio Frassati was kind enough to offer safe and friendly lodging. I also have to thank my old friend, Holger Sebb, who traveled from Germany to trek across the rainswept Alps with me, searching countless peaks for that elusive monument to Dolcino. I have had the pleasure of participating in the "Dissertator Group" in Tucson, where my colleagues offered much-needed moral support and valuable critiques. I made lifelong friends in Tucson as well, especially Jodie Kreider, Meghan Winchell, Laura Shelton, H. Gelfand and Ziad AbiCh^ra. I would like to thank my family for their encouragement, but above all my mother, Christine Armstrong, for her unwavering support and for instilling in me the desire to leara and succeed at any endeavor for as long as I can remember. I need to thank my best friend. Soldier, whose unrequited love and faithful companionship sustained me throughout my time in the desert, but who sadly did not live to see the culmination of all those years of study. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Gretchen, who has constantly supported me with her wit, puns and a sharp editing pen. Thank you all. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..6 INTRODUCTION 8 CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEMATIC HIS IORIOGRAPHY OF THE ORDER OF APOSTLES ..21 CHAPTER 2 BETWEEN ORTHODOXY AND HERESY 50 CHAPTER 3 DESCENT INTO HERESY .........99 CHAPTER 4 APOCALYPTIC POVERTY. ..123 CONCLUSION ...175 REFERENCES 180 6 ABSTRACT Despite medieval and contemporaiy treatments of the Order of Apostles, an Italian lay religious movement that flourished from 1260 to 1307, that have alleged that its members were sexually immoral, promoted heresy and engaged in an apocalyptic, armed insurrection, this study argues that the Order was not immoral, nor inherently heretical and violent. Medieval sources, including chronicles and inquisitional records, have presented an overwhelmingly negative and biased account of the beliefs and actions of the Order of Apostles, which has then been uncritically repeated by most English- language scholarship, providing only a cursory overview of the Order, and often neglecting to analyze the intentions of medieval authors such as the Franciscan, Salimbene of Parma, and the Dominican inquisitor, Bernard Gui. This oversight has perpetuated a history of the Apostles that portrays them as misguided religious enthusiasts who quickly turned to violence in order to force their apostolic lifestyle on the unsuspecting medieval laity. As this dissertation argues, the Order did not foolishly seek to imitate the early apostles, but its members, including its founder, Gerard Segarelli. were instead part of larger orthodox trend among both the medieval laity and ecclesiastics who sought a more active role in religious life. By reexamining Salimbene's Cronica, the anonymous Historia Fratris Dulcini Heresiarche and Bernard Gui's De Secta Pseudo-Apostolorum, along with, inquisitorial records, this study explores the message of poverty, penance and communalism that appealed to and attracted both women and men from various social classes to the Order. This study also disputes the commonly held belief that the Order, 7 especiaily under its second leader, Fra Doicino, was an actively violent apocalyptic group, first, by documenting the numerous instances where he and his followers consciously avoided conflict with episcopal and feudal authorities, and, second, by situating Doicino and the Apostles within the larger framework of the tumultuous social and political climate of Valsesia, in northern Italy. This dissertation therefore reevaluates the Order of Apostles as more sophisticated and less violent than previously imagined. 8 INTRODUCTION On February 28,1993, while an undergraduate at the University of Oregon, I watched a news story developing in Waco, Texas, about a failed federal government raid on a fortified compound of "cult" members. According to most media outlets, the Bureau of AJcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (BATF) had been in the process of serving a warrant regarding the possession and sale of illegally modified firearms when members of the "cult" fired upon them, killing four BATF agents and wounding several others. In the ensuing gun battle, several members
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