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The Effects of Multiple Forms of Disgust Exposure on the Processing of Emotional Photographic Images

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The Effects of Multiple Forms of Disgust Exposure on the Processing of Emotional Photographic Images The effects of multiple forms of disgust exposure on the processing of emotional photographic images Alex Hartigan A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Birkbeck, University of London Department of Psychological Sciences September 2017 1 Declaration I certify that the work presented in this thesis is my own original work and is for examination for the Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology degree. Signature_____________________________ Date_________________ 2 This thesis is dedicated to Doreen Saddleton, who first inspired me to learn about psychology, and without whom (for reasons too numerous to mention or do justice to here) it would not exist. You are deeply missed. 3 Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Anne Richards, whose lectures first introduced me to the topic of disgust, and whose expertise and experience have been invaluable these last years. Thanks not just for guiding me in understanding and researching the topic, but for the practical advice in navigating the research world. I couldn't have wished for a better supervisor. I would also like to thank everyone at Birkbeck who has given me advice and help during my time there, in particular to Massi Papera for teaching me the ropes when it came to the practicalities of EEG (and for salvaging some of my first setup attempts). Thanks also go to the Economic and Social Research Council for funding the work in this thesis. My sincerest thanks to all my friends and family who have encouraged and supported me over these last few years and beyond. Thank you to anyone who continued to believe in me when times were difficult. A very special thank you goes to my partner Hollie Fisher, whose love, understanding, patience and support have been far in excess of anything I could have expected. My constant abiding thanks. 4 Abstract Exposure to disgust has been found to influence both short term attentional processes and decision making. This thesis proposed to investigate the extent to which disgust exposure can also influence emotion processing and evaluation – specifically of real world photographic images. To this end, both behavioural and event related potential (ERP) paradigms were utilised. Disgust was induced in multiple ways – through videos, written scenarios and briefly presented prime images. After exposure to disgusting prime images, participants high in disgust propensity were quicker to respond to disgust targets (a congruence effect that was not obtained for fear targets preceded by fear primes). After reading disgusting sentences, participants who were high in disgust propensity were more likely to judge pleasant food images (as well as disgusting images) as unpleasant (but not other pleasant images) thus reconfirming the relationship between disgust and digestion. ERP data revealed that individuals high in attentional shifting ability had a suppressed Late Positive Potential (LPP) to both disgusting and threatening images but that this effect was washed out through reading disgusting scenarios. After exposure to disgusting videos, attentional focus was associated with an increased LPP response to disgust (but not fear) images. There was a strong occipital LPP enhancement for disgust (over both fear and neutral) that was independent of disgust exposure and could represent an electrophysiological marker of disgust processing. The results demonstrate that both the processing of disgusting images, as well as the processing of emotional images of a variety of content (both positive and negative), can be affected by disgust exposure. These effects can be seen early in processing and also influence later emotional assessments, and are strongly dependent on individual differences in disgust propensity and attentional control. The results highlight the extent to which disgust can influence multiple short-term emotion processing mechanisms. 5 Table of Contents Chapter 1. Disgust: Forms and Function .................................................................................... 18 1.1. Overview of the Chapter ................................................................................................. 18 1.2. How Emotions Have Been Represented in Psychology ................................................... 18 1.2.1. Basic emotions and emotional expression. .............................................................. 21 1.2.2. The influence of neuroanatomical theories of emotion. .......................................... 22 1.3. Defining and Representing Disgust ................................................................................. 25 1.3.1. Physical disgust beyond simple distaste. .................................................................. 28 1.3.2. Sexual disgust. .......................................................................................................... 30 1.3.3. Moral disgust. ........................................................................................................... 31 1.4. Disgust and the Insula ..................................................................................................... 35 1.5. Disgust in Development and Implications for Standard Disgust Theories ....................... 38 Chapter 2. Trait Disgust: Measures and Outcomes .................................................................... 42 2.1. Overview and Introduction ............................................................................................. 42 2.2. The Disgust Contamination Questionnaire...................................................................... 43 2.3. The Disgust Scale ............................................................................................................. 44 2.4. The Disgust Emotion Scale .............................................................................................. 46 2.5. The Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity Scale Revised...................................................... 47 2.6. The Questionnaire for the Assessment of Disgust Sensitivity ......................................... 51 2.7. The Disgust Scale Revised................................................................................................ 52 2.8. The Three Domain Disgust Scale ..................................................................................... 55 2.9. Disgust Propensity and Political Beliefs ........................................................................... 58 2.10. Neural Correlates of Disgust Propensity and Sensitivity................................................ 60 2.11. Disgust Propensity Changes Over Time ......................................................................... 62 Chapter 3. The Consequences of Disgust Exposure ................................................................... 65 3.1. Overview of this Chapter ................................................................................................. 65 3.2. An Introduction to Emotional Exposure .......................................................................... 65 6 3.2.1. Mood related effects. ............................................................................................... 66 3.2.2. Subliminal and supraliminal priming with emotion. ................................................. 69 3.2.3. Adaptation and emotion aftereffects. ...................................................................... 73 3.3. The Influence of Disgust Exposure on Moral Judgement ................................................ 75 3.3.1. The influence of cleanliness manipulations on moral judgement. ........................... 79 3.4. The Influence of Disgust Exposure on Perceptual and Evaluative Processes................... 80 3.4.1. Physiological and affective properties of disgust induction. .................................... 81 3.4.2. Disgust induction through videos. ............................................................................ 83 3.4.3. Disgust induction through images. ........................................................................... 84 3.4.4. Disgust induction through physical contact or proximity. ........................................ 89 3.4.5. Disgust induction through other means. .................................................................. 92 3.5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 93 Chapter 4. Methodological Approaches..................................................................................... 96 4.1. Overview of this Chapter ................................................................................................. 96 4.2. An Introduction to Studying Emotion Using ERPs ........................................................... 97 4.2.1. A note about the N170. ............................................................................................ 98 4.2.2. The P1 component. .................................................................................................. 98 4.2.3. The N1 component. ................................................................................................ 101 4.2.4. The P2 component. ................................................................................................ 102 4.2.5. The N2 component. ................................................................................................ 103 4.2.6. The Early Posterior Negativity (EPN). ....................................................................
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