Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report

Project Number: 44168-012 Capacity Development Technical Assistance (CDTA) October 2013

Nepal: Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk

Management in Development (Financed by the Strategic Climate Fund)

District Baseline Reports: Department of Roads (DOR) Achham, Banke, Chitwan, and Pachthar Districts

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents. (For project preparatory technical assistance: All the views expressed herein may not be incorporated into the proposed project’s design.

MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

TA – 7984 NEP October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development 1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

ACHHAM DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS (DOR)

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ...... 1 1.1 District Sector Master Plan ...... 1 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff ...... 1 1.3 Sector trends and issues ...... 1 1.3.1 Trends ...... 1 1.3.2 Issues ...... 1 1.4 Asset inventory ...... 2 1.5 Past extremes in the district ...... 2 1.6 Linkages to other sectors ...... 2 1.7 Priority infrastructure in ...... 2 1.7.1 Prioritisation process ...... 2 2 ACHHAM DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ...... 3 2.1 Asset1:Sanfebagar – Martadi Road ...... 3 2.1.1 Asset Description ...... 4 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...... 5 ANNEX A – MAP OF ACHHAM DISTRICT ...... 1 ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR ...... 1 ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET ...... 4 ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ...... 5 ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ...... 6 ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY - ACHHAM ...... 8 ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ...... 9

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1 ACHHAM DISTRICT 1.1 District Sector Master Plan The strategic roads in Achham District fall under the jurisdiction of Division. Doti division is one of the division offices of the DoR and is responsible for all types of maintenance works in Doti, Dadeldhura, Achham and Bajura Districts. All the 25 divisions are required to prepare Annual Road Maintenance Plan (ARMP) of and submit to the DoR head office. GoN allocated the budget after the only after the approval of the ARMP. The division does, in general, does not prepare long term master plan. 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff Budgeting A suar of the Divisio’s Budget is give i Ae C Staff The names and positions of district officers are given in Annex D 1.3 Sector trends and issues 1.3.1 Trends The current trend of the division is as follows Planning As mentioned above ARMP is the main tool for planning of maintenance/construction activities of strategic roads in the district. Design & Construction Assessment of needs, planning, design and estimation for all type of maintenance works are carried out by the division staffs. However design works of new roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants. All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done by using local contractors. The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines. For example at present construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used more frequently. Doti Division beside maintenance of roads and bridges, also executes medium scale road and bridge projects. Supervision of works is mainly done by division staffs. 1.3.2 Issues Major issues/difficulties faced by the divisions are as follows: 1. Budget is not sufficient and is not released timely 2. Programs are not approved in time 3. Very low bid by the contractors 4. Contractors receive mobilization advance but do not start and complete the work in time. 5. Several projects but limited technical manpower 6. In local contractor are not well experienced in the contractual works and hence they tend to delay the works and sometimes even leave the works without completing them.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

7. The tipper trucks, loaders Dozers provided by the heavy equipment division (HED) of DoR are old and their repair cost is very high. 8. In RBN funded maintenance and other works the contractors have tendency to start the work after monsoon only. This has brought a serious problem specially in cyclic works because they assume that they will suffer by late payment because of other lagging contractors, even if they complete the works in time. 1.4 Asset inventory The asset inventory is given in Annex F 1.5 Past extremes in the district A table of past extreme events is given in Annex E 1.6 Linkages to other sectors Cooperation with other sectors The DoR at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs: DoLIDAR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, NT, NEA, Department of Transport (DoT) Major Organization working in the District: WB is providing 10% of the maintenance to the division. 1.7 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District 1.7.1 Prioritisation process The key criteria for prioritisation include:  Infrastructure of national strategic importance  Infrastructure of district strategic importance  Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events  Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events  At least one planned infrastructure The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The priority list is given in the following table.

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ID Name Infrastructure Reason/s for inclusion type 1 Sanfebagar-Martadi Road at Road On Asadh 20 (June 4, 2013) heavy flood km 12. Budhiganga River severely damaged about 60m long section of the road at km 12. The flood is also threatening 200m long road section at the same location. If the road will be washed away, the road link of with National Road Networks will be cut off. 2 Landslide at km 9+920 along Big landslide causing frequent blockage of Sanfebagar – Road traffic. 3 Lanslide at km 14+500 along It is the biggest landslide in Achham Sanfebagar-Martadi Road District along above road. The lanslided causes frequent blockage of the vehicular traffic. 4 Motorable Bridge across Bridge Due to extensive erosion, the Budhiganga River reinforcements of the lower portion of one pier of the bridge are exposed. If the problem is not corrected timely, the repair cost will be very high.

2 ACHHAM DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE 2.1 Asset1:Sanfebagar – Martadi Road

Overall view of the road section from Sanfebagar side. As seen in the picture, a long section of the road is being hit by the Budhiganga River.

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Sketch Plan of Site

Sanfebagar to Mangalsen road (classified as Feeder Road) is one of the most important roads in the far Western Development Region because it provides a motorable link to the eastern part of Achham District and the whole of Bajura District. The total length of the Sanfebagar-Martadi Road is 57 km of which 14 km lies in Achham District. The road section lying in Achham is black topped. Majority of the road section in Achham District is located very near to the Budhiganga River which is the largest river in the district. The river is a big threat to the road as it frequently damages it. Hence DoR has constructed gabion protection walls to protect the road from river erosion at many locations. Due to heavy flood, the river shifted its course towards the road and damaged about 200m long road section on June 4, 2013. Out of 200m road section, the condition of the condition of 60m long section is very vulnerable because the gabion walls which were constructed for protection are already damaged and the road section can be washed away at any time if adequate protection/remedial measures are not carried out. 2.1.1 Asset Description  Watershed context The road section lies in the watershed location is Budhiganga River which is a major river in the whole district. The watershed of the river is covered by cultivated land, bushes and forests. Part of the lies in the watershed of this river.  Asset location The road section lies at km 12 from Sanfebagar. The road is located very near to the Budhiganga River (see photo). There are not any manmade features near the road.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

The road passes throug the and fragile slope. Hence landslides are common throughout the whole road section. Vegetation near the asset mainly consists of bushes, shrubs and trees. Due to steep and fragile slope, very few areas at the mountain side are culrivated. The soil type at the hill slope consists of highly weathered rock with loose boulders and loose soils. Hence the landslides are common along the whole road stretch. There are not any major water bodies near the asset except small creeks. The road section is very vulnerable to landslides as well as river erosion.

 Asset condition The stability of the road is very critical and it can be washed away any time during flood if appropriate measures are adopted. However, there are no major problems with the road surface. Similarly, the side drains and minor slides along the road are cleaned on regular basis.  Asset design The road is designed following the standards of feeder road. There are not any shortcomings on the geometric design aspects (horizontal and vertical curves, longitudinal gradient, visibility etc) of the road. As the road follows the river alignment and passes through very fragile area it is suffering from landslides as well as river erosion. DoR has constructed a long gabion wall to protect the road. The section of gabion walls are adopted from standard design drawings of DoR.

 Past extreme events and impacts Landslides and bank erosion are common along the majority of the road section and cause road closure for few hours. There was heavy flood on June 4, 2013 and the river shifted its course towards the right bank and damaged about 200m long road section. According to local people there were no extreme events in the past especially after black topping of the road.

 Past adaptation responses DoR has constructed breast walls at the hill side and retaining walls at the river side. Although the breast walls are functioning properly, the retaining walls have started to fall.  Design appropriateness The design of road, breast walls and drainage structures seem appropriate. However the design of gabion walls which were constructed to protect the roads from river erosion have following shortcomings:  There are no proper launching apron at the river side to protect the road from scouring;  The quality of gabion walls is poor; the stones in the boxes are not properly packed (in loose state) and the boxes are not properly tied with each other. 2.1.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location See Baseline report above  Adaptation condition See Baseline report above

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 Threat description There are two types of threat to the asset caused by increasing rainfall and rainfall intensity (200m long section of the road). They are landslides at hill slope and bank erosion at river side. The field observation showed that the threat due to landslide is relatively less because if such incident occurs, the traffic can be resumed within few hours or few days. But if the road is washed away by the flood, it may take several days or even month to reconstruct the damaged section  Past extreme events and impacts See Baseline report above  Adaptation design See Baseline report above  Adaptation success See Baseline report above

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ANNEX A – MAP OF ACHHAM DISTRICT

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ANNEX B: YEARLY IMPLEMENTATION CALENDAR

Recurrent & Specific Maintenance Program

Proposed Budget S.N. 2.1.2.1.1 Name of Road Km Recurrent Specific Total Minor H14: Mahakali Rajmarg H1405:Faltude-Budar 11.38 402818.00 1566180.00 1968998.00 1 H1406:Budar-Gairah 22.08 1650841.56 1566180.00 3217021.56 H1407:Gairah-Syaule 29.74 877459.20 1328880.00 2206339.20 H1408: Syaule-Anarkholi 22.38 653181.60 4746000.00 5399181.60

H15: Seti Rajmarg 18221716.80 H1501: Syaule-Korayal 24.96 661516.80 17560200.00 13909313.37 2 H1502: korayal-Samuhagad 24.73 2044313.37 11865000.00 H1503U: Samuhagad- 12944603.27 Junc.Sanfe road 16.27 1388093.27 11556510.00

F51:Silgadhi-Sanfe Road

F5101Silgadhi-Choukhutte. 41.00 728640.00 20559007.56 3 21287647.56 F5102 Choukhutte.-Sanfe 16.00 1481982.00 4740067.50 6222049.50

Sanfebagar-Martadi Road 4 F14601 Sanfebagar-Rakse 14.00 487899.00 474600.00 962499.00 F14602 Rakse-Martadi 13.00 455020.50 949200.00 1404220.50 SanfeBagar Mangalsen Road 5 35.00 1046560.00 474600.00 1521160.00 H1825 11878320.00 77386425.06 89264745.06 Total

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Periodic Maintenance Cost Estimate

Name of Road: Seti Rajmarga (Korayal-Samuhagad) Road Link: km: H1502 24.70

S.N Item Unit Quantity NRs./unit Total

1 Providing and laying average 20mm thick premix for pothole Sq.m 1975.00 750.00 1481250.00 including rolling and compaction all complete

2 Providing and laying Bitumen Sq.m. 1220.00 145.00 176900.00 Slurry Seal for crack seal

3 Providing and laying SBSD Sq.m. 123500.00 309.00 38161500.00

Total 39819650.00

VAT 13% 5176554.50

Contingencies 5% 1990982.50

Grand total 46987187.00

Name of Road: Seti Rajmarg (Samuhagad-Jn. Sanfe Road) Road Link: km: H1406 16.27

S.N Item Unit Quantity NRs./unit Total

1 Providing and laying average 20mm thick premix for pothole including rolling and Sq.m. 1300.00 750.00 975000.00 compaction all complete

2 Providing and laying Bitumen Sq.m. 910.00 145.00 131950.00 Slurry Seal for crack seal

3 Providing and laying SBSD Sq.m. 81200.00 309.00 25090800.00

Total 26197750.00

VAT 13% 3405707.50

Contingencies 5% 1309887.50

Grand total 30913345.00

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ANNEX C: ANNUAL BUDGET

Allocation for current fiscal year Proposed for next fiscal year Activity 2011/12 20012/13 Administration 49,82,000.00 59,59,900.00

Routine Maintenance 1,82,45,450.00 1,96,49,130.00

Recurrent Maintenance 98,57,000.00 1,18,78,320.00 Minor

Specific Maintenance 90,00,000.00 7,73,86,425.06

Periodic Maintenance 11,47,00,000.00

Rehabilitation

Reconstruction

Bridge Construction 2,70,00,000.00 7,00,00,000.00

Bridge Maintenance 1,50,00,000.00 2,59,01,295.00

Other works 2,00,000.00 10,20,000.00

Emergency Maintenance 15,00,000.00 25,01,000.00

Road Safety Works 2,00,000.00 12,00,000.00

Total 85,984,450.00 330,196,080.06

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ANNEX D: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS

SN Name Position

1 Mr. Bijaya Kumar Mahato Sr. Divisional Engineer

2 Mr. Nati Babu Khdka Engineer

3 Mr. Sunil Babu Panta Engineer

4 Mr. Man Signh Dhami Engineer

5 Mr. Dhruba Bahadur Chand Engineer

6 Mr. Krishna Brasad Adhikari Accountant

7 Mr Ram Datta Panta Administrative Officer

8 Mr. Surya Prasad Ojha Nayab Subba

9 Mr. Moti Singh Rawal Accountant

10 Mr. Bhupendra Singh Badal Sub-Engineer

11 Mr. Sanjaya Kumar Yadav Sub-Engineer

12 Ms. Chanda Bhandari Kharidar

13 Mr. Dharma Bahdur Chaudhari Kharidar

14 Mr. Tej Bahadur Mahato Office Assistant

15 Mr. Mr. Devi Luhar Office Assistant

16 Mr. Mr. Indra Bahdur Medhasi Office Assistant

17 Mr. Mr. Nara Bahdur Saud Office Assistant

18 Mr. Bhakta Raj Ojha Office Assistant

19 Mr. Megh Bahdur Saud Office Assistant

20 Mr. Sher Bahdur Bhattaai Office Assistant

21 Mr. Gore Bhul Office Assistant

22 Mr. Dan Bahdur Saud Office Assistant

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

ANNEX E: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

VDC/ Affected Animal House Shed Land Loss Public Estimated People Municipality & Family Loss Destroyed Destroyed Property Loss Ward No. Date Type of Disaster Dead Missing Injured Total Partly No. Unit (Rs.)

2066 (2009/2010)

Nada-8 2066/03/17 Flood 1

Kalekada 2066/04/04 Flood 1 2 2

Khaptad 7, 8 2066/04/16 Flood 50

Khaptad 7, 8 2066/04/25 Flood 50

Patalkot-9 2066/06/20 Landslide 10 60 4

Sidheshwor 2066/06/20 Flood 4

Bindabasini-1 2066/06/20 Flood 1 2 1

Marku-7 2066/06/21 Flood 3 2

Sokal-9 2066/06/21 Flood 9 9

Lungra-4 2066/06/20 Flood 22

Muli 2066/06/20 Flood 5

2067 (2010/2011)

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Sanphebagar, 2067/04/04 Flood 2 22 15 60 ropani 920,000 diff. VDCs

Kulka-8, Boba 2067/05/09 Flood 2 1 VDCs 2

2068 (2011/2012)

Malatikot-7 2011/07/02 Flood 3 1

Shidheshwor 2011/07/25 Flood 1

Kalagaon 2011/07/02 Landslide 3

Budarkot-2 2011/09/14 Landslide 1 2

2069 (2012/2013)

Raniban-2 2012/06/01 Storm 1 12

Budhakot-4 2012/09/06 Rainfall 2 1

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ANNEX F: ASSET INVENTORY - ACHHAM

List of Strategic Roads

List of Bridges

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ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1

Closer view of the damaged section. The gabion protection wall has already collapsed.

Same as picture above

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

The river, at present, is shifting its course from right side to left side. As a consequence it is depositing riverbed materials at left bank and is eroding the right bank (where the road is located). This is also one of the main reasons for the damage.

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TA – 7984 NEP October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development 1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

BANKE DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS (DOR)

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ...... 1 1.1 District Sector Master Plan ...... 1 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff ...... 1 1.3 Sector trends and issues ...... 1 1.3.1 Trends ...... 1 1.3.2 Issues ...... 2 1.4 Asset inventory ...... 2 1.5 Past extremes in the district ...... 2 1.6 Linkages to other sectors ...... 2 1.7 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ...... 2 1.7.1 Prioritisation process ...... 2 2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ...... 3 2.1 Asset1: MRM (Mahendra Raj Marg) Agaiya Bazar (km 39+800 – 40+300) ...... 3 2.1.1 Asset Description ...... 3 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...... 4 2.2 Asset 2: – Baghouda Road (Approach Road to Rapti Bridge) ...... 5 2.2.1 Asset Description ...... 6 2.2.1 Adaptation audit ...... 7 2.3 Asset 3: Culvert on Nepalgunj – Guleria Road ...... 8 2.3.1 Asset Description ...... 8 2.3.2 Adaptation audit ...... 9 2.4 Asset 4:Bridge across Aurahi River on Mahendra Raj Marg ...... 10 2.4.1 Asset Description ...... 10 2.4.2 Adaptation audit ...... 11 2.5 Asset 5:Bridge across the Rapti River on Nepalgunj – Baghouda Road at km 11+100 . 12 2.5.1 Asset Description ...... 12 2.5.2 Adaptation audit ...... 13 ANNEX A – MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT ...... 1 ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET ...... 2 ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ...... 3 ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ...... 4 ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ...... 10 ANNEX F: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 2 ...... 12 ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 3 ...... 14 ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 4 ...... 16 ANNEX I: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 5...... 17

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1 BANKE DISTRICT 1.1 District Sector Master Plan All the 25 division offices of the DoR are required to prepare Annual Road Maintenance Plan (ARMP). The summary sheet of plan is presented in Annex B. The division has not prepared a long term plan.

1.2 Sector budgeting and staff Budgeting The Budget for the Financial Year 2011/2012 is given in Annex C Staff The names and positions of district officers is given in Annex D 1.3 Sector trends and issues Nepalgunj Division is one of the 25 divisions of DoR and covers several districts including Banke. Although the main task of the division is to maintain the roads (routine, periodic, emergency, recurrent etc.) it also executes small to medium road and bridge projects. 1.3.1 Trends The current trends of the division are as follows: Planning Planning of works is done by the respective divisions. The division is required to prepare annual road maintenance plan (ARMP) for each year. After approval of the plan by Ministry/DoR, yearly budget is provided to divisions. Without ARMP, the division will not be liable to receive the yearly budget. Design Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants. For some big donor funded projects (WB, ADB etc.) foreign consultants are also hired. Construction All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done through local contractors. The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines and at present construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used more frequently.

Supervision of Works

1. For small works, division staffs carryout supervision works; 2. For medium scale works the division hires local consultants; 3. For large contracts, especially for donor funded contracts foreign consultants are also hired. Monitoring Monitoring is done on the following aspects:

1. Programme 2. Cost 3. Quality 4. Progress

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

1.3.2 Issues Major issues/difficulties faced by the divisions are as follows:

1. Insufficient manpower, equipment and budget 2. Difficulty in extracting natural occurring construction materials such as gravels, sands, stones etc. due to Banke and Bardiya National Parks; 3. Very low bid by the contractors 1.4 Asset inventory

Asset inventory of Banke District is presented in Annex E. 1.5 Past extremes in the district

The record of past extreme events in the district is presented in Annex G.

1.6 Linkages to other sectors The division office cooperates with DoLIDAR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, NT, NEA, Department of Transport (DoT) etc. in the district.

Major Organization working in the District:

 ADB is funding for ongoing 3 bridge projects;  WB is providing 10% of total amount for resealing (periodic maintenance) works for 5 years period.

1.7 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District 1.7.1 Prioritisation process The key criteria for prioritisation include:

 Infrastructure of national strategic importance  Infrastructure of district strategic importance  Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events  Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events  At least one planned infrastructure

The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The priority list is given below

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ID Name Infrastructure Reason/s for inclusion type 1 Structures to protect MRM (NH Dykes Dyke constructed for road protection 1)from river erosion which is unique. 2 Ongoing rehabilitation works Miscellaneous Severely damaged road due to Rapti River along Nepalgunj-Baghouda Road 3 Crossing structure along Culvert Poor condition due to lack of maintenance Nepalgunj-Guleria Road 4 Crossing structure along MRM RCC Bridge Bridge was constructed as the existing causeway was not sufficient to pass the river discharge. 5 Crossing structure along Steel Bridge Damage to surrounding areas of the Nepalgunj-Dondra Road bridge. To show example of conventional protection works.

2 BANKE DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE 2.1 Asset1: MRM (Mahendra Raj Marg) Agaiya Bazar (km 39+800 – 40+300)

2.1.1 Asset Description MRM is one of the most important National Highways of the country. Its total length is 1027.67 km out of which 147 Km lies in Banke District. MRM crosses Rapti River at Bhalubng in Dang District and runs parallel to Rapti River up to Samshergunj.

Agaiya is a small settlement developed at the road side after the construction of MRM. Rapti River is very near to MRM at this location. DoI recently constructed an intake at Rapti River at Agaiya for Sikta Irrigation Project. This is the largest irrigation project in the district. Due to intake, the flow of

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

the Rapti River is obstructed and the level of Rapti becomes higher. In order to protect the road from Rapti River GoN Constructed long dykes along the road about 5 years ago. This asset is shortlisted as this is a very a very unique structure in the Nepali context.  Watershed context The asset is located at the mid eastern part of the district. It lies in the watershed of the Rapti River, which is the This river originates in the hilly part of the Mid Western Development Region crosses MRM at Bhalubang (Dang District) and runs parallel to MRM upto the project site. The main problem in the watershed area is the flooding of the Rapti River damaging several structures along it.  Asset location . MRM is located very near to the Rapti River (about 30m from the bank) at the study area. The asset was safe from the River before the construction of intake structure of Sikta Irrigation Project. After the construction of the intake, the asset was found vulnerable to flooding due to obstruction of flow by the intake. Hence, DoR constructed a dyke to protect the asset from flooding.

 Asset condition The condition of the asset (road) as well as the dyke is good (see photo). The field visit showed that there is not imminent danger to the structures at present.

 Asset design In this case, the asset is considered both the road and the protection works. MRM is a double lane road with 7m wide pavement. It is surfaced with asphalt concrete and its condition near the site is good. The dyke (protection works) is an earthen one with protection works and launching apron of gabions. The top width of the dyke is 4m.

 Past extreme events and impacts As mentioned above, Rapti is the largest River in the district. About 10 years ago, the river washed away the left abutment of the bridge near Lamahi. Similarly, there are several instances of damage to the properties and loss of lives in the past due to flooding of the river.

 Past adaptation responses The adaptation measure to protect the road is appropriate and it is functioning very good.

 Design appropriateness The adaptation measure seems quite appropriate and the adopted measure is serving its purpose quite satisfactorily.

2.1.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location The adaptation, consisting of a dyke and slope protection works, is situated upstream of the intake works for the Sikta Irrigation Schme which caused river levels to rise and thus threaten the MRM.  Adaptation condition The adaptation is is good condition

 Threat description

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The threat to the asset is from increased river levels due to greater flows caused by increased rainfall.  Past extreme events and impacts There is no record of past extreme events at this location in the recent past.  Adaptation design The design of the adaptation is appropriate to present day conditions

 Adaptation success

The adaptation has been successful in protecting the MRM and surrounding areas from flooding.

2.2 Asset 2: Nepalgunj – Baghouda Road (Approach Road to Rapti Bridge)

Rapti River has washed away a road section of left approach road. The washed away section is about 200m from the bridge towards Baghouda side. DoR has planned to construct a 20 m long Bailey Bridge at this location. The steel truss bridge across Rapti River can also be seen on photo.

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2.2.1 Asset Description After crossing the Rapti River at Bhalubang, MRM runs parallel to the the river along right bank. Up to Samsherganj, the direction of road and river is towards the west. From Samshergunj, the river changes its direction and proceeds towards south. Because of this phenomenon, several VDCs at the south of the Rapti River from Bhalubang to Samshegunj were deprived of vehicular access as there was no bridge and the people of that area used to travel through India to visit Nepalgunj and other parts of the country. In order to connect these southern villages, DoR constructed Nepalgunj- Bagaudha Road and a bridge across the Rapti River at 11 km east of Nepalgunj. In 2012, there was a big flood near the bridge site area. The flood washed away a long section of left approach road. The flood also damaged cultivated land, houses and other properties.  Watershed context The asset lies in the watershed of the Rapti River. The river originates in the hilly part of the Mid Western Development Region crosses MRM at Bhalubang (Dang District) and runs parallel to MRM

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upto the project site. The main problem in the watershed area is the flooding of the Rapti River damaging several structures along it.  Asset location The Nepalgunj-Baghouda is still in the process of construction/upgradation. Initial sections of this road is blacktopped and graveled wheras the majority of the road is still eartnen. DoR has constructed a steel truss bridge at km 11+100. The location of the study area is beyond km11+100.  Asset condition The condition of road at the study area is very poor. About 20m of this road is washed away and DoR intends to construct a 15m long Bailey Bridge. After the 2012 flood, DoR is constructing concrete causeway and other crossing drainage structures to protect the road from flooding. It is still uncertain whether these structures will be able to protect the road from damage during another big flood  Asset design DoR is constructing different type of cross drainage structures such as Bailey Bridge, causeway, PCs etc. Their drawings were not available.  Past extreme events and impacts In 2012, several portion of the road onwards from the bridge was damaged due to flood. The flood also destroyed houses and lands. However, there was no human casualty.  Past adaptation responses Two pipe culverts (one with 3Nos 900mm dia pipes & one with 2Nos pipes) were constructed to act as cross drainage for flood water from the Rapti River.  Design appropriateness The cross drainage installed was inadequate and as a result there were several locations where the road embankment was breached during a flood 2012. 2.2.1 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location A 20 metre span Bailey Bridge is planned at one washed out section about 200m. from the Rapti Bridge. A 50m. concrete causeway is planned at another washed out section 250m. from Rapti Bridge A 900mm diameter pipe culverty is planned 270m from Rapti Bridge.  Adaptation condition None of the proposed adaptations are yet completed.  Threat description The main threat to the asset the probability of severe damage due to flood. It is to be noted that the existing problem will not be solved completely until the siltation problem in the Rapti River is properly addressed..  Past Extreme Events and impacts

In 2012, several portion of the road onwards from the bridge was damaged due to flood. The flood also destroyed houses and lands. However, there was no human casualty.

 Adaptation Design

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

It is not possible to determine if the proposed adaptations design is adequate  Adaptation Success

The original adaptation of two pipe culverts was unsuccessful. It is not possible to determine if the proposed adaptations will be successful.

2.3 Asset 3: Culvert on Nepalgunj – Guleria Road

Photo of culvert from downstream. There is no water at the stream at present. Boulders are laid at the river bed near the culvert to protect the structure from bed scouring 2.3.1 Asset Description The structure is double cell slab culvert across Kedari Khola with a total length of 13.30m. It is located at km 8+050 along Nepalgunj Guleria Road. The structure was built about 20 years ago. The deck slab of the culvert is RCC and the abutments and pier is constructed of brick masonry. The culvert is structurally sound as it has lasted for about 20 years without any major structural defects although several heavily loaded vehicles pass through it every day. However, there are sign of distress due to aging and lack of maintenance. The length of the culvert seems adequate and there is no substantial damage to the structure due to flood except some bed scouring.  Watershed context

Kedari Khola (where the culvert is constructed) lies in the watershed of Man River . The khola was found dry during the field survey. There was not any major event at the study area in the past

 Asset location

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

The culvert is located at km 8+050 along Nepalgunj Guleria Road. The area near/around the bridge is flat and most of the land is cultivated. As the structure is located on flat area, there is no problem of ground instability

 Asset condition

The condition of the asset is satisfactory although it was constructed about 20 years ago. The major problems of the structure are:

o Bulging and deterioration of brick masonry sub-structures (abutments and pier) due to aging as well as poor maintenance. o Scouring of river bed near the culvert due to high gradient.

 Asset design The culvert is designed with two equal spans and its total length is 13.3m. It has RCC deck slab and abutments and pier of brick masonry. The design of asset matches to the size of the river and the existing site condition  Past extreme events and impacts There was no extreme events in the past which endangering the stability of the structure.

 Past adaptation responses DoR has placed dry stone soling at the bed to protect the bridge from scouring. It is functioning satisfactorily.

 Design appropriateness The structure is sufficient to accommodate the discharge during high flood also. It is also structurally sound as it has withstood heavy loads for the several year years in the past. The abutments and pier of the culvert is constructed of brick masonry which is available locally. In short it can be concluded that the design of the culvert is appropriate. 2.3.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location There have been no adaptations carried out to date  Adaptation condition NA  Threat description The threat to the culvert is from increased future flows caused by higher rainfall or flash floods brought about through climate change  Past Extreme Events and impacts There are no records of past extreme events at this location  Adaptation Design NA  Adaptation Success

NA

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

2.4 Asset 4:Bridge across Aurahi River on Mahendra Raj Marg

View of the bridge from upstream. It is a three span bridge and the length of the bridge is adequate for this site.

2.4.1 Asset Description This asset is a RCC bridge of 77 m length with three equal spans of 25.5m each. Design of this structure was carried out by a local consulting firm. The construction was done by Tundi/Kumar Shrestha JV and this structure was completed one year ago.

A RCC causeway was constructed across this river before the construction of this bridge. As the movement of vehicles were frequently obstructed during high discharge, GoN decided to replace the causeway with the existing bridge.

 Watershed context

The Auri Khola where the bridge is constructed lies in the watershed of Babai River. There was very little water during the field survey. The road was frequently obstructed by flood before the construction of the bridge.

 Asset location

The bridge is located at a distance of 20 km west of Man River along MRM. The bridge site area is covered by bushes and cultivated land and lies in the rolling terrain. The river bed materials at the bridge site consist of sand, gravels and boulders. There is not any ground instability near the asset.

 Asset condition

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

The asset was constructed one year ago and its construction quality is good. There was not any sign of damage/problems at the bridge and other ancillary works..

 Asset design

This is a double lane RCC bridge with three equal spans of 25.5m each. Both abutments and piers of the bridge are constructed of RCC.

 Past extreme events and impacts

There was no extreme events in the past which endangering the stability of the structure.

 Past adaptation responses

Before the construction of the bridge, there existed a RCC causeway. During high flood, there was frequent obstruction to traffic during high flood. Hence DoR decided to replace the culvert with the bridge. This response seems appropriate as the traffic along the MRM has increased significantly.

 Design appropriateness

The design of the asset is appropriate for the given site condition. There is no probability of obstruction to river as the bridge length is not less than the river width. The quality of construction is also good.

2.4.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location

The bridge is located at a distance of 20 km west of Man River along MRM. The bridge site area is covered by bushes and cultivated land and lies in the rolling terrain. The river bed materials at the bridge site consist of sand, gravels and boulders.

 Adaptation condition

The condition of the bridge is good.

 Threat description

The threat to the bridge is the increase in river flow caused by increased rainfall associated with climate change. The recently designed and constructed bridge will not have been designed using the latest predictions for future flood levels.

 Past Extreme Events and impacts

There are no reported past extreme events

 Adaptation Design

The design is appropriate for present conditions

 Adaptation Success

The provision of a new bridge as an adaptation to the old concrete causeway is a success

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2.5 Asset 5:Bridge across the Rapti River on Nepalgunj – Baghouda Road at km 11+100

View of the bridge from upstream. 2.5.1 Asset Description This is a steel truss bridge located at km 11+100 of Nepalgunj-Baghouda Road. The bridge has seven spans and its total length is 342 meter. It has RCC deck and the abutments and piers are constructed of RCC. This bridge was constructed more than 5 years ago to provide vehicular link to several VDCs lying south of the Rapti River. Until now, there is no problem associated with the stability of the structure. However, there is a serious problem of changing of course by Rapti River due to heavy saltation (see Asset 2). If DoR does not take measures to regulate the course, the river may flow through left approach road. Washing away of left approach road by 2012 flood is the indication of the problem.

 Watershed context

Rapti is one of the big rivers of the country. The catchment area of the river is more than two thousand square kilometers. The initial section of the river passes through hill areas covered with forests. The river gradient at such area is higher. After crossing the MRM at Bhalubang, the river flows through flat area up to the study area. The catchment area of the river at the flat area (after Bhalubang) is covered with flat land and forest.

 Asset location

The bridge is located at km 11+100 of Nepalgunj Dondra Road. The area near/around the bridge is flat and most of the land is cultivated. The land near the culvert is flat and there is no problem of ground instabilities. The asset is located at the southern part of the district near the border with

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

India. The area near/around the bridge is flat and cultivated. There is no problem of ground instability.

 Asset condition

The asset was constructed five years ago and its construction quality is good. However, the river is eroding the left bank. Several structures (PC, SC, bank protection works) are constructed/ under construction to protect the bank. Although, the bridge itself seems structurally sound, there is a big question mark on its function in the long term due to hydrological problems.

 Asset design

The bridge has seven spans and its total length is 342 meter. It has RCC deck and the abutments and piers are constructed of RCC.

 Past extreme events and impacts

Rapti is the largest river in Banke district. Several people of the Banke District have died in past due to Rapti floods. Similarly the river also damaged land, properties, houses and structures along it. In 2012, the river washed away the left approach road and caused damage to the land and properties of the people living in that area. Due to lack of systematic record keeping practice of the district, DoR and other agencies, it is very difficult to describe about all the past events.

 Past adaptation responses As stated earlier, flooding at the Rapti River is common. It has caused loss to human lives and properties at several locations in the past at frequent interval. To minimize the damage by the flood, GoN as well as local people have constructed bank protection works at several locations. These protection works are functioning satisfactorily although some of them are already damaged.  Design appropriateness

The type of structure seems appropriate. The length of the bridge is almost equal to the existing waterway. But there is a serious problem due to heavy silting at upstream. Due to siltation, the difference between the river level and the top level of the bank was found very low even during dry period. As a consequence the river overtops the bank and damages the surrounding areas during high flood. GoN should seriously think to minimize the siltation process. Similarly, it is also recommended to construct bank protection works at left side up to a considerable distance at upstream from the bridge.

2.5.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location

Some adaptation in the form of different types of slope and embankment protection have been carried out on the upstream banks of the river

 Adaptation condition

The condition of these adaptations is not good

 Threat description

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

The threat is to the areas of land either side of the river and to the bridge approach roads due to over topping of the banks during high floods. This threat will grow as the increase in rainfall and flood levels due to climate change becomes more severe with the added threat of sedimentation in the river bed raising the flood levels even higher.

 Past Extreme Events and impacts

In 2012 a high flood overtopped the river banks and caused considerable damage to life and property including the bridge approach roads.

 Adaptation Design

The design of the river bank protection is unlikely to be appropriate in the event of a future high flood  Adaptation Success The adaptations are unlikely to be successful In protecting the property and infrastructure on the Rapti flood plain.

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ANNEX A – MAP OF BANKE DISTRICT

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET

Budget for the FY 2011/12 Proposed Budget Budget for Maintenance Type Budget for FY 2011/2012 Head fiscal year 2012/2013

337014-3 Administration 8,800 10,000

337165-4 Routine Maintenance 13,500 17,767

337165-4 Recurrent Maintenance 16,100 19,681.00

337165-4 Specific Maintenance 17,500 55,600.00

337165-4 Periodic Maintenance 80,000 51,750.00

337165-4 Traffic Engineering 3,000 520.00

337165-4 Bio Engineering 200 400.00

337165-4 Emergency Maintenance 100 700.00

337165-4 Rehabilitation 56,000.00

337165-4 Karnali Bridge Security 2,200 2,200.00

337158-4 Bridge Maintenance 15,000 20,900.00

Grand Total 156,400.00 235,518.00

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS

Names and positions of district officers

SN Name Position

General 1 Manoj Shrestha Technical 2 Wakil Jha Engineer 3 Nabaraj K.C. Engineer 4 Anand Karna Engineer 5 Khagendra Shahi Engineer 6 Turunt Mandal Engineer 7 Prem Prasad Chuwai Engineer 8 Chetan Kumar Mandal Sub- Engineer 9 Karma Tamang Sub- Engineer 10 Govind Gaire Sub- Engineer 11 Santosh Bhandari Sub- Engineer 12 Padam Bahadur Madai Sub- Engineer 13 Pramod Chaudhary Sub- Engineer 14 Pramod Chaudhary Sub- Engineer 15 Mahavir Chaudhari Lab. Boy 16 Mahendra Kumar Gautam Lab. Boy 17 Saraswati Sharma Gautam Wireless Operator 18 Saroj Bohara Giri Wireless Operator Account 19 Badri raj arya Under Secretary (Account ) 20 Harisharan Bad Accountant Administration 21 Dil Bahadur Karki Section Officer 22 Bas Bahadur Rana Typist Na. Su. 23 Kul Raj Upadhyaya Na. Su. 24 Dharma Raj Acharya Typist, Na.Su. 25 Chandra Bahadur Malla Adm. Non-Gazetted II 26 Other support staffs 16 nos.

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ANNEX D: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

S. VDC/Municipality Date Type of People Affected Animal House destroyed Shed Land loss Public Estimated No. & ward No. Disaster Family loss Destroyed Property Loss (Rs.)

Death Missing Injured Completely Partly No. Unit

2065 (2008/2009)

1. Titihariya 2065/2/31 Fire 1 1 200000

2066 (2009/2010)

1. Different VDCs 2066/04/13 Flood

2. Rapti Nadi 2066/04/23 Flood

2067 (2010/2011)

1. Nepalgunj 2011/01/09 Fire 2 4 300000

2. -1 2011/01/21 Fire 200000

3. Nauwasta-7 2011/02/27 Fire 2 3 160000

4. Katakuiyaea-8 2011/02/28 Fire 1 25000

5. Gangapur-6 2011/02/28 Fire 25

6. Bilauna-4 2011/03/01 Fire 2

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

7. -8 2011/03 Fire 1 2 8

8. -7 2011/03/05 Fire 700000

9. Puraina-2 2011/03/14 Fire

10. Nepalgunj-2 2011/03/15 Fire 200000

11. Nepalgunj-16 2011/03/16 Fire 100000

12. Nepalgunj-8 2011/03/22 Fire 180000

13. Nepalgunj 2011/04/07 Fire 1 1 230000

14. -3 2011/04/08 Fire 3 3 535000

15. Rajhena-3 2011/04/08 Fire 3 3 500000

16. Bankatuwa-9 2011/04/11 Fire 1 4 1

17. Kohalpur-4 2011/04/11 Fire 1 50000

18. Nepalgunj 2067/04/13 Epidemic 6 105

19. Rapti Basin 2067/04/03 Epidemic different VDCs

20. Different VDCs, 2067/04/09 Epidemic 300 Irrigation 75000000 Holiya VDC canal

21. Nepalgunj 2011/01/04 Cold 1 wave

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

S. VDC/Municipality Date Type of People Affected Animal House destroyed Shed Land loss Public Estimate No. & ward No. Disaster Family loss Destroyed Propert d Loss y (Rs.)

Death Missing Injured Comple Partly No. Unit tely

2068 (2011/2012)

1. Hirmuniya-7 2011/04/07 Fire 2 300000

2. Hirmuniya-7 2011/04/08 Fire 300000

3. -8 2011/04/22 Fire 2 1 195000

4. Mahadevpuri-8 2011/04/22 Fire 1 80000

5. Udharpur-5 2011/04/23 Fire 250000

6. Butharapur-2 2011/04/23 Fire 60000

7. Udharpur-6 2011/04/23 Fire 170000

8. -3 2011/04/24 Fire 1 30000

9. Pipraha-9 2011/05/03 Fire 130000

10. Paraspur-2 2011/05/14 Fire 1 750000

11. Pipraha-4 2011/05/24 Fire 1 15000

12. Jayasapur 2011/06/06 Fire 150000

13. Khaskushma 2011/07/18 Fire 250000

14. Kohalpur-d3 2011/11/11 Fire 1 250000

15. Piparahawa-6 2011/11/26 Fire 7 60000

16. Manapur-2 2011/12/31 Fire 1500000

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17. Mataiya-2 2012/01/10 Fire 1 25000

18. Sitapur-5 2012/01/17 Fire 40000

19. Kanchanpur-7 2012/01/19 Fire 327000

20. Nepalgunj-5 2012/02/03 Fire 1 150000

21. Sitapur-4 2012/02/06 Fire 1 260000

22. Nepalgunj-1 2012/02/15 Fire 1 100000

23. Fattehpur-8 2012/02/24 Fire 3 3

24. Chisapane-5 2012/02/26 Fire 3 1

25. Huliya-2 2012/03/01 Fire 1 9 400000

26. Kamadi-4 2012/03/09 Fire 26 1.2E+07

27. Patanapur-7 2012/03/17 Fire 1

28. Gaganpur-9 2012/03/31 Fire 2

29. Titahariya-5 2011/07/11 Flood 1

30. Bankatuwa-9 2011/07/23 Flood 1 6

31. Nepalgunj-8 2011/08/16 Flood

32. Nepalgunj-5 2011/09/10 Flood 1

33. Kanchanpur-6 2011/09/13 Flood 1

34. Bageshwori 2011/04/25 Storm 1

35. Kohalpur-3 2012/05/17 Storm 3

36. Baibaijapur-6 2012/07/13 Thunder 1 bolt

37. -2 2011/07/21 Thunder 1 3 bolt

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

S. VDC/Municipality Date Type of People Affected Animal House destroyed Shed Land loss Public Estimated No. & ward No. Disaster Family loss Destroyed Property Loss (Rs.)

Death Missing Injured Completely Partly No. Unit

2069 (2012/2013)

1. Kalaefante-5 2012/04/16 Fire 1 100 100 50000000

2. Manikapur-8 2012/04/28 Fire 2 2 450000

3. Fattepur-3 2012/04/28 Fire 400000

4. Kanchanpur-7 2012/05/03 Fire 7 7 1200000

5. Nepalgunj-1 2012/05/08 Fire 800000

6. Narainpur-5 2012/05/13 Fire 1 1 100000

7. Indrapur-7 2012/05/15 Fire 7 7 1900000

8. Nepalgunj-2 2012/05/17 Fire

9. Ganapur-8 2012/05/18 Fire 3 3 500000

10. Kohalpur-9 2012/05/22 Fire

11. Holiya-9 2012/05/23 Fire 1 45 45

12. Narainapur-3 2012/05/23 Fire 1 11 11 2500000

13. Nepalgunj-7 2012/06/01 Fire 1 1 200000

14. Titihiriya-5 2012/06/10 Fire 1 150000

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15. Manikapur-6 2012/06/10 Fire 1 300000

16. Mataehiya-8 2012/06/11 Fire 142

17. Nepalgunj-1 2012/06/12 Fire 45000

18. Indrapur-8 2012/06/15 Fire 1 2 42 7 10000000

19. Mataiya-8 2012/06/15 Fire 57 6000000

20. Pandepurwa 2012/06/15 Fire 42

21. Ganapur 2012/06/25 Fire 300000

22. Dhamboji 2012/07/05 Fire 350000

23. Bageshwori-7 2012/07/31 Fire 1 1 27000

24. -4,6 2012/08/02 Flood

25. Phattepur-8 2012/08/04 Flood 58

26. Betahani-9 2012/08/04 Flood 1

27. Karkando-5 2012/08/21 Fire 1

28. Narainapur-8 2012/09/03 Epidemic 1

29. Nepalgunj-1 2012/10/01 Fire 1 1600000

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ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1

Photo of dyke. It is an earthen dyke of about 4-5 m height. The top width of the dyke is 3 m wide. At the river side (left side) the slope is protected by gabion mattress at the lower portion and by stone rip rap at the top. Gabion mattress is provided at the bed for protection against scouring. MRM lies at about 25m right from the dyke.

View of MRM from the top of the dyke. The road is about 25 m from the dyke at this location. It seems that the dyke is functioning properly as there is no damage to the road.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

View of intake from dyke. The intake is constructed throughout the river width.

View of the dyke from intake. The road lies behind the dyke.

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ANNEX F: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 2

Photo of washed away road section from upstream side. The washed away section is very near to triple cell pipe culvert.

This is another washed away road section. It is located at about 250m from the bridge or 50 m proposed location of the Bailey Bridge towards Baghouda side. DoR has started constructing 50m concrete causeway at this location.

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Triple cell and double cell PC were constructed to discharge the overflow from Rapti River. As seen above, these structures are not sufficient to drain the water during high flood.

Single cell PC of dia 90 cm is laid but the headwalls are still not constructed. The location of the PC is about 270 m from the bridge.

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ANNEX G: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 3

Closer view of the scouring of the pier. To protect the pier from further scouring, bolders are laid at the bed.

Bulging of wing wall and widening of gaps at the joint due to earth pressure. The existing condition shows that the wing wall should be reconstructed.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

Cracks at wing wall which occurred due to lack of maintenance (weep holes are blocked, no attention during small cracks etc.). If the structure is not repaired timely, it will collapse within few years.

Upstream view of khola. In general the width of the stream is about 8m. Due to adequate length of the culvert, there is no major damage due to flooding except minor scouring of the pier.

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ANNEX H: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 4

Remains of the previously constructed concrete causeway. As seen on the photo, the length of the causeway was much less than the river width causing problems to the vehicles during high flood.

Carriageway of the bridge. As seen on photo the finishing works of the bridge is good.

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ANNEX I: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 5

Carriageway of the bridge. As seen on photo, the finishing of the works is good.

The local community is constructing gabion launching apron at the left bank, upstream. It is to be noted that this structure will not very useful as the main problem is not the bank erosion but the flooding which is caused mainly due to silting of bed at upstream.

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Protection works made of bamboos at the left bank. This is a local technology and is working well for the given site condition. This technology can be replicated for protection works at other locations also.

Upstream view of Rapti River from the bridge. As observed in the field the height of left bank is not more than 2-3m which is very little for the large river like Rapti. The bank height has decreased in the past due to siltation. As a result the river overtops the bank and flows through the field during high flood

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

TA – 7984 NEP October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development 1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

CHITWAN DISTRICT BASELINES: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS (DOR)

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ...... 1 1.1 District Sector Master Plan ...... 1 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff ...... 1 1.3 Sector trends and issues ...... 1 1.3.1 Trends ...... 1 1.3.2 Issues ...... 2 1.4 Asset inventory ...... 2 1.5 Past extremes in the district ...... 2 1.6 Linkages to other sectors ...... 2 1.7 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ...... 3 1.7.1 Prioritisation process ...... 3 2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ...... 4 2.1 Asset1: Lothar Bridge on MRM ...... 4 2.1.1 Asset Description ...... 5 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...... 6 ANNEX A – MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT ...... 1 ANNEX B: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ...... 2 ANNEX C: PAST EXTREME EVENTS ...... 3 ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY – CHITWAN ...... 4 ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ...... 8

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1 CHITWAN DISTRICT 1.1 District Sector Master Plan The Annual Road Management Plan for 2070/71 has been published but is too large to be included in this report 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff Budgeting

Budget Head FY 2011/12 FY 2012/13 Remarks

General Administration 8818900 -

106-Road Board 26,125,000 27,500,000

107-City Road 101,745,000 107,100,000

148- District Road 34,532,500 36,350,000

123-Regional Road 23,465,00 24,700,000

302-Tourism 10,830,000 11,400,000

199-Chepang Marga 55,404,000 58,320,000

157-Bridge Construction 66,785,000 70,300,000

158-Bridge Maintenance 6,650,000 7,000,000

Total 334,355,400 342,670,000

Staff The names and positions of district officer is given in Annex B 1.3 Sector trends and issues Bharatpur Division is one of the 25 divisions of DoR and covers several districts including Chitwan District. Although the main task of the division is to maintain the roads (routine, periodic, emergency, recurrent etc.) it also executes small to medium road and bridge projects 1.3.1 Trends The current trend of the divisions are as follows: Planning Planning of works is done by the respective divisions. The division is required to prepare annual road maintenance plan (ARMP) for each year. After approval of the plan by Ministry/DoR, yearly budget is provided to divisions. Without ARMP, the division will not be liable to receive the yearly budget. Design Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants. For big projects, especially for donor (WB, ADB etc.) funded ones DoR hires foreign consultants. Construction All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done by using local contractors. The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines. For example at present construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used more frequently.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

Although Chitwan Division is meant for maintenance of roads, it is carrying out construction works of roads and bridges also. For example it is involved in construction of 180 m long motorable bridge and Chepang Marga. Supervision of Works 1. For small and medium works, division staffs carryout supervision works; 2. For large contracts, especially for donor funded contracts foreign consultants are also hired. Monitoring Monitoring is done on the following aspects: 1. Programme 2. Cost 3. Quality 4. Progress 1.3.2 Issues Planning for the asset management in the road sector has improved the quality of maintenance in DoR. However, following initiative will help to overcome the shortfall in the maintenance activities of division. a. Timely release of the maintenance budget. b. Close monitoring of the activities both at division and central levels.  Training, working environment and motivation to the division staffs.  The number of length workers deputed in hilly reason during rainy season is not sufficient due to high importance of the highways.  Old and worn out bridges in PRM needs timely attention.  Criticality of Krishna Bheer should not be overlooked.  Rutting problem of ascending loaded lane in TRP and PRM should be addressed with reference to new technology.  ROW encroachment, sand quarrying in the road corridor, and access road from highway by local bodies are other threats to SRN 1.4 Asset inventory The list of rural roads and bridges in the district is presented in Annex C 1.5 Past extremes in the district Past extreme events in the district are given in Annex D 1.6 Linkages to other sectors The DoR at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs: DoLIDAR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, NT, NEA, Department of Transport (DoT) Major Organization working in the District: 1. WB is providing 10% of the maintenance to the divisions.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

2. SDC is providing support for construction of dyke 1.7 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District 1.7.1 Prioritisation process . The key criteria for prioritisation include:  Infrastructure of national strategic importance  Infrastructure of district strategic importance  Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events  Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events  At least one planned infrastructure The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The priority list is given in the following table.

ID Name Infrastructure Reason/s for inclusion type 1 Lothar Bridge Bridge To show an example of exceptionally heavy siltation at/around the bridge. At present the vertical clearance is 2.5m which was 8m in 1977 (during construction). 2 Riu Khola Bridges Bridge The river is damaging surrounding areas even after the construction of two bridges. 3 Approach Road of Sauraha Road Flood washed away approach road and Bridge houses at left bank in 2003.

4 Landslide Protection works Road Several check dams are constructed at along Narayanghat-Mugling upstream to protect road and bridges Road from debris, which is unique and successful. 5 Slab bridge across Slab Bridge To show the example of change of Badarmudhe Khola in Madi hydrological regime within short period (damaged bridge) and an example of poor design and construction.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

2 CHITWAN DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE 2.1 Asset1: Lothar Bridge on MRM

Extensive siltation near/at the bridge site. Difference between bed level and bridge has been reduced to 2.5 m which was 8m in 1977. This shows bed level has risen by 5.5 m within the span of 35 years. If the situation is not controlled the bridge will be washed away in future

Sketch Plan of Site

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

2.1.1 Asset Description The bridge is located along MRM at the border of Chitwan and Makwanpur Districts. The bridge was designed by ND Lea and Associates and was completed in 1977. It has five spans and its total length is 150m. The abutments and piers of the bridge are RCC whereas the superstructure is prestressed concrete. Although the bridge was constructed more than 35 years ago, the structural components of the bridge are still in very good condition and any major maintenance works are still not required. While the bridge was completed the clear vertical clearance was about 8m. However, due to substantial debris deposition in the last several years, the vertical clearance has reduced to 2.5m. Due to heavy siltation, the bed level of the river is higher than the ground level of the village located at downstream right bank. To protect the village, about 2 km long earthen dyke is constructed. As per local people the river overtopped the bridge in 1993 and 2003. It did not damage the bridge structure but it eroded both banks and damaged to land and properties of the village lying at the right bank. But there is a high risk of washing away of the bridge during heavy flood in the future.  Watershed context The bridge lies inside the watershed of Lothar River. This river joins Rapti River at a distance of 5 kilometer downstream from the bridge site. Almost all the watershed of this river lies in Chure range which is highly susceptible to landslides. According to the local people, there were big floods in 1993 and 2002 and these floods transported large amount of debris and deposited at/near the bridge site. There is a high vulnerability of washing away of bridges during high flood.

 Asset location

The bridge lies along MRM of Narayanghat-Hetuada Section. Lothar Khola is the border of Makwanpur and Chitwan Districts. Geographically the bridge lies at the foothill of Chure Hills. The watershed of the river is mainly covered by forests and some land areas are cultivated. There was

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

rapid deforestation at the watershed in 1990-2000. This was the main cause of landslides at upper area and heavy siltation at downstream. The bridge is located at the foot hill. Due to very steep slope, the river transport debris from the hills and deposits near the bridge site. The area near the bridge site consists of cultivated land and shrubs and bushes. The soils of the Chure are composed of sands, gravels and boulders and lacks sufficient clayey materials. As a consequence they are easily eroded during monsoon rains. As mentioned earlier there is heavy siltation at the bridge site area and if this continues further, the bridge may collapse in future. There are no water bodies near the bridge site. The bridge lies at the flat area and there are no ground instabilities at its proximity.  Asset condition The structural components of the bridge such as abutments, piers and superstructures are in good condition. The condition of gabion bank protection works and dyke at downstream right bank is good. There is heavy siltation near the bridge site and is endangering the structure.  Asset design It is a double lane bridge with 5 spans and its total length is 150 meter. The bridge was designed by ND Lea and Associates (Canada). The substructures of the bridge are RCC and its superstructure is constructed with prestressed concrete girder. The horizontal alignment of the main bridge lies in curve. Design and construction of such curved bridge is rare in Nepal.

 Past extreme events and impacts According to the local people, there were big floods in 1993 and 2002 and these floods overtopped the bridge and deposited large amount of debris at/near the bridge site.  Past adaptation responses As previously mentioned there is a heavy siltation at the bridge site. In order to control the siltation, DWIDP is constructing check dams at upstream and discouraging deforestation. Similarly, DDC has contracted to extract river bed materials from the bridge site. However, these measures are not sufficient to control the silting. DoR/DDC/INGOs have constructed gabion walls and earthen dyke to protect the villages from the flood. These structures are functioning properly.  Design appropriateness The design of the bridge is appropriate for the given site condition. The length of the bridge is almost equal to the river width and there is no obstruction to water way. Due to proper design the bridge components are in good condition even after 35 years after its construction. At present the vertical clearance of the bridge is 2.5m and is very less. However the bridge was designed with a provision of 8m vertical clearance and was adequate for that period (before heavy siltation). 2.1.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

DWIDP is constructing gabion check dams upstream of the bridge and the DDC is extacting river bed material from areas adjacent to the bridge  Adaptation condition The check dams are in under construction  Threat description Due to heavy siltation, the vertical clearance is about 2.5 only and the river overtopped the bridge in 1993 and 2003. The bridge is at high risk of its washing away during heavy flood in future. Hence, the concerned authority (DoR), should take immediate steps to remove the debris as soon as possible  Past extreme events and impacts High debris flows in the past have raised the bed level considerably and continued deposition under higher flow conditions in the future will threaten the integrity of the bridge superstructure  Adaptation design The design for the check dams is not known  Adaptation success The success of the various interventions is not yet known.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

ANNEX A – MAP OF CHITWAN DISTRICT

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

ANNEX B: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS

Names and positions of district officers

SN Name Position

1 Mr. Birendra Mahaseth Division Chief

2 Mr. Sourav Bajracharya Engineer

3 Mr. Ganga Bahadur Maharjan Engineer

4 Mr. Basant Yadav Engineer

5 Mr. Birendra Kumar Mandal Engineer

6 Mr. Nanda Kumar Gupta Engineer

7 Mr. Dal Bahadur Gurung Engineer

8 Mr. Yadav Prakash lamichhane Engineer

9 Mr. Himalaya Prasad Parajuli Account Officer

10 Mr. Roshan Dev Sub-Engineer

11 Mr. Sachendra Mishra Sub-Engineer

12 Mr. Raghunath Subedi Nayab Subba

13 Mr. Shiva Sharma Nayab Subba

14 Support Staffs (42 nos) Drivers, Supervisors, Peons etc.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

ANNEX C: PAST EXTREME EVENTS

VDC/ Affected Animal House Shed Land Loss Public Estimated People Municipality & Date Type of Family Loss Destroyed Destroyed Property Loss Ward No. Disaster Dead Missin Injured Total Partly No. Unit (Rs.) g 2065 (2008/2009) Flood 815000 Kawilas-6 2065/02/31 7 7 Landslide 2066 (2009/2010) Jagatpur Lothar 2066/04/23 Flood 5

2067 (2010/2011)

2068 (2011/2012) Mangalpur-5 2012/07/01 Flood 70 Meghauli-1,2 2012/07/01 Flood 250

2069 (2012/2013) Kabilas-9 2012/06/4 Storm 1 0

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY – CHITWAN

List of Roads in Chitwan

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

List of Bridges SN Name of RIVER/ Chainage Length Width, m Span Type Loading Remarks Maintenance Region Roads STREAM Km (m) Road Carriage No Sup. Str Foundation Capacity Division way way 1 PRM Mowa 66+610 22.00 8.00 6.00 1 Steel Plate Spread CH- Bharatpur Central Girder 15/CH- 80 2 PRM Dahki 73+090 33.00 8.00 6.00 1 Steel Plate Spread CH- Bharatpur Girder 15/CH- 80 3 PRM Barbang 74+050 26.40 6.90 6.00 3 RCC Slab Spread CH- 15/CH- 80 4 PRM Nagdi 81+040 37.15 6.94 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 5 PRM Trishuli 83+990 122.60 8.80 6.00 3 Suspension Open CH- Damauli Western (Steel Truss) 15/CH- 80 6 MRM Mardar 444+670 45.00 10.50 7.70 2 RCC T-Beam 20-44 Bharatapur Central 7 MRM Pampha 449+570 45.00 10.50 7.70 2 RCC T-Beam - HS 20- Bharatapur Central 44 8 MRM Budhi Rapti 455+760 62.00 10.50 7.70 3 RCC T-Beam - HS 20- Bharatapur Central 44 9 MRM Budhi Khola 456+760 15.30 10.50 7.70 3 RCC Slab - HS 20- Bharatapur Central 44 10 MRM Kair 458+410 61.60 10.50 7.70 3 RCC T-Beam - HS 20- Bharatapur Central 44 11 MRM Khageri II 462+940 66.00 10.50 7.70 4 RCC T-Beam - HS 20- Bharatapur Central 44 12 MRM Khageri I 463+060 39.00 10.50 7.70 2 RCC T-Beam Spread HS 20- Bharatapur Central 44 13 MRM Narayani 473+610 420.00 11.00 7.70 14 PSC Pile HS 20- At bordere 44 with

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

Nawalparasi 14 NMRM Kharre 11+300 36.50 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 15 NMRM Dash Dhunga 12+600 12.00 7.60 7.10 2 RCC Slab Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 16 NMRM Phohor Khola 12+850 38.50 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch - CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 17 NMRM Lamobaluwa 16+380 28.40 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 18 NMRM Khani 16+850 28.00 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 19 NMRM Bhorle 19+500 56.80 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 20 NMRM Mauri 21+700 26.30 7.00 6.50 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 21 NMRM Dumre 22+030 32.40 8.00 7.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 22 NMRM Simaltal 24+250 37.20 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 23 NMRM Rigdi 25+570 50.25 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 24 NMRM Jalbire 29+210 25.66 10.00 9.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

25 NMRM Nyanse 32+670 31.00 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 26 NMRM Tope 32+860 23.00 8.50 7.50 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 27 NMRM Kali 33+350 60.00 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 28 NMRM Gairi 34+660 60.00 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 29 NMRM Chinsenji 35+120 41.15 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80 30 NMRM Khahare 35+490 65.60 7.00 6.00 1 RCC Arch Spread CH- Bharatpur Central 15/CH- 80

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1

View of the bridge from the dyke at downstream. The elevation of the adjoining village at the left bank is less than that of river bed level (see the level of the temple). DoR has constructed a long dyke to protect the village.

General view of the dyke. Its top width is about 4m and it protected by gabion mattress at river side.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

Left bank at upstream side of the river. DoR had planned construct dyke at this location also. However, it could not be constructed because the local people objected this idea demanding a complete package of protection works.

Photo showing excavaton of river bed materials at downstream. DDC contracted to a private company to extract the river bed from the bridge site to lower the river bed level. However, the extracted volume is very small in compariosn to the total deposition.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR district baseline

The river bed materials are also being excavated from upstream side also.

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TA – 7984 NEP October, 2013

Mainstreaming Climate Change Risk Management in Development 1 Main Consultancy Package (44768-012)

PANCHTHAR DISTRICT BASELINE: DEPARTMENT OF ROADS (DOR)

Prepared by ICEM – International Centre for Environmental Management

METCON Consultants

APTEC Consulting

Prepared for Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Government of Nepal

Environment Natural Resources and Agriculture Department, South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank

Version B

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 ...... 1 1.1 District Sector Master Plan ...... 1 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff ...... 1 1.3 Sector trends and issues ...... 1 1.3.1 Trends ...... 1 1.3.2 Issues ...... 1 1.4 Asset inventory ...... 2 1.5 Linkages to other sectors ...... 2 1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District ...... 2 1.6.1 Prioritisation process ...... 2 2 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE ...... 4 2.1 Asset1: Barpa Landslide on Phidim to Taplejung Road ...... 4 2.1.1 Asset Description ...... 5 2.1.2 Adaptation audit ...... 6 ANNEX A: MAP OF PANCHTHAR DISTRICT ...... 1 ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET ...... 2 ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS ...... 3 ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY - PANCHTHAR ...... 4 ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1 ...... 5

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

1 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT 1.1 District Sector Master Plan The ARMP has not yet been drawn up 1.2 Sector budgeting and staff Budgeting The annual budgets for 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 is given in Annex B Staff The names and positions of the district officers is given in Annex C

1.3 Sector trends and issues Bharatpur Division is one of the 25 divisions of DoR and covers several districts including Chitwan District. Although the main task of the division is to maintain the roads (routine, periodic, emergency, recurrent etc.) it also executes small to medium road and bridge projects. 1.3.1 Trends The current trend of the divisions are as follows: Planning Planning of works is done by the respective divisions. The division is required to prepare annual road maintenance plan (ARMP) for each year. After approval of the plan by Ministry/DoR, yearly budget is provided to divisions. Without ARMP, the division will not be liable to receive the yearly budget. Design Design works of construction roads and bridges in general are carried out by local consultants. For big projects, especially for donor (WB, ADB etc.) funded ones DoR hires foreign consultants. Construction All the construction and maintenance works of roads and bridges are done by using local contractors. The present trend in the construction has shifted from manual to machines. For example at present construction equipment such as excavator, paver, dozer, roller are being used more frequently. Although Chitwan Division is meant for maintenance of roads, it is carrying out construction works of roads and bridges also.. For example it is involved in construction of 180 m long motrable bridge and Chepang Marga.. Monitoring Monitoring is done on the following aspects: 1. Programme 2. Cost 3. Quality 4. Progress 1.3.2 Issues Planning for the asset management in the road sector has improved the quality of maintenance in DoR. However, following initiative will help to overcome the shortfall in the maintenance activities of DRO.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

* Timely release of the maintenance budget. * Close monitoring of the activities both at Division and central levels. * Training, working environment and motivation to the Division staff. The number of length workers deputed in hilly reason during rainy season is not sufficient due to high importance of the highways. Old and worn out bridges in PRM needs timely attention.

1.4 Asset inventory The list of District roads and bridges is given in Annex E

1.5 Linkages to other sectors Cooperation with other sectors The DoR at present is cooperating with the following agencies for implementation of RIWs: DoLIDAR, DoI, DWSS, DWIDP, NT, NEA, Department of Transport (DoT)

Major Organization working in the District: WB is providing 10% of the maintenance to the divisions.

1.6 Priority infrastructure in Dolakha District 1.6.1 Prioritisation process . The key criteria for prioritisation include:  Infrastructure of national strategic importance  Infrastructure of district strategic importance  Infrastructure that has been impacted by past extreme events  Infrastructure located in areas prone to past extreme events  At least one planned infrastructure

The consultant in consultation with the division chief prepared final lists of the priority structures of the district. The list was prepared following the criteria provided in District Office Report. The priority list is given in the following table.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

ID Name Infrastructure Reason/s for inclusion type 1 Barpa Landslide Road One of the most problematic site of Panchthar-Phidim Road Section. At present it is almost stabilized after construction of breast walls and bio- engineering works. To provide an example of successful adaptation measure. 2 Jorkulo Landslide Road During pavement construction, the contractor excavated roadside hill slope for gravels and crushed stones. After excavation, the hill slope started to slide and closed the road several times. To show an example of man made problem. 3 Kabeli Bridge Bridge Selection of bridge site and its type is appropriately done. Example of properly designed bridge. 4 Hewa Khola Bridge Bridge The gradient of the river at the bridge site is high. There is high vulnerability to damage of the bridge by transported boulders during very high flood. To show bad consequences of providing pier across fast flowing rivers. 5 Tamor Bridge Bridge Newly constructed bridge at the boarder between Panchthar and Dhankuta Districts. It is the longest bridge of the district and is very new.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

2 PANCHTHAR DISTRICT: ASSET BASELINE 2.1 Asset1: Barpa Landslide on Phidim to Taplejung Road

View of road and landslide area from Taplejung side. The whole landslide area, at present is covered by bio-engineering and is almost stable.

Sketch Plan of Site

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

2.1.1 Asset Description The landslide is located at a distance of 18 kilometer from Phidim (towards Taplejung side). It is huge landslide with an average size of 60m X 70m (along road) and it is the most problematic site along Phidim-Taplejung road section. The landslide was developed before the construction of the road. After road construction the landslide became more active and frequent and obstructed vehicular traffic on several occasions especially during monsoon. In order to minimize the effect of landslide, DoR took the following actions:  Realigned the road through the upper portion of the landslide  Constructed breast wall throughout the landslide area;  Applied bio-engineering measures on the whole landslide area;  Provided larger side drain along landslide stretch. The incidence of landslide has decreased significantly in the last 2 years after adopting the above measures. The landslide stabilization works were carried out in piecemeal and hence its construction and maintenance costs are not known. There were not any extreme events except closure of vehicular traffic. The information on IEE/EIA of the area was not available.  Watershed context The asset lies inside the watershed of Hewa Khola which is located at an aerial distance of less than on kilometer. There are not any major water sources flowing through/near the asset. Only one small rivulet exists at the mid of the landslide. A pipe culvert is constructed for draining the water at rivulet location. This rivulet becomes dry throughout the year except during monsoon season.  Asset location The landslide is located at a distance of 18 kilometer from Phidim (towards Taplejung side). The hill slope where the asset is located is steep (about 250).

The area near the bridge site consists of cultivated land and shrubs and bushes and trees. Although there are not any major water bodies at the surface, it seems that there is considerable sub-surface water movement.

The name (Barpa Bhir) of the location indicates that it used to be landslide prone area even before the road was constructed. The landslide became more active after the road construction. There used to be frequent road closure up to two years ago (or after 15 years of road construction). However, there has not been any major event in the recent time and it seems that the landslide has stabilized.

 Asset condition The whole asset can be divided into following components/adaptation measures: a) Road (surface); the road surface is maintained satisfactorily. However, it is still not black topped. The DoR staffs stated that they will black top the section after the landslides are stabilized.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

b) Breast walls; these structures are constructed throughout the landslide section and its condition is good. There are not any problems such as breaking of gabion wires, bulging of walls etc. c) Side drains; DoR has constructed a bigger size side drains at the landslide section. The drain was cleaned and any major damage was not observed. d) Vegetations on the slope planted as bio-engineering measures for slope stabilization; the vegetations are green, thick and have fully covered the slope minimizing the probability of surface erosion.

 Asset design The road is designed as per feeder road standard. Although there used to be landslide problem in the past, the area is stable at present. It is to be noted that avoidance of landslide area in the design phase was not possible as the whole area was moving.

 Past extreme events and impacts The road has frequently been closed due to landslides especially during rainy season.  Past adaptation responses The adaptation responses to prevent the landslide are: a) Breast walls b) Surface water management c) Bio-engineering works These adaptation responses of the above measures are found functioning properly.  Design appropriateness The hill slopes geology of whole country in general is fragile. Due to this, majority of the hill roads suffer from landslides. DoR have adopted several measures to protect the hill roads from landslides. In majority cases, DoR is successful and in few cases the landslides are still not stabilized and causing problems. Barpa Bhir is one of the few examples where the DoR has been successful in stabilizing the landslide problem to a great extent. 2.1.2 Adaptation audit  Adaptation location As set out in baseline report above

 Watershed context As set out in baseline report above  Adaptation condition The adaptation works are generally in good condition  Threat description The threat is that increased rainfall and intensity of rainfall duet o climate change will increase the moisture in the landslip areas and therefore increase the instability of the hillside.  Past extreme events and impacts As mentioned above in baseline report

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

 Adaptation design The design of the adaptations is as described in the baseline report above  Adaptation success The adaptations have been successful to date

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

ANNEX A: MAP OF PANCHTHAR DISTRICT

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

ANNEX B: ANNUAL BUDGET

Budget Head FY 2011/12 FY 2012/13 Remarks

General Administration 8818900 -

106-Road Board 26,125,000 27,500,000

107-City Road 101,745,000 107,100,000

148- District Road 34,532,500 36,350,000

123-Regional Road 23,465,00 24,700,000

302-Tourism 10,830,000 11,400,000

199-Chepang Marga 55,404,000 58,320,000

157-Bridge Construction 66,785,000 70,300,000

158-Bridge Maintenance 6,650,000 7,000,000

Total 334,355,400 342,670,000

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

ANNEX C: NAMES & POSITIONS OF DISTRICT OFFICERS

SN Name Position

1 Mr. Birendra Mahaseth Division Chief

2 Mr. Sourav Bajracharya Engineer

3 Mr. Ganga Bahadur Maharjan Engineer

4 Mr. Basant Yadav Engineer

5 Mr. Birendra Kumar Mandal Engineer

6 Mr. Nanda Kumar Gupta Engineer

7 Mr. Dal Bahadur Gurung Engineer

8 Mr. Yadav Prakash lamichhane Engineer

9 Mr. Himalaya Prasad Parajuli Account Officer

10 Mr. Roshan Dev Sub-Engineer

11 Mr. Sachendra Mishra Sub-Engineer

12 Mr. Raghunath Subedi Nayab Subba

13 Mr. Shiva Sharma Nayab Subba

14 Support Staffs (42 nos) Drivers, Supervisors, Peons etc.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

ANNEX D: ASSET INVENTORY - PANCHTHAR

LIST OF ROADS

LIST OF BRIDGES

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

ANNEX E: PHOTOGRAPHS ASSET 1

Gabion wall of 2 m height is provided throughout the lanslide stretch. The condition of the wall is good.

Lined side drain is provided throughout the landslide stretch. Its base width is 70 cm which is bigger than usual.

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MOSTE | Mainstreaming climate change risk management in development | DoR District Baseline

Types of vegetations applied for bio-engineering works. Similar type of vegetations is applied on the whole area.

There is a smaller landslide area toward Phidim side. A rivulet lies between them. At this section also 2m high gabion breast wall is constructed.

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