Preliminary Report on Field Campaign 2001

BABesch 77 (2002)

The Potenza Valley Survey: Preliminary Report on Field Campaign 2001

Frank Vermeulen, Patrick Monsieur & Catharina Boullart

THE PVS-PROJECT same excellent results as were obtained during flights in May 2000, but they nevertheless In January 2000 the Department of Archaeology at extended our collection of slides and photographs Ghent University initiated a new survey project in to a total of some 1500 oblique aerial images. The Italy, titled ‘The Potenza Valley Survey. From Accul- number of processed sites in the inventory, where turation to Social Complexity in Antiquity: A Regional possible ancient field structures (such as lines, Geo-Archaeological and Historical Approach’.1 Thanks patches and dots) appear, reaches now about 200 to the acquisition of additional financial support2 units. Again some of these features have already we will be able to prolong this research program been checked in the field, or coincide with areas at least until 2006. The aims and methods of this within our second transect of intensive field- long term-project, as well as the results of the first walking (see further). It still remains impossible field campaigns in May and September 2000, to attach a chronological value to many of the have been published in BABesch.3 In this report structures without further field checks or even we will present some preliminary results of a excavations. Still, in almost 1/3 of all cases checked major part of the aerial photography and the on the ground a first chronological indication is fieldwork of 2001, as well as a first evaluation of available.5 the study of the finds. The project’s survey-area Again most sites were visible as soil marks, remains constricted to the circa 80 km long valley foremost observed during September-flights in of the river Potenza in Adriatic Central-Italy the ploughed fields of the area of intensive field- (Marche). walking near Treia (see further). As most of them As the new financial support has been coincide well with concentrations of settlement obtained within the framework of an interna- debris on the surface, a first chronological evalu- tional research program, which focuses on Late ation is possible. A majority of these seem to Antiquity (3rd-7th century), very special attention belong to the more visible Roman period, but also will in the future be paid to this particular period. pre- and protohistoric sites and even medieval Nevertheless the original aim to measure long- ones were detected or confirmed in this way. The term evolutions and changes between 1000 BC easy observation of these darker greyish brown and 1000 AD will generally be sustained. As has patches in the ploughed soil, is probably the been emphasized elsewhere, it is precisely such a result of a combination of ploughed up occupation long-term view, which allows to place the devel- layers, zones with locally more organic substance opments of ancient society in a sufficiently broad in the upper layers and humidity traces caused perspective. Still, other periods are not ignored, by differential drying of the soil in some archae- and it is intended that the analysis of the survey ological zones. Sometimes, they are revealed by results will range across the whole period of the very extensive surface erosion in this undulat- human settlement. ing landscape. Generally these settlement traces are seen as large irregular patches, but especially ACTIVE AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY in the case of some Roman villas and farms, linear features, probably indicating local entrance The photographic detection of sites and off-site roads and maybe some buildings, were observed. phenomena within the PVS-project concerns the A typical isolated soil mark of irregular shape, whole Potenza valley, which is photographed observed on a small but pronounced hilltop near from a low-flying aircraft during regular flights in S. Maria in Selva (fig. 1), could after ground inspec- different seasons. In 2001 this activity was concen- tion be interpreted as a medieval site (circa 10th-13th trated in summer (July) and early fall (September).4 century). Here we discovered a very dense con- Since harvest takes place rather early in this centration of potsherds, fragments of tiles, many region of Italy, the July-flights did not produce the animal bones in good condition and a fair num-

49 Fig. 1. Soilmarks on a medieval site near S. Maria in Selva.

Fig. 2. Cropmarks of a Roman road (to Urbs Salvia ?) and possible funerary monuments southwest of Potentia.

ber of fragments of medieval bricks, sandstone boulders and some spolia (e.g. marble crustae) from a Roman site nearby. This discovery proves the validity of aerially detected irregular soil marks of (early) medieval sites, which generally are hard to trace in this incastellamento-landscape. The potential for observing crop marks in this still very agrarian landscape was again confirmed. Especially in the area of the river mouth, which will be the focus of more intense flying in the spring of 2002, the results were good. New details were added to sites already discovered during earlier work in the area. Such is the case with a major protohistoric site at Montarice, on a promontory north of the river mouth. In a field of sunflowers were revealed different linear traces, some of which probably belong to the ancient enclosure of this imposing site. A short field check of the general topography and of some of the internal traces and spots indicates that this site with known Bronze age occupation,6 was no

50 Fig. 3. Shadowmarks produced by differential tree-growth on the early medieval hilltop-site of Monte Gista. doubt also very important in Iron Age and Roman Aerial detection can be very complementary to times. Possibly this circa 4 ha large oppidum-like historical research here, as was clearly demon- structure had a role to play in the control of the strated by the images produced from the air of river mouth and the Adriatic shore by a local some Longobardian or other early medieval cas- Piceni-elite. It was further possibly the emplace- tles and hilltop-sites. ment of a well-situated Roman villa.7 Upland sites visible in woodland, like on the Good results with detecting crop marks were Monte Gista (Fiuminata), whose concentric defense also obtained on the site of the Roman town of system was clearly revealed, can now be studied Potentia, some distance south of the actual river with more detail (fig. 3). This is also the case with mouth of the Potenza. Again new traces of the the spectacular shadow marks of the protohistoric colony’s street grid were revealed and mapped. ritual (?) and settlement site, known from earlier Surprising was also the discovery of some sub- discoveries8 on the Monte Primo, near Camerino. urban infrastructure. Along a road leading out of New aerial views imposed a second visit of our the ancient town in a south-westerly direction, team (backed by geomorphologists) to this top-site which we discovered last year, we now noticed overlooking the Upper Potenza valley,9 primarily several small rectangular cropmarks disposed to investigate two aspects. Firstly we studied in neatly along this ancient track (fig. 2). An identi- detail the circular discolorations, which we had fication as possible funerary monuments, con- spotted in 2000. We can now state that they do structed parallel with the road, seems most likely. not indicate ancient funerary monuments, but A third type of marks, shadow marks, were that the strange differential growth of grasses is encountered only in a limited number of areas. the result of particular conditions of humidity Such traces, particularly associated with earth- and that they are a natural phenomenon.10 works and human adaptations of the relief, seem Secondly, we traced the exact location of the to occur especially in the mountainous landscapes, major late Bronze Age circumvallations by means where the thick forest cover or the permanent of a handheld GPS (Global Positioning System) grasslands have conserved ancient features well. instrument. We remarked that part of the outer

51 Fig. 4. Ground checking of the remains of a possible limestone quarry on the protohistoric hillsite of Monte Primo.

Fig. 5. Fieldwalking in the area of Treia.

52 Fig. 6. General map with results of fieldwalking during the 2001 campaign. enclosure was connected with a possible ancient of this kind of intensive field survey is its ability limestone-quarry (fig. 4). Furthermore it is inter- to shed light on long-term changes in settlement esting, but sad, to notice that we had to ascertain pattern and land use. the enlargement of the tombaroli-pit about which The area investigated during the September we already reported last year.11 Once again proto- 2001 campaign (3 weeks) is situated in the middle historic potsherds and bone fragments, left by the valley of the Potenza, immediately west of Passo looters, were present in abundance. di Treia. The topography of this landscape, situated at some 30 km from the Adriatic shore, is essen- FIELD CAMPAIGN IN THE TREIA AREA tially of Miocene and Pliocene origin. The hilly area, situated generally between 250 and 350 m, As has been announced in last year’s report12 the consists of dorsal ridges alternating with small and intensive field surveys are only being carried out sometimes deeply incised secondary valleys, in 3 large sample zones. They are transects of some which are connected with the east-west oriented 9 to 25 km each, systematically spaced at regular Potenza valley. The still very agrarian open land- intervals across the c. 80 km long region of the scape with dispersed rural units, groups its popu- Potenza Valley. They cover all the main landscape lation mainly in several towns situated since medi- types of the region and represent in particular the eval times on the hilltops overlooking the valley. upper (2000), middle (2001) and lower valley Our survey area covers some territory of the (2002/2003). They are chosen on geographical municipalities of Pollenza and Treia, with a total grounds, but also on the basis of cultural-histori- of about 14 km (fig. 6). This area was not arbitrar- cal features, such as the vicinity of Roman towns ily chosen. Along the course of the middle valley a (for which they acted as hinterland) or/and of couple of strategic protohistoric hilltop sites occur, known protohistoric centres, such as hillsites with e.g. the Monte Pitino and the Monte Franco. In the important élite cemeteries. One of the strengths Passo di Treia area the Potenza runs through a nar-

53 rowing of the valley formed by two axial hill- with the river and with readily available raw flint spurs of Miocene date, occupied by the medieval material for the production of tools and weapons and actual centres of Treia (N) and Pollenza (S). (fig. 7). It is possible that factors such as colluvia- On the south side the river is dominated by a tion shield the appearance of more neat concen- very conspicuous promontory, the Monte Franco tration zones with a higher density and sharper (or Francolo). delimitations. A GIS-analysis that takes into ac- The presence of protohistoric features in this count several geomorphological parameters can zone, known from literature,13 does not surprise at be helpful here in the future. all when we take into account the strategic value Most of the more inland-located prehistoric of this particular area. On a dominant plateau im- sites are also located near streams and ancient ter- mediately west of actual Treia lies the site of the races. One of them, probably of Neolithic date, was Roman municipium Trea. Intensive survey in the found north of the Potenza river, located imme- region west of the pass by Moscatelli, whose con- diately west of a small torrent. Here we discov- clusions have been published in the Forma Italiae ered a large concentration of worked flint (some series, has already highlighted the importance of cores, flakes, tools and weapons) together with the area in Roman times.14 We, therefore, decided several prehistoric potsherds. The artefacts coin- to focus our fieldwork on the area east of the pass, cide with an area of very dark greyish soil (sandy so that both studies might become complemen- clay) mixed with some loose pebbles. An old tary. The whole core of the hinterland of Roman occupation layer is possibly ploughed up and Trea in the Potenza valley could then be system- partly deposited here by colluviation originating atically approached. from a river terrace immediately north of the site. As the archaeological field methods of inten- Furthermore we have inventoried several iso- sive line-walking in team (fig. 5) and systematic lated flint artefacts such as scrapers, arrowheads, a registration in a GIS remained essentially the burin and a bifacially worked point. These isolated same as during last year’s campaign, we refer to finds are dispersed over the whole survey area. the 2000-report for this information.15 In the Treia area a total of some 70 sites were defined on the Bronze and Iron Age basis of comparatively higher surface artefact density or by the presence of certain anomalies. All Although the protohistoric material collected dur- potential chronologically diagnostic artefacts, all ing the Treia campaign was often much more feature sherds (rims, bases, handles), all prehis- diagnostic than the Bronze and Iron Age pottery toric pottery, and all lithic artefacts were collected found in the Camerino area,17 it still remains dif- during the routine field survey and bagged as a ficult to identify distinct Bronze age sites in the group according to field number. The still pre- region. A small concentration of thick, probable liminary processing of all archaeological material Bronze Age potsherds and some burned loam, (see further) and a first apprehension of the main lying on the southern river bank of the Potenza topographical aspects of the sites and of some of near the Molino-bridge and at the foot of the the off-site finds, leads to a series of observations Monte Franco, agrees well with the expected. The per period. top of the Monte Franco (fig. 8) has already revealed its archaeological value in this period. Stone Age Apennine, Sub-Apennine and Protovillanovan remnants have been discovered here during Before a precise definition, identification and small-scale excavations and it seems that the chronometry of Stone Age sites in the survey area Recent and Final Bronze Age settlement was sit- is available specialist reports on our finds are uated on top of the Monte Franco, while some awaited.16 Still, several zones of intense occupa- Iron Age continuity was located in the eastern tion by Late Stone Age settlers were located. Three plain at the foot of the hill.18 Our finds seem to of them were found on the lowest gravel terraces indicate that the Bronze Age occupation might immediately south of the Potenza. Here we dis- well have extended to the river edge. Another site covered some not very dense, concentrations of a with probable connection to the Monte Franco, handful of fragments of prehistoric pottery and was discovered at only 500 m distance of this hill. many pieces of worked flint, e.g. some cores and This elongated concentration of protohistoric blades, with a higher density towards the river. (probably Bronze Age) pottery and some flint These finds probably indicate the presence of a artefacts is not dense, but within the context of very wide settlement and activity zone, connected the field quite clear.

54 Fig. 7. Some arrowheads collected at different locations in the survey area.

Fig. 8. View of the Monte Franco.

55 Fig. 9. Some ‘Piceni-bucchero’ from the settlement-zone at the foot of the Monte Franco.

At least eight of the protohistoric sites much Of a very different kind is the extensive Iron resemble the possible but difficult to date Iron Age settlement zone discovered at the foot of the Age sites, which we identified in the upper Monte Franco. Here a cluster of six protohistoric Potenza valley,19 both as far as the potsherds concentrations must be interpreted as one phe- themselves, as the location of these findspots nomenon. The location in the immediate sur- go. We now tend to identify these sites as rather roundings of the Monte Franco is important to small Iron Age settlements. They reveal limited notice, since it is in about this same area that the numbers of datable finer wares. As in the upper Soprintendenza delle Marche excavated in 1961 valley some of their locations are clearly deter- some elements of an important Piceni-necropolis mined by the availability of easy and sure sources at Moie di Pollenza.21 The excavated remains of for the provision of water, an observation not the cemetery were datable between 900-700 BC. unique in the Marche and elsewhere.20 They occur In the summer of 1963 research continued and on both sides of the Potenza valley. A very dis- revealed that the necropolis was situated on top tinct Iron Age site of this simple ‘casale’ type, of a Piceni-settlement of the Early Iron Age, found high on a hillslope immediately east of the which in turn covered an Apennine occupation.22 centre of Pollenza, is a good example. It lies ap- During our surveys we determined and proximately some 50 m to the south of a natural mapped several dense cores of Iron Age artefacts spring located at the top of a torrente. The very in this general area, essentially in arable fields on obvious and dense concentration of protohistoric the eastern and northeastern slopes of the Monte pottery and some sparse river pebbles was found Franco. Most of them consist of protohistoric pot- in an area of dark greyisch brown earth, which is tery associated with some wattle and daub and clearly distinguished from the surrounding some fragments of oven or hearth floors. Among lighter brown soil. From this slight slope, oriented the pottery we distinguish Iron Age dolia frag- towards the southeast, there is a very nice view ments, many typical ornamented ‘Piceni-buc- over the whole Potenza valley until the coastal chero’ sherds (fig. 9) and some imported pottery, Monte Conero. e.g. geometric and Greek potsherds. In the clear-

56 Fig. 10. Possible Piceni-burials detected as crop marks at Passo di Treia. est area, a very gently sloping or almost flat zone Roman period partly bordered to the north by a talud, probably of Roman age (see further), different indications As could be expected from earlier work in the point to a function as settlement. Although the area around Roman Trea,24 east of our survey field does not belong to a clear river terrace many zone, the Roman finds in the 2001-transect were pebbles occur here in the concentration. Further- particularly numerous. Almost 30 distinct Roman more, many small fragments of sandstone, some settlement sites were mapped, as well as much bone fragments, some bronze and wattle and daub off-site material of that period. In clear contrast are present. Together with other zones downslope with the results in the Upper Potenza valley, this whole area can be considered as a wide set- where most of the sites that we recorded should tlement zone located on the gentle slopes at the be interpreted as more or less isolated and fairly foot of the Monte Franco. It certainly represents a simple farmsteads widely scattered over the land- form of concentrated habitation connected with scape, in this region the dispersed Roman settle- the presence of the Piceni elite in the Middle ment structure shows greater hierarchy. Apart Valley. from a majority of small and simple sites, the Not far from the Monte Franco, on the north- presence of larger complexes, some of which can ern bank of the Potenza, we planned to investi- be considered as villas, was noted. The latter not gate a specific field where our aerial photographs only display a more extensive surface scatter, but had shown circular crop marks (fig. 10) which the presence of more imperishable building mate- might be connected to another Piceni-necropo- rials (floortiles, rooftiles, bricks, hypocaustum-tiles, lis.23 Unfortunately this field was still under limestone and sandstone boulders,...), much more crops. Control of an adjoining field resulted in a imported pottery and whole categories of specific partial confirmation of this indication as some finds (coins, glass, lead artefacts,...) indicates protohistoric potsherds (e.g. a ‘Piceni-bucchero’- greater comfort, wealth and organisation. handle) were found here. This research will be The site distribution in this period displays a continued. more total use of the landscape, compared to the

57 Iron Age situation. Although at first sight an even the southern direction of the lower slope, spread seems likely, at least four distinct patterns where colluviation has resulted in a very large should be distinguished: concentration of Roman building materials and 1. The lower terraces near the Potenza are cer- pottery. tainly chosen for their easy to work arable 4. Finally a couple of Roman sites could well be land, possibly the presence of meadows and connected with the Monte Franco hill and the water. Part of the sites here seem also con- natural pass, already a point of attraction in nected with the main road arteries, such as the protohistoric times. The ideal view and possi- branch of the Roman road in the valley bottom bly a control function could have played here. connecting Septempeda with Ricina. Near this The best example was found just northeast of road and close to the modern road which leads the main Piceni-settlement area. It is a very from Passo di Treia to Treia we noted several large Roman settlement zone, with dense dense concentrations (fig. 12) with Roman pot- remains of building materials and pottery, tery and building materials, such as tegulae, which can be divided into two (in situ?) areas, limestone blocks and even parts of an opus spi- probably representing two large buildings. The catum floor. site lies on a relatively flat part of the slope, 2. Some settlements show the same location pat- bordered by an old (Roman?) talud, and has a tern as the simple Iron Age sites: a farm built great view on the pass, the river Potenza and on the slopes with a clear vicinity to natural the Monte Franco. The finer wares and larger water supply in the shape of springs or tor- numbers of pottery seem to be situated in the rents. Several small sites in the southern part eastern part of this concentration, an area with of the survey area, near Pollenza, display these a length of some 80 m. The individual concen- characteristics. trations seem to be part of a large villa with its 3. A series of settlements, some clearly of the main building(s) on a northwest-southeast lon- more elaborate (villa-)type is located on the gitudinal axe and several outhouses south and hilltops and ridges at some distance from the maybe north of it. The presence of the talud river, often evolving parallel with the Potenza and the terracing might indicate clear Roman and especially located in the northern part of interference with the topography. our study area where an orientation towards the south was favoured. These villa-sites seem Although in some cases a more distinct date surrounded by large estates wherein only some within the Roman period can already be pro- secondary, isolated Roman structures, associated posed, and some sites with long lives were with agricultural activity, have been recorded. encountered, further pottery research is awaited This pattern of well-situated hill-top sites, on before chronological groupings and counts per high gravel terraces, is already recognisable in period are possible. Only then will it be possible some older finds from the area, such as the to study phenomena such as: continuity or dis- probable villa remains on a ridge parallel to the continuity of occupation with other periods, shifts Potenza at Votalarca and some finds on the in settlement location within the Roman period, even higher Colle Carbonari.25 Several impor- detailed comparison of site sizes, etc. tant sites can be added to this list now. A good example is a site in the northern part of our Early Middle Ages survey zone, where a very neat concentration of Roman artefacts was found on the ridge just Again very little material of distinct medieval south of the Strada Vicinale Chiaravalle (fig. date was encountered during our prospections.26 11). The concentration consists of many frag- Sites of that period can hardly be distinguished. A ments of pottery, a very large number of typical medieval hilltop site, comparable to the one rooftiles and some small to large worked and already discussed just outside our survey transect unworked blocks of sandstone. A fresh coin of (see above), was found on the very top of the Vespasian and a stamped tile (see below) belong Colle Carbonari. The small concentration has not to the more important finds. The artefact con- been fully evaluated, but it consists essentially of centration is very well delineated and can be medieval pottery and some isolated pieces of seen from a distance as a typical zone of grey- Roman (?) rooftiles. The full extent and date of ish earth. Its main core, full of building mate- this site still has to be determinated, but both sites rials, measures some 20x17 m with a southwest seem to confirm the emerging picture of rather northeast axis. The greyish zone flows out in restricted isolated sites outside the major towns,

58 Fig. 11 Remains of a Roman villa detected by soilmarks on one of the hilltops near modern Treia. Remark the large outflow of brown soil downslope as a result of colluviation.

Fig. 12. Roman settlement site and remains of an old road (?) in the valley bottom just north of the Potenza.

59 essentially confined to some small hilltop settle- 13th century. Post-medieval finds concern mostly ments. majolica, plane and cooking ware, ‘testo da pane’ Other medieval (and post-medieval) finds fragments and some particular objects, such as were generally part of so-called off-site scatters. canon balls and arquebus bullets. Finally a pot- This was certainly the case on the fields immedi- tery dump of mainly dishes to be dated in the 19th ately east of the towns of Pollenza and Treia, or early 20th century was plotted near Pollenza. where aspects of garbage disposal, manuring and colluviation certainly result in a very intricate pat- Current research and methodology tern of surface distribution. The difficulties in identifying survey material are PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION OF THE FINDS well known. Responsible are the fragmentary and eroded state of the pottery. A temporary lack of Introduction familiarity with the pottery of some periods forms another barrier to identification.27 Nevertheless, In 2000 and 2001, two seasons of surveys in the the help of regional experts28 or comparison Potenza Valley area were carried out in the sur- within a well-defined survey context gave already roundings of Prolaqueum/Pioraco and of Trea/ a clue to some of the most problematic materials. Treia. Both fieldwalking campaigns produced a The stone artefacts of Stone and Bronze Ages are high number of finds, most of them ceramics. in a first instance classified by students specializ- Especially the second season was very fruitful, ing in prehistory at the Universities of Ghent and probably due to the vicinity of the municipium of Macerata. In the near future they will be studied Trea. Indeed, if the chronology ranges from the more thoroughly.29 The examination of the Iron Paleolithic to the 20th century, the Roman finds of Age material is connected with a close study of the imperial era outweigh the rest. Pottery and the Piceni settlements.30 The black gloss material ceramic building material dominate. Remarkable is studied in the light of a status quaestionis of this was the find of fragments of a brick floor in opus class of pottery in Italy.31 A research program is spicatum on a villa site near Treia. There were also being built up for the Late Antique and Early some Roman glass finds, while metal objects Medieval pottery.32 Finally some experience of the occurred rarely. The latter are difficult to date, authors of this report with the identification of with the exception of 10 coins, amongst them 5 of Greek and Roman pottery proves to be very use- the Roman period. Stone objects as well as well- ful. Even so, the publications of archaeological finished stone building material was also rarely reports of the Soprintendenza Archeologica delle noticed, apart from flint artefacts, most of them Marche remain fundamental. Especially the well- dating from the Late Stone Age. Bronze Age preserved finds of the necropolis of Potentia at material seems rare, but this has most likely to do Porto Recanati and the finds of a nearby exca- with problems of identification of the sherds. vated villa suburbana, published by L. Mercando, Fieldwalking on the important Iron Age site at can be considered as a first class reference for the the foot of nearby Monte Franco yielded lots of study of pottery in the Potenza Valley and more fragments of Picenean building-material, fine and generally in Picenum.33 Visits in the near future to coarse wares, and some rare semi-glazed South- different public and private34 archaeological col- Italian and most probably black glaze Greek lections in the Marche will be very useful. imports. In both the areas of Pioraco and of Treia Important production and consumption centres black gloss or so-called Campanian ware and its in Picenum, or those in the northern Adriatic such imitations turned up at an appreciable rate, in- as Fano, Ravenna, Aquilea or Pola, have to be forming us of human occupation in the last three taken into account, as well as imports of other centuries BC. Late antique occupation is difficult Italian settlements and of Eastern and North- to detect, despite the presence of some Asia African regions. Minor and African imports or imitations. The A program for a reference fabric collection is early middle ages are also difficult to trace, being built up in collaboration with the Department though some decorated wall sherds could point of Geology of Ghent University.35 Forthcoming to occupation in the Longobardian age, near petrographic and chemical analysis applied to Pioraco as well as around Treia. A small hill-site imported ceramics could be connected with exist- near the southern boundary of the territory of ing reference collections emanating from Roman Treia yielded a reasonable amount of diagnostic sites in Belgium and sites excavated by Belgian pottery presumably dating from the 10th to the Missions in Greece, Turkey and the Middle East.

60 Fundamental fabric study has already been car- indication for the spread of Eastern imports on ried out or is in progress on Classical and Helle- rural sites. nistic cooking ware and storage vessels, and Greek Epigraphic finds of Roman date were very and Roman amphorae, especially Coan types and poor. Two sherds of Roman coarse ware seem to Italian Dressel 1 and Dressel 2-4 types.36 The bear graffiti, while a fragment of a stamped tile experience obtained and a presumable relation- was discovered on the same site where the ship with Late Antique cooking ware imported Knossos 19 turned up (fig. 18, 28). The reading of from the Aegean seem to be relevant in this the stamp is not certain, but the tile is likely to research. The abundance of amphora fragments come from a northern Adriatic production centre. picked up in the survey, stresses again the impor- The processing of the huge number of artefacts tance of fabric study in order to get more infor- that were recovered during fieldwalking is based mation on origins and even chronology. It is on a Microsoft Access program. Most of the infor- hardly needed to emphasize that this sort of mation has already been brought into this Access- research should be expanded to other categories database, but needs refinements. In the near of pottery. Eventually, this could lead to a better future a first try to quantification will be carried knowledge of local productions, not only for well- out. The material itself was firstly stored accord- defined periods, but also concerning centuries-old ing to the nature of the material: stone, metal, use of clays and techniques in pottery-making. In glass, ceramic. The ceramics are divided in build- another way fabric study could prove to be con- ing-materials and pottery. The pottery is classified clusive in specific case-studies such as on the in diagnostic sherds and, the bulk of the material, regional or even local imitations of republican wall sherds. The finds of the first season are black gloss or African Red Slip. deposited in the town-hall of Fiuminata, the sec- One should keep in mind that the classic study ond season finds in an ancient schoolbuilding at of typology remains of basic importance. Thanks Villa Potenza, now in use as a finds depot of the to the good preservation of some pottery frag- Soprintendenza Archeologica delle Marche. ments this is possible for Roman and Late Medie- Intensive study of all this material is programmed val pottery, and even for some Iron Age finds. in the seasons to come. Typological study of North-Italian terra sigillata is clear, but is also very rewarding for other types The finds of Roman pottery. For instance a typological overview of the widespread one-handled globular At this stage of the research, the preliminary pre- thin walled beakers with their very specific rims sentation of the finds can merely be a selection and handles, but displaying different sizes and with some short notes. Programs for the study of details, would be very profitable. Moreover they the material of all periods are in preparation. In a show an important variety in fabrics. Amphorae final stage, the results of the material-study will be are another specific category of pottery where a confronted with the field observations, procuring thorough examination can be most rewarding. more detailed data for the identification and dat- This is shown by the study (forthcoming) of the ing of the different sites and off-site phenomena.40 Aegean amphora type Knossos 19, as denominated by J. Hayes.37 The Knossos 19 amphora, probably - Stone, Bronze and Iron Age originating from Kos, functions as a guide-line for chronology but is also a tell-tale on ancient econ- The oldest artefacts, among them a hand-axe and omy and trade (apparently Greek wine) in a Mousterien triangular point, date back to the Picenum and along the Adriatic coast. The necrop- Paleolithic.41 But the bulk of the lithic material, olis of Potentia yielded 6 amphorae of this type, consisting of arrowheads and blades, belongs to which is considerable in comparison with the the Neolithic period.42 A survey during the first other amphora types that were reused in the season on the Potenza terrace near Monte Primo graves.38 Since the presence of these amphorae in led to the discovery of a large Neolithic site under Pompeii and 1st-century Corinth, a date in the threat of modern exploitation.43 The limited num- first half of the 2nd century AD should be ber of Neolithic and Bronze Age impasto sherds revised.39 During our second season of field- reflects more identification problems than scar- walking, substantial fragments of the shoulder city. This is mainly due to the fragmentary state and one handle of a Knossos 19 (fig. 16, 19) were of the pottery and the traditions of pottery-mak- discovered on a probable villa-site near Treia: an ing deep into the Iron Age,44 as shown by the important chronological reference, but also an coarse ware finds on Monte Primo. If there are

61 diagnostic features they are limited to lugs and bands) in Greek tradition was found on the same cordon walled fragments (fig. 13, 1). site. Their South-Italian origin seems clear, but the In contrast, Iron Age bucchero-like (ceramica regions of production remain uncertain (Apulian? buccheroide) fine ware and South-Italian imports Messapian? Daunian?). One semi-glazed handle reflecting the thriving and wealthy culture of the with bands was undoubtedly part of an oinochoe Piceni, are easily distinguishable, but one should (fig. 13, 7).47 At least two small black glaze wall keep in mind that they must represent only a sherds can be ascertained as being of Greek origin. minor part of the mass of sherds of this period that were picked up. Substantial diagnostic frag- - Roman Republican ments of black-burnished bucchero-like pottery represent a very differentiated series of shapes More than 30 find-spots yielded some 70 frag- and incised decorations. Fragments of furcated ments of black gloss or so-called Campanian horn handles (‘anse a corna ramificate’), strap ware, imports or imitations, going from the 3rd to looping handles (probably of kyathoi or kantharoi), 1st century BC (maybe until the early 1st century pastille-like lugs, profiled stems, rims and cari- AD).48 A handle with wall fragment of a cup nated walls, mostly belong to different kinds of Espèce 3220 in the classification of J.-P. Morel cups (fig. 13, 3-5). Some of the finds have close could date from the 3rd century BC (fig. 14, 8).49 A parallels with intact examples from necropolis ring-base of a skyphos dates from the 4th or 3rd sites in the neighbourhood, such as S. Ginesio, century BC.50 A rather well-preserved pyxis frag- Pitino di San Severino, Moie di Pollenza and ment type 7544 remains difficult to date, but needs Passo di Treia, or from other sites in the Marche close comparison with the famous inscribed such as Numana and Grottazolina.45 The decora- Op(p)ius-pyxis discovered in the earliest layers of tion consists of incised lines, triangles and circles. Potentia (fig. 14, 9).51 A first examination of the A chalice cup with relief cuts in the sharp edge of clay leads to the supposition that some of the the carinated wall reminds us of the beautiful black gloss material are productions from the triple cups on stand of Grottazolina.46 Most of the regional workshop in Aesis.52 Simple rouletting is material is likely to date from the end of 7th to the nearly the only decoration that was noticed on first half of the 6th century (Picenum III and IVA), the black gloss fragments, but doesn’t give clues and was picked up on an important Picenean set- as to the identification of types or to chronology. tlement at the foot of Monte Franco near Treia. Because of the fragmentary state of most of the Nevertheless the bulk of the sherds produced by black gloss material it remains very difficult to this settlement is coarse ware. Since a good part present an appreciable range of different types. amongst them are diagnostic fragments, we can hope that they will give better insight in this ill- - Roman Imperial known category of Picenean pottery. Building fragments have also been found here: some daub Pottery fragments, but essentially tiles (fig. 13, 4). A handful of sherds of imported semi-glazed ware with Terra sigillata and thin walled ware are quite well geometric motives (black, brownish and red represented in the mass of Roman pottery that

1 3 5

7 2 4 6

Fig. 13. Late Bronze Age (?) impressed cordon wall fragment (1), Iron Age: Picenean bucchero-like ware, with incised decoration, cup with carinated wall (2-3, 5-6); Picenean tile (4); South-Italian import, semi-glazed handle of an oinochoe (7), late 7th or first half 6th century BC. (Scale 1/3)

62 10

8 9 11 12 13 14

Fig. 14. Roman Republican and Imperial: handle of a cup in black gloss (8), probably 3rd century BC, fragment of pyxis in black gloss (9), 2nd or 1st century BC; rim of a terra sigillata dish type Goudineau 28/Dragendorff 3 (10), 1st century AD; rim of a thin walled ovoid beaker (11), middle to third quarter 1st century AD; upper part of a Firmalamp (12), 1st or 2nd century AD; handle and rim fragments of globular beakers, so-called ‘olletta monoansata’ (13-14), 1st to 3rd century AD. (Scale 1/3) was collected during both seasons. Unfortunately, to 5 different types, but no satisfying parallels the material is fragmented to such an extent that have been found yet.59 Apparently the regional it is hard to recognize different types. Looking at production (and import?) of this pottery group the technique and the clay of the terra sigillata, was prosperous just until the first half of the 1st most of them belong to North-Italian production century AD. It would be most interesting to find centres, although some could be of Adriatic or out if unguentaria are valuable indicators of van- another Italian origin.53 A North-Italian rim of a ished rural cemeteries of the republican and dish with an applied volute decoration can be imperial eras, although they also occur in settle- identified as a type Goudineau 28/Dragendorff 3 ment contexts. Among the categories of common (fig. 14, 10). An Augustean-Tiberian date is possi- pottery, some plain table vessels and cooking ble, but there exists also a late production in the ware deserve attention. Quite a lot of casseroles Flavian period.54 Two upper wall fragments close (caccabus) of different types, sizes and fabrics, to the rim with a profiled notch band are of the with or without handles, have the common fea- type Haltern 9/Goudineau 37 mainly from the ture of a flattened overhanging rim (fig. 15, 15-16). Augustean period, but surviving until Claudius.55 Recent research on material of sites and ship- Different rims, wall fragments and some rare han- wrecks along the Adriatic coasts of Italy, Croatia dles of thin walled (‘pareti sottili’) beakers reflect and Slovenia prove a considerable import from the variety of types within this category of fine the Aegean.60 But it is clear that African imports ware. The rim and profiled upper wall of a thin and regional productions should not be underes- walled ovoid beaker can be compared with an timated, as good quality of cooking pots was upper part found in the production centre of Aesis, requested. Since popular types of cooking- and and a complete example in Corinth, but they are tableware can last for ages, a chronological appre- not close parallels (fig. 14, 11).56 The much occur- ciation remains difficult. A fragment of a casse- ring thin walled, one-handled globular beakers role rim with upstanding handle seems a rather (‘olletta monoansata’ or ‘boccalino monoansato rare type (fig. 15, 16).61 dal corpo globulare’; fig. 14, 13-14), recognizable at their flaring rims and rounded or looping handles, display important differences in fabric. Remarkable is the use of a rather coarse orange- 15 brown fabric, probably regional, for some of these beakers. This fabric occurs also in a wide range of table ware and small storage vessels that were found during the survey. Some beakers of this type could have an Aegean or Eastern origin.57 Only 4 lamps turned up, 3 of them are of the Firmalamp type (fig. 14, 12). The success of this 16 17 North-Italian production, and their imitations, in the Western part of the Roman empire is well known. No bottoms with stamps (e.g. Fortis, Fig. 15. Roman Imperial: common ware, casserole rims Fronto etc.) were found.58 The unguentaria belong (15-16) and dolium (17), 1st to 3rd century AD. (Scale 1/3)

63 Fig. 16. Roman Republican and Imperial: amphorae 1st century BC to 2nd century AD, Campanian Dressel 2-4 ‘black sand’ (18); Dressel 2-4 Knossos 19 (19), probably Coan; Dressel 2-4 with clay application, probably local (20); Lamboglia 2 or Dressel 6A, Adriatic (21); Porto Recanati or amphora with funnel rim, probably local (22-23); Forlimpopoli, North-Italian (24-25). (Scale 1/3)

Lots of fragments of dolia and amphorae were discovered during the two seasons (fig. 15, 17). The dolia fragments have different sizes and fabrics. Some fabrics show a filler of silex chips, a feature that is also noticed for the coarse ware of the Iron Age. The complete shape of a type of dolium is known by two intact examples kept 18 19 actually in the abbey of Fiastra, and presumably originating from Urbs Salvia or its surroundings. The fragments that were picked up recently and one of an earlier survey near Treia are of the same type.62 The quantity and variety of amphorae that were recovered, is startling.63 A number of wall, 20 shoulder and handle fragments of the same amphora represents the oldest type that turned up, probably a late Greco-Italic type, although an early Lamboglia 2 or a Dressel 1C are also possible. The date ranges from the middle into the second half 22 of the 2nd century BC.64 Most of these amphorae were wine-containers from southern Italy (Apulia, Sicily, Campania). Dressel 1A and 1B from the Tyrrhenian coast regions are present, but because of their fragmentary state it is difficult to distinguish these subtypes and to date them more precisely. All these older types continued to be intro- duced in the 1st century BC, but from the last quarter of the century onwards Dressel 2-4 am- 21 23 phorae from different origins were coming up. Probably a little earlier the North-Italian Dressel 6A appeared, but again its fragmentary state makes it difficult to distinguish this type from the Lamboglia 2 amphorae (fig. 16, 21). Moreover local production on the Adriatic coast, among them certainly Picenean workshops, started to imitate Lamboglia 2 and Dressel 6A amphorae.65 Brindisian olive-amphorae were not yet identi- 24 fied, but they must be present.66 Another olive- amphora is the Istrian Dressel 6B, but again, nearly impossible to distinguish from Dressel 6A and late Lamboglia 2 amphorae, not to speak of the regional imitations. The 1st and 2nd centuries AD saw the explosion of amphorae import and regional copies. Hispanic imports of olive oil and fish-sauces from Baetica are attested by one Dressel 20 wall sherd and three Dressel 7-11 wall 25 sherds.67 Notwithstanding the important olive-oil

64 production in Istria and Picenum, Baetican mass in the eastern necropolis of Potentia, near actual produced olive-oil appeared in Adriatic regions to Porto Recanati, the reason why T. Bezeczky called supply military installations in Ravenna, Aquilea them amphorae of the Porto Recanati type.76 The and, above all, Pannonia. At the contrary Dressel strange funnel-like rim points to a content of 7-11 amphorae are rare. Their presence can be olives, possibly preserved in defrutum (a sort of explained by the fact that Baetican fish-sauce was liqueur), as tituli picti on Haltern 70 and its Gaulish considered as a delicacy, but these amphorae also imitations Augst 21 tell us.77 Anyway, some years regularly accompanied in smaller numbers the ago a small olive-pot with a titulus pictus men- cargos of Dressel 20, as is shown by many ship- tioning oliva picena was discovered in the vicus wrecks in the Mediterranean. Most puzzling is Bliesbrück on the Rhine:78 now we know that the variety of Dressel 2-4 wine-amphorae, with Picenean olives were exported even to Germania their typical bifid handles. The Knossos 19 sub- Superior! type is of Aegean origin, most probably from Kos (fig. 16, 19).68 A substantial upper part fragment Building material and a knob in fine buff fabric belong to the Pompei 8-9 subtypes (‘argilla B’), but the origin A variety of bricks and tiles occurs between the remains unknown.69 A third subtype is repre- finds. Noteworthy was the discovery of lumps of sented by a ‘black sand’ handle fragment, visibly an opus spicatum floor that were ploughed up on originating from the Vesuvian region (fig. 16, the site of a rural settlement near Treia. The floor 18).70 A very strange sub-type is formed by a was possibly part of the room of an olive- or group of 5 handles picked up only in the vicinity wine-press (torcularium).79 There must have been of Pioraco: for unknown reasons the upper part much imported tiles and bricks as well as local of the handle has a supplementary flattened clay productions, as was already observed elsewhere slice, whereas a clay-ball is plugged in the inte- in the Marche.80 Although the meaning and the rior part of the handle. Possibly they are local pro- frequency of stamped tiles is unknown, there ductions (fig. 16, 20). Only one parallel is known exists a wide variety of names of producers or from the villa suburbana near Potentia.71 At least 3 owners of workshops in the Adriatic. When col- other types of bifid handles are part of a Dressel lating the 3 preserved letters found on a tile near 2-4 type, but in this case only fabric analysis can Treia (see above) with some complete examples bring new clues for the identification. It would be found in Ravenna, the name might be recon- interesting to see if there are Adriatic, and more structed as [C IVLI THIA]SI G[ALLICANI]. The precisely Picenean copies.72 It is well known by the second possibility, which we prefer, [P ABVDI ancient texts that Picenean wine had an excellent RVFI] SIC[VLEIANI], a stamp on a tile found reputation.73 Very common are Forlimpopoli amphorae and their imitations (fig. 16, 24-25). They are also the best represented amphora type in the eastern necropolis of Potentia.74 Forlimpopoli amphorae are characterized by a light buff and fine clay, thin walls, strap and profiled handles and a flat base with a narrow footring. They are most probably the successors of the Dressel 6A and their new typology seems inspired by the Gauloise 4 type produced in Gallia Narbonensis. Gauloise 4 are attested in the Adriatic region but occur rarely.75 Resembling types of the Forlimpopoli are produced in Umbria (Spello) and the Tiber Valley, so here again it is to hope that fabric analy- ses will help to make distinctions. Finally the fragments of amphorae with everted collar or funnel rim (‘con collo’ or ‘orlo ad imbuto’) need attention (fig. 16, 22-23). Lots of them are probably of Picenean origin. They are inspired by a combi- 28 nation of the North-Italian Dressel 6A and 6B, and the Baetican Haltern 70 types. They seem omni- Fig. 18. Roman Imperial: fragment of a tile with stamp present in at least a part of the Marche, especially ]SI G[ or ]SI C[ , 1st century AD (28). (Scale 1/3)

65 during a prospection in Rivignano (Udine), that is in the territory of Aquileia. A third possibility is that ]SIC[ could point to the gens Sicinia, well 29 known in the epigraphy of Treia. Of course it could also be a hitherto unknown stamp (fig. 18, 28). At any rate, a rarity when comparing with the much more occurring PANSIANA- and SOLONAS-stamps in the Potenza valley, and in 31 Picenum in general. In Treia, a tile-stamp of CHRYSIPPUS was found during an earlier survey. 30 At all events, the tile-stamps prove an intense trade of building-material produced in the Padana and Aquilean regions.81 Stone building materials Fig. 19. Late Antique: fragment of an African Red Slip were also found during our fieldwalking: rarely dish with palm-branche decoration, 4th to first half 5th marble, mostly sandstone (e.g. possibly one base century AD (29); handle of an African jug, 5th century of a small column) and limestone. On a late- AD (30); rim of an Eastern Red Slip mortarium, 4th - medieval site near Treia, Roman spolia of marble 6th century AD (31). (Scale 1/3) and porphyry (e.g. crustae) were discovered.82

Other finds 32 With the exception of 3 coins,83 not one metal object can be identified with certainty as Roman 34 (e.g. 2 small bronze bells and a bronze finger-ring). One well-preserved bronze coin of Titus was minted during his eighth consulship, in 80 AD. It was discovered on an important Roman rural settlement near Treia. Some glass-finds are worth- 33 35 wile mentioning. A greenish ring-base comes from a rather large but unidentified vessel (fig. 17, 26). A rim with groove of a white glass cup with- Fig. 20. Early and Late Medieval: wall sherds with out foot resembles two examples found in a grave incised wavy lines, 6th-7th century AD (32-33); rim in S.Vittore di Cingoli, which is dated in the and strap handle of plain ware (34), coarse ribbed wall beginning of the 1st century AD (fig. 17, 27).84 fragment (35), 10th-13th century AD. (Scale 1/3)

types Hayes 86 and 181. A group of bowl rims Fig. 17. Roman Imperial: rim belong to Hayes 99 (African) and Hayes 9 and 10 of a white glass cup, early (Cypriotic or Eastern). One has to take into 26 27 1st century AD (26); ring- account that there must occur many imitations, base in greenish glass of such as attested by the bottom of a dish with an unidentified vessel (27). stamped rosettes. Sometimes the rim is profiled, (Scale 1/3) while the wall can have incised decorations. A banded overhanging rim of a bowl or mortarium can be classified into an Eastern Sigillata group Several spheroid stone disks with a flat base (fig. 19, 31).86 Some piecrust ware needs a closer might be interpreted as ancient weights. examination, just as the cooking ware and amphorae.87 A twisted handle belongs to a jug of - Late Antique and Medieval African origin (fig. 19, 30).88 A small fragment of a lamp of the African type occurs, but no close There are some conspicuous finds of the Late parallel was found yet.89 Most of the late antique Antique period. A small fragment of an African material was picked up around Treia. It would Red Slip dish with concentric circle and a palm- be interesting to confront this material with the branch belong to the forms Hayes 59, 60 or 61 finds of the excavations that were carried out in (fig. 19, 29).85 Several other fragments of dishes the eighties of the 20th century under and near can belong to the same African types, or to the the abbey of SS. Crocifisso, situated in the centre

66 14 90 Moscatelli 1988. of ancient Trea. Some wall sherds with incised 15 Vermeulen & Boullart 2001. th th wavy lines can be assigned to the 6 and 7 cen- 16 The systematic study of the Stone Age material of the turies AD (fig. 20, 32-33). They represent a cur- 2000-, the 2001- and the coming 2002-campaigns will rent decoration on common ware in Italy at the take place in September 2002 by specialists in this field. 91 time. Finally, a group of plain and coarse pot- 17 th th Vermeulen & Boullart 2001. tery of the 10 -13 centuries AD is not studied 18 See: Lollini 1958, 204-205; Lollini 1976; Piangatelli 1970, yet and needs further attention (fig. 20, 34-35).92 p. 27. 19 Vermeulen & Boullart 2001. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 20 Baldelli 1982, 143-145. 21 Lollini 1966, 210. 22 Lollini 1963, 322-323. The 2001 field survey was carried out within the 23 Vermeulen & Boullart 2001; Vermeulen 2002. Regione delle Marche and the PVS-team is very 24 Moscatelli 1988; Bejor 1977. grateful to the Soprintendenza Archeologica delle 25 Bejor 1977. See also: Mercando 1979 and Mercando, Marche and especially to Soprintendente Dott. Brecciaroli & Paci 1981. 26 See also Vermeulen & Boullart 2001. Giuliano de Marinis and Dottoressa Edwige 27 MacDonald 1995. Percossi, Ispettrice for the area, for their support 28 We thank especially our Italian colleagues M. and expertise. Silvestrini, E. Percossi, F. di Gennaro, U. Moscatelli, M. In addition to the signatories of this article, the Cerquetella and C. Corsi for the help they have already fieldwork team of 2001 included: Morgan De procured us in this identification process. 29 Prof. Ph. Crombé of the prehistoric section at Ghent Dapper, Jacques Semey, Joris Angenon, Sophie University will set to work in the third season (2002). Dralans, An Van den Bremt, Griet Van Heddeghem, 30 The study of these settlements is the object of doctoral Hélène Verreyke, Maarten Weyler, Lieven Verdonck, research by C. Boullart. Liselotte Raes, Jacinte Blindeman, Paul De Paepe, 31 J. Vankerckhove works on this black gloss material for an MA thesis. Herlinde De Buck, Geert Verhoeven, Julie Van 32 H. Verreyke is engaged to study the pottery of Late Kerckhove, Nele Eggermont, Beata De Vliegher and Antiquity and Early Middle Ages, to prepare a PhD Tanja Goethals. thesis on northern Adriatic ceramic production, distribution and use. She will focus on local production and imported cooking wares and will help to establish a NOTES program for a reference fabric study. 33 Mercando 1974 ; ead. 1974b; ead. 1979. 1 The project is directed by Prof. Frank Vermeulen and 34 Falconi Amorelli 1975. the principal archaeological investigators on the 35 Work by prof. P. De Paepe. Belgian side include Miss Catharina Boullart and Mr. 36 Monsieur & De Paepe 2002. Patrick Monsieur (Department of Archaeology, Ghent 37 Hayes 1983, 149, fig. 23, nrs. 58, 62, 63. University, Belgium). For the geomorphological aspects 38 Mercando 1974a: graves 9, 54, 128bis, 216, 293, 305. close collaboration is obtained with Prof. Morgan De 39 Panella 1986, 617-619, fig. 14-15; Slane 2000, 301, fig. 14, b. Dapper and Dr. Beata De Vliegher (Department of 40 We are indebted to J. Angenon and C. Braet for the Geography, Ghent University). Italian institutions, such drawings of the material presented here. as the Soprintendenza Archeologica delle Marche and 41 The identification of the lithic and ceramic material is the Universities of Macerata and Camerino, actively due to the experience and knowledge of dott.ssa M. support the programme. Silvestri for which we are most grateful. 2 A substantial grant was obtained from the Belgian 42 Cf. Pignocchi 1998, fig. 1-8; Lollini 1965. Federal Government (IUAP phase V). Other financial 43 Vermeulen & Boullart 2002. support comes from the Fund of Scientific Research - 44 Lollini 1979; Silvestrini & Pignocchi 1999; cf. Malone & Flanders and from Ghent University (BOF-funds). Stoddart 1994, 77-78, 120-122 and Barker 1995, 115-122 3 Vermeulen & Boullart 2001. and 132-137. 4 We thank Jacques Semey who participated again in part 45 S. Ginesio: kyathos with strap handle, Landolfi 1990, 92, of this aerial detection. pl. II, 3-4; Pitino di San Severino: stemmed cup with car- 5 For preliminary reports on our aerial photography in inated wall and horned handles, handle-less stemmed the area see: Vermeulen & Boullart 2001 and Vermeulen cup with carinated wall, Lollini 1976 (grave 7) Annibaldi 2002. 1968, pl. VI (grave 5); Moie di Pollenza, grave 26 and 6 Unpublished small-scale excavation by Lollini (Soprin- Sirolo, graves 8 and 18: stemmed cups with carinated tendenza delle Marche) in 1976. See also Percossi wall, Lollini 1985, fig. 5, 6, fig. 8, 4 and esp. fig. 16, 1; Serenelli 1985. Numana, graves 14 and 18, and Sirolo, graves 435 and 7 Intensive surveys are planned here in September 2002. 18: kantharoi with strap handles, Lollini 1976, fig. 13 and 8 Bonomi Ponzi 1992. pl. 118 and ead. 1985, fig. 7, 18, fig. 16, 4. 9 For a first report see: Vermeulen & Boullart 2001. 46 Grottazolina: grave 21, Lollini 1976, pl. 114 ; also kyathos: 10 We thank Morgan De Dapper for this view. Falconi Amorelli 1975, pl. LXIX, 11 & LXXX, 30 (collezi- 11 Vermeulen & Boullart 2001. one Pallotta) . 12 Ibidem. 47 Ancona: semi-glazed sherds, Lollini 1956, fig. 12; the 13 Lollini 1958, 204-205; Lollini 1976. finds in the lower levels beneath the amphitheatre of

67 Ancona prove that this sort of semi-glazed pottery was second half of 1st century AD; Aegean import: Istenic produced just until the end of the 4th and the beginning & Schneider 2000, and fig. 1 for the map with sites and of 3rd century BC: Pignocchi & Virzì Hägglund 1998, shipwrecks; Robinson 1959, passim. 137-138, fig. 7; S. Genesio: oinochoe, Landolfi 1990, 92, 61 Compare with Robinson 1959, F84 (pl. 3), in a 1st cen- pl. II, 1; Numana: oinochoe, Lollini 1976, pl. 115; Sirolo: tury AD context. graves 435 and 8, oinochoe, Lollini 1985, fig. 7, 21 and 62 Fabrini & Paci 1991, 95-96, n° 22, with bibliography: a fig. 11, A-B; cf. Barker 1995, 167, fig. 68; Falconi date in the second half of the 3rd to the 4th century AD is Amorelli 1975, pl. LXVI, 2 (collezione Pallotta). proposed. A survey carried out formerly by U. Moscatelli 48 We thank J. Vankerckhove for the useful information produced a rim fragment: Moscatelli 1988, 35-36, n° 2, she already procured us. fig. 17, 2. 49 Morel 1981, 256 and Pl. 91, the date proposed: until sec- 63 For an overview of the different types of amphorae in ond quarter 2nd century AD, seems quite late; cf. a the Northern Adriatic: Bezeczky 1987; Carre 1985; resembling cup found in Valesio, dated 330/300- Cipriano & Carre 1989; Toniolo 1991; Delplace 1993. See 225/200: Yntema 1993, fig. 10, 35. This type of cups also Pasquinucci, Menchelli & Scotucci 2000, 355-356, seems related to some examples salvaged from the for the region of Asculum and Firmum Picenum. Grand Congloué I ship, that sank around 200 BC: Long 64 Toniolo 1991, 15-16, fig. 2. Greco-Italic: Eastern ceme- 1987, 12, fig. 1, 4 (first row, fifth from the left); a one tery of Potentia, grave 116, Mercando 1974a, fig. 116, b, handle cup of the same family Espèce 5920, Morel 1981, but with a puzzling date in the Augustean age; Greco- 391, pl. 193, is dated end 4th-early 3rd century BC. Italic: Ancona, Pignocchi & Virzì Hägglund 1998, fig. 50 Morel 1981, 303-314, Genre 4300, pl. 126-133: skyphoi 11, 1, together with Lamboglia 2 amphorae; San seem to disappear around the middle of the 3rd century Severino Marche: Lamboglia 2, Perna 1996-1997; in BC; our fragment is too worn to distinguish a specific 2001, when visiting the Archaeological Museum of type. Assisi, we noticed two Dressel 1C amphorae, having a 51 Morel 1981, 412 and pl. 205. The colony of Potentia was very resembling fabric, shoulder inclination and strap founded in 184 BC. The Oppii were amongst the most handles, cf. Toniolo 1991, 15-16, fig. 4. influential families at that time (Percossi Serenelli 2001, 65 Bezeczky 1987, 6-21; Toniolo 1991, 18-24; Carre 1985, 45, fig. 11); see also the monumental inscription of Porto 209-226; Cipriano & Carre 1989, 77-88 eastern necropo- San Elpidio and the commercial activities of the Oppii: lis of Potentia: graves 122 and 229 (Mercando 1974a, Paci 1998. possible Picenean imitations); villa suburbana near 52 Brecciaroli Taborelli 1998; for the black gloss found in Potentia: Mercando 1979, 184-187, fig. 99-102, fig. 138, a, Potentia and its chronology, see Mercando 1974b, 411- fig. 141, j, fig. 157, y (possible Picenean imitations); 413, and Frapicinni 2001. Picenean production centre: Brecciaroli Taborelli 1984; 53 Mazzeo Saracino 1985 (Atlante II), 175-230; Pucci 1985 cf. Delplace 1993. (Atlante II), 359-406; Maggi & Starac 2000; for the 66 Cipriano & Carre 1989: 68-74. spreading of Italian sigillata in the North-Adriatic 67 Dressel 20: Cambi 1976; Bezeczky 1987, 24-25; Toniolo region: Makjanic 1988. 1991; Dressel 7-11; Bezeczky 1987, 22-23; Toniolo 1991, 54 Mazzeo Saracino 1985 (Atlante II), 202-203, forma 1 (pl. 31-33, fig. 26 (Dressel 20), fig. 27 (Dressel 7-11). LXII, nrs. 13-14), compare also Pucci 1985 (Atlante II), 68 See introduction and n. 13; no other Greek amphorae 382-383, forma IX, esp. varietà 7, 13 & 15; cf. Malone & have been recognized yet among the survey material Stoddart 1994, 200, n° 17. but they must exist as is shown in the Comacchio- 55 Mazzeo Saracino 1985 (Atlante II), 197-198, forma 12 wreck (Berti, 1985, amphorae from Kos and Chios), or (pl. LVIII, esp. no 3), from typological point of view this in the eastern necropolis of Potentia (Mercando 1974a, little cup corresponds with the Dragendorff 26-type; graves 40 and 52, Dressel 43 Crete); Cordano 1992-1993: Mercando 1979, 274, fig. 184, h. hellenistic stamps on Rhodian amphorae in Ancona. 56 Hayes 1973, n° 185, pl. 89; Ricci 1985 (Atlante II), 258- 69 Panella & Fano 1986. 259, tipo 1/135: Claudian-Neronian. Brecciaroli Taborelli 70 Panella & Fano 1986. 1998, 206, n° 562. An example of the eastern cemetery 71 Mercando 1979, fig. 149, r. of Potentia belongs probably to the same group: 72 Aldini 1978, 242-243, fig. 3 and pl. 91: Forlimpopoli, Mercando 1974a: grave 85. This cemetery yielded a lot workshop Terreno Dotti, together with flat-bottemed of different types of thin walled pottery: Mercando Forlimpopoli type amphorae; Tchernia 1986, 252-253; 1974a, passim; for a production-centre in the Marche of Panella 1989, fig. 5-6. grey thin walled cups: Montinori 1993. 73 Tchernia 1986, 336-337 and 348-349. 57 Marabini 1973, 146-147; Ricci 1985 (Atlante II), 266-267, 74 Aldini 1978: basic study of the workshops in Forlim- tipo 1/109 & 1/111: from the middle of the 1st century popoli; Tchernia 1986, 249-256; Panella 1989, 156-161; AD on ; Mercando 1974a, passim; Aegean or Eastern eastern necropolis of Potentia: graves 8, 7, 10, 17, 18, 19, origin in Aquilea: Mandruzzato, Tiussi & Degrassi 24, 25, 40, 47, 49, 52, 93, 128, 293 and 306, Mercando 2000, 360, fig. 4, n° 2; Istenic & Schneider 2000, 343 & 1974a; San Severino Marche: grave 2, Mercando 1974b. fig. 3, 2: for the eastern necropolis of Potentia, see esp. 75 Bezeczky 1987, 26; Toniolo 1991, 36, fig. 34. n. 38. 76 Bezeczky 1987, 34-36; eastern necropolis of Potentia: 58 Eastern cemetery of Potentia: Mercando 1974a, passim graves 8, 24, 25, 46, 47, 49, 50, 58, 93 and 293, Mercando and 416-417, and especially Ramadori 2001; Mercando 1974a; San Severino Marche: grave 3, Mercando 1974b; 1974b: San Severino, grave 1; Mercando 1979, 242, fig. villa suburbana near Potentia: Mercando 1979, fig. 138, b, 153, a-b, 257, fig. 167, a, 264, fig. 175, d; Falconi Amorelli fig. 139, a-b, fig. 157, x, fig. 176-177; Carre 1985, 232-234; 1975, pl. LXXIVI, 33-35 (collezione Pallotta). cf. Cipriano & Carre 1989, 85-87; Brecciaroli Taborelli 59 Falconi Amorelli 1975, pl. LXXIII, 25-30. 1984, 73-88. 60 Eastern cemetery of Potentia: Mercando 1974a, grave 77 Monsieur 2001, with bibliography. 128bis with a Firmalamp and a Knossos 19 amphora, 78 Albrecht 1998; Monsieur 2001, 182.

68 79 This is true for the rural settlement that came to light L. Saguì (ed.), Ceramica in Italia: VI-VII secolo. Atti del in S. Giovanni in Strada di Offida (AP), Pignocchi 1998, Convegno in onore di John W. Hayes, Roma 11-13 mag- fig. 1. Cf. the villa suburbana near Potentia, Mercando gio 1995, Firenze, 491-510. 1979, 189, fig. 107. Baldelli G. 1982, Insediamento e territorio nel basso 80 E.g. Asculum and Firmum Picenum, Pasquinucci, Menchelli Ascolano durante l’età del ferro, DialA 2, nuova serie 4, & Scotucci 2000, 356: among the finds of the Potenza 143-145. Valley Survey the yellowish color of some bricks and Barker G. (ed.) 1995, A Mediterranean Valley. Landscape tiles could also indicate local production. archaeology and annales history in the Biferno Valley, 81 Matijasic 1983; Mercando 1974a, fig. 335-341; Mercando London/New York. 1979, fig. 117, n, fig. 159 and 160; Pasquinucci, Bejor G. 1977, Trea. Un municipium piceno minore, Pisa. Menchelli & Scotucci 2000, 364-365; Pelliconi 1983, for Bermond Montanari G. (ed.) 1983, Ravenna e il porto di Gallicanus cf. 234-235, n° 22.53; another tile with also a Classe. Venti anni di ricerche archeologiche tra Ravenna e ]SIC[ stamp was already found in the neighbourhood Classe, Imola/Bologna. of Treia: Moscatelli & Paci 1978, 74; Siculeius: Buiatti Berti 1985, La nave romana di Valle Ponti (Comacchio), 1994, 426-431; gens Sicinia: Marengo 2000, 162; Rivista di Studi Liguri 51, 553-570. Chrysippus in Trea: Moscatelli 1988, 55, fig. 47. Bezeczky T. 1987, Roman Amphorae from the Amber Route in 82 Monte del Crocifisso (site WF63): the porphyry-frag- Western Pannonia, Oxford (BAR International Series 386). ment was studied by prof. P. De Paepe, and he consid- Bonomi Ponzi L. 1992, Occupazione del territorio e mod- ers it as very close to Egyptian examples; in this light elli insediativi nel territorio Plestino e Camerte in età it is interesting to remind the existence of an important protostorica, in La civiltà picena, 204-241. Serapeum in Treia: cf. Fabrini 1990, 160-175. Boullart C., F. Vermeulen (forthcoming), The Potenza 83 Dr. J. Van Heesch, responsible for the Roman numis- Valley Survey (Italy): in search of Piceni settlements, matic collection of the Royal Library in Brussels, will Proceedings of the UISPP-congres Liège 2001, Liège. study the Roman coins, those of the later periods will Brecciaroli Taborelli L. 1984, Una produzione di anfore be studied by L. Beekmans. picene ed il vino palmense, Picus 4, 55-93. 84 Mercando 1974b, 111-123, fig. 34 and 38, d-e: grave 5. Brecciaroli Taborelli L. 1998, Jesi (Ancona). L’officina 85 Hayes 1972, fig. 38: palm-branche style A, 4th to first ceramica di Aesis (III sec. a.C. - I sec. d.C.), NSc, serie half 5th century AD. IX - Vol. VII-VIII, 5-245. 86 Dishes and bowls: Hayes 1972; Dall’Aglio & De Maria Buiatti A. 1994, Nuove acquisizioni sui bolli laterizi 1994-1995, fig. 45; cf. Williams 1989, fig. 12-14; banded dell’agro aquileiese, in Epigrafia della Produzione e della overhanging rim: the right inclination is not certain, Distribuzione. Actes de la VIIe rencontre franco-italienne compare Hayes 1972, form 3, Brecciaroli Taborelli 1998, sur l’épigraphie du monde romain, Rome, 5-6 juin 1992, fig. 106, 532, and Williams 1989, fig. 22, 269 and fig. 42, 415-431. 448 (although a common ware mortar rim); Grazia Cambi N. 1976, Spanish amphorae found near Split, Rei Maioli 1983, imitations in Ravenna, esp. 111-112, nrs. Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Acta 16, 115-124. 4.87 and 4.88 for the dishes with stamped rosettes close Carre M.-B. 1985, Les amphores de la Cisalpine et de to form Hayes 53. l’Adriatique au début de l’empire, MEFRA 87, 207-245. 87 Piecrust ware: cf. Williams 1989, 53-54, fig. 27-28; cook- Christie N. (ed.) 1995, Settlement and Economy in Italy, 1500 ing ware: cf. introduction; amphorae: some spikes of BC - AD 1500. Papers of the Fifth Conference of Italian the Africana grande type and 1 spatheion are already Archaeology. Oxford, 11-13 december 1992, Oxford identified, cf. Mercando 1974a, grave 252 and ead. 1979, (Oxbow Monograph 41). fig. 120, q and fig. 182. Ciampoltrini G. 1998, L’orciolo e l’olla. Considerazioni 88 Santamaria 1995, fig. 21, 5th century AD; Mercando sulle produzioni ceramiche in Toscana fra VI e VII sec- 1979, fig. 147, b and fig. 162, j. olo, in L. Saguì (ed.), Ceramica in Italia: VI-VII secolo. Atti 89 The remains of a XR or IX monogram on it is almost del Convegno in onore di John W. Hayes, Roma 11-13 certain. For other Late Antique lamps, cf. Mercando maggio 1995. Firenze, 289-304. 1979, fig. 119, a and fig. 181; Fabrini 1990, 127, fig. 3. Cipriano M. T., B. Carre 1989, Production et typologie des 90 Fabrini 1990, 125-131. amphores sur la côte adriatique de l’Italie, in Amphores 91 Ravenna: Gelichi 1983, id. 1998 (pots ‘tipo Classe’); et économie romaine. Actes du Colloque de Sienne 1986, Toscana: Ciampoltrini 1998, fig. 5 (jugs); Rome, Crypta Rome, 67-104. Balbi: Ricci 1998, fig. 6-8 (cooking pots and tubs); Cordano F. 1992-1993, I bolli rodii di Ancona, Picus 12-13, Southern Italy: Di Giuseppe & Capelli 1998, fig. 7 (var- 189-193. ious shapes ‘dipinta’), fig. 8 (various shapes ‘acroma’). Dall’Aglio P.L., S. De Maria 1994-1995, Scavi nella città 92 From the hill-site Monte del Crocifisso (WF63), see also romana di Suasa. 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