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Engineering Newsletter THE FU FOUNDATION SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE FALL | 2009 COLUMBIA ENGINEERING NEWS MAKING AN IMPACT ON HEALTH contentsfall 2009 | Volume 51, No.1 MAKING AN IMPACT ON HEALTH 3 Making an Impact on Health, 1864–Future 20 Treating Tumors in Children: Mark Borden 5 The Biology of Psychiatric Disorders: Dimitris Anastassiou 21 “Turning Off” Cancer Genes: Chris Wiggins 6 Preventing Traumatic Brain Injury: Barclay Morrison 23 Radiation-Free Tumor Treatment: Elisa Konofagou 7 Delivering Drugs Faster: Scott Banta 24 Discovering Origins of Diabetes: Itsik Pe’er 9 Unlocking the Brain’s Secrets: Elizabeth Hillman 25 Streamlining Blood Testing: Samuel K. Sia 10 Early Warning for Seizures: David Waltz 26 Bloodless Glucose Monitoring: Qiao Lin 11 Enhancing Quality of Life: Andreas Hielscher 27 Detecting “Dirty Bomb” Radiation: Y. Lawrence Yao 13 Capturing the “Aha!” Moment: Paul Sajda 28 Growing Gears for Surgical Robots: Xi Chen 14 Repairing Torn Ligaments: Helen H. Lu 29 Using Robots for Surgical Implants: Nabil Simaan 16 Combating Bone Loss: Christopher R. Jacobs 30 More Profiles of SEAS Researchers 17 Neutralizing Hepatitis C: Jung-Chi Liao Inside Back Cover Giving Back: Stanley Dicker, EngScD ’61 19 Fixing Broken Hearts and Bones: Gordana Vunjak- Novakovic 34 SEAS BY THE NUMBERS 37 PARENTS COUNCIL 37 GLOBAL DEGREES 38 CLASS DAY Comments, suggestions, or address changes Dean of the School 39 ALUMNI NOTES may be mailed to: Feniosky Peña-Mora Columbia University Editor/Writer: Margaret R. Kelly 51 IN MEMORIAM The Fu Foundation SEAS Contributing Writers: Jeff Ballinger, Ken Kostel, Room 510, Mail Code 4718 55 CONVOCATION Anna Kuchment, Alex Lyda 500 W. 120th St. New York, N.Y. 10027 Art Director/Health Section: University Publications 56 RETURN OF THE BEANIE Portrait Photography: Eileen Barroso Phone: 212-854-4472 Reunion Photography: Barbara Alper, Eileen Fax: 212-864-0104 Barroso, Diane Bondareff, John Smock E-mail: [email protected] Engineering News is published twice a year by: Columbia University in the City of New York Columbia Engineering online at: Read more about Columbia Engineering’s The Fu Foundation School IMPACT ON HEALTH at of Engineering and Applied Science http://www.engineering. 500 W. 120th St., MC 4718 http://www.engineering.columbia.edu New York, N.Y. 10027 columbia.edu COLUMBIA ENGINEERING NEWS | FALL 2009 | 1 MAKING AN IMPACT ON HEALTH olumbia Engineering has had a signifi cant to microcirculation, developing new approaches to cel- impact on bettering the human condition lular and molecular engineering, tissue engineering, since its founding in 1864. The School’s and orthopedic biomechanics. His discoveries on blood fi rst dean, Charles Frederick Chandler, cell mechanics, pulmonary circulation, and tissue growth Ca chemist, improved safety standards in New York have been applied to research on cancer, sickle cell dis- City for milk and water, regulated gas companies and ease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and other diseases. slaughterhouses, supported compulsory smallpox vac- cinations for children, and invented the fl ush toilet. By the mid-1980s, Columbia boasted one of the largest orthopaedics research labs in the country, following the While Chandler was still dean, Michael I. Pupin, an recruitment of Van C. Mow and W. Michael Lai. Both 1883 graduate who became a professor of electrical held joint appointments, the fi rst of their kind at Co- engineering, created an X-ray tube that produced an lumbia, as professors of mechanical engineering (SEAS) image after only a few seconds of exposure. Pupin’s and orthopaedic bioengineering (P&S). 1896 discovery was only weeks after Wilhelm Roent- gen found that X-rays would produce an image after In 1995, a Whitaker Foundation grant spurred the cre- several hours of exposure. The fi rst use of the Pupin X- ation of the Center for Biomedical Engineering. Mow ray tube was medical: he helped a surgeon determine was named director of the Center and Leonard became where buckshot was imbedded in a patient’s hand. associate director of academic affairs. A second Whita- ker grant, supplemented by signifi cant funds from The As more became known about fi ghting disease, bio- Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied chemical engineering emerged as a promising fi eld. Science (SEAS) and the University, transformed the Elmer L. Gaden, a chemical engineer, received his BS center into a full-fl edged department. The department in 1944 and, after serving in the Navy, returned to Co- was launched on January 1, 2000, with Mow, who lumbia for graduate work. His doctoral thesis contained now holds the Stanley Dicker Professorship in Bio- a process for mass production of antibiotics by supplying medical Engineering, as founding chair. Today it is one the optimum amount of oxygen for the rapid growth of the most popular majors in the School, leveraging of penicillin mold. This discovery earned him the title the School’s historic strengths in biomechanics, bio- “father of biochemical engineering.” medical imaging, and cell and tissue engineering. Gaden was a professor at Columbia for 26 years. In As you will see in the following pages, the scope of 1962, he headed the Committee on Bioengineering, health-related research at Columbia Engineering with faculty members from the College of Physicians involves almost every department. Amazing break- and Surgeons (P&S) and Engineering. It provided throughs have happened or are about to happen as an early forum for interdisciplinary cooperation. For our faculty fi ght diseases and conditions, bringing many years, it was chaired by Edward F. Leonard, pro- to bear their exceptional and unique talents to chip fessor of chemical engineering. away at problems that affect the quality of life and, indeed, life itself. In 1974, a University-wide Bioengineering Institute was established under William Nastuk, M.D., professor of physiology at P&S. Four years later, Richard Skalak ’43, ’46, ’54, a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, became Feniosky Peña-Mora director. Skalak applied his knowledge of hydraulics Dean l to r: Charles Fredrick Chandler, Michael I. Pupin, bioreactor on microscope stage (courtesy of Gordana Vunjak-Novokovic) 2 | COLUMBIA ENGINEERING NEWS | FALL 2009 COLUMBIA ENGINEERING NEWS | FALL 2009 | 3 MAKING AN IMPACT the biology of psychiatric disorders DIMITRIS ANASTASSIOU | ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Little is known about the biological causes for psychi- that a person may be predisposed to a disease if two atric disorders like schizophrenia and bipolar, which SNPs at different locations in the genome have the un- combined affl ict an estimated 10 million people nation- usual letter combinations, rather than each one of them wide. Columbia researchers are working hard to change alone, a phenomenon called “synergy.” There is a huge that by exploring the role of genetics from a multidis- number (about a million squared) of “synergy” pairs of ciplinary approach. SNPs, resulting in signifi cant computational and statisti- cal challenges for this project. To perform this research, Electrical engineering professor Dimitris Anastassiou’s Anastassiou has a high-performance computer cluster aim is to discover novel biological mechanisms respon- containing 800 processors at his disposal. sible for psychiatric disorders. Given the limited success of identifying signifi cant individual risk-conferring ge- Karayiorgou and her team biologically interpret Anas- detection of single netic variants, such as single mutations in DNA, Anastas- tassiou’s resulting computational outputs and attempt nucleotide polymor- siou says discovery of responsible interactions among mul- to genetically validate the identifi ed interactions. If the phisms tiple genetic variants may reveal new disease mechanisms. resulting biological hypotheses involving two genes are deemed promising, they will test those using in vitro Anastassiou and Maria Karayiorgou, professor of psychi- neurobiological experiments. atry and medical genetics at the Columbia University Medical Center, are principal investigators on a proj- “The aim is to discover the biological mechanisms re- ect that will identify single nucleotide polymorphisms sponsible for psychiatric disorders,” says Anastassiou. (SNPs, pronounced “snips”) that are jointly, rather than “Once such mechanisms are discovered, the ultimate vi- individually, associated with disease. sion is to develop drugs that would interfere with these mechanisms.” A SNP is a small genetic change that can occur within a person’s DNA sequence. The genetic code is specifi ed Anastassiou, who received his PhD from the University by the four nucleotide “letters” A (adenine), C (cyto- of California, Berkeley, is a prominent leader in digi- sine), T (thymine), and G (guanine). SNP variation oc- tal technology. His research has resulted in Columbia curs when a single nucleotide, such as an A, replaces being the only university in a consortium that licenses one of the other three nucleotide letters—in this case MPEG-2, the technique used in all forms of digital tele- C, T, or G. vision transmission, including DVDs, direct satellite TV, HDTV, digital cable systems, personal computer video, An example of a SNP is the alteration of the DNA seg- and interactive media. ment AAGGTTA to AAGTTTA, where the fourth let- ter in the fi rst snippet, G, is replaced with a T. On aver- An IEEE Fellow, he is also the recipient of an IBM Out- age, SNPs occur in the human population more than standing Innovation Award, a National Science
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