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Process-Based Modelling of Karst Springs in Mt. Hermon, Israel

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Process-Based Modelling of Karst Springs in Mt. Hermon, Israel Institut für Hydrologie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau Andreas Hartmann Process-based modelling of karst springs in Mt. Hermon, Israel Diplomarbeit unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. M. Weiler Freiburg im Breisgau September 2008 Institut für Hydrologie Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau Andreas Hartmann Process-based modelling of karst springs in Mt. Hermon, Israel Referent: Prof. Dr. M. Weiler Koreferent: Dr. Jens Lange Diplomarbeit unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. M. Weiler Freiburg im Breisgau September 2008 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the following people for their support during the thesis and the studies • First of all my two supervisors, Alon Rimmer and Jens Lange, for supervision of my thesis and a lot of inspiring discussions and support. • Prof. Dr. Markus Weiler for being my consultant. • Prof. Dr. Leibundgut for the allocation of the thesis’ theme and for support on my search for karst literature. • Ora Hadas, Diti Viner-Mutzini, Yuri Lechinsky and Werner Eckart of the Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory for their valuable advice and support in all matters. • Christina Hauger, Emil Blattmann and Jürgen Strueb of the Institute of Hydrology Freiburg for their help in organisatorical and technical questions. • The German Academic Exchange Service, the Fördervein Hydrologie and the Freunde der Albert-Ludwigs Universität for their generous financial support. • My parents who financed my whole studies for more than 5 years. • My office mates in the Rheinstrasse for allways having time for discussion about more or less relevant issues. Table of contents I Table of contents Table of contents....................................................................................................................... I List of figures ...........................................................................................................................V List of tables ........................................................................................................................ XIII List of symbols ...................................................................................................................XVII Summary ..............................................................................................................................XXI Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... XXIII Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung............................................................................................. XXVII 1 Introduction...................................................................................................................1 1.1 General Introduction...................................................................................................1 1.2 Objective.....................................................................................................................2 2 Study area......................................................................................................................5 2.1 Available data .............................................................................................................6 2.2 Climate........................................................................................................................7 2.3 Geology and Geomorphology.....................................................................................8 2.3.1 Banias Spring........................................................................................................11 2.3.2 Dan Spring............................................................................................................11 2.4 Soils ..........................................................................................................................12 2.5 Vegetation and Land Use..........................................................................................13 2.6 Hydrology.................................................................................................................13 2.6.1 Banias Spring........................................................................................................14 2.6.2 Dan Spring............................................................................................................15 2.7 Hydrochemistry ........................................................................................................16 2.8 Conclusions...............................................................................................................17 3 Karst hydrology ..........................................................................................................19 3.1 Principles of karst hydrology....................................................................................19 3.2 Modelling of karst systems.......................................................................................24 3.2.1 Global models.......................................................................................................25 3.2.2 Distributive models...............................................................................................27 II 3.2.3 Modelling of the epikarst ..................................................................................... 32 3.3 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 36 4 Limitations for Mt. Hermon karst modelling.......................................................... 39 5 HYMKE - a HYdrological Model for Karst Environments................................... 41 5.1 Model structure ........................................................................................................ 41 5.2 Limitations of HYMKE ........................................................................................... 43 5.3 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 48 6 Consideration of hydrochemical knowledge............................................................ 49 6.1 Solutes used for spring water characterization......................................................... 50 6.2 Hydrochemical characterization............................................................................... 51 6.2.1 Banias Spring ....................................................................................................... 52 6.2.2 Dan Spring ........................................................................................................... 54 6.3 Comparison of both springs ..................................................................................... 56 6.3.1 Results of comparison .......................................................................................... 56 6.3.2 Summary of comparison ...................................................................................... 59 6.4 Hydrograph separation ............................................................................................. 59 6.4.1 Banias Spring ....................................................................................................... 59 6.4.2 Dan Spring ........................................................................................................... 65 6.4.3 Summary of hydrograph separations ................................................................... 66 6.5 Measurement campaign............................................................................................ 67 6.5.1 Preparation ........................................................................................................... 67 6.5.2 Results.................................................................................................................. 68 6.5.3 Summary of measurement campaign ................................................................... 70 6.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 70 7 Development of a new model of groundwater flow: HYMKE_modified.............. 73 7.1 Incorporation of the duality of groundwater flow.................................................... 73 7.2 Mathematical application of the new conceptual model.......................................... 74 7.2.1 Analytical solution for flows................................................................................ 74 7.2.2 Analytical solution for mixing ............................................................................. 79 7.2.3 Acknowledgments................................................................................................ 85 8 Application of HYMKE_modified............................................................................ 87 8.1 Sensitivity analysis of the modified groundwater routine........................................ 87 Table of contents III 8.2 Application of HYMKE_modified on the real data .................................................96 8.3 Intermediate conclusions ........................................................................................101 9 Incorporation of all major karst processes: HYMKE_DUAL .............................103 9.1 Snowmelt routine....................................................................................................103 9.2 Soil-Epikarst routine...............................................................................................107 9.3 Groundwater
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