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Hallstatt Textiles "Hallstatt Textiles" Technical Analysis, Scientific Investigation and Experiment on Iron Age Textiles Edited by Peter Bichler, Karina Grömer, Regina Hofmann-de Keijzer, Anton Kern and Hans Reschreiter BAR International Series 2005 This title published by Archaeopress Publishers of British Archaeological Reports Gordon House 276 Banburry Road Oxford OX2 7ED England www.archaeopress.com BAR "Hallstatt Textiles" Technical Analysis, Scientific Investigation and Experiment on Iron Age Textiles Illustration on the title page: Detail from a scabbard from the cemetery Hallstatt, Early Iron Age (Drawing: M. Kliesch, RGZM, © Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Prähistorische Abteilung). ISBN Printed in England by The Basingstoke Press Editing, typesetting and layout: Karina Grömer, Vienna Correcting the English Papers: John Peter Wild, Manchester All BAR titles are available from: Hadrian Books Ltd 122 Banburry Road Oxford OX2 7BP England The correct BAR catalogue with details of all print, prices and means of Payment is available free from Hadrian Books Foreword of the Austrian Commission for UNESCO Grußworte der Österreichischen UNESCO-Kommission The region Hallstatt-Dachstein/Salzkammergut was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997. The decision was taken in appreciation of the more than 2.500 years of history of this Austrian cultural heritage with its major archaeo- logical and spelaeological sites, but also with due regard to the picturesque appearance of the region characterised by its variable alpine landscapes and their rare fauna and flora. By its admission of the region to its List, UNESCO recognised the salient importance and uniqueness of the Hallstatt culture and its artefacts for all of humanity. By its Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, passed in 2003, UNESCO wishes to draw the world’s attention to the cultural treasures of humankind and to call for their preservation. A part of this cultural heritage that is to be preserved for posterity is the important textile finds from the Hallstatt culture. Even though less spectacular and less well-known than the pyramids of Gizeh or the Chinese Wall, they are nevertheless of an artisanry and skilfulness that make them key witnesses of everyday life 3.000 years ago and thus equal to the monu- mental buildings included in the World Heritage List. The Austrian UNESCO Commission is therefore pleased to sponsor the conference of “Hallstatt Textiles” organised by the Austrian Society for Textile-Art-Research, the Vienna Museum of Natural History and the University of Applied Arts Vienna, Department of Archaeometry, and wishes the meeting much success and interesting finds. Die Region Hallstatt-Dachstein/Salzkammergut wurde 1997 in die Liste des UNESCO Weltkultur- und -naturerbes aufge- nommen. Ausschlaggebend dafür war die über 2.500 Jahre bestehende Kulturlandschaft mit bedeutenden archäologi- schen und speläologischen Fundstätten, aber auch das pittoreske Landschaftsbild der Region, das von abwechslungsrei- chen alpinen Landschaftsformen mit seltener Fauna und Flora geprägt ist. Mit der Eintragung anerkennt die UNESCO die herausragende Bedeutung und Einzigartigkeit der Zeugnisse der Hallstattkultur für die gesamte Menschheit. Mit der verabschiedeten Internationalen Konvention zum Schutz des Kultur- und Naturerbes von 1972 wie auch mit der 2003 verabschiedeten Konvention zum Schutz des Immateriellen Kulturerbes möchte die UNESCO weltweit die Aufmerk- samkeit auf die kulturellen Schätze der Menschheit lenken und für deren Bewahrung eintreten. Teil dieses kulturellen Erbes, das für die Nachwelt überliefert werden soll, stellen auch die bedeutenden Textilfunde der Hallstattkultur dar. Auch wenn sie nicht so spektakulär und bekannt wie die Pyramiden von Giseh oder die Chinesische Mauer sind, sind sie aufgrund der hohen Kunstfertigkeit als bedeutende Zeugnisse der Alltagskultur vor 3.000 Jahren den Monumentalbauten auf der Welterbe-Liste an Wert gleichzusetzen. Die Österreichische UNESCO-Kommission hat daher gerne die Schirmherrschaft über die Tagung „Hallstatt-Textilien“– veranstaltet von der Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Textil-Kunst-Forschung, dem Naturhistorischen Museum Wien und der Universität für Angewandte Kunst Wien, Abteilung Archäometrie – übernommen und wünscht der Tagung viel Erfolg und interessante Ergebnisse. Gabriele Eschig Generalsekretärin Secretary-General i Acknowledgements Danksagung This volume grew out of the papers, posters and discussions at the conference on „Hallstatt Textiles” held from 4th to 6th June 2004 at Hallstatt/Austria. Der vorliegenden Band entstand aus den Vorträgen, Posterpräsentationen und Ergebnissen des Symposiums „Hall- statt-Textilien“, das vom 4.-6. Juni 2004 in Hallstatt/Österreich stattfand. The publication of the conference-proceedings was partly financed by the Austrian UNESCO Commission. Here I would also like to thank John Peter Wild for correcting the English papers and David Davison & Gerry Brisch from British Archaeological Reports(Archaeopress) for all their help. Die Publikation des Tagungsbandes wurde mit Mitteln der Österreichischen UNESCO-Kommission gefördert. Für die Publikation gilt unser besonderer Dank John Peter Wild, der die Korrektur der englischen Texte übernommen hat, sowie David Davison & Gerry Brisch von British Archaeological Reports(Archaeopress) für die Hilfe bei der Drucklegung. The conference was organised by: Das Symposium wurde veranstaltet von: Austrian Society for Textile-Art-Research TKF Österreichische Gesellschaft für Textilkunstforschung Natural History Museum Vienna, Department of Prehistory Prähistorische Abteilung des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien University of Applied Arts Vienna, Department of Archaeometry Universität für Angewandte Kunst Wien, Abteilung Archäometrie with kind support from: mit Unterstützung von: Österreichische UNESCO-Kommission Gemeinde Hallstatt Museum Kulturerbe Hallstatt Salinen Tourismus GmbH Regionalentwicklung Inneres Salzkammergut Tourismusverband Inneres Salzkammergut ii Preface of the Editors Vorwort der Herausgeber The aim of this publication is to provide an overview of the first Symposium on the Hallstatt textiles which was held in June 2004 in the picturesque village of Hallstatt, Upper Austria. The theoretical framework for this publication is derived from the various papers, poster sessions and exhibitions which contributed to a fuller understanding of the rich Hallstatt textile heritage. The region of Hallstatt was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997. Hallstatt’s cultural heritage is based on over 7.000 years of continuous salt-mining. Extensive trade in the ‘white gold’, enabled this small community to deve- lop into a metropolis during the ‘Hallstatt Period’. Although there would appear to be no remains visible on the surface of the dwelling in the high valley, deeper penetration of the pre-historic mines, reveals a true treasure trove of artefacts such as miners tools, bowls, remains of food and most importantly textiles of a sophisticated structure. These artefacts provide a key witness to the everyday life of the miners of Hallstatt 3.000 years ago. The Austrian Society for Textile Art Research (TKF) in co-operation with the Natural History Museum, Vienna and the University of Applied Art, Vienna, initiated and co-ordinated this symposium with the aim of bringing Hallstattt textiles to an international platform. This symposium focused on : * The study of over 200 textiles from the prehistoric salt-mines, particular fibre, structural, dyestuff and element analysis. * Comparison of the Hallstatt textiles with those excavated in the neighbouring village of Hallein-Duernberg. * The influence of the Hallstatt textiles not only within the region but also within a indo-european context. This symposium offered the possiblity for Austrian researchers to interact with fellow specialists from around the world and to take part in the on-going excavation work in the prehistoric mines. The close co-operation with all parties involved in the study and excavation of prehistoric textiles, resulted in a successful and fruitful symposium. The willing support of the UNESCO Commission Austria at an early stage in this project was particularly beneficial and was a source of inspiration to all those involved. Das archäologische Erbe einer über 7.000 jährigen Geschichte der Salzgewinnung in Hallstatt, die von der Steinzeit bis in die Gegenwart reicht, war einer der Gründe für die Aufnahme der Region Hallstatt 1997 in die Liste des UNESCO Weltkultur- und -naturerbes. Salz war aber nicht nur Würze - sondern damals eine der wenigen Möglichkeit Lebensmittel über längere Zeit zu konservieren und somit von eminenter Bedeutung für das Überleben. Der überaus lukrative Handel mit dem "weißen Gold" ließ den Ort in der "Hallstatt-Zeit" zu einer internationalen Metropole in den Alpen werden, wo man mit Kunstsinn die Kultur ferner Länder schätzte und Luxusgüter importierte. Eine bedeutende Stelle nehmen dabei die Gewebefunde ein. Sie gehören weltweit zu den ältesten Textilien und zeichnen sich durch raffinierte Gewebstechniken und Feinheit aus. Sie sind bedeutende Zeugnisse der Alltagskultur vor 3.000 Jah- ren und ihr Musterschatz bis zum heutigen Tag von hohem ästhetischen Anspruch. Die Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Textil-Kunst-Forschung, das Naturhistorische Museum, Wien und die Universität für angewandte Kunst griffen als Orga- nisatoren
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