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Project Working Paper #1 R4D PROJECT: CHALLENGES OF MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT: LEARNING FROM POST-CRISIS INITIATIVES IN SOUTH ASIA PROJECT WORKING PAPER #1 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GOVERNANCE IN SRI LANKA: A LITERATURE REVIEW AUTHORS: NISHARA FERNANDO, MALITH SILVA SOCIAL POLICY ANALYSIS AND REASEARCH CENTRE UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBO WASTE GOVERNANCE IN SOUTH ASIA PUBLISHED: April 2020 ONLINE: HTTPS://WASTEOFLIFE.HOME.BLOG AUTHORS: Nishara Fernando, Malith Silva CO-EDITOR: René Véron ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors wish to acknowledge the support of following individuals that provided substantial support to compile the literature review: Our highest gratitude is extended to the Mayors of Boralesgamuwa Urban Council and Dehiwala- Mt. Lavinia Municipal Council for sharing council reports and statistics. Further we sincerely thank Ms. Belinda Wise and Ms. Naduni Jayasinghe for copy editing the review. WASTE GOVERNANCE IN SOUTH ASIA TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Defining Solid Waste Management ............................................................................................................. 4 1.2. MSWM and Sri Lanka ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.1. Waste Composition............................................................................................................................. 6 2. The institutional architecture of waste governance in Sri Lanka ........................................................ 7 2.1. The waste governance structure of Sri Lanka – National Level .......................................................... 7 2.1.1. Current context .................................................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Agencies related to solid waste management in Sri Lanka: National Level ..................................... 7 2.2.1. Ministry of Local Government and Provincial Councils (MoLGPC) ........................................ 8 2.2.2. Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment (MoMDE) ............................................ 8 2.2.3. Ministry of Megapolis and Western Development (MoMWD) .................................................. 8 2.2.4. Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine (MoH) ................................................. 9 2.2.5 Central Environmental Authority (CEA) .......................................................................................... 9 2.2.6. Local Government Agencies .......................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Jurisdiction and Role of Related Institutions in the Western Province ............................................. 13 2.3.1. Western Provincial Council (WPC) ............................................................................................... 13 2.3.2. Waste Management Authority of Western Province (WMA) .................................................. 13 2.3.2.1. Policy and legal framework for solid waste management ................................................... 14 2.4 International Agreements .............................................................................................................................. 19 2.5 New trends in waste Management: E-Waste Management in Sri Lanka ......................................... 20 2.6 Solid waste management architecture in the selected locations ........................................................ 21 2.6.1. Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia Municipal Council in Western Province ............................................... 21 2.6.2 Current Status and Problems of Solid Waste Management.................................................... 22 2.6.3 Intermediate treatment in Dehiwala Mt. Lavinia ......................................................................... 24 2.6.4 Issues of Technical System ............................................................................................................. 25 2.6.5 Public Awareness ............................................................................................................................... 25 2.6.6 Participation Level and Manners of Citizens ............................................................................... 26 2.6.7 Issues of Public Awareness Activities in Dehiwala -Mt. Lavinia MC ..................................... 26 2.6.8 SWM Finance ...................................................................................................................................... 26 2.6.9 Waste Generation Amount............................................................................................................... 27 2.6.10 Waste composition of Dehiwala Mount Lavinia ....................................................................... 28 2.6.11 Waste Flow ........................................................................................................................................ 28 2.6.12 Current Situation of Other Waste Management ....................................................................... 29 2.6.12.1 Current Situation of Industrial Waste Management ............................................................. 29 2.6.12.2 Collection, transportation and Disposal .................................................................................. 29 1 WASTE GOVERNANCE IN SOUTH ASIA 2.6.12.3 Boralesgamuwa Urban Council ................................................................................................ 30 2.7. Pressure groups that influence these institutions .................................................................................. 32 2.7.1 Academics ............................................................................................................................................ 32 2.7.2 Religious leaders ................................................................................................................................ 33 2.7.3 Youth Protesters ................................................................................................................................. 34 2.7.4 International and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs /INGOs) .......................... 34 2.7.5 Civil movements ................................................................................................................................. 35 2.7.6 Mass Media .......................................................................................................................................... 36 2.8 Meethotamulla disaster and its impact on solid waste management. ............................................... 37 2.9 Metro Colombo Solid Waste Management Project - Aruwakkaru Solitary land Fill ....................... 39 3. The waste chain and related socially differentiated labor practices in Sri Lanka ......................... 40 3.1 General procedures related to waste in Sri Lanka ................................................................................. 41 3.1.1 Collection and Transportation ......................................................................................................... 41 3.1.2 Transfer Stations ................................................................................................................................ 41 3.1.3 Material Recovery Facility ................................................................................................................ 42 3.1.4 Incineration Facility ............................................................................................................................ 42 3.1.5 Composting Facility............................................................................................................................ 42 3.1.6 Anaerobic Digestion / Biogas Production Facility ...................................................................... 43 3.1.7. Landfill Facility ................................................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Waste practices of men and women at the household level and by institutional waste producers ......................................................................................................................................................... 44 4. Accompanying discourses on waste and waste-work in Sri Lanka. ................................................ 46 4.1. Theoretical stance ......................................................................................................................................... 46 4.2 Open dumping sites........................................................................................................................................ 47 4.3 Technologies of government are in place to control these practices................................................. 48 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................................... 50 ANNEXURES .......................................................................................................................................................... 53 Meethotamulla: open garbage dumping site – History and Crisis ............................................................. 53
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