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Vao~ Cymatium Muricinumand Other Ranellid Gastropods: Major Predators of Cultured Tridacnid Clams

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Vao~ Cymatium Muricinumand Other Ranellid Gastropods: Major Predators of Cultured Tridacnid Clams VAo~ Cymatium muricinumand Other Ranellid Gastropods: Major Predators of Cultured Tridacnid Clams Hugh Govan 1995 INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES Cymatium muricinum and Other Ranellid Gastropods: Major Predators of Cultured Tridacnid Clams H. GOVAN 1995 Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines. Govan, H. 1995. Cymatium muricinum and other ranellid gastropods: major predators of cultured tridacnid clams. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 49, 136 p. Cover: Cymatium muricinum in adult and larval (inset) stages. Cover design by Christopher M. Bunao ISSN 0115-5547 ISBN 971-8709-70-3 ICLARM Contribution No. 1115 Dedicatedto my parents andto thepeople ofSolomon Islands An adult giant clam, Tridacna gigas. :This specimen is Aept as broodstock at the Coastal Aquaculture Centre ~~i:i.,,inGuadalcanal,Solomon Islands. Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................... viii of Figuresest .................................................................................................................................... ix List o f P la tes ...................................................................................................................................... x Foreword @J. L. Munro ...................................................................................................................... xi Abstrac t ..................................................................................................................................... xii 1. Introduction: Giant Clam Mariculture and Ranellid Gastropods 1.1 Giant Clams (Bivalvia:Tridacnidae) .................................................................................. 1 Anatomy and Biology of the Tridacnidae ..................................................................... 1 1.2 Mariculture of Giant Clams ................................................................................................ 3 The History of Giant Clam Manculture ....................................................................... 3 Giant Clam Culture Technology ................................................................................ 3 Ocean-NurseryCulture of Tridacnid Clams ................................................................ 5 Predation in Tridacnid Mariculture .............................................................................. 6 1.3 R a n e ilid ae ............................................................................................................................ 8 Habitat Preferences of Ranellid Predators of Tridacnids .......................................... 10 Ranellid Predators of Other Cultured Bivalves .......................................................... 12 Aims and Scope of the Present Work ....................................................................... 13 2. Feeding Behavior of Cymatium spp. 2 .1 Introd u ctio n ........................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................... 16 Feeding Methods .................................................................................................... 16 Preference Experiments ........................................................................................... 17 Time Required by C. muricinum to Kill T. gigas ....................................................... 17 2 .3 Re s u lts ............................................................................................................................... 18 Feeding Methods .................................................................................................... 18 Preference Experim ents ......................................................................................... 21 Time Required byC. m uricinum to KilIT. gigas ....................................................... 23 2 .4 Disc u s sio n ......................................................................................................................... 2 4 Feeding M ethods .................................................................................................... 24 Prey Preference ....................................................................................................... 25 Time Required byC. muricinum to KilT. gigas ....................................................... 27 Implications for the Ocean-Nursery Culture of Tridacnid Clams .............................. 27 Evolutionary Adaptations of Bivalves to Ranellid Predation ..................................... 28 3. Growth Rates and Consumption of Prey by Cymatium spp. 3.1 Intro d u c tion ........................................................................................................................ 2 9 Gastropod Growth .................................................................................................. 29 v Gastropod Consumption Rates ............................................................................... 31 3.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 32 StatisticalAnalysis and Model Fitting ........................................................................ 33 3 .3 R esults ............................................................................................................................... 3 5 Length/Weight Relationship ..................................................................................... 35 Growth of Cymatium spp.......................................................................................... 36 Consumption Rates ................................................................................................. 45 3.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 52 Growth of Cymatium spp ......................................................................................... 52 Consumption Rates ofCym atium spp. ................................................................... 56 Implications for Giant Clam Culture .......................................................................... 58 4. Reproduction and Recruitment of Cymatium spp. 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 60 Reproduction in the Ranellidae................................................................................. 60 4.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 63 Reproduction of Cym atium spp............................................................................... 63 Recruitm ent of Cym atium spp. to Ocean-Nurseries ................................................. 64 StatisticalAnalyses ................................................................................................... 65 4 .3 R e sults ............................................................................................................................... 66 Reproduction of Cym atium spp............................................................................... 66 Recruitment of Ranellids to Ocean-Nurseries .......................................................... 70 4.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 74 Reproduction in the Ranellidae ................................................................................. 74 Recruitment of Cymatium spp. to Ocean-Nurseries ................................................. 77 Implications for Giant Clam Culture .......................................................................... 81 5. Environmental Factors Affecting Recruitment of CymatiLIm spp. 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 82 The Study of Recruitm ent Variability ........................................................................ 82 Factors Influencing Recruitment ............................................................................. 83 Environm ental Influences on C. muricinum Recruitment ........................................... 84 5.2 Methods ............................................................................................................................. 85 Database ..................................................................................................................... 85 StatisticalAnalyses ................................................................................................... 86 5.3 Results .............................................................................................................................. 88 5.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 94 Environmental Influences on C. muricinum Recruitm ent ........................................... 94 ExploratoryAnalyses .............................................................................................
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