DOCSLIB.ORG

Yusuf Karabicak

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Yusuf Karabicak Yusuf Karabicak Local Patriots and Ecumenical Ottomans: Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Morea, 1770-1821 Georgios Tertsetis, the editor of the memoirs of Theodoros Kolokotronis, relates how the latter once told him that “He [the Patriarch] did whatever the Sultan told him to do.” Kolokotronis had reason to resent the Patriarchs of Constantinople. Calinicus V (p. 1801-1806 and 1808-1809) had excommunicated the kleftoi and the armatoloi of Morea in 1805 contributing to his exile. Gregorius V (p. 1797–1798, 1806–1808 and 1818-1821) had excommunicated the rebels in 1821. Thus, the total absence of the Patriarchate in the memoirs of Kolokotronis is understandable. The same can be said of many other participants of the Greek Independence. A lot of them do not even mention the execution of Gregorius V, the “ethnomartyras.” This paper explores the background of this omission. The aim is to read the complex relationship between the kocabaşıs and the kleftoi of the Morea and the agents of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople between 1770 and 1821. The Orlov revolts of 1770 is taken as a starting point as it had underlined Russia as an alternative power with whom local (Christian) landholders could negotiate. Faced with a powerful rival over the loyalties of Moreot Christian magnates, the Ottomans turned to the Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople and its officials. New metropolitans who were appointed immediately after the suppression of the rebellion were involved in the production of Ottoman policies following the war. They became crucial partners of Ottoman governance in Morea. This is not to argue for the primacy of the metropolitans in local affairs. The scene was still dominated by the complex relationships between Muslim Moreot landholders, local Christian magnates and the kleftoi/armatoloi. Each side tried to influence the capital without needing the metropolitans to mediate for them. In fact, Christian magnates frequently succeeded in getting their own metropolitans in their spheres of influence by using their ties in Constantinople. I use Ottoman Turkish and Greek sources to explore these tensions between local patriotisms and ecumenical designs. Taking my cue from Dean J. Konstantaras’ work and the wider literature on territorial patriotism, I argue that by 1800, the local magnates got involved in projects that concerned Morea as a unit and negotiated their position with different empires. Around the same time, Christian magnates started referring to the territory as their fatherland (patris). The idea that their immediate interests were linked to the future of the territory in general gained wider acceptance. The Patriarchate’s importance for Ottoman designs in Morea was its ability to keep Moreot patriotism within an Ottoman framework. However, the Patriarchate was left with no influence when the clergymen in Morea allied with local magnates in the revolutionary project. The Patriarch in 1821 was not a factor in Morea. Interestingly, this total defeat is mentioned as one of the reasons for the execution of Gregorius V. The alliance that started in 1770 ended in a tragedy in 1821. Yusuf Karabicak completed his undergraduate and graduate studies at Boğaziçi University in Istanbul. In December 2020, he has successfully defended his PhD thesis titled “Local Patriots and Ecumenical Ottomans: The Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Ottoman Configuration of Power, 1768- 1828” at McGill University and EHESS (France). Currently, he is a postdoctoral researcher at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (Germany) carrying out a project titled “Crisis and Transformation of an Old Regime: Circulation of Ideologies and Institutions between Russian and Ottoman Empires, 1768– 1774” as part of the Transottomanica priority program of the German Research Foundation (DFG). Karabicak's dissertation focuses on the transforming place of the Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople in the Ottoman power structure of late 18th and early 19th centuries. It treats questions of the rise of great ayans in the Balkans, center-periphery relationships, the dissemination of revolutionary ideologies in the Ottoman Empire as well as the submission and loyalty of Orthodox Christians to the Ottoman power. 3 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Short Overview of the Evolution of Modern Greek State
    Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 55 Short overview of the evolution of Modern Greek state Shalva Tchkadua Telavi State University, Georgia Greece could be an heir of the Byzantine Empire. History often identifies Greece with Byzantium. Unfortunately, the speedy reinforcement of the Ottoman Empire caused Ottomans to become the heirs of Byzantium, and Greece disappeared from the political map. From 1453 till 1821 the territory, which is now called the Hellenic Republic, represented one of the provinces of the Ottoman Empire and Greece as a political unit did not exist. In 1821 the national liberation movement of Greece, with the guidance of Theodoros Kolokotronis, arranged the revolution against the Ottoman Empire and gained victory. Since that time Greece began fighting to re-establish unity and a state system.1 The Greek Revolution was organized in Greece as well as abroad. Greek emigrants were actively involved in the national liberation struggle. At that time Greece had gained all the criteria which are necessary for the formation of a people as a nation. Greece surpassed its conqueror state in economical-cultural development. Peasants were the main force of the revolution, though they were still strengthened by rich and powerful maritime-commercial bourgeoisie and national intelligentsia. They were the ideological leaders of the revolution.2 In 1815 a secret association under the name “Philiki Eteria” (i.e. friendly union) was established. Its center was in Odessa and the leaders were Nickolaos Skufas, Emanuil Xantos and Athanasios Tsakalov. In 1820, the association was led by Major General of the Russian Army Aleksandre Ipsilantis.
    [Show full text]
  • 200Th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence 1821-2021 18 1821-2021
    Special Edition: 200th Anniversary of the Greek War of Independence 1821-2021 18 1821-2021 A publication of the Dean C. and Zoë S. Pappas Interdisciplinary March 2021 VOLUME 1 ISSUE NO. 3 Center for Hellenic Studies and the Friends of Hellenic Studies From the Director Dear Friends, On March 25, 1821, in the city of Kalamata in the southern Peloponnesos, the chieftains from the region of Mani convened the Messinian Senate of Kalamata to issue a revolutionary proclamation for “Liberty.” The commander Petrobey Mavromichalis then wrote the following appeal to the Americans: “Citizens of the United States of America!…Having formed the resolution to live or die for freedom, we are drawn toward you by a just sympathy; since it is in your land that Liberty has fixed her abode, and by you that she is prized as by our fathers.” He added, “It is for you, citizens of America, to crown this glory, in aiding us to purge Greece from the barbarians, who for four hundred years have polluted the soil.” The Greek revolutionaries understood themselves as part of a universal struggle for freedom. It is this universal struggle for freedom that the Pappas Center for Hellenic Studies and Stockton University raises up and celebrates on the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the beginning of the Greek Revolution in 1821. The Pappas Center IN THIS ISSUE for Hellenic Studies and the Friends of Hellenic Studies have prepared this Special Edition of the Hellenic Voice for you to enjoy. In this Special Edition, we feature the Pappas Center exhibition, The Greek Pg.
    [Show full text]
  • Revolutionary Reckonings
    COMMENTARY had a fixation with the event. They declared their dictatorship to be a “national-salvationist revolu- tion” (ethnosotirios epanastasis) that would com- plete the work of its predecessor. In 1971, the 150th anniversary of the uprising, more than 300 books were published on the subject – an astonishing number dwarfing that of any year before or since. The nation’s classrooms rang with the exhortation: “Long live the revolution of 25 March 1821! Long live the revolution of 21 April 1967!” It was ironic to watch an authoritarian military Junta heroizing a bunch of unruly and quarrelsome chieftains who had been united by few things stronger than their loathing for the idea of a regular army. But the pre- dictable result of turning 1821 into fascist kitsch was that by the time the colonels fell from power in 1974, everyone was fed up with the subject. This explains why, amid the truly remarkable resurgence in historical studies in Greece that took place with the restoration of democracy, the subject of its independence struggle was initially neglected. An exception was the scholarly journal Mnimon, which consistently published high-calibre research on the subject. Just three years ago, it published not one but two important volumes of essays on the Greek revolution. These signalled an end to the neglect of the recent past and showcased a younger generation of historians that was finding new rea- sons for returning to 1821. One of these volumes is a collective tribute to the late historian Despoina Themeli-Katifori, who had contributed to the journal from the start.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Nineteenth-Century British Drama and the Greek War of Independence
    Staging Transcultural Relations: Early Nineteenth-Century British Drama and the Greek War of Independence Alexander Grammatikos, Langara College Abstract Keywords This paper examines two British Romantic dramas written Nineteenth-Century British during the Greek War of Independence and its aftermath: George Drama; Greek War of Burges’s The Son of Erin or the Cause of the Greeks (1823) Independence; British Romantic and John Baldwin Buckstone’s The Maid of Athens; or, the Re- Hellenism; Philhellenism; Lord volt of the Greeks (1829). The paper discusses the plays’ portray- Byron als of transcultural interactions between Greeks and Europeans (Irish and British) and argues that the two dramas encourage audiences to see similarities between themselves and Greeks, while also critiquing British apathy toward the Greeks’ efforts to achieve liberation. Despite Burges’s and Buckstone’s shared support for the Greek war, however, an important difference between the two texts exists: while The Son of Erin maintains a relentless attack on the British government for aligning British politics with Ot- toman policies and remaining indifferent toward the Greek war, The Maid of Athens suggests that Britons who take advantage of Greeks’ subjugation misrepresent Britain’s true feelings about the Greek War of Independence. JMH 34 (2019): Special Issue JMH 34 (2019): Special Issue Article: Alexander Grammatikos Introduction In his seminal text, That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence, William St. Clair writes that “[o]ne of the surprising features of the history of philhellenism during the Greek War of Independence is the slowness of the response in Britain.
    [Show full text]
  • Canada's Greek Moment: Transnational Politics, Activists, and Spies During
    CANADA’S GREEK MOMENT: TRANSNATIONAL POLITICS, ACTIVISTS, AND SPIES DURING THE LONG SIXTIES CHRISTOPHER GRAFOS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HISTORY YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO DECEMBER 2016 © CHRISTOPHER GRAFOS, 2016 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines Greek immigrant homeland politics during the period of Greece’s military dictatorship, 1967 to 1974, in Toronto and Montreal. It carefully considers the internal dynamics of anti-junta activism in Canada’s Greek populations, but it also contemplates the meanings of external perceptions, particularly from the Canadian state and Canadian public discourse. The study acknowledges the dominant paradigm of Greek immigrants as unskilled workers, however, it demonstrates that this archetype is not monolithic. In many ways, it is challenged by a small number of Greeks who possessed skills to write letters to politicians, create petitions, organize public rallies, and politically mobilize others. At the same time, this dissertation carefully considers Canada’s social and political environment and shows how uniquely Canadian politics ran parallel to and informed Greek homeland politics. Transnationalism is used as an analytical tool, which challenges the meaning of local/national borders and the perception that they are sealed containers. The main argument expressed here is that environments shape movements and migrant political culture does not develop in a vacuum. Each chapter deals with specific nuances of anti-junta activism in Toronto and Montreal. Chapter One examines the organized voices of the Greek community’s anti-dictatorship movement. The chapter’s latter section looks at how the Panhellenic Liberation Movement (PAK), led by Andreas Papandreou, consolidated itself as the main mouthpiece against Greece’s authoritarian regime.
    [Show full text]
  • Athens Strikes & Protests Survival Guide Budget Athens Winter 2011 - 2012 Beat the Crisis Day Trip Delphi, the Navel of the World Ski Around Athens Yes You Can!
    Hotels Restaurants Cafés Nightlife Sightseeing Events Maps ATHENS Strikes & Protests Survival guide Budget Athens Winter 2011 - 2012 Beat the crisis Day trip Delphi, the Navel of the world Ski around Athens Yes you can! N°21 - €2 inyourpocket.com CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 ESSENTIAL CITY GUIDES Contents The Basics Facts, habits, attitudes 6 History A few thousand years in two pages 10 Districts of Athens Be seen in the right places 12 Budget Athens What crisis? 14 Strikes & Protests A survival guide 15 Day trip Antique shop Spend a day at the Navel of the world 16 Dining & Nightlife Ski time Restaurants Best resorts around Athens 17 How to avoid eating like a ‘tourist’ 23 Cafés Where to stay Join the ‘frappé’ nation 28 5* or hostels, the best is here for you 18 Nightlife One of the main reasons you’re here! 30 Gay Athens 34 Sightseeing Monuments and Archaeological Sites 36 Acropolis Museum 40 Museums 42 Historic Buildings 46 Getting Around Airplanes, boats and trains 49 Shopping 53 Directory 56 Maps & Index Metro map 59 City map 60 Index 66 A pleasant but rare Athenian view athens.inyourpocket.com Winter 2011 - 2012 4 FOREWORD ARRIVING IN ATHENS he financial avalanche that started two years ago Tfrom Greece and has now spread all over Europe, Europe In Your Pocket has left the country and its citizens on their knees. The population has already gone through the stages of denial and anger and is slowly coming to terms with the idea that their life is never going to be the same again.
    [Show full text]
  • Doxology for March 25Th 1821 at the Patriarchate
    DOXOLOGY FOR MARCH 25TH 1821 AT THE PATRIARCHATE At noon of the 5th Sunday of Lent, March 12/25, 2018, there was a Doxology at the Catholicon of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as thanksgiving to God for our nation’s liberation from the Turkish occupation in 1821, and as an intercession for the repose of the souls of our Fathers who died in this fight. The Doxology was led by H.H.B. our Father and Patriarch of Jerusalem Theophilos, with co-celebrants Archbishops and Hieromonks Hagiotaphite Fathers, at the presence of the Consul General of Greece in Jerusalem Mr. Christos Sophianopoulos. The choir was formed by the choir leader of the Holy Sepulchre Archimandrite Aristovoulos and the choir of Mr. Demetrios Balagiorgos, while the service was attended by members of the Greek community and pilgrims. After the Doxology the congregation returned to the Patriarchate in procession. There His Beatitude addressed the guests as follows; “ [The Lord] hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitation” (Acts 17:26) St. Paul proclaims. Your Excellency Consul General of Greece Mr. Christos Sophianopoulos, Reverend Fathers and Brothers, Beloved Brothers and Sisters in Christ Our blessed by our Lord and God of our Fathers noble nation celebrates today the anniversary of its liberation from the slavery and tyranny of the Ottoman arrogance. The indeed heroic revolution of 1821 was the result of the strong and deep national and religious, that is, Christian conscience of its fighters, as General Makrygiannis writes in his memoirs; “Without virtue and pain for the country and faith in religion, there are no nations”; “for each man, his country and religion are everything”; “there is no sweetest thing than the country and the religion”.
    [Show full text]
  • AHEPA TRAVELER Spring/March 2021
    AHEPA TRAVELER Spring/March 2021 GOLDEN GATE DISTRICT NO. 21 Ahepa Traveler CHAPTERS THROUGHOUT NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND WESTERN NEVADA Volume 71, No. 1 OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF DISTRICT 21 Spring/March 2021 MARCH 25 GREEK INDEPENDENCE DAY 200 YEAR ANNIVERSARY 1821-2021 Page 1 AHEPA TRAVELER Spring/March 2021 AHEPA DISTRICT LODGE DOP DISTRICT LODGE “AHEPA TRAVELER is published quarterly, four 2020-2021 2020-2021 times a year March, June, September and Website: www.ahepa21.org Website: www.dop21.org December by Order of AHEPA, 3327 Lake Albano Circle, San Jose, CA 95135.” District Governor District Governor Alex Mallas Linda Belba AHEPA TRAVELER is the official publication Cell 408 234-9226 of Golden Gate District 21 Order of AHEPA 650 591-1010 Email: [email protected] (American-Hellenic-Educational-Progressive- Email: [email protected] Association). It is published and distribut- District Lt. Governor ed to members and friends. There are thirty District Lt. Governor Chris L. Frangos, Jr. Ahepa, Daughters, Sons and Maids Chapters in Laurie Sahinas, PDG Northern California and Western Nevada. 650 868-2402 Email: [email protected] Cell 408 823-0111 Article III – This Order shall be non-partisan District Secretary Email: [email protected] in politics and non sectarian in religion. All partisan political and all sectarian religious Mark Hallock District Secretary discussions are prohibited in any official delib- 916 956-5188 Email: [email protected] erations thereof. Angela Christon Cell 510 326-5427 District Treasurer Email: [email protected] Demos Papadopoulos EDITORIAL STAFF - AHEPA TRAVELER 916 601-5569 Email: [email protected] District Treasurer BILL CHRISTIE, Editor Mary Gavrilis Editorial Staff for District Warden AHEPA and AUXILIARIES Cell 209 765-2314 408 891-9225 Alex Aliferis Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] 530 400-5821 Email: [email protected] District Marshal Traveler Ads Manager District Marshal Angie Legakis Tom Chiarchianis, PDG Cell 408 666-2963 Cell 209 401-1179 George C.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering an Oral Performer, Yiorgos Haridimos, Karagiozis Player, 1924-1996 Kostas Myrsiades West Chester University of Pennsylvania, [email protected]
    West Chester University Digital Commons @ West Chester University English Faculty Publications English 9-1996 Remembering an Oral Performer, Yiorgos Haridimos, Karagiozis Player, 1924-1996 Kostas Myrsiades West Chester University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/eng_facpub Part of the Byzantine and Modern Greek Commons, and the Other Theatre and Performance Studies Commons Recommended Citation Myrsiades, K. (1996). Remembering an Oral Performer, Yiorgos Haridimos, Karagiozis Player, 1924-1996. Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora, 22(2), 89-100. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.wcupa.edu/eng_facpub/36 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English at Digital Commons @ West Chester University. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ West Chester University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Remembering an Oral Performer, Yiorgos Haridimos, Karagiozis Player, 1924-1996 by KOSTAS MYRSIADES Yiorgos Haridimos's early morning of puppet-making was followed by a simple lunch, consisting almost exclusively of greens cooked in olive oil, and then a nap, which he took in preparation for his evening performance. At around 4:00 in the afternoon he boarded a trolley for Athens and his Plaka theatre. There he swept the stage, cleaned the theatre of debris from the night before, watered the pebbled floor to cool it, dusted the chairs, and set out the puppets in the order in which they were to appear in the evening's performance. His first wife had accompanied him to the theatre each night to put the house in order and prepare the tickets.
    [Show full text]
  • The CHARIOTEER a Review of Modern Greek Culture
    The CHARIOTEER A review of Modern Greek Culture NUMBER 5 196 3 GEORGE THEOTOKAS Excerpts from ARGO, LEONIS, and ALCIDIADIS, two novels and a play GREEK CASTLES: Variations on a theme by PHOTIS KONTOGLOU, ELIAS VENEZIS, and ANGHELOS TERZAKIS CAPTAIN IKON-PAINTER A Story by PHOTIS KoNTOGLOU TO AN ANGRY YOUNG MAN An Answer to Kenneth Tynan by ANGHELOS TERZAKIS GREEK DEMOTIC LOVE SONGS and THE ALPHABET OF LOVE FOUR PAINTINGS by PHons KoNTOGLOU REVIEW OF BOOKS Published by Parnassos Greek Cultural Society ofNew York $1.75 PARNASSOS EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Board ofDirectors NICHOLAS GEORGE KATHERINE HaRTIS V ASILI KLIMI President ANDONIS DECAVALLES Vice-President LEE CAKIADES Secretary MARm N oussEE Treasurer SAM EMANUEL Cultural Committee Chairmen CoNSTANTINE KoLLITUS NIKE KRALIDES Social Committee Chairmen ANTHONY GoUNARIS ANGELICA MANTAS Library Chairman HELENE PANDELAKIS Membership Chairman CLEO VLAHOS BENEFACTOR Mr. Phrixos B. Papachristidis {Montreal) PATRONS Mr. Manuel Kulukundis Mr. John L. Manta Mr. Anthony J. Vassilaros Mr. Sophocles N. Zoulas SPONSORS Greek Orthodox Archdiocese Mr. Dimitri George Dimas Mr. T. Teryazos (Montreal) The staff of The Charioteer are members of Parnassos who donate their services. Support is earnestly requested from all who are interested in the aims of this publication. Your contribution will include the following: Sustaining Subscriber $25 4-Issue Subscription 4-Issue Gift Subscription Supporting Subscriber $50 4-Issue Subscription 2 4-Issue Gift Subscriptions Sponsor $roo 4-Issue Subscription 4-Issue Gift Subscription I-Year Special Membership in Pamassos* Patron $250 8-Issue Subscription 4-Issue Gift Subscription r-Year Special Membership in Parnassos* Benefactor $500 8-Issue Subscription 2 4-Issue Gift Subscriptions 2-Year Special Membership in Parnassos* Your contribution is tax-deductible.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 GREEK HISTORY
    Chapter 3 GREEK HISTORY The French Academician Michel Déon has written: "In Greece contemporary man, so often disoriented, discovers a quite incredible joy; he discovers his roots.” GREECE - HELLAS [Greeks] denoted the inhabitants of 700 or more city-states in the Greek peninsula The roots of much of the Western world lie in including Epirus, Macedonia, Thrace, Asia the civilizations of the ancient Greece and Minor, and many of the shores of the Rome. This chapter is intended to bring you Mediterranean and the Black Seas. small pieces of those rich roots of our Greek past. The objectives of this chapter are: first, Life in Greece first appeared on the Halkidiki to enrich our consciousness with those bits of Peninsula dated to the Middle Paleolithic era information and to build an awareness of what (50.000 B.C). Highly developed civilizations it means to be connected with the Greek past; appeared from about 3000 to 2000 B.C. and second, to relate those parts of Greek During the Neolithic period, important history that affected the migrations of the cultural centers developed, especially in Greeks during the last few centuries. Thessaly, Crete, Attica, Central Greece and Knowledge of migration patterns may prove the Peloponnesus. to be very valuable in your search for your ancestors. The famous Minoan advanced prehistoric culture of 2800-1100 B.C. appeared in Crete. We see more artistic development in the Bronze Age (2000 BC), during which Crete was the center of a splendid civilization. It was a mighty naval power, wealthy and powerful. Ruins of great palaces with beautiful paintings were found in Knossos, Phaistos, and Mallia.
    [Show full text]
  • Diaspora Greeks Will Shape Greece's Future Archbishop Refusing To
    O C V ΓΡΑΦΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ Bringing the news ΤΟΥ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ to generations of ΑΠΟ ΤΟ 1915 The National Herald Greek Americans A WEEKLY GREEK AMERICAN PUBLICATION c v www.thenationalherald.com VOL. 10, ISSUE 493 March 24, 2007 $1.00 GREECE: 1.75 EURO Diaspora Greeks Will Shape Greece’s Future Dora discusses issues ahead of her stateside Visit, meets with Ban, Rice and other officials By Aris Papadopoulos Special to the National Herald ATHENS – By enacting legislation allowing Greeks who live abroad to vote in Greek national elections, the Government has fulfilled an obliga- tion to Greeks of the Diaspora, For- eign Minister Dora Bakoyanni told the National Herald, adding that Greeks residing outside the geo- graphic borders of the Hellenic Re- public will “now have a hand in shaping the country’s future.” Speaking to the Herald shortly before her visit to New York this week, Mrs. Bakoyanni said, “This is a very significant initiative adopted by the New Democracy Government. The Greek Government is fulfilling a very large obligation to Greeks living abroad. Through this initiative, the Government is enabling them to equally participate in the most im- portant part of the democratic Foreign Minister Dora Bakoyanni process – elections – by allowing The Spirit of Greek Independence: “We would rather die…” them to mail in their ballots. This tion; and coordinate our efforts for way, they can play a role in shaping every issue concerning Hellenes French artist Claude Pinet’s famous painting, “Dance of Zalongo.” The Souliotisses were women from the mountainous area of Souli in Epiros.
    [Show full text]