TAKING THEIR LIFE INTO THEIR OWN HANDS: Intersecting Inequality of Condition Dimensions in Poor Women's Idiosyncratic Social A

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TAKING THEIR LIFE INTO THEIR OWN HANDS: Intersecting Inequality of Condition Dimensions in Poor Women's Idiosyncratic Social A DOUTORAMENTO EUROPEU/ EUROPEAN PHD CIÊNCIAS DA EDUCAÇÃO TAKING THEIR LIFE INTO THEIR OWN HANDS: Intersecting Inequality of Condition Dimensions in Poor Women’s Idiosyncratic Social and Educational Paths and their Strategies to Cope with Poverty Elsa Guedes Teixeira D 2018 Elsa Guedes Teixeira TAKING THEIR LIFE INTO THEIR OWN HANDS: Intersecting Inequality of Condition Dimensions in Poor Women’s Idiosyncratic Social and Educational Paths and their Strategies to Cope with Poverty Thesis presented at Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade do Porto (FPCEUP) to obtain the degree of Doutor em Ciências da Educação SUPERVISOR Professor Helena Costa Araújo – FPCEUP EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR Professor Kathleen Lynch – University College of Dublin, School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice DOUTORAMENTO EUROPEU European PhD 2018 This doctoral project was funded by FCT, without whose support and continued availability it could not be accomplished. Beyond the PhD scholarship, the Foundation granted me the funds to participate in conferences and in particular to develop a traineeship of one month at the École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, under the supervision of Professor Bernard Lahire and an traineeship of three months at the University College of Dublin, School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice, under the supervision of Professor Kathleen Lynch. Those traineeships were essential to the development of my work. TRAINEESHIP: 1 to 30 April 2011 SENDING PARTNER: University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOBILITY: Professor Helena Costa Araújo HOST PARTNER: École Normale Supérieure de Lyon RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOBILITY: Professor Bernard Lahire TRAINEESHIP: 1 May to 30 June and 1 to 30 September SENDING PARTNER: University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOBILITY: Professor Helena Costa Araújo HOST PARTNER: University College of Dublin, School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice RESPONSIBLE FOR THE MOBILITY: Professor Kathleen Lynch FUNDS v This work was supported by the European Regional Development Fund, under the Human Potential Operational Programme (POPH) from the National Strategic Reference Framework, and by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology PhD grant number SFRH/BD/68851/2010 Scholarship duration: October 2010 to September 2011 and March 2012 to February 2015 vi ‘Lie is the most loyal of allies (or is it a foundation?) of social inequality.’ Zygmunt Bauman, 2013 Aos meus pais e aos meus tios, Ester e Domingos, por tudo vii viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Esta tese de Doutoramento só pôde ser realizada com a ajuda de todas e todos que me rodearam ao longo dos anos. Em primeiro lugar, agradeço à Professora Doutora Helena C. Araújo, uma mulher extraordinária, que desde o primeiro dia me incentivou a seguir este caminho, e que se preocupa genuinamente com as/os suas/seus alunos e em quem sempre podemos encontrar solidariedade e conforto. Agradeço a sua amizade, os desafios e as questões que me colocou e que me fizeram aprofundar o meu trabalho, tornando-o mais refletido e crítico. Agradeço ainda ao Professor Bernard Lahire (École Normale Supérieure de Lyon) e, especialmente, à Professora Kathleen Lynch (University College of Dublin, School of Social Policy, Social Work and Social Justice), por me terem recebido nas suas belíssimas cidades e nas suas instituições, e que com o seu conhecimento me ajudaram a abrir novos horizontes culturais e científicos. Estou verdadeiramente grata pela colaboração de todas/os as/os profissionais que entrevistei e, em especial, pela participação de todas as mulheres entrevistadas porque sem elas este trabalho não poderia ter sido possível. Espero que o seu futuro lhes reserve muita esperança e justiça social. Gostaria ainda de agradecer às minhas queridas colegas da FPCEUP, Alexandra Carvalho, Ana Cristina Torres, Angélica Monteiro, Eunice Macedo, Marisa Silva, Marta Pinto, Rita Coelho e Sofia Almeida Santos, por toda a alegria, companheirismo e disponibilidade. Elas foram o sol nos dias mais cinzentos e jamais esquecerei as suas palavras de incentivo e força. Agradeço ainda ao meu colega José Pedro Silva, por toda a sua ajuda e espírito crítico, à amiga Carina Coelho, pela sua presença, carinho e compreensão. Finalmente, pela nossa amizade de 38 anos, sou grata à Raquel Pereira por ser a irmã que nunca tive. Por todo o tempo que poderíamos ter passado juntos e criado outras lembranças agradeço ao Dário e à Juju (que com 10 anos já se preocupava com questões deontológicas!). Eles ensinaram-me a dar valor ao que é realmente importante. Espero que a Mafalda, no paraíso das gatas-senhoras-de-si, me esteja a olhar com o seu ar crítico e que saiba que a carrego no coração e que o Tomé sente muito a sua falta. Pelo sacrifício, carinho e constante presença agradeço aos meus pais, tios e avós. Sem vós nada faz sentido, tudo vos devo. Obrigada. ix x A VIDA NAS PRÓPRIAS MÃOS: A INTERSEÇÃO DE DIMENSÕES DA DESIGUALDADE DE CONDIÇÃO NOS PERCURSOS SOCIAIS E EDUCACIONAIS SINGULARES DE MULHERES POBRES E AS SUAS ESTRATÉGIAS PARA ENFRENTAR A POBREZA Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, as perceções sobre a proteção social mudaram e as/os beneficiárias/os têm vindo a ser acusadas/os pela comunicação social, políticas/os, e pelo público em geral, de dependência, preguiça e até fraude. Esta perceção esteve também na base das políticas sociais ativas, criadas no sentido de reforçar a responsabilidade social e a ‘autonomia’. A presente tese procurou desafiar alguns dos estereótipos, sobretudo os relacionados com as mulheres pobres, demonstrando a singularidade dos seus percursos, destacando as suas estratégias para escapar à pobreza e oferecer um futuro melhor aos seus filhos, num contexto de desigualdade social. O contributo teórico inovador deste trabalho assume-se na articulação de três abordagens teóricas diferentes: estudos sobre igualdade, abordagem contextualista e disposicionalista de Lahire, e teorias da intersecionalidade, de modo a registar os percursos singulares destas mulheres, fazendo interseções entre o género, a maternidade, o estatuto socioeconómico e a ‘raça’, de acordo com as dimensões da igualdade de condição, definidas por Baker e Lynch: redistribuição, relacional, educação, representação, e respeito e reconhecimento. Neste âmbito, foram elaborados sete retratos sociológicos, baseados em sessenta entrevistas em profundidade, com vinte mulheres do Norte de Portugal. Foram ainda estabelecidos contactos com organizações públicas e privadas e realizadas dez entrevistas exploratórias, com dezassete informantes chave (profissionais de educação e ação social que trabalham com beneficiárias/os do Rendimento Social de Inserção). Para a interpretação dos retratos sociológicos, os percursos das mulheres foram divididos em percursos esperados e inesperados (singulares). Para além de uma evidente reprodução intergeracional da pobreza, caracterizada pela falta de recursos económicos, a exclusão social das participantes mostrou estar profundamente relacionada com desigualdades afetivas, tais como a negligência e a violência na infância, e a violência doméstica nas famílias constituídas, com implicações a nível emocional, económico, educativo e de saúde. Contudo, apesar da desigualdade, as mulheres pobres mostraram ter estratégias para lidar com os constrangimentos das suas vidas. A maioria das entrevistadas tinha definido uma estratégia de mobilidade social ascendente, especialmente relacionada com o futuro dos filhos, estando a sua agência fortemente relacionada com o cuidado e a priorização das necessidades daqueles. Esta investigação revelou ainda que o valor do rendimento social de inserção é claramente insuficiente para as necessidades das famílias. De facto, este apoio permite apenas níveis de sobrevivência, mantendo as mulheres entrevistadas num estado de dependência, contrariando os objetivos de ‘autonomia’ delineados na origem daquela política social. O estudo apresenta sugestões para o desenvolvimento de políticas nas áreas de justiça social tais como a educação, o emprego, o apoio social, o cuidar, a habitação e a saúde. Em suma, a perspetiva desta investigação destaca que a capacidade de planear, a motivação e a possibilidade de ‘autonomia’ dependem em grande medida de condições socioeconómicas e afetivas. xi xii RÉSUMÉ Au cours des dernières décennies, les perceptions sur l’assistance sociale ont changé et les bénéficiaires ont été accusés par les médias, les politiciens, et par l'opinion publique en général, de dépendance, de paresse et même de fraude. Les politiques sociales actives, sont été créées pour renforcer la responsabilité individuelle et ‘l'autonomie’ des bénéficiaires. Cette thèse a tenté de remettre en cause certains stéréotypes spécifiquement liés aux femmes pauvres, montrant les singularités de leurs parcours, mettant en évidence leurs stratégies pour échapper à la pauvreté et offrir un meilleur avenir à leurs enfants dans un contexte d'inégalité. La contribution théorique distincte de ce travail est l'articulation de trois approches théoriques différentes, les études d'égalité, l'approche contextualiste et dispositionnelle de Lahire et l'intersectionnalité, afin de capturer les chemins singuliers de ces femmes, croisant le genre, la maternité, le statut socioéconomique et la ‘race’., selon les dimensions de Baker et Lynch sur l’égalité de condition, redistribution, relationnel, éducation, représentation, respect et reconnaissance. Par conséquent,
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