Boletim De Inovação E Sustentabilidade

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Boletim De Inovação E Sustentabilidade PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO Programade Pós-Graduação em Economia e Administração FEA – PUC-SP BISUS BOLETIM DE INOVAÇÃO E SUSTENTABILIDADE O Objetivo deste Boletim é promover o interesse dos alunos da PUC-SP em colaborar com pesquisas sobre o tema de Inovação e Sustentabilidade como uma forma de contribuir com uma cultura de Desenvolvimento Sustentável na Universidade. BISUS 2017 Vol. 2 OBESIDADE André Colhado Cabral MARKETING HOSPITALAR Deivid Luiz Medeiros de Araujo PSICOLOGIA POR TRÁS DOS FILMES DA DISNEY Fernanda Signorini SUICÍDIO Giovanna Vieira Perez APLICATIVOS, O NOVO MENTOR DIGITAL Guilherme Loral Sorrentino O MERCADO ELETRÔNICO E O E-SPORT Julio Capalbo Gonçalves de Lima ECO-SURF Leonardo Pelissoni Novak RUBGY NO BRASIL: SUA HISTÓRIA E SEUS PROBLEMAS ENFRENTADOS ATUALMENTE Matheus Martins Sanches DROGAS Rodrigo Rua Taulois de Melo CRISE HÍDRICA Vinícius Lima PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO Programas de Pós Graduação em Economia e Administração da PUC-SP BOLETIM DE INOVAÇÃO E SUSTENTABILIDADE BISUS 2017 Vol. 2 OBESIDADE DISCIPLINA: PESQUISA I PROF. ARNOLDO JOSÉ DE HOYOS GUEVARA André Colhado Cabral São Paulo – SP 2017 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 CAPÍTULO I: A OBESIDADE ................................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 Definindo a obesidade ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Consequências da obesidade no corpo .............................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Psicológico do indivíduo obeso ........................................................................................................................ 10 CAPÍTULO II: O OBESO DENTRO DA SOCIEDADE ....................................................................................... 11 2.1 Exclusão do obeso na moda ............................................................................................................................. 11 2.2 A indústria do fast-food.................................................................................................................................... 13 2.3 O obeso e a sociedade ....................................................................................................................................... 14 CAPÍTULO III: REVERTER O QUADRO DA OBESIDADE ............................................................................. 17 3.1 Reeducação alimentar e outras desordens alimentares ................................................................................. 17 3.2 Cirurgias para redução de peso e plásticas .................................................................................................. 200 3.3 Medicamentos ................................................................................................................................................. 233 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ................................................................................................................................... 244 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS .................................................................................................................... 266 4 INTRODUÇÃO O mercado de trabalho do século XXI exige agilidade. Temos a tecnologia que vem para nos poupar esforços e tempo, somos todos regidos pela famosa frase “ tempo é dinheiro”, que chega a ser até mesmo um grande clichê para aqueles que fazem parte da geração Y. O que antes era algo natural, hoje, torna-se luxo, como maior exemplo, as refeições. As indústrias alimentícias desenvolvem a cada dia, modos de facilitar a refeição de todos, para que ninguém perca tempo ou desgaste-se fisicamente cozinhando, como os alimentos congelados ou em pó. O que há alguns anos era considerado natural, agora não passa de uma “pedra no sapato”, uma tarefa chata de sua rotina. Porém, para você manter o sabor e qualidade de um produto embalado por tanto tempo em prateleiras de supermercados, tem-se que apelar para o químico, o que transforme um prato, que é originalmente pesado, ainda pior, uma quantidade absurda de calorias e substâncias tóxicas que o corpo humano não consegue digerir com tanta facilidade. Além do valor perdido de uma boa refeição também temos uma quebra na locomoção de maneiras manuais para automatizadas. Ninguém mais preocupa-se em andar quando há máquinas que exercem essa função por você. A carga horária de trabalho causa um esgotamento mental, o que dificulta a tentativa de um trabalhador em procurar por exercícios físicos, tanto para relaxar os músculos de toda tensão adquirida, assim como para gastar gorduras acumuladas durante o seu dia. O que se transforma em um excesso do tecido adiposo. Em todos os locais que frequentamos, até mesmo metrôs e ônibus, somos bombardeados por campanhas publicitárias que pregam exatamente os valores da nossa sociedade urbana contemporânea, que é o conforto, acima de tudo. Cartazes e propagandas nos mostram que a felicidade está na comida, ganhando a denominação de “ junk food “ ou “ porn food”, que no inglês significa porcarias ou uma pornografia de comida, por ser extremamente tentador e de certa forma irracional, como o ato sexual. Por essa série de motivos, torna-se difícil para um cidadão manter uma qualidade de vida que siga ideais de uma vida saudável. A partir desse fato, temos um crescimento no número de obesos mundiais, que ocorre exatamente pela busca de prazeres transmitidos pelos canais de comunicação (o conforto e comida), para tentar suprir o vazio e frustrações que o mercado de trabalho nos apresenta dia após dia, além da dificuldade da rotina em seguir hábitos que nos dá oportunidade de uma melhor qualidade física. Este é o grande dilema das pessoas que vivem ou sobrevivem os tempos modernos e encontram-se em um padrão 5 considerado obeso pela Ordem Mundial da Saúde (OMS). É sobre esse fato que vamos discutir neste trabalho. CAPÍTULO I: A OBESIDADE 1.1 Definindo a obesidade A obesidade é o acúmulo excessivo de gordura corporal no indivíduo também considerado como uma enfermidade. Acontece quando a ingestão alimentar é maior que o gasto energético, seja por consumo excessivo unido de uma alimentação inadequada, além de sedentarismo ou até mesmo por problemas hormonais. Existe um padrão numérico utilizado pela OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde) para avaliar o grau de gordura corporal saudável para o corpo do ser humano, que é denominado de IMC (Índice de Massa Corporal). O IMC é calculado dividindo-se o peso do paciente (estimado em quilogramas) pela sua altura (medido em metros) elevado ao quadrado (de sua altura). Sua fórmula é: IMC= KG/M. Este método de avaliação superestima a gordura corporal naqueles com ganho de músculo e subestima aqueles com perda de massa muscular, comum nos idosos. Há 4 tabelas diferentes para a avaliação de peso dentro deste índice, uma para adultos (entre 20 e 65 anos), uma para idosos (maiores de 65 anos), outra para crianças e/ou jovens (de 2 a 20 anos) e uma tabela dedicada para mulheres no período de gravidez. Sendo a mais utilizada entre todas a primeira citada, por abranger maior número de idades. Em análises clínicas, é levado em consideração a etnia, massa muscular, gênero e a idade. Abaixo encontra-se a tabela da classificação mais utilizada: 6 Existe hoje, na área da saúde, três níveis de classificação de obesidade: Obesidade de grau I, obesidade de grau II (severa) e obesidade de grau III (mórbida). Os níveis de obesidade foram criados para melhor avaliação e cuidado com os pacientes, para melhor controle da doença. No primeiro nível, é quando o diagnóstico é feito, o paciente é considerado obeso de fato, porém com um nível de gordura de fácil modo de reverter, porém, momento que deve ser assistido de perto o tratamento. Quando se atinge os graus II e III, a obesidade traz muitos riscos de saúde para o indivíduo em questão, pois existe maior probabilidade de problemas cardiovasculares e chances para desenvolvimento de diabetes. Os dois últimos níveis são considerados como forma de tratamentos bem complicadas e "zonas de risco" e são considerados doenças crônicas que correspondem a uma epidemia global e que determina grande impacto na saúde pública. Além do IMC, há outras formas de avaliação do excesso de gordura no corpo que é denominado pela relação de Cintura-Quadril, obtida pela divisão da circunferência da cintura abdominal pela circunferência do quadril. Esta medida é definida de acordo com o gênero da pessoa analisada. Quando maior que 0,9 para homens e 0,8 para mulheres, é um indicador de riscos de complicações da obesidade. Quadro de avaliação abaixo: 7 A gordura corporal pode ser estimada também a partir da medida de pregas cutâneas, com aparelhos de bioimpedância, a tomografia computadorizada, o ultrassom e a ressonância magnética. Essas técnicas são úteis apenas em alguns casos, nos quais se pretende determinar com mais detalhe a constituição corporal. Há vertentes que defende a avaliação e diagnóstico da obesidade através de suas causas, sendo elas: Distúrbios nutricionais (dieta inadequada), inatividade física (sedentarismo), secundária a alterações endócrinas (problemas hormonais), secundárias (uso de medicamentos / drogas) e por causas genéticas. 1.2 - Consequências da obesidade
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