DOCSLIB.ORG

Nickel Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: a Synoptic Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nickel Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: a Synoptic Review Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-1998-0001 Contaminant Hazard Reviews April 1998 Report No. 34 NICKEL HAZARDS TO FISH, WILDLIFE, AND INVERTEBRATES: A SYNOPTIC REVIEW by Ronald Eisler Patuxent Wildlife Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Laurel, MD 20708 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Introduction Sources and Uses General Sources Uses Chemical and Biological Properties General Physical and Chemical Properties Metabolism Interactions Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity General Carcinogenicity Mutagenicity Teratogenicity Concentrations in Field Collections General Abiotic Materials Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates Aquatic Organisms Amphibians Birds Mammals Integrated Studies Nickel Deficiency Effects General Bacteria and Plants Birds Mammals Lethal and Sublethal Effects General Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates Aquatic Organisms Birds Mammals Proposed Criteria and Recommendations Conclusions Acknowledgments Cited Literature TABLES Number 1 Nickel chronology 2 World mine production of nickel 3 Nickel consumption in the United States by intermediate product and end-use industry in 1985 4 Inventory of nickel in various global environmental compartments 5 Nickel concentrations in selected abiotic materials 6 Nickel concentrations (milligrams of nickel per kilogram fresh weight [FW] or dry weight [DW]) in field collections of representative plants and animals 7 Nickel effects on selected aquatic plants and animals 8 Nickel effects on birds 9 Nickel effects on selected mammals 10 Proposed nickel criteria for protection of natural resources and human health 2 NICKEL HAZARDS TO FISH, WILDLIFE, AND INVERTEBRATES: A SYNOPTIC REVIEW by Ronald Eisler Patuxent Wildlife Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Laurel, MD 20708-4017 Abstract Abstract. This account is a selective review and synthesis of the technical literature on nickel and nickel salts in the environment and their effects on terrestrial plants and invertebrates, aquatic plants and animals, avian and mammalian wildlife, and other natural resources. The subtopics include nickel sources and uses; physical, chemical, and metabolic properties of nickel; nickel concentrations in field collections of abiotic materials and living organisms; nickel deficiency effects; lethal and sublethal effects, including effects on survival, growth, reproduction, metabolism, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and carcinogenicity; currently proposed nickel criteria for the protection of human health and sensitive natural resources; and recommendations for additional research. Key words: Nickel, nickel compounds, toxicity, deficiency, cancer, residues, criteria, fishes, invertebrates, amphibians, birds, wildlife, livestock. Introduction In Europe, nickel (Ni) is listed on European Commission List II (Dangerous Substances Directive) and regulated through the Council of European Communities because of its toxicity, persistence, and affinity for bioaccumulation (Bubb and Lester 1996). In Canada, nickel and its compounds are included in the Priority Substances List under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (Hughes et al. 1994). The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies nickel compounds in Group 1 (human carcinogens) and metallic nickel in group 2B (possible human carcinogen; U. S. Public Health Service [USPHS] 1993). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) classifies nickel refinery dust and nickel subsulfide as Group A human carcinogens (USPHS 1993) and nickel oxides and nickel halides as Class W compounds, that is, compounds having moderate retention in the lungs and a clearance rate from the lungs of several weeks (USEPA 1980). Nickel and its compounds are regulated by USEPA’s Clean Water Effluent Guideline for many industrial point sources, including the processing of iron, steel, nonferrous metals, and batteries; timber products processing; electroplating; metal finishing; ore and mineral mining; paving and roofing; paint and ink formulating; porcelain enameling; and industries that use, process, or manufacture chemicals, gum and wood, or carbon black (USPHS 1993). Nickel is ubiquitous in the biosphere. Nickel introduced into the environment from natural or human sources is circulated through the system by chemical and physical processes and through biological transport mechanisms of living organisms (National Academy of Sciences [NAS] 1975; Sevin 1980; WHO 1991). Nickel is essential for the normal growth of many species of microorganisms and plants and several species of vertebrates, including chickens, cows, goats, pigs, rats, and sheep (NAS 1975; USEPA 1980; WHO 1991; USPHS 1993). Human activities that contribute to nickel loadings in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems include mining, smelting, refining, alloy processing, scrap metal reprocessing, fossil fuel combustion, and waste incineration (NAS 1975; WHO 1991; Chau and Kulikovsky-Cordeiro 1995). Nickel mining and smelting in the Sudbury, Ontario, region of Canada is associated with denudation of terrestrial vegetation and subsequent soil erosion (Adamo et al. 1996) and gradual ecological changes, including a decrease in the number and diversity of species and a reduction in community biomass of crustacean zooplankton (WHO 1991). At nickel-contaminated sites, plants accumulate nickel and growth is retarded in some species at high nickel concentrations (WHO 1991). But nickel accumulation rates in terrestrial and avian wildlife near nickel refineries are highly variable; Chau and Kulikovsky-Cordeiro (1995) claim similar variability for plants, soils, and interstitial sediment waters. The chemical and physical forms of nickel and its salts strongly influence bioavailability and toxicity (WHO 1991). In general, nickel compounds have low hazard when administered orally (NAS 1975; USEPA 1980). In humans and other mammals, however, nickel-inhalable dust, nickel subsulfide, nickel oxide, and especially nickel carbonyl induce acute pneumonitis, central nervous system disorders, skin disorders such as dermatitis, and cancer of the lungs and nasal cavity (Graham et al. 1975; NAS 1975; USPHS 1977; Sevin 1980; Smialowicz et al. 1984; WHO 1991; Benson et al. 1995; Table 1). Nickel carbonyl is acutely lethal to humans and animals within 3-13 days of exposure; recovery is prolonged in survivors (Sevin 1980). An excess number of deaths from lung cancer and nasal cancer occurs in nickel refinery workers, usually from exposure to airborne nickel compounds (USPHS 1977). At one nickel refinery, workers had a fivefold increase in lung cancer and a 150-fold increase in nasal sinus cancer when compared to the general population (Lin and Chou 1990). Pregnant female workers at a Russian nickel hydrometallurgy refining plant, when compared to a reference group, showed a marked increase in frequency of spontaneous and threatening abortions and in structural malformations of the heart and musculoskeletal system in live-born infants with nickel-exposed mothers (Chashschin et al. 1994). Nickel is also a common cause of chronic dermatitis in humans as a result of industrial and other exposures, including the use of nickel-containing jewelry, coins, utensils, and various prostheses (NAS 1975; Chashschin et al. 1994). Additional information on ecological and toxicological aspects of nickel in the environment is presented in reviews and annotated bibliographies by Sunderman (1970), Eisler (1973), Eisler and Wapner (1975), NAS (1975), USEPA (1975, 1980, 1985, 1986), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC; 1976), Nielsen (1977), USPHS (1977, 1993), Eisler et al. (1978b, 1979), Norseth and Piscator (1979), Brown and Sunderman (1980), Nriagu (1980a), Sevin (1980), National Research Council of Canada (NRCC; 1981), Norseth (1986), Kasprzak (1987), Sigel and Sigel (1988), WHO (1991), Hausinger (1993), Outridge and Scheuhammer (1993), and Chau and Kulikovsky-Cordeiro (1995). Table 1. Nickel chronology. Table 1. Date Event Referencea 220 BCE Nickel alloys made by the Chinese 1 1500’s Toxicity observed in miners of nickel 2 1751 Nickel isolated and identified. The name nickel 3 was derived from “Old Nick,” a gremlin to whom miners ascribed their problems early Purified nickel obtained 1 1800’s 1826 Nickel toxicity in rabbits and dogs demonstrated 1, 2, 4 experimentally. High doses of nickel sulfate given by stomach gavage caused gastritis, convulsions, and death; sublethal doses produced emaciation and conjunctivitis 1840’s Commercial nickel electroplating initiated 1 1850’s Commercial exploitation of nickel begins after 3 development of technology to remove copper and other impurities 1850- Nickel used therapeutically in human medicine to 2, 5 1900 relieve rheumatism (nickel sulfate) and epilepsy (nickel bromide) 1880’s Excess nickel found lethal to animals under 2 controlled conditions 1889 Skin dermatitis in humans caused by chemicals 5 used in nickel plating 1890 Extraordinary toxicity of nickel carbonyl 1 (Ni(CO)4) established 1893 Excess nickel found lethal to plants 2 1912 Nickel dermatitis documented 1 1915- Nickel applied as fungicide found to enhance plant 2 1960 growth and increase yield 4 Table 1. Date Event Referencea 1926 Nickel dust caused skin dermatitis, especially in 5 hot, industrial environments 1932 Increased frequency of lung and nasal cancers 1, 5, 6 reported among English nickel refinery workers exposed to high concentrations of nickel carbonyl 1939-1958 Certain forms of nickel found to be carcinogenic to humans 2 1943 Certain forms of nickel found to be carcinogenic to 2 animals 1965- Nickel found beneficial to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investigation of Magnetism in Transition Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 9-14-2020 Investigation of Magnetism in Transition Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films Michael Adventure Hopkins Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Physics Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Hopkins, Michael Adventure, "Investigation of Magnetism in Transition Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films" (2020). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 5607. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.7479 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Investigation of Magnetism in Transition Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films by Michael Adventure Hopkins A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Physics Dissertation Committee: Raj Solanki, Chair Andrew Rice Shankar Rananavare Dean Atkinson Portland State University 2020 © 2020 Michael Adventure Hopkins ii Abstract Layered two dimensional films have been a topic of interest in the materials science community driven by the intriguing properties demonstrated in graphene. Tunable layer dependent electrical and magnetic properties have been shown in these materials and the ability to grow in the hexagonal phase provides opportunities to grow isostructural stacked heterostructures. In this investigation, cobalt selenide (CoSe) and nickel selenide (NiSe) were grown in the hexagonal phase, which consist of central metal atoms that are natively ferromagnetic in bulk, hence providing the potential for interesting magnetic phases in thin film arrangements as well.
    [Show full text]
  • SEDERHOLMITE, WILKMANITE, KULLERUDITE, M..AKINENITE and TRUSTEDTITE, FIVE NEW NICKEL SELENIDE MINERALS 1)
    T 4 SEDERHOLMITE, WILKMANITE, KULLERUDITE, M..AKINENITE and TRUSTEDTITE, FIVE NEW NICKEL SELENIDE MINERALS 1) BY Y. VUORELAINEN, A. HUHMA AND A. H.A.KLI Outokumpu Co., Finland ABSTRACT Five new nickel selenide minerals from Kuusamo, NE-Finland are described. The minerals occur in veinlets in albitites associated with uranium mineralisation. Sederholmite, which is identical with the synthetic hexagonal fJ-NiSe phase, has a o = 3.62 - 3.65 A and eo = 5.29 - 5.34 A depending upon composition. Wilkmanite corresponds to the artificial monoclinic Ni3Se4 phase. Its a o = 6.22 A, b o = 3.63 A, CO = 10.52 A and fJ = 90.55°. Kullerudite NiSe 2 is an ortho-rhombic nickelian analogue of ferroselite with a o = 4.89 A, b o = 5.96 A and Co = 3.76 A. M:ikinenite, which is the same as the artificial y-NiSe phase, has a trigonal symmetry with a o = 10.01 A and Co = 3.28 A. Triistedtite is a cubic spinel type Ni3Se4 having a o = 9.94 A. It forms a solid solution series with polydymite. Members of this series with 40-70 mole per cent polydymite component have also been found. CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 114 GEOLOGY OF THE SELENIUM MINERALISATION AREA 115 OCCURRENCE 116 PHYSICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES 117 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 117 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 118 NOMENCLATURE 124 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 124 REFERENCES 125 1) Received May 6, 1964. 15 10547-64 114 Bulletin de la Commislsion geologique de Finlande N: 0 215. INTRODUCTION SI n The system nickel-selenium has been studied by various authors. Ac­ SI cording to the literature the following selenides of nickel are known.
    [Show full text]
  • (Oxy)Hydroxide Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation Bryan R
    www.acsami.org Research Article Effect of Selenium Content on Nickel Sulfoselenide-Derived Nickel (Oxy)hydroxide Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidation Bryan R. Wygant, Anna H. Poterek, James N. Burrow, and C. Buddie Mullins* Cite This: ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 20366−20375 Read Online ACCESS Metrics & More Article Recommendations *sı Supporting Information ABSTRACT: An efficient and inexpensive electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) must be found in order to improve the viability of hydrogen fuel production via water electrolysis. Recent work has indicated that nickel chalcogenide materials show promise as electrocatalysts for this reaction and that their performance can be further enhanced with the generation of ternary, bimetallic chalcogenides (i.e., Ni1−aMaX2); however, relatively few studies have investigated ternary chalcogenides created through the addition of a second chalcogen (i.e., NiX2−aYa). To address this, we fi studied a series of Se-modi ed Ni3S2 composites for use as OER electrocatalysts in alkaline solution. We found that the addition of Se results in the creation of Ni3S2/NiSe composites composed of cross-doped metal chalcogenides and show that the addition of 10% Se reduces the overpotential required to reach a current density of 10 mA/cm2 by 40 mV versus a pure nickel sulfide material. Chemical analysis of the composites’ surfaces shows a reduction in the amount of nickel oxide species with Se incorporation, which is supported by transmission electron microscopy; this reduction is correlated with a decrease in the OER overpotentials measured for these samples. Together, our results suggest that the incorporation of Se into Ni3S2 creates a more conductive material with a less-oxidized surface that is more electrocatalytically active and resistant to further oxidation.
    [Show full text]
  • An Abridged Compendium of Words. a Discussion of Them and Opinions About Them
    DERMATOLOGY PRACTICAL & CONCEPTUAL www.derm101.com Dermatopathology: An abridged compendium of words. A discussion of them and opinions about them. Part 6 (I-L) Bruce J. Hookerman1 1 Dermatology Specialists, Bridgeton, Missouri, USA Citation: Hookerman BJ. Dermatopathology: An abridged compendium of words. A discussion of them and opinions about them. Part 6 (I-L). Dermatol Pract Concept. 2014;4(4):1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5826/dpc.0404a01 Copyright: ©2014 Hookerman. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Corresponding author: Bruce J. Hookerman, M.D., 12105 Bridgeton Square Drive, St. Louis, MO 63044, USA. Email: [email protected] – I – term “id reaction” only for a spongiotic dermatitis manifested by tiny vesicles on the hands of patients with florid dermato- ICHTHYOSIS: a generic term for skin conditions character- phytosis at another site, usually the feet, or for an analogue ized by what are said to be fishlike scales, i.e., scales that are of that phenomenon such as widespread vesicles that appear broad and polygonal with free edges, as are seen in ichthyosis subsequent to injudicious treatment, i.e., with Gentian violet vulgaris (and its look-alike, acquired ichthyosis), X-linked (known sardonically in times past as “Gentian violent”) of ichthyosis, and lamellar ichthyosis. Conditions reputed to be an exuberant spongiotic dermatitis, usually on the feet, such ichthyosis, such as ichthyosis hystrix and ichthyosis linearis as an allergic contact dermatitis. A time-honored explana- circumflexa, do not qualify because they are not associated tion for an “id” reaction is hematogenous dissemination of with broad polygonal scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Basis of Simple and Complex Traits with Relevance to Avian Evolution
    Genetic basis of simple and complex traits with relevance to avian evolution Małgorzata Anna Gazda Doctoral Program in Biodiversity, Genetics and Evolution D Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto 2019 Supervisor Miguel Jorge Pinto Carneiro, Auxiliary Researcher, CIBIO/InBIO, Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto Co-supervisor Ricardo Lopes, CIBIO/InBIO Leif Andersson, Uppsala University FCUP Genetic basis of avian traits Nota Previa Na elaboração desta tese, e nos termos do número 2 do Artigo 4º do Regulamento Geral dos Terceiros Ciclos de Estudos da Universidade do Porto e do Artigo 31º do D.L.74/2006, de 24 de Março, com a nova redação introduzida pelo D.L. 230/2009, de 14 de Setembro, foi efetuado o aproveitamento total de um conjunto coerente de trabalhos de investigação já publicados ou submetidos para publicação em revistas internacionais indexadas e com arbitragem científica, os quais integram alguns dos capítulos da presente tese. Tendo em conta que os referidos trabalhos foram realizados com a colaboração de outros autores, o candidato esclarece que, em todos eles, participou ativamente na sua conceção, na obtenção, análise e discussão de resultados, bem como na elaboração da sua forma publicada. Este trabalho foi apoiado pela Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) através da atribuição de uma bolsa de doutoramento (PD/BD/114042/2015) no âmbito do programa doutoral em Biodiversidade, Genética e Evolução (BIODIV). 2 FCUP Genetic basis of avian traits Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank to my all supervisors Miguel Carneiro, Ricardo Lopes and Leif Andersson, for the demanding task of supervising myself last four years.
    [Show full text]
  • Elevated Levels of the Steroidogenic Factor 1 Are Associated with Over
    European Journal of Endocrinology (2012) 166 941–949 ISSN 0804-4643 CASE REPORT Elevated levels of the steroidogenic factor 1 are associated with over-expression of CYP19 in an oestrogen-producing testicular Leydig cell tumour Anne Hege Straume1,2, Kristian Løva˚s3,4, Hrvoje Miletic5,6, Karsten Gravdal5, Per Eystein Lønning1,2 and Stian Knappskog1,2 1Section of Oncology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 2Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, 3Section of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 4Department of Medicine and 5Section of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway and 6Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway (Correspondence should be addressed to S Knappskog who is now at Mohn Cancer Research Laboratory (1M), Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway; Email: [email protected]) Abstract Background and objectives: Testicular Leydig cell tumours (LCTs) are rare, steroid-secreting tumours. Elevated levels of aromatase (CYP19 or CYP19A1) mRNA have been previously described in LCTs; however, little is known about the mechanism(s) causing CYP19 over-expression. We report an LCT in a 29-year-old male with elevated plasma oestradiol caused by enhanced CYP19 transcription. Design and methods: First, we measured the intra-tumour expression of CYP19 and determined the use of CYP19 promoters by qPCR. Secondly, we explored CYP19 and promoter II (PII) for gene amplifications and activating mutations in PII by sequencing. Thirdly, we analysed intra-tumour expression of steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1 (NR5A1)), liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1 (NR5A2)) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2 (PTGS2)). Finally, we analysed SF-1 for promoter mutations and gene amplifications.
    [Show full text]
  • Placenta, Chorioallantois
    WSC 2009-2010, Conference 20, Case 1. Tissue from a horse. MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION: Placenta, chorioallantois (allantochorion): There is diffuse coagulative necrosis (2pt.) of the chorionic villi, with retention of villar outlines and a distinct lack of differential staining. Multifocally, the deepest parts of the chorionic villi exhibit necrosis and sloughing of epithelium, infiltration of moderate numbers of neutrophils (1 pt.) and rare macrophages, which are admixed with eosinophilic cellular and karyorrhectic/necrotic debris, fibrin (1 pt.), hemorrhage (1 pt.), and mineral. Villar capillaries are dilated, congested, and contain moderate numbers of neutrophils. (1 pt.) Throughout the necrotic villi, there are outlines of 3-6 um wide, fungal hyphae (2 pt.) which are rarely pigmented brown. The chorioallantoic stroma is diffusely and moderately edematous. (1 pt.) There are large numbers of viable and degenerate neutrophils, primarily within the superficial chorioallantoic stroma, admixed with edema and cellular debris. (1 pt.) Vessels within chorioallantoic stroma often contain fibrin thrombi (2 pt.), and occasional veins contain small numbers of neutrophils, necrotic cellular debris, and small amounts of a brightly eosinophilic material (exuded protein), within the wall (vasculitis) (1 pt.). The allantoic epithelium is diffusely hypertrophic. (1 pt.) MICROSCOPIC DIAGNOSIS: Placenta, chorioallantois (allantochorion): Placentitis , necrotizing, diffuse, severe, with fibrin thrombi and numerous fungal hyphae. (4 pt.) O/C: (1 pt.) Most likely cause: Aspergillus fumigatus (1 pt.) but in this case only Bipolaris was isolated (may have overgrown the original pathogen) WSC 2009-2010. Conference 20, Case 2 Tissue from a horse. MICROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION: Testis (1 pt.): Expanding the testis and compressing the adjacent atrophic testicular tissue is a well-demarcated, unencapsulated, expansile, variably cellular, nodular neoplasm (2 pt.) composed of tissue types from all three germ cell lines (1 pt.).
    [Show full text]
  • Urinary Tract Cytology
    Cytology Training Program Urinary Tract Cytology By: Mr. Lin Wai Fung (MSc, MPH, CMIAC) http://137.189.150.85/cytopathology/CytoTraining/Timetable.html Photomicrograph: http://137.189.150.85/cytopathology/Slide/Cytotraining_urine.asp Specimen Types • Voided urine i. Low cellularity in male ii. Increase epithelial cells in female (Contamination from genital tract) iii. Exfoliated cells lying in urine for several hours are usually too degenerate for accurate evaluation (early morning urine not suitable for diagnosis) iv. Fresh specimens: process quickly v. Delayed specimens: equal vol. of 50% alcohol and refrigerated • Catheterized specimens i. Patient feel discomfort during collecting ii. Contamination for genital tract is avoided iii. Disadvantage: mimic low grade papillary carcinoma • Ileal conduit i. Total cysterectomy ii. Anatomosis of ureters to an ileal loop →skin of abdomen →ostomy bag iii. Cellular, degeneration, intestine cells (round / columnar, rare well preserved) • Bladder washing i. Irrigating bladder with saline or an electrolytic solution ii. Better yield iii. Relatively rare in PWH 1 Cytology Training Program Normal Cytology • Scanty cellularity in voided urine: few epithelial cells / urothelial cells / polymorph • Epithelial cells contaminated from genital tract • Umbrella cells (Superficial urothelial cells) ◊ Binucleated or multinucleated ◊ Hyaline or vacuolated cytoplasm ◊ Size larger than deeper layer cells • Deeper layer urothelial cells ◊ Cuboidal / columnar / ◊ Degneration: vacuolation, red intra-cytoplasmic inclusion
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Metal Selenide Semiconductor Nanocrystals Using Selenium Dioxide As Precursor
    SYNTHESIS OF METAL SELENIDE SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS USING SELENIUM DIOXIDE AS PRECURSOR By XIAN CHEN A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2007 1 © 2007 Xian Chen 2 To my parents 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Above all, I would like to thank my parents for what they have done for me through these years. I would not have been able to get to where I am today without their love and support. I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Charles Cao, for his advice on my research and life and for the valuable help during my difficult times. I also would like to thank Dr. Yongan Yang for his kindness and helpful discussion. I learned experiment techniques, knowledge, how to do research and so on from him. I also appreciate the help and friendship that the whole Cao group gave me. Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Ben Smith for his guidance and help. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................7 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1 SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS ............................................................................11 1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Adrenal Tumors and Other Pathological Changes in Reciprocal Crosses in Mice II
    Adrenal Tumors and Other Pathological Changes in Reciprocal Crosses in Mice II. An Introduction to Results of Four @eciprocai• 11' @rosses* G. W. WOOLLEY,tM.M. DICKIE,ANDC. C. LITTLE (Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine) This report is to serve as an introduction to hy brief review of a few of the characteristics of the bridization studies which have been undertaken inbred strains used as parental strains in these re concerning adrenal cortical tumors and related ciprocal crosses may help to evaluate the results pathological conditions. It is planned that reports obtained in this now extensive pilot experiment. similar to that for the reciprocal DBA and CE hy It has been customary to characterize inbred brids (27) will also be made. strains according to certain factors, e.g. , mammary Hybridization studies have been used in many tumor incidence, susceptibility or resistance to the types of experiments with animals and with plants. mammary tumor inciter (MTI), response to Such experiments were of the type Mendel used gonadectomy, and incidence of various other types and on which he based his principles of unit inher of tumors. Some of these characteristics will be itance. Hybridization experiments with animals briefly considered, where possible, for the inbred can be used not only to determine chromosomal in parental strains used. (a) Strain DBA has a mod heritance, but also for purposes of evaluating other erate mammary tumor incidence ; following gon types of influences on the offspring, e.g., maternal adectomy, nodular hyperplasia of the adrenal cor influence influential in breast tumor occurrence in tex develops, and the accessory reproductive or mice.
    [Show full text]
  • BIMJ April 2013
    Original Article Brunei Int Med J. 2013; 9 (5): 290-301 Yellow lesions of the oral cavity: diagnostic appraisal and management strategies Faraz MOHAMMED 1, Arishiya THAPASUM 2, Shamaz MOHAMED 3, Halima SHAMAZ 4, Ramesh KUMARASAN 5 1 Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Dr Syamala Reddy Dental College Hospital & Research Centre, Bangalore, India 2 Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Dr Syamala Reddy Dental College Hospital & Research Centre, Bangalore, India 3 Department of Community & Public Health Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Amrita University, Cochin, India 4 Amrita center of Nanosciences, Amrita University, Cochin, India 5 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Kedah, Malaysia ABSTRACT Yellow lesions of the oral cavity constitute a rather common group of lesions that are encountered during routine clinical dental practice. The process of clinical diagnosis and treatment planning is of great concern to the patient as it determines the nature of future follow up care. There is a strong need for a rational and functional classification which will enable better understanding of the basic disease process, as well as in formulating a differential diagnosis. Clinical diagnostic skills and good judgment forms the key to successful management of yellow lesions of the oral cavity. Keywords: Yellow lesions, oral cavity, diagnosis, management INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTI Changes in colour have been traditionally low lesions have a varied prognostic spec- used to register and classify mucosal and soft trum. The yellowish colouration may be tissue pathology of the oral cavity. Thus, the- caused by lipofuscin (the pigment of fat). It se lesions have been categorised as white, may also be the result of other causes such red, white and red, blue and/or purple, as accumulation of pus, aggregation of lym- brown, grey and/or black and yellow.
    [Show full text]
  • Nickel in Drinking-Water (2005)
    WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/55 English only Nickel in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality © World Health Organization 2005 The illustration on the cover page is extracted from Rescue Mission: Planet Earth,© Peace Child International 1994; used by permission. This document may be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated in part or in whole but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. Inquiries should be addressed to: [email protected]. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use. Preface One of the primary goals of WHO and its member states is that “all people, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water.” A major WHO function to achieve such goals is the responsibility “to propose ..
    [Show full text]