Paul Dobrescu Editor Development in Turbulent Times The Many Faces of Inequality Within Europe Development in Turbulent Times Paul Dobrescu Editor Development in Turbulent Times The Many Faces of Inequality Within Europe Editor Paul Dobrescu National University of Political Studies and Public Administration Bucharest, Romania This Open Access publication is based on the project “State of the Nation – Designing an Innovative Instrument for Evidence-Based Policy Making”, which was co-financed by the European Social Fund through the Operational Programme Administrative Capacity 2014–2020 under the grant number “MySMIS 118305/SIPOCA 11” and edited by the Secretariat-General of the Government (SGG). The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union or of the Romanian Government. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents Part I Envisaging Development in the Contemporary Society: Theory and Public Debates Introduction .............................................. 3 Paul Dobrescu Why Do Some Countries Develop and Others Not? ................ 13 Ian Goldin Measuring the Hard-to-Measure in Development: Dimensions, Measurement Challenges, and Responses ........................ 31 Anne L. Buffardi, Tiina Pasanen, and Simon Hearn Get It Right This Time? Leaving the Periphery of the European Economic Development ..................................... 47 Cristian Păun and Florina Pînzaru “Nous Choisissons L’Europe”:EU’s Economic Development and Current Challenges ..................................... 59 Clara Volintiru and Gabriela Drăgan European Imbalances: The Sound and the Fury .................. 73 Jérôme Creel Unable to Stop Inequality from Rising: Evidence from Romania ...... 89 Paul Dobrescu and Flavia Durach Part II Challenges and Opportunities for Development in the Post-Crisis Period The East-West Divide in the European Union: A Development Divide Reframed as a Political One .................................. 105 Alina Bârgăoanu, Raluca Buturoiu, and Flavia Durach v vi Contents New Frontiers in Sovereign Wealth Fund Capitalization ............ 119 Juergen Braunstein and Asim Ali The Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on FDI Attractiveness: Romania, Slovakia and Greece in Comparison ........................... 133 Kalliopi Kasapi, Andriana Lampou, George Economakis, George Androulakis, and Ioannis Zisimopoulos Health Care and Migration: What Data Can Tell Us of the Hard-to-Measure Impact of Migrants on the European Health Systems ................................................. 153 Guidi Caterina Francesca and Alessandro Petretto The Multiple Impact of Education Gaps in Romania ............... 171 Diana-Maria Cismaru and Nicoleta Corbu Europeanization in the Making: Perceptions of the Economic Effects of European Integration in Romania ........................... 185 Florența Toader and Loredana Radu Correction to: Health Care and Migration: What Data Can Tell Us of the Hard-to-Measure Impact of Migrants on the European Health Systems ................................................. C1 Guidi Caterina Francesca and Alessandro Petretto List of Contributors Asim Ali The Fletcher Network for Sovereign Wealth and Global Capital, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA George Androulakis University of Patras, Patras, Greece Alina Bârgăoanu National University of Political Studies and Public Administra- tion, Bucharest, Romania Juergen Braunstein Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, MA, USA Anne L. Buffardi Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London, UK Raluca Buturoiu National University of Political Studies and Public Administra- tion, Bucharest, Romania Diana-Maria Cismaru National University of Political Studies and Public Admin- istration, Bucharest, Romania Nicoleta Corbu National University of Political Studies and Public Administra- tion, Bucharest, Romania Jérôme Creel Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques (OFCE, Sciences Po), Paris, France Paul Dobrescu National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania Gabriela Drăgan Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania European Institute of Romania, Bucharest, Romania Flavia Durach National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania vii viii List of Contributors George Economakis University of Patras, Patras, Greece Ian Goldin Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Guidi Caterina Francesca European University Institute, Florence, Italy Simon Hearn Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London, UK Kalliopi Kasapi University of Patras, Patras, Greece Andriana Lampou University of Patras, Patras, Greece Tiina Pasanen Overseas Development Institute (ODI), London, UK Cristian Păun Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania Alessandro Petretto University of Florence, Florence, Italy Florina Pînzaru National University of Political Studies and Public Administra- tion, Bucharest, Romania Loredana Radu National University of Political Studies and Public Administra- tion, Bucharest, Romania Florența Toader National University of Political Studies and Public Administra- tion, Bucharest, Romania Clara Volintiru Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania Ioannis Zisimopoulos University of Patras, Patras, Greece Part I: Envisaging Development in the Contemporary Society: Theory and Public Debates Introduction Paul Dobrescu 1 Why Development? Following a repetitive pattern, the world gets closer then drifts away from the complex issue of development. Development as a process is a constant presence in our lives; nevertheless, the debate surrounding it—especially with regard to its intensity and quality—is more or less articulate. How did different theories and models guide development? Looking at this topic 30 years after the end of the Cold War allows us to identify three distinct periods. The first one ranges from the end of the Cold War to the brink of the 2008–2009 economic crisis, the second covers the next decade of slow recovery, while the third, the one we are currently experiencing, is the least studied and understood of all. Before detailing these time intervals, we need to stress a fundamental fact: during the whole timespan of 30 years, develop- ment took place within the more general context of globalization, a setting dramat- ically different than any other in history. The first period is characterized by two important processes. First, it was driven by an idealized perspective on the relationship between development and globaliza- tion. We owe to Dani Rodrik the most drastic analysis of this vision, expressed by the Washington Consensus.1 In his book (Rodrik 2011), the American professor This chapter has been prepared with financial support granted in the project “State of the Nation. Designing an innovative instrument for evidence-based policy-making” (SIPOCA 11, MySMIS 118305), which is co-financed by the European Social Fund through the Operational Programme Administrative Capacity 2014–2020. 1The term itself was first used in 1989 by John Williamson to refer to the set of measures designed for Latin American countries in their path towards modernisation and reform. The ideological connotations of the term emerged later, when it became the go-to expression to describe a more P. Dobrescu (*) National University of Political Studies and Public Administration, Bucharest, Romania e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s) 2019 3 P. Dobrescu (ed.), Development