F. Nikulka, Archäologische Demographie. Methoden, Daten Und Bevölkerung Der Europäischen Bronze

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F. Nikulka, Archäologische Demographie. Methoden, Daten Und Bevölkerung Der Europäischen Bronze Nikulka Archäologische Demographie Archäologische Demographie Archäologische Der “demographische Faktor” war zu allen Zeiten der Menschheitsgeschichte von Bedeutung für die soziale Organisation und für archäologische Theoriebildung. Nun werden erstmals Daten zu den Bevölkerungsverhältnissen der europäischen Bronze- und Eisenzeiten zusam- menfassend vorgelegt und deren sozialarchäologische Relevanz untersucht. Dem Aufgabenbereich der Archäologie entsprechend zielt die Archäologische Demographie auf die Bedeutung der lokalen und regionalen Bevölkerungsverhältnisse ab: Gruppengrößen, Bevölkerungsdichten, Bevölkerungsschwankungen. Grundlage dieser Analysen sind Gräber, Siedlungen und darüber hinaus zahlreiche andere archäologische Quellen sowie ergänzend naturwissenschaftliche Daten. Die Grenzen zwischen dem Aufgabenbereich der Archäolo- gischen Demographie, der Siedlungsarchäologie, der Umwelt- und Landschaftsarchäologie sowie der Sozialarchäologie bleiben fließend. Archäologische Bevölkerungsdaten sind quel- len- und methodenbedingt als Eckwerte zu verstehen, die der historischen Realität mehr oder weniger nahe kommen. Oft beschreiben die Daten nur Minimalwerte. Zwei Theorien bilden traditionell den Rahmen, in dem sich die Archäologische Demogra- phie auch heute noch bewegt: Soziale Krisenreaktionen wie Kriege und Migrationen nach Thomas Robert Malthus (1798) und subsistenzwirtschaftliche Problemlösungen nach Ester Boserup (1965). Demographische Berechnungen zur Bronze- und Eisenzeit zeigen über- wiegend kleine lokale Populationen, selbst wenn große Gräberfelder Bevölkerungskonzen- trationen vorspiegeln. Auch Siedlungsbefunde sprechen meist nur für kleine Wohn- und Wirtschaftseinheiten. Wo von diesem Bild abgewichen wird und außergewöhnliche lokale Bevölkerungskonzentrationen fassbar werden, sind diese als historische Sonderfälle erklä- rungsbedürftig. Hinweise auf soziale Differenzierungen in Form von Prestigegütern, Abstu- fungen im Bestattungswesen, Prunkgräbern, abgesonderten Gehöften in Siedlungen etc. sind Archäologische Demographie keineswegs generell an außergewöhnlich große Bevölkerungsgruppen gekoppelt. Zu klären bleibt, in welchem Maße klein- und großräumige Migrationsprozesse die Bevölkerungsver- Methoden, Daten und Bevölkerung der europäischen hältnisse der Bronze- und Eisenzeiten geprägt haben. Bronze- und Eisenzeiten Frank Nikulka ISBNSidestone 978-90-8890-393-9 Press Sidestone ISBN: 978-90-8890-393-9 9 789088 903939 Archäologische Demographie Sidestone Press Archäologische Demographie Methoden, Daten und Bevölkerung der europäischen Bronze- und Eisenzeiten Frank Nikulka Eine Publikation der Vor- und Frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie der Universität Hamburg. © 2016 Frank Nikulka Published by Sidestone Press, Leiden www.sidestone.com Imprint: Sidestone Press Lay-out & cover design: Sidestone Press Illustration cover: © Mopic | Dreamstime.com (People Forming A World Map Photo) ISBN 978-90-8890-393-9 (softcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-394-6 (hardcover) ISBN 978-90-8890-395-3 (PDF e-book) Inhalt Vorwort des Verfassers 9 1. Archäologische Demographie und Paläodemographie 11 1.1 Einleitung und Zielsetzung 11 1.2 Versuch einer ersten Standortbestimmung 13 1.3 Abgrenzung der Demographien 14 1.3.1 Archäologische, Historische und Rezente Demographie 15 1.3.2 Archäologische Demographie und Paläodemographie 16 1.3.3 Archäologische Demographie, Siedlungs- und Gräberarchäologie 18 1.4 Quellen im Überblick 19 1.5 Aufgaben und Ziele 20 1.6 Methodische Grundlagen 23 1.7 Theoretische Positionen 24 1.8 Definition der Archäologischen Demographie 25 2. Die internationale Forschung 27 2.1 Von den Anfängen bis ca. 1940 in Europa 27 2.1.1 Erster Aufruf zu einer ‚démographie préhistorique‘ 28 2.1.2 Ethnische Deutung, Rassenkunde und Versuch der Quantifizierung 30 2.2 Methodik der frühen amerikanischen Forschung 32 2.2.1 Prähistorische Bevölkerung in Arizona 33 2.2.2 Quantitative Analyse der Zusammensetzung von Siedlungshügeln 34 2.2.3 Keramikmengen und Bevölkerung 36 2.2.4 Oberflächenfunde und lokale Bevölkerungszahl 36 2.2.5 Demographische Regionalanalyse am Unteren Illinois 37 2.2.6 Methodische Prinzipien archäologischer Bevölkerungs- 38 berechnungen 2.2.7 Quellen und die Methodik von Lokalstudien 41 2.2.8 Archäologische Anwendbarkeit ethnographischer Daten 43 2.2.9 Zensusdaten, Kartenbilder und Analogiebildung 44 2.3 Exkurs: Malthus, Boserup und die Pennsylvania-Tagung 1970 45 2.4 Methodik der jüngeren amerikanischen Forschung 49 2.4.1 Bestandsaufnahme I: F. A. Hassan 49 2.4.2 Bestandsaufnahme II:. R. M. Schacht 51 2.4.3 Untersuchungen zu rezenten Siedlungen Mexikos 53 2.4.4 Ethnoarchäologische Untersuchungen in Mittelamerika 54 2.4.5 Ursachen unterschiedlicher Siedlungsgrößen 55 2.4.6 Tiefland-Maya und demographische Methodik 57 2.4.7 Klein- und Großfamilien 58 2.4.8 Siedlungskategorien und Bevölkerung 60 2.4.9 Multidisziplinäre und umfassende Demographie 61 2.4.10 ‚Direct historical approach‘ und Regressionsanalysen 63 2.5 Thematische Schwerpunkte der amerikanischen Forschung 68 2.5.1 Quellen- und Methodenkritik 68 2.5.2 Ethnoarchäologie und Demographie 69 2.5.3 Demographische Kulturtheorie 70 2.6 Herausbildung der Archäologischen Demographie in Europa 72 2.6.1 Die frühe Nachkriegszeit 72 2.6.2 Die 60er Jahre 73 2.6.3 Die 70er Jahre 74 2.6.4 Die 80er Jahre 78 2.6.5 Die 90er Jahre 83 2.7 Thematische Schwerpunkte der europäischen Forschung 99 2.7.1 Quellen- und Methodenkritik 99 2.7.2 Bevölkerung und Sozialorganisation 102 2.7.3 Klima, Umwelt und Bevölkerung 106 2.7.4 Migrations- und Mobilitätsforschung 111 2.7.5 Theorie und Bevölkerungsmodelle 113 2.8 Forschungsgeschichtliche Synthese: Gemeinsamkeiten und 119 Unterschiede der amerikanischen und europäischen Archäologischen Demographie 3. Methodik demographischer Fallstudien 127 3.1 Methodik demographischer Lokalstudien 128 3.1.1 Siedlungen 128 3.1.2 Bestattungsplätze 135 3.1.3 Horte, Deponierungen, Opfer 142 3.1.4 Arbeitsleistungen 144 3.2 Methodik demographischer Regionalstudien 145 3.2.1 Historische und ethnohistorische Berichte 145 3.2.2 Grundlagen demographischer Eckwerte 145 3.2.3 Bestattungsplätze 146 3.2.4 Siedlungsplätze 149 3.2.5 Einzelfunde 151 3.2.6 Besondere Fundgattungen: Schwerter 153 3.2.7 Typenkarten als demographisches Hilfsmittel 154 3.2.8 Carrying capacity-Analyse 155 3.2.9 Pollendiagramme und demographische Methodik 159 3.3 Resümee: Methodische Prinzipien der Bevölkerungsberechnung 160 4. Bevölkerungsdaten: Neolithikum bis Mittelalter 163 4.1 Datenerhebung 163 4.2 Aufbau der Datenbank und Kodierung 165 4.3 Deskriptive Statistik 167 4.3.1 Daten auf der Grundlage der Quellengattung Nekropole 168 4.3.2 Daten auf der Grundlage der Quellengattung Siedlung 173 4.3.3 Nekropolen und Siedlungen im Vergleich 180 4.3.4 Regionale Bevölkerungsdaten 184 4.3.5 Gemeinschaftsleistungen 188 5. Demographische Veränderungen während Bronze- und Eisenzeit 189 5.1 Ansichten über metallzeitliche Bevölkerungsschwankungen 189 5.1.1 Bronzezeit 191 5.1.2 Eisenzeit 200 5.2 Grundlagen vorherrschender Bevölkerungsbilder 207 5.2.1 Qualitative Daten: Quellen und methodische Grundlagen 208 5.2.2 Qualitative und quantitative Daten: Versuch einer Synthese 210 5.3 Bevölkerungs- und sozialgeschichtliche Zusammenschau: 220 Forschungsstand, Forschungslücken und Forschungsperspektiven 5.3.1 Neolithikum 221 5.3.2 Frühbronzezeit 224 5.3.3 Mittel- bzw. Hügelgräberbronzezeit 227 5.3.4 Urnenfelderzeit 233 5.3.5 Eisenzeit 245 5.3.6 Fazit 258 6. Epilog 261 7. Zusammenfassung 265 8. Summary 269 Literaturverzeichnis 273 Tabellen 329 Vorwort des Verfassers Bei der hier vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine Habilitationsschrift, die in den Jahren 1996 bis 2002 während meiner Assistenzzeit am Seminar für Ur- und Frühgeschichte der Westfälischen Wilhems-Universität Münster entstand. Der ursprüngliche etwas sperrige Untertitel „Evaluation der internationalen Forschung und Analyse der Bevölkerungsverhältnisse der europäischen Bronze- und Eisenzeit“ wurde für die überarbeitete Druckfassung komprimiert. Angeregt durch die Hinwendung zu Fragen der Methodik unserer Disziplin und durch die kritische Betrachtung sozialarchäologischer Aspekte war der Weg in Richtung auf die hier erörterte Thematik durch meinen akademischen Lehrer und späteren Doktorvater Prof. Dr. Manfred K. H. Eggert (Tübingen) schon lange vorgezeichnet. Auch die Einbindung der amerikanischen Forschung, zumindest in forschungsgeschichtlicher und methodischer Hinsicht, ist ohne Zweifel auf diesen eher indirekten als direkten Einfluss zurückzuführen. Der Lebenslauf des Lehrers hinterlässt somit Spuren in dieser Arbeit – möge es seinen Gefallen finden. Die Konzentration auf die Bronze- und vorrömische Eisenzeit ist nicht nur der Quellenlage geschuldet, sondern auch dem gemeinsamen Interesse an diesen Epochen und dem daraus resultierenden anregenden Austausch mit Prof. Dr. Albrecht Jockenhövel (Münster). Mehrere Jahre des kritischen Gegenlesens und Kommentierens haben zur endgültigen Fassung der Schrift entschieden beigetragen. Wo das Ergebnis nicht den Vorstellungen des kritischen Begleiters entspricht, ist dies auf den Eigensinn des Verfassers zurückzuführen – mea culpa. Besonderer Dank gilt auch Prof. Dr. Andreas Zimmermann (Köln) als Gutachter im Habilitationsverfahren. Dass dieses Buch erst jetzt vorliegt, ist auch dem ja eigentlich glücklichen Umstand geschuldet, dass sich unmittelbar nach dem Ende der Tätigkeit in Münster für mehrere Jahre ein neues und forderndes berufliches Aufgabenfeld in der Denkmalpflege in Schwerin öffnete. Die freudige Konzentration
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