DOCSLIB.ORG

The Building Program of Herod the Great

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Building Program of Herod the Great The Building Program of Herod the Great http://content-backend-a.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft3g500594&chunk.i... Preferred Citation: Roller, Duane W. The Building Program of Herod the Great. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3g500594/ The Building Program of Herod the Great Duane W. Roller UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1998 The Regents of the University of California Preferred Citation: Roller, Duane W. The Building Program of Herod the Great. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press, c1998 1998. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3g500594/ Preface Then Herod . was exceedingly angry, and he sent for and killed all the boys in Bethlehem and all the surroundings who were two years old or less . MATT. 2.16. He who has not seen the Temple of Herod has never seen a beautiful building . JEWISH PROVERB (BABYLONIAN TALMUD, BABA-BATHRA 4A ). I would rather be Herod's pig than his son . EMPEROR AUGUSTUS, QUOTED B MACROBIUS, SATURNALIA 2.4.11. Herod the Great, King of Judaea between 40 and 4 B.C. , is known in the Christian nativity story as the attempted murderer of the infant Jesus. Christian tradition thereafter considered Herod the supreme criminal, and by the end of antiquity, he was remembered almost solely for his role in the Nativity rather than as a client king of Rome's.[1] Works of art such as the Massacre of the Innocents by Pieter Bruegel the Elder[2] have perpetuated and popularized the image of Herod as one of the world's great villains. It is not the purpose of this work to assess the character of Herod or to place him within the religious traditions of Judaea, tasks that have been better performed by others.[3] One expects that Herod's virtues and vices were [1] Christian writers emphasized his role in the Nativity. Eusebios (Ecclesiastical History 1.6.8) suggested that the deterioration of Herod's reign and his terrible death were divine justice for his persecution of Jesus of Nazareth, which came to be an accepted point of view in Christian theology. [2] Now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. [3] Biographies of Herod are numerous, from Walter Otto's lengthy RE article, whose "Zeittafel für Herodes I" is invaluable, to Abraham Schalit's KH and Michael Grant's more popular Herod the Great (London, 1971). In addition, other works particularly valuable for biographical data include Hugo Willrich, Der Haus des Herodes Zwischen Jerusalem und Rom (Heidelberg, 1929); Jones, Herods ; A. Momigliano, "Herod of Judaea," in CAH , 1st ed., corrected (1966), 10: 316–39; Stewart Perowne, The Life and Times of Herod the Great (London, 1956); Menahem Stern, "The Reign of Herod," in HP , 71–123; Schürer (NEV), 1: 287–329 is a particularly straightforward and well-documented summary. Most recently, see Martin Goodman, "Judaea," in CAH , 2d ed. (1996), 10: 737–50, and Peter Richardson, Herod: King of the Jews, Friend of the Romans (Columbia, S.C., 1996), which has an unusually complete discussion of the building program (pp. 174–202). Samuel Sandmel's Herod: Profile of a Tyrant (Philadelphia, 1967), more of a theological study than a political or artistic one, dismisses Herod's building program in a sentence (p. 272). On Herod's miserable death, see Thomas Africa "Worms and the Death of Kings: A Cautionary Note on Disease and History," ClAnt 1 (1982): 9–11; Richard Fenn's The Death of Herod (Cambridge, 1992) is a sociological study of the cultural implications of Herod's death. Many other studies of Herod are cited in the main bibliography to this work; a thorough bibliography of modern works on Herod (through 1980) appears in Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (Berlin, 1984), 278–303. ― x ― little different from those of other dynasts and client kings of the Hellenistic-Roman East. He certainly was more adept than many, as he successfully survived the twists and turns of the Roman civil war from Pompey through Augustus, successively supporting Caesar, Cassius, and Antonius and Cleopatra. He created the model Roman client kingdom of the East, largely based on the Egypt of Antonius and Cleopatra, fostering a Greco-Roman cultural climate, with scholars, a library, artists, and, above all, monumental architecture. It is the architecture of Herod that is the focus of this study, especially the Roman basis of his building program and his overlooked contributions to the architectural history of the Greek and Roman world. Discussions of Herodian architecture are not rare: in fact most treatments of Herod have the requisite summary of his architectural achievements, often lifted bodily from the pages of Josephus. Yet such summaries, however detailed, tend to exclude two important aspects of Herodian architecture: that it extended throughout the eastern Roman world, from western Greece to interior Syria (map 1), and that it was more Roman than Hellenistic in inspiration. Herod built extensively in his kingdom (map 2) and in the surrounding areas: Josephus catalogued over twenty locations within his territory that saw Herodian constructions. But Josephus listed almost as many places outside Herod's kingdom that also benefited from his building,[4] including Syria, Asia Minor, the Greek islands, and even Athens, Sparta, and perhaps Rome. In fact, Herod's career as a builder began not in Judaea but on Rhodes, before he was king.[5] 1 of 177 7/8/2006 7:44 PM The Building Program of Herod the Great http://content-backend-a.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft3g500594&chunk.i... Moreover, Herod's architectural inspiration was not from the expected Hellenistic and Eastern sources, but a reflection of the immense rebuilding of late Republican and Augustan Rome. Although hinted at by Kathleen M. Kenyon in a fundamental, yet brief and obscurely published, study,[6] this aspect of Herod's career has never been fully and systematically explored.[7] He was a remarkable innovator, introducing to the East such [4] As a typical example of the attitude toward this part of Herod's career, Abraham Schalit devoted nearly eighty detailed pages in his monumental KH to Herod's constructions within his kingdom but barely three, essentially quotations from Josephus, to his buildings in the rest of the Greek and Roman world. Schürer (NEV), 1: 308, likewise acknowledged Herod's work outside his kingdom, but in a single paragraph. [5] AJ 14.378. [6] "Some Aspects of the Impact of Rome on Palestine," JRAS 1970: 181–91. [7] Rare exceptions are Willrich (supra, n. 3) and David Braund's Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of Client Kingship (London, 1984), which also examines the matter of Herod and Rome, with some attention to architectural issues (pp. 75–78, 108–13). Ilana d'Ancona Porte's "The Art and Architecture of Palestine under Herod the Great: A Survey of the Major Sites" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1966; see the summary in HSCP 26 [1966]: 341–44) is a limited discussion of Herod's architecture within his kingdom, with some allusions to Roman influence, but does not deal with the issue in any systematic or detailed way. Archaeological fieldwork by Ehud Netzer, especially at Herodeion and Jericho, has also raised questions of Roman involvement, even to the point of suggesting that teams of Roman architects were sent from Rome to Judaea. Other fieldwork at a number of sites within Herod's kingdom has revealed specific cases of Roman influence, such as in the harbor technology and urban plan of Caesarea, but this is largely on an ad hoc basis, without consideration of broad questions of inspiration. A brief but incisive discussion of Herodian architecture in Judaea and Syria, which includes acknowledgement of its Roman origins, appears in Ward-Perkins, RIA , 309–14. See also John R. Bartlett, Jews in the Hellenistic World: Josephus, Aristeas, the Sibylline Orations, Eupolemus (Cambridge Commentaries on the Writings of the Jewish and Christian World, 1.1 [Cambridge, 1985]), 102–10, who saw Herod's architectural activities as more Hellenistic than Roman. As a contrast to those who ignored Herod's architectural achievements, Jones, Cities , 270–77, tended to diminish their importance. ― xi ― diverse architectural forms as the Italian podium temple, the Roman theater, the Italian villa, and probably the enclosed portico and amphitheater. In his youth he was inspired by emergent Roman building activities in Syrian and southern Levantine cities and by the unfulfilled eastern architectural legacy of Julius Caesar, but an early visit to Rome in 40 B.C. provided the impetus for a systematic romanizing of the physical aspect of his future kingdom. Central to this study is the first analytical catalogue of the Herodian architectural program, discussing every site at which he built. It is placed within its context both of the Roman influence, its central focus, and of its continuation of the Roman traditions that had emerged since Syria had become a Roman province and several Roman builders had come to Herod's world. Also of importance is the intellectual setting: not only the cultural life of Augustan Rome, but Herod's own scholarly circle in Jerusalem, which recreated the defunct scholarly life of the court of Antonius and Cleopatra. It included a number of people who traveled regularly between Rome and Judaea and thus provided Herod with much of his information about Roman happenings. When Herod died in 4 B.C. , he left a significant legacy in the architectural romanization of the East. His dynastic successors and in-laws in other client kingdoms continued with their own Herodian-inspired programs. But he also laid the groundwork for the successive great Roman constructions in the East and even influenced the later architectural development of Rome.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Reception of Horace in the Courses of Poetics at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy: 17Th-First Half of the 18Th Century
    The Reception of Horace in the Courses of Poetics at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy: 17th-First Half of the 18th Century The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Siedina, Giovanna. 2014. The Reception of Horace in the Courses of Poetics at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy: 17th-First Half of the 18th Century. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:13065007 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2014 Giovanna Siedina All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Author: Professor George G. Grabowicz Giovanna Siedina The Reception of Horace in the Courses of Poetics at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy: 17th-First Half of the 18th Century Abstract For the first time, the reception of the poetic legacy of the Latin poet Horace (65 B.C.-8 B.C.) in the poetics courses taught at the Kyiv Mohyla Academy (17th-first half of the 18th century) has become the subject of a wide-ranging research project presented in this dissertation. Quotations from Horace and references to his oeuvre have been divided according to the function they perform in the poetics manuals, the aim of which was to teach pupils how to compose Latin poetry. Three main aspects have been identified: the first consists of theoretical recommendations useful to the would-be poets, which are taken mainly from Horace’s Ars poetica.
    [Show full text]
  • The First Illyrian War: a Study in Roman Imperialism
    The First Illyrian War: A Study in Roman Imperialism Catherine A. McPherson Department of History and Classical Studies McGill University, Montreal February, 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts ©Catherine A. McPherson, 2012. Table of Contents Abstract ……………………………………………….……………............2 Abrégé……………………………………...………….……………………3 Acknowledgements………………………………….……………………...4 Introduction…………………………………………………………………5 Chapter One Sources and Approaches………………………………….………………...9 Chapter Two Illyria and the Illyrians ……………………………………………………25 Chapter Three North-Western Greece in the Later Third Century………………………..41 Chapter Four Rome and the Outbreak of War…………………………………..……….51 Chapter Five The Conclusion of the First Illyrian War……………….…………………77 Conclusion …………………………………………………...…….……102 Bibliography……………………………………………………………..104 2 Abstract This paper presents a detailed case study in early Roman imperialism in the Greek East: the First Illyrian War (229/8 B.C.), Rome’s first military engagement across the Adriatic. It places Roman decision-making and action within its proper context by emphasizing the role that Greek polities and Illyrian tribes played in both the outbreak and conclusion of the war. It argues that the primary motivation behind the Roman decision to declare war against the Ardiaei in 229 was to secure the very profitable trade routes linking Brundisium to the eastern shore of the Adriatic. It was in fact the failure of the major Greek powers to limit Ardiaean piracy that led directly to Roman intervention. In the earliest phase of trans-Adriatic engagement Rome was essentially uninterested in expansion or establishing a formal hegemony in the Greek East and maintained only very loose ties to the polities of the eastern Adriatic coast.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of the New Testament Times
    ^'11. .:^^- %/., 'y, 'k PRINCETON, N. J. BS 2410 .H3"8i3'^i878 v.l Hausrath, Adolf, 1837-1909. A history of the New Shelf.. Testament times A HISTORY NEW TESTAMENT TIMES. DR A. '^AUSEATH, OIIDINARY PROFESSOR OF THEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERa. THE TIME OF JESUS. VOL. I. TRANSLATED, WITH THE AUTHORS SANCTION, FROM THE SECOND GERMAN EDITION, BY CHARLES T. POINTING, B.A, & PHILIP QUENZER. WILLIAMS AND N R G A T E, 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON; And 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. 1878. : LONDON PRINTED BY 0. GREEN AND SON, 178, STRAND. THE TIME OF JESUS. VOL. I. : XM'^^^ic^ PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. The History of the New Testament Times is now presented to tlie reader in a revised and enlarged edition. The latter part of the work, especially, has at the same time been much altered under the influence of Dr. Keim's Jesus of Nazara. In the plan of the book nothing has been altered. The aim in view is still to present a history of the development of culture in the times of Jesus and the writers of the New Testa- ment, so far as this development had a direct influence upon the rise of Christianity ; and then to give the history of this rise itself, so far as it can be treated as an objective history, and not as a subjective religious process. The author, in the Preface to the first edition, wrote as follows " "What we call the sacred history, is the presentation of only the most prominent points of a far broader historical life.
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein Contained, Vol
    The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.CH.DOCUMENT.nuhmafricanus3 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained, Vol. 3 Alternative title The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained Author/Creator Leo Africanus Contributor Pory, John (tr.), Brown, Robert (ed.) Date 1896 Resource type Books Language English, Italian Subject Coverage (spatial) Northern Swahili Coast;Middle Niger, Mali, Timbucktu, Southern Swahili Coast Source Northwestern University Libraries, G161 .H2 Description Written by al-Hassan ibn-Mohammed al-Wezaz al-Fasi, a Muslim, baptised as Giovanni Leone, but better known as Leo Africanus.
    [Show full text]
  • Kort Information Om Mallen
    ACTA UNIV. UPS. UNIV. ACTA BOREAS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS BOREAS. Uppsala Studies in Ancient Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations Near Eastern Civilizations Editor: Gunnel Ekroth 34 This volume contains 11 articles from an international conference on an- cient ports in the Greek and Roman world from the Classical period to Late Antiquity. BOREAS 34 The Graeco-Roman civilization was, to a large extent, built on a constant flow of people, goods and ideas between various parts of the Mediterrane- an. This volume treats the function, character and connectivity of ports in the Greek and Roman Mediterranean. The following topics are discussed: Ancient Ports the role of river and sea ports locally, regionally and Mediterranean-wide; the freighting on rivers; the infrastructure of large harbours; the role of the UPS. UNIV. ACTA BOREAS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS The Geography of Connections Ancient Ports: The Geography of Connections hinterland; sea-routes; connectivity and the social character of harbour cit- UPS. UNIV. ACTA BOREAS ACTA UNIV. UPS. UNIV. ACTA BOREAS ies through time. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and BOREAS. Uppsala Studies in Ancient UPS. UNIV. ACTA BOREASProceedings of an International Conference . ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and MediterraneanBOREAS. and UppsalaNear Eastern Studies Civilizations in Ancient BOREAS. Uppsala Studies in Ancient atUppsala
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION Prodigies Were a Standard Feature of Roman
    INTRODUCTION Apud Actium descendenti in aciem asellus cum asinario occurrit: homini Eutychus, bestiae Nicon erat nomen; utrisque simulacrum aeneum victor posuit in templo, in quod castrorum suorum locum vertit. At Actium as he was going down to begin the battle, he met an ass with his driver, the man having the name Eutychos [Lucky] and the beast that of Nikon [Victor]; and aft er the victory he set up bronze images of the two in the sacred enclosure into which he converted the site of his camp (Suet. Aug. 96.2).1 Prodigies were a standard feature of Roman historiography and the triumviral period was no exception. Th e setting of this story is the hill of Michalitsi just before the battle of Actium on 2nd September 31 BC, north of the future Nicopolis, where the statue of the donkey and the driver was erected on Octavian’s Victory Monument (Plut. Ant. 65.3). Together with rams from captured enemy ships the statue showed that Octavian was helped by the gods in his victory at Actium.2 Th e luck might refer to Apollo, who also had a statue on the monument, as he was the god that helped Octavian to victory. Octavian clearly thought it was important to spread the story of divine intervention at Actium. Th e legend of Actium was born. Historical analysis and the ideology of the regime of Octavian/ Augustus, not narrative, is the subject of this book. A re-evaluation of Augustus’ rise to power in 43–27 BC, fi rst as triumvir, and then as sole ruler, will be central to the analysis, focusing particularly on the part played by ideological claims.
    [Show full text]
  • EVIDENCE for INFLUENTIAL WOMEN REPRESENTED on INSCRIBED BASES and SCULPTURE on KOS a Thesis Presented
    MONEY, POWER, AND GENDER: EVIDENCE FOR INFLUENTIAL WOMEN REPRESENTED ON INSCRIBED BASES AND SCULPTURE ON KOS A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by NAOMI RUTH KALOUDIS Dr. Susan Langdon, Thesis Supervisor May 2007 © Copyright by Naomi Kaloudis 2007 All Rights Reserved The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled MONEY, POWER, AND GENDER: EVIDENCE FOR INFLUENTIAL WOMEN REPRESENTED ON INSCRIBED BASES AND SCULPTURE ON KOS presented by Naomi Kaloudis, a candidate for the degree of Master of Arts, and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Professor Susan Langdon Professor Kathleen Slane Professor James McGlew I would like to thank my mother, father, and brother for their support and willingness to listen to every word I had to say no matter how trivial for then, now, and the journey still to come.... In my couple years in graduate school I learned to appreciate Socrates’ statement the: ßn o‰da ˜ti oÈd°n o‰da. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the professors in my thesis committee for all their help throughout this process. I would like to thank Professor Langdon for advising me over the past months. I would like to also thank Professor Slane for her knowledge and input on the Hellenistic period when I was stuck in my research. Finally, I want to thank Professor McGlew for his understanding while I was writing my thesis.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Lists in the Wilderness
    FISH LISTS IN THE WILDERNESS: The Social and Economic History of a Boiotian Price Decree Author(s): Ephraim Lytle Source: Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 79, No. 2 (April-June 2010), pp. 253-303 Published by: The American School of Classical Studies at Athens Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40835487 . Accessed: 18/03/2014 10:14 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 71.168.218.10 on Tue, 18 Mar 2014 10:14:19 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions HESPERIA 79 (2OIO) FISH LISTS IN THE Pages 253~3°3 WILDERNESS The Social and Economic History of a Boiotian Price Decree ABSTRACT This articlepresents a newtext and detailedexamination of an inscribedHel- lenisticdecree from the Boiotian town of Akraiphia (SEG XXXII 450) that consistschiefly of lists of fresh- and saltwaterfish accompanied by prices. The textincorporates improved readings and restoresthe final eight lines of the document,omitted in previouseditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Roman Events
    Introduction Steve Worboys and I began this calendar in 1980 or 1981 when we discovered that the exact dates of many events survive from Roman antiquity, the most famous being the ides of March murder of Caesar. Flipping through a few books on Roman history revealed a handful of dates, and we believed that to fill every day of the year would certainly be impossible. From 1981 until 1989 I kept the calendar, adding dates as I ran across them. In 1989 I typed the list into the computer and we began again to plunder books and journals for dates, this time recording sources. Since then I have worked and reworked the Calendar, revising old entries and adding many, many more. The Roman Calendar The calendar was reformed twice, once by Caesar in 46 BC and later by Augustus in 8 BC. Each of these reforms is described in A. K. Michels’ book The Calendar of the Roman Republic. In an ordinary pre-Julian year, the number of days in each month was as follows: 29 January 31 May 29 September 28 February 29 June 31 October 31 March 31 Quintilis (July) 29 November 29 April 29 Sextilis (August) 29 December. The Romans did not number the days of the months consecutively. They reckoned backwards from three fixed points: The kalends, the nones, and the ides. The kalends is the first day of the month. For months with 31 days the nones fall on the 7th and the ides the 15th. For other months the nones fall on the 5th and the ides on the 13th.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharsalus 48 BC So SI SHEPPARD Is a Former Journalist Currently Enrolled As a Ph.D
    Campaign OSPREY Pharsalus 48 BC so SI SHEPPARD is a former journalist currently enrolled as a Ph.D. student in International Relations at Johns Hopkins University. He graduated with an MA with Distinction from Victoria University and was winner of the Sir Desmond Todd Award for best thesis in a political subject. Si Sheppard has published a number of books and has contributed numerous articles on political and historical topics to leading journals, magazines and newspapers. This is his first title for Osprey. He lives in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ADAM HOOK studied graphic design, and began his work as an illustrator in 1983. He specializes in detailed historical reconstructions, and has illustrated Osprey titles on the Aztecs, the Greeks, the American Civil War and the American Revolution. His work features in exhibitions and publications throughout the world. He lives in East Sussex, UK. Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Campaign • 174 Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Si Sheppard • Illustrated by Adam Hook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dedicated to Stephen Levine: mentor, colleague and friend. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 CHRONOLOGY 17 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 21 The Caesareans • The Republicans THE LEGIONS OF THE LATE REPUBLIC 29 THE CAMPAIGN 33 The Rubicon to Brundisium • Brundisium to Dyrrachium • Dyrrachium to Pharsalus THE BATTLE 54 Opposing plans • Opposing armies • The clash of arms AFTERMATH 83 THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 INDEX 95 INTRODUCTION: TO THE RUBICON he legend SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome - emblazoned on the standards of the city's all- conquering legions in the last few centuries before Christ was both a potent symbol of the source of the republic's power and a reflection of the smouldering tension inherent in its system of government.
    [Show full text]
  • The Coinage of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Brief Discussion of the Coin Types 31
    Ross, Scott (2013) An assessment and up-to-date catalogue of the coins of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium between the 5th and 1st centuries B.C. MPhil(R) thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4335/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] Scott Ross MA (Hons) 0706244 “An assessment and up-to-date catalogue of the coins of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium between the 5th and 1st centuries B.C.” Submitted for the honour of Master of Philosophy (by research) 2012 Classics, School of Humanities, University of Glasgow 1 Acknowledgments 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: Methodology 7 Chapter 2: The History of Illyria 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Physical geography 13 2.3 Political structure of Illyria 15 2.4 Conflict and turmoil 17 2.5 Piracy and Roman intervention 20 2.6 Conclusions 29 Chapter 3: The Coinage of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Brief discussion of the coin types 31 Chapter 4: Weight standard and circulation 35 Chapter 5: Iconography of Silver Issues 41 5.1 Corcyrean Staters 41 5.2 Corinthian Staters 44 5.3 Drachms 45 5.4 Apollo Denarius 48 5.5 Conclusions 49 Chapter 6: Conclusion 50 Catalogue 52 Monograms 236 Bibliography 238 List of Images 241 2 Acknowledgements This is to say thanks to: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Baghdad Set
    The Baghdad Set Also by Adrian O’Sullivan: Nazi Secret Warfare in Occupied Persia (Iran): The Failure of the German Intelligence Services, 1939–45 (Palgrave, 2014) Espionage and Counterintelligence in Occupied Persia (Iran): The Success of the Allied Secret Services, 1941–45 (Palgrave, 2015) Adrian O’Sullivan The Baghdad Set Iraq through the Eyes of British Intelligence, 1941–45 Adrian O’Sullivan West Vancouver, BC, Canada ISBN 978-3-030-15182-9 ISBN 978-3-030-15183-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15183-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2019934733 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]