Aromatic Medicinal Plants of the Lamiaceae Family from Uzbekistan: Ethnopharmacology, Essential Oils Composition, and Biological Activities
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medicines Review Aromatic Medicinal Plants of the Lamiaceae Family from Uzbekistan: Ethnopharmacology, Essential Oils Composition, and Biological Activities Nilufar Z. Mamadalieva 1,*, Davlat Kh. Akramov 1, Elisa Ovidi 2, Antonio Tiezzi 2, Lutfun Nahar 3, Shahnoz S. Azimova 1 and Satyajit D. Sarker 3 1 Laboratory of Chemistry of Glycosides, Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances AS RUz, Tashkent 100170, Uzbekistan; [email protected] (D.K.A.); [email protected] (S.S.A.) 2 Department for the Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forestal Systems, Tuscia University, Viterbo 01100, Italy; [email protected] (E.O.); [email protected] (A.T.) 3 School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; [email protected] (L.N.); [email protected] (S.D.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +99871-262-5913 Academic Editor: Eleni Skaltsa Received: 25 December 2016; Accepted: 4 February 2017; Published: 10 February 2017 Abstract: Plants of the Lamiaceae family are important ornamental, medicinal, and aromatic plants, many of which produce essential oils that are used in traditional and modern medicine, and in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry. Various species of the genera Hyssopus, Leonurus, Mentha, Nepeta, Origanum, Perovskia, Phlomis, Salvia, Scutellaria, and Ziziphora are widespread throughout the world, are the most popular plants in Uzbek traditional remedies, and are often used for the treatment of wounds, gastritis, infections, dermatitis, bronchitis, and inflammation. Extensive studies of the chemical components of these plants have led to the identification of many compounds, as well as essentials oils, with medicinal and other commercial values. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical overview of the literature surrounding the traditional uses, ethnopharmacology, biological activities, and essential oils composition of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, from the Uzbek flora. Keywords: Uzbekistan; Lamiaceae; traditional use; aromatic plants; essential oils 1. Introduction The Republic of Uzbekistan is located in the center of Eurasia. About 85% of its territories are deserts, and about 15% are mountains and foothills. The Uzbek flora accounts for approximately 4350 species of vascular plants, including large numbers of endemic, endangered, and globally important species. Plants endemic to Uzbekistan constitute 20% of all plants; and a majority of these grow in the mountains. The floristic data for several regions of Uzbekistan is imperfect, and studies are continuing [1,2]. One of the famous medicinal aromatic plant families is the Lamiaceae family (alt. Labiatae), also known as the mint family. Aromatic medicinal plants from this family have long been used in Uzbek traditional medicine. The aim of this review is to present a critical overview of the ethnopharmacology, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, essential oils composition, and biological activities of medicinal plants of the family Lamiaceae, e.g., Hyssopus seravschanicus, Leonurus panzerioides, L. turkestanicus, Mentha longifolia var. asiatica, Nepeta alatavica, N. olgae, Origanum tyttanthum, Perovskia scrophulariifolia, Phlomis thapsoides, Salvia korolkovii, S. sclarea, Scutellaria immaculata, S. ramosissima, S. schachristanica, Ziziphora clinopodioides, and Z. pedicellata, from the Uzbek flora. This review has been compiled using Medicines 2017, 4, 8; doi:10.3390/medicines4010008 www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines Medicines 2017, 4, 8 2 of 12 referencesMedicines from 2017, major4, 8 databases, such as Science Direct, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google2 of 12 Scholar Databases. The search included articles published to date. flora. This review has been compiled using references from major databases, such as Science Direct, 2. EssentialSciFinder, Oils Pubmed, from the and Uzbek Google LamiaceaeScholar Databases. Species The search included articles published to date. 2.1. Hyssopus2. Essential seravschanicus Oils from the (Dubj.) Uzbek PazijLamiaceae Species The2.1. genusHyssopusHyssopus seravschanicusL. consists (Dubj.) Pazij of over 15 species worldwide. Hyssopus is a source of volatile oils and itsThe constituents genus Hyssopus are L. consists mostly of sesquiterpenes, over 15 species worldwide. bicyclic Hyssopus monoterpenes, is a source and of volatile some oils acids [3]. Only oneand species its constituents of this genus,are mostlyHyssopus sesquiterpenes, seravschanicus bicyclic, growsmonoterpenes, in Uzbekistan and some [2 ].acidsHyssopus [3]. Only seravschanicus one Pazij isspecies a perennial, of this genus, branched, Hyssopus semi-shrub seravschanicus that, grows is native in Uzbekistan to the the [2]. RepublicHyssopus seravschanicus of Uzbekistan. Pazij Several researchersis a perennial, have studied branched, the semi essential‐shrub oilsthat contentis native ofto H.the seravschanicus the Republic of[ 3Uzbekistan.–5]. The most Several abundant compoundsresearchers identified have studied in the essentialthe essential oils oils of H.content seravschanicus of H. seravschanicus, were pinocamphone [3–5]. The most (71.0%), abundantβ -pinene compounds identified in the essential oils of H. seravschanicus, were pinocamphone (71.0%), (8.6%), 1,8-cineole (6.4%), carvacrol (1.6%), cis-ocimene (1.4%), p-cymene (1.3%) and sabinene (1.3%) β‐pinene (8.6%), 1,8‐cineole (6.4%), carvacrol (1.6%), cis‐ocimene (1.4%), p‐cymene (1.3%) and (Figuresabinene1) (Table (1.3%)1)[5 ].(Figure 1) (Table 1) [5]. 1,8‐cineole p‐cymene carvacrol eugenol thymol caryophyllene oxide β‐caryophyllene trans‐piperitone oxide piperitenone oxide cis‐piperitone oxide α‐cadinol α‐terpineol p‐vinylguaiacol linalyl acetate linalool pulegone β‐pinene isomenthone menthol menthone Figure 1. Cont. Medicines 2017, 4, 8 3 of 12 Medicines 2017, 4, 8 3 of 12 camphor bornyl acetate pinocamphone verbenone Figure 1. Major compounds of the essential oils of the Lamiaceae family. Figure 1. Major compounds of the essential oils of the Lamiaceae family. 2.2. Leonurus panzerioides Popov 2.2. Leonurus panzerioides Popov The genus Leonurus L. (subfamily Lamioideae) comprises 25 species [6]. The Leonurus are Thecharacterized genus Leonurus by the presenceL. (subfamily of iridoid glycosides Lamioideae) and a compriseslower content 25 of speciesessential oils. [6]. This The genusLeonurus is are characterizedrepresented by thein Uzbekistan presence ofby iridoid four species. glycosides Leonurus and panzerioides a lower content Popov is of a essential perennial oils. shrub This that genus is grows in Western Tien Shan and the Pamir‐Alay mountains, on stony and gravelly slopes [2,7]. A represented in Uzbekistan by four species. Leonurus panzerioides Popov is a perennial shrub that grows tincture of the herb of L. panzerioides has been known to possess a sedative effect, which is twice as in Westernstrong Tien as the Shan effect and of a the valerian Pamir-Alay tincture (Table mountains, 1) [8]. The on main stony constituents and gravelly of the slopes essential [2,7 oils]. A of tincture L. of the herbpanzerioides of L. panzerioides were foundhas to been be eugenol known (30.93%), to possess p‐vinyl a sedative guaiacol effect, (15.77%), which dihydroactinidiolide is twice as strong as the effect of(8.95%), a valerian phenyl tincture ethyl alcohol (Table (6.51%),1)[ 8]. verbenone The main (5.83%), constituents and p‐cymen of the‐8 essential‐ol (5.24%). oils Twenty of L.‐ panzerioidesfour were foundcompounds to be were eugenol identified (30.93%), in the poil-vinyl of L. guaiacolpanzerioides (15.77%),, which accounted dihydroactinidiolide for 99.98% of the (8.95%), total oil phenyl ethyl alcohol[9]. (6.51%), verbenone (5.83%), and p-cymen-8-ol (5.24%). Twenty-four compounds were identified2.3. Leonurus in the oil turkestanicus of L. panzerioides V. I. Krecz., which & Kuprian accounted for 99.98% of the total oil [9]. 2.3. LeonurusLeonurus turkestanicus turkestanicus V. I. V. Krecz. I. Krecz & Kuprian& Kuprian is a perennial shrub that grows in the plains and highlands of Asia on stony, shallow‐soiled slopes, floodplains, streamsides, and among trees and Leonurusother shrubs turkestanicus [10]. A decoctionV. I. Krecz of the & above Kuprian‐ground is aparts perennial is used shrubto treat that various grows ailments in the of plainsthe and highlandsheart, of stomach, Asia on and stony, nervous shallow-soiled system [8,11]. Previous slopes, phytochemical floodplains, investigations streamsides, of and the aerial among parts trees and other shrubsof L. turkestanicus [10]. A decoction identified flavonoids, of the above-ground iridoids, alkaloids, parts and is used fatty toacids. treat Thirty various‐nine ailmentschemical of the heart, stomach,constituents and were nervous detected system by GC–MS [8,11 analysis]. Previous of the phytochemical essential oils of L. investigations turkestanicus, representing of the aerial parts 99.98% of total oil components. The essential oil from the aerial parts of L. turkestanicus had of L. turkestanicus identified flavonoids, iridoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids. Thirty-nine chemical oxygenated monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids as the major components, and thus shared the constituentscharacteristics were detectedof thymol bychemotype. GC–MS The analysis principal of theconstituents essential of oils the essential of L. turkestanicus oils of this ,species representing 99.98%were of total found oil components.to be thymol (40.10%), The essential octen‐ oil3‐ol from (13.07%), the aerial carvacrol