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Beliefs of Herbal Therapies of Ilam

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Beliefs of Herbal Therapies of Ilam © 2018 Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 6 (4), 299-317, 2018 ISSN 0719-4250 http://jppres.com/jppres Original Article | Artículo Original Beliefs of herbal therapies of the community of the Ilam city of Ilam province, Iran [Creencias de las terapias herbales de la comunidad de la ciudad de Ilam de la provincia de Ilam, Irán] Amir S. Mozaffari Nejad1,*, Mahmoud Bahmani2, Naseer A. Shah3, Sayed A. Shah4, Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei5,* 1Nutrition Health Research Center, Student Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. 2Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. 3Deartment of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan. 4Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan. 5Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Research Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. *E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Resumen Context: Documenting folk uses of wild medicinal plants provide an Contexto: La documentación del uso de la gente de las plantas silvestres important baseline for the future novel drugs development and produce una base importante para el desarrollo futuro de nuevos pharmacological evaluation. medicamentos y su evaluación farmacológica. Aims: To document the traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge of Ilam Objetivos: Documentar el conocimiento tradicional etno-medicinal de la city of Ilam Province, Iran. ciudad de Ilam de la provincia de Ilam, Irán. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were carried out in the study area Métodos: Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas en el área de estudio from 190 informants to document the ethnomedicinal knowledge during de 190 informantes para documentar el conocimiento etno-medicinal 2008-2014. The collected data were assessed with quantitative tools viz. durante el 2008 - 2014. Los datos recolectados fueron evaluados con medicinal use value (MUV), family use value (FUV) and relative herramientas cuantitativas, valor de uso medicinal (MUV), valor de uso frequency of citation (RFC). familiar (FUV) y frecuencia relativa de citas (RFC). Results: A total of 132 plant species distributed in 116 genera and 51 Resultados: Se reveló que 132 especies de plantas, distribuidas en 116 families were revealed to be used in herbal-based therapy. The highest géneros y 51 familias, eran usadas en la terapia con base herbolaria. La medicinal plants diversity was shown by Compositae (19 species). A total mayor diversidad de plantas medicinales fue mostrada por Compositae (19 of 13 types of plant parts were reported to be used in different recipes especies). Fueron reportados 13 tipos de partes de plantas para ser usados dominated by leaf (31%). Highest MUV were shown by Alhagi maurorum en diferentes recetas, principalmente las hojas (31%). Los mayores MUV Medik. (0.87) and Cannabis sativa L. (0.85). In case of RFC, the highest fueron mostrados por Alhagi maurorum Medik (0.87) y Cannabis sativa L. RFC were expressed by Lycium depressum (0.95) followed by Pistacia (0.85). Los mayores RFC fueron alcanzados por Lycium depressum (0.95), khinjuk (0.94), Nasturtium officinale (0.93) and Portulaca oleracea (0.90). seguido por Pistacia khinjuk (0.94), Nasturtium officinale (0.93) y Highest FUV among small families was shown by Cannabaceae (0.85) and Portulaca oleracea (0.90). Los mayores FUV entre las pequeñas familias se among the large families by Leguminosae (0.55). mostraron para Cannabaceae (0.85) y entre las grandes familias para Conclusions: The study revealed a high medicinal plant diversity that is Leguminosae (0.55). utilized for long time by the local communities of Ilam to resolve their Conclusiones: El estudio reveló una alta diversidad de plantas medicinales health-based problems. The plants marked in the present paper could be que han sido utilizadas durante un largo tiempo por las comunidades brought under pharmacological evaluation to further exploit their locales de Ilam para resolver sus problemas de salud. Las plantas efficacy. This paper could be an important document for the future señaladas en este artículo podrían ser llevadas a evaluación farmacológica generations of the Ilam province, Iran. para el aprovechamiento de su eficacia en el futuro. Este artículo podría ser un documento importante para las generaciones futuras de la provincia de Ilam, Irán. Keywords: ethnobotany; family use value; Ilam; Iran; medicinal plants; Palabras Clave: entobotánica; frecuencia relativa de citas; Ilam, Irán; medicinal use value; relative frequency citation. plantas medicinales; valor de uso familiar; valor de uso medicinal. ARTICLE INFO Received: August 25, 2017. Received in revised form: May 22, 2018. Accepted: May 31, 2018. Available Online: June 24, 2018. Declaration of interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. Funding: The authors confirm that the project has no funding or grants. _____________________________________ Nejad Mozaffari et al. Beliefs of herbal therapies of Ilam INTRODUCTION pharmacopeia and medicinal plants have been studied in different areas of Iran (Jalali et al., 2009; Ethnopharmacology consists of the investigation Ghasemi et al., 2013; Mozaffari Nejad et al., 2013a). However, of plants used by the traditional communities and no information is available on the medicinal plants further understand the pharmacological basis of of Ilam province (Ilam city). Therefore, the aim of these culturally important medicinal plants. In the the study was to explore the ethnomedicinal poten- prehistoric era, medicinal plants were the only tial of the area with the help of ethnobotanical source of treatment of various diseases (Jalali et al., quantitative tools. 2009; Mozaffari Nejad et al., 2013a; 2013b; Bhatia et al., 2015). Traditional medicine plays a key and important role MATERIAL AND METHODS in the health care systems of many countries, which is based on herbal remedies. World Health Organi- Area of study zation (WHO) reported that, about 80% of primary Ilam province is one of the western provinces of medical care in developing countries depends on I.R. Iran and is located in the mountainous and traditional medicines, due to their advantages such semi-warm area. The capital of the province is Ilam as safe, low cost and easily affordable. Besides this, city. Ilam province is neighbor from west with Iraq, modern treatment facilities are not accessible for from south with Khuzestan province, from east the people who live far away from the towns. Ap- with Lorestan province and from north with Ker- proximately 25% of the medical drugs are produced manshah province. This province is one of, more or from herbal ingredients and their derivatives in the less, forested provinces of Iran. Prior to Reza-shah developed countries (Mozaffari Nejad et al., 2013a; Ullah., period, this area was called Poshtkoh Lorestan. But 2014). in 1931 M.d at the time of Reza-shah kingdom under In the recent years, the ethnomedicinal infor- the act of Ministers 'Council and to recall the glory mation of indigenous plants has been taken into a of ancient Ilam civilization, name of Hossein-Abad huge consideration. Medicinal herbs have the in- village was changed to Ilam and this village was se- gredients and antioxidants have apply their thera- lected as city and provincial capital with Ilam name. peutic effects. Also, the researchers demonstrated The ancient civilization of Ilam was centralized in that plant species used in popular medicine are a today Fars and Khuzestan provinces, but apparently promising source for antimicrobial and other effects decision of Reza-shah period for naming of Ilam (Kamkar et al., 2013; Mozaffari Nejad et al., 2014; Eslami et al., back to this topic that Poshtkooh area also in the 2016; Karimi et al., 2016; Rahimi-Madiseh et al., 2017). Due to periods was part of the ancient Ilam. Its population the rising cost of allopathic drugs for the mainte- is 155285 according to 2006 census. nance of personal health of human wellbeing and biomedical benefits and accessibility of medical Topography and climate plants, the use of these natural plants in producing drugs has been considered as a suitable alternative Ilam province especially Ilam city, known as the (Morvin Yabesh et al., 2014; Ullah, 2014). Moreover, re- thyme land and the rising sun land, is located in sistance shown by to the present prevalent medi- west of Iran. The geographical location of the prov- cines in clinics is also complicating the picture. So, ince is visible in Figure 1. Geologically, the lowland switching towards alternative medicines is a need of plain and hills of the province are composed mostly the hour (Shah et al., 2014). of gypsum and calcareous soils, and the mountain- The knowledge on medicinal plants and their ous parts are composed mostly of calcareous, sand- use is obtained by experiences, trial and error, and stone or conglomerate materials supporting fertile handed on from generation to generation. Howev- agricultural soils. Ilam city is located at 33° 38´ er, due to the presence of a gap between older and north latitude and 46° 26´ east longitude. The high- younger generations this field of medical sciences is est mountains of the province are Kabir kuh (Kan- in danger. Iran has a long history in the field of tra- seifi climax), which stretches from the north-west ditional medicine (Ghorbani, 2005). The traditional to the south-east between the lowland and the http://jppres.com/jppres J Pharm Pharmacogn Res (2018) 6(4): 300 Nejad Mozaffari et al. Beliefs of herbal therapies of Ilam mountainous parts of the province and reach a due to domination of Lorestan governors known as height of 2790 m. Gachan, Manesht, Ghalarang and Fili to Ilam. Alireza Asadi in his book brings "from Reno around Ilam city is a continuation of the Zag- comparison of Middle Iranian's words (Parthian ros mountains and the lowlands are a continuation Pahlavi and Sassanid Pahlavi) with Ilami Kurdish of the Mesopotamian plains, which have a warm words you can reach to the conclusion that many and frost-free climate.
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