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Hilbert Constance Reid
Hilbert Constance Reid Hilbert c COPERNICUS AN IMPRINT OF SPRINGER-VERLAG © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc in 1996 All rights reserved. No part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library ofCongress Cataloging·in-Publication Data Reid, Constance. Hilbert/Constance Reid. p. Ctn. Originally published: Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1970. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-387-94674-0 ISBN 978-1-4612-0739-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0739-9 I. Hilbert, David, 1862-1943. 2. Mathematicians-Germany Biography. 1. Title. QA29.HsR4 1996 SIO'.92-dc20 [B] 96-33753 Manufactured in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper. 9 8 7 6 543 2 1 ISBN 978-0-387-94674-0 SPIN 10524543 Questions upon Rereading Hilbert By 1965 I had written several popular books, such as From liro to Infinity and A Long Way from Euclid, in which I had attempted to explain certain easily grasped, although often quite sophisticated, mathematical ideas for readers very much like myself-interested in mathematics but essentially untrained. At this point, with almost no mathematical training and never having done any bio graphical writing, I became determined to write the life of David Hilbert, whom many considered the profoundest mathematician of the early part of the 20th century. Now, thirty years later, rereading Hilbert, certain questions come to my mind. -
Publications of Members, 1930-1954
THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY PUBLICATIONS OF MEMBERS 1930 • 1954 PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY . 1955 COPYRIGHT 1955, BY THE INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, PRINCETON, N.J. CONTENTS FOREWORD 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 DIRECTORY OF INSTITUTE MEMBERS, 1930-1954 205 MEMBERS WITH APPOINTMENTS OF LONG TERM 265 TRUSTEES 269 buH FOREWORD FOREWORD Publication of this bibliography marks the 25th Anniversary of the foundation of the Institute for Advanced Study. The certificate of incorporation of the Institute was signed on the 20th day of May, 1930. The first academic appointments, naming Albert Einstein and Oswald Veblen as Professors at the Institute, were approved two and one- half years later, in initiation of academic work. The Institute for Advanced Study is devoted to the encouragement, support and patronage of learning—of science, in the old, broad, undifferentiated sense of the word. The Institute partakes of the character both of a university and of a research institute j but it also differs in significant ways from both. It is unlike a university, for instance, in its small size—its academic membership at any one time numbers only a little over a hundred. It is unlike a university in that it has no formal curriculum, no scheduled courses of instruction, no commitment that all branches of learning be rep- resented in its faculty and members. It is unlike a research institute in that its purposes are broader, that it supports many separate fields of study, that, with one exception, it maintains no laboratories; and above all in that it welcomes temporary members, whose intellectual development and growth are one of its principal purposes. -
Leonhard Euler - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 14
Leonhard Euler - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 14 Leonhard Euler From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Leonhard Euler ( German pronunciation: [l]; English Leonhard Euler approximation, "Oiler" [1] 15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function.[2] He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. Euler spent most of his adult life in St. Petersburg, Russia, and in Berlin, Prussia. He is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century, and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific mathematicians ever; his collected works fill 60–80 quarto volumes. [3] A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is our teacher in all things," which has also been translated as "Read Portrait by Emanuel Handmann 1756(?) Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all." [4] Born 15 April 1707 Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10- Basel, Switzerland franc banknote and on numerous Swiss, German, and Died Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was 18 September 1783 (aged 76) named in his honor. He is also commemorated by the [OS: 7 September 1783] Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on 24 St. Petersburg, Russia May – he was a devout Christian (and believer in Residence Prussia, Russia biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued Switzerland [5] forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time. -
Leonhard Euler: the First St. Petersburg Years (1727-1741)
HISTORIA MATHEMATICA 23 (1996), 121±166 ARTICLE NO. 0015 Leonhard Euler: The First St. Petersburg Years (1727±1741) RONALD CALINGER Department of History, The Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C. 20064 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE After reconstructing his tutorial with Johann Bernoulli, this article principally investigates provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector the personality and work of Leonhard Euler during his ®rst St. Petersburg years. It explores the groundwork for his fecund research program in number theory, mechanics, and in®nitary analysis as well as his contributions to music theory, cartography, and naval science. This article disputes Condorcet's thesis that Euler virtually ignored practice for theory. It next probes his thorough response to Newtonian mechanics and his preliminary opposition to Newtonian optics and Leibniz±Wolf®an philosophy. Its closing section details his negotiations with Frederick II to move to Berlin. 1996 Academic Press, Inc. ApreÁs avoir reconstruit ses cours individuels avec Johann Bernoulli, cet article traite essen- tiellement du personnage et de l'oeuvre de Leonhard Euler pendant ses premieÁres anneÂes aÁ St. PeÂtersbourg. Il explore les travaux de base de son programme de recherche sur la theÂorie des nombres, l'analyse in®nie, et la meÂcanique, ainsi que les reÂsultats de la musique, la cartographie, et la science navale. Cet article attaque la theÁse de Condorcet dont Euler ignorait virtuellement la pratique en faveur de la theÂorie. Cette analyse montre ses recherches approfondies sur la meÂcanique newtonienne et son opposition preÂliminaire aÁ la theÂorie newto- nienne de l'optique et a la philosophie Leibniz±Wolf®enne. -
Leonhard Euler : Life, Work and Legacy
Prelims-N52728.fm Page i Wednesday, November 15, 2006 1:35 PM LEONHARD EULER: LIFE, WORK AND LEGACY Prelims-N52728.fm Page ii Wednesday, November 15, 2006 1:35 PM STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS Volume 5 Cover art: “Leonhard Euler”, by Susan Petry, 2002, 26 by 33cm, cherry wood. After the 1753 portrait by Handmann. Photo by C. Edward Sandifer AMSTERDAM - BOSTON - HEIDELBERG - LONDON - NEW YORK - OXFORD - PARIS SAN DIEGO - SAN FRANCISCO - SINGAPORE - SYDNEY - TOKYO Prelims-N52728.fm Page iii Wednesday, November 15, 2006 1:35 PM LEONHARD EULER: LIFE, WORK AND LEGACY Edited by Robert E. Bradley Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Adelphi University 1 South Avenue Garden City, NY 11530, USA C. Edward Sandifer Department of Mathematics Western Connecticut State University 181 White Street Danbury, CT 06810, USA Amsterdam - Boston - Heidelberg - London - New York - Oxford - Paris San Diego - San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney - Tokyo Prelims-N52728.fm Page iv Wednesday, November 15, 2006 1:35 PM Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2007 Copyright © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department -
Jarník's Notes of the Lecture Course Allgemeine Idealtheorie by B. L
Jarník’s Notes of the Lecture Course Allgemeine Idealtheorie by B. L. van der Waerden (Göttingen 1927/1928) Monographs and Textbooks in Algebra at the Turn of the 20th Century In: Jindřich Bečvář (author); Martina Bečvářová (author): Jarník’s Notes of the Lecture Course Allgemeine Idealtheorie by B. L. van der Waerden (Göttingen 1927/1928). (English). Praha: Matfyzpress, 2020. pp. 61–110. Persistent URL: http://dml.cz/dmlcz/404381 Terms of use: Institute of Mathematics of the Czech Academy of Sciences provides access to digitized documents strictly for personal use. Each copy of any part of this document must contain these Terms of use. This document has been digitized, optimized for electronic delivery and stamped with digital signature within the project DML-CZ: The Czech Digital Mathematics Library http://dml.cz 61 MONOGRAPHS AND TEXTBOOKS IN ALGEBRA at the turn of the 20th century 1 Introduction Algebra as a mathematical discipline was initially concerned with equation solving. It originated in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia four thousand years ago, and somewhat later also in ancient China and India. At that time, equations in the present sense, i.e., formal expressions based on a certain, perhaps very primitive notation, did not exist yet. The ancient arithmeticians were able to solve word problems leading to equations or their systems by means of meticulously memorized procedures, which can be nowadays aptly designated as algorithms. They have successfully tackled a number of problems, which often correspond to present-day problems of school mathematics, sometimes being much more difficult. Their methods of calculation largely correspond to our procedures used for solving equations or their systems. -
In Memoriam Johann Jakob Burckhardt (13.7.1903–5.11.2006)
Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich (2007) 152(1/2): 45–47 In memoriam Johann Jakob Burckhardt (13.7.1903–5.11.2006) Johann Jakob Burckhardt entstammte einem alten Basler Patrizier- geschlecht, das im 16. Jahrhundert aus dem oberen Münstertal (Schwarzwald) in Basel eingewandert war. Der Stammvater Christoph (Stoffel) Burckhardt (1490–1578) war Tuch- und Seidenhändler, Mitglied der Safran- und Schlüsselzunft und 1553 als Sechser (Zunftvorstand) im Grossen Rat, in dem die Familie bis ins 20. Jahrhundert ohne Unterbruch vertreten war. Von 1603 bis 1875 stellte die Familie auch ständig ein Mitglied im Kleinen Rat. Burckhardts Vater Wilhelm (1862–1964) war Advokat und u. a. Rechtskonsulent am Deutschen Konsulat in Basel. Er war ein ausgezeichneter Reiter und Pferdekenner und veröffentlichte 1944 eine Abhandlung über den Baron Emil von Gillmann und die Entwicklung der Reitkunst in Basel. Die Mut- ter Eleonore Vischer (1867–1949) war die Tochter von Johann Ja- kob Vischer-Iselin (1823–1893), Präsident des Kriminalgerichts und des Direktoriums der Centralbahn.1 In seinen Lebenserinnerungen schildert Burckhardt seine glückliche und wohlbehütete Jugend im herrschaftlichen Eltern- haus an der Wartenbergstrasse 15. Die Primar schule besuchte er an der Sevogelstrasse und das humanis tische Gymnasium am Münsterplatz. Im August 1918 wechselte er an die Obere Realschule im De Wette-Schulhaus, wo er 1922 die Matura erwarb. Im Oktober 1922 schrieb er sich an der zweiten phi- losophischen Fakultät der Universität Basel ein. Da ihn dort die mathematischen Vorlesungen nicht befriedigten, wechselte er im Sommersemester 1923 an die Universität München, wo er u. a. Vorlesungen bei O. Perron, F. Hartogs, W. Wien und R. -
Leonhard Paul Euler [Wikipedia] (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) P.1/6
Leonhard Paul Euler [Wikipedia] (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) p.1/6 Leonhard Paul Euler (15 April 1707 – 18 September 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. His surname is pronounced /ˈɔɪlər/ OY-lər in English and [ˈɔʏlɐ] in German; the common English pronunciation /ˈjuːlər/ EW-lər is incorrect. Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function.[5] He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. Euler is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific; his collected works fill 60–80 quarto volumes.[6] A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all."[7] Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc banknote and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also commemorated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on 24 May – he was a devout Christian (and believer in biblical inerrancy) who wrote apologetics and argued forcefully against the prominent atheists of his time.[8 Early years Euler was born in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church, and Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. -
View This Volume's Front and Back Matter
Christopher Hollings HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS Y VOLUME 41 Mathematics Across the Iron Curtain A History of the Algebraic Theory of Semigroups https://doi.org/10.1090/hmath/041 HISTORY OF MATHEMATICS v VOLUME 41 Mathematics Across the Iron Curtain A History of the Algebraic Theory of Semigroups Christopher Hollings American Mathematical Society Providence, Rhode Island Editorial Board June Barrow-Green Bruce Reznick Robin Hartshorne Adrian Rice, Chair 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 01A60, 20-03. For additional information and updates on this book, visit www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-41 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hollings, Christopher, 1982– Mathematics across the Iron Curtain : a history of the algebraic theory of semigroups / Christopher Hollings. pages cm. — (History of mathematics ; volume 41) Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 978-1-4704-1493-1 (alk. paper) 1. Semigroups. 2. Mathematics—History—20th century. 3. Cold War. I. Title. QA182.H65 2014 512.27—dc23 2014008281 Copying and reprinting. Individual readers of this publication, and nonprofit libraries acting for them, are permitted to make fair use of the material, such as to copy a chapter for use in teaching or research. Permission is granted to quote brief passages from this publication in reviews, provided the customary acknowledgment of the source is given. Republication, systematic copying, or multiple reproduction of any material in this publication is permitted only under license from the American Mathematical Society. Requests for such permission should be addressed to the Acquisitions Department, American Mathematical Society, 201 Charles Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02904-2294 USA. Requests can also be made by e-mail to [email protected]. -
Introduction to the English Edition of Hilbert's Zahlbericht
Introduction to the English Edition of Hilbert’s Zahlbericht Franz Lemmermeyer Norbert Schappacher∗ September 11, 2003 1 The Report David Hilbert’s (1862–1943) so-called Zahlbericht of 1897,1 which appears here for the first time in English, was the principal textbook on algebraic number theory for a period of at least thirty years after its appearance. Emil Artin, Helmut Hasse, Erich Hecke, Hermann Weyl and many others learned their number theory from this book. Even beyond this immediate impact Hilbert’s Zahlbericht has served as a model for many standard textbooks on algebraic number theory through the present day—cf. for instance Samuel’s little book,2 or the first chapter of Neukirch’s textbook.3 As a matter of fact, except for minor details (see Section 4 below), at least the first two parts of Hilbert’s text can still today pass for an excellent introduction to classical algebraic number theory. But even though Hilbert’s presentation definitely left its mark on this material, the text does remain a Bericht, i.e., a report, commissioned as it was by the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung (D.M.V., the German Mathematical Society), on the state of the theory around 1895. During the first years of its existence, the commissioning of comprehensive reports on all parts of mathematics was an important part of the activities of the D.M.V. The first ten volumes of the Jahresbericht contain thirteen such reports. David Hilbert and Hermann Minkowski were asked to write a joint report covering all of number theory. Eventually Hilbert and Minkowski decided to split the report, and it was agreed that Minkowski’s part should cover the elementary aspects of number theory like continued fractions, quadratic forms and the geometry of numbers. -
Goldstein · Schappacher · Schwermer the Shaping of Arithmetic After C. F
Goldstein · Schappacher · Schwermer The Shaping of Arithmetic after C. F. Gauss’s Disquisitiones Arithmeticae Catherine Goldstein Norbert Schappacher Joachim Schwermer Editors The Shaping of Arithmetic after C. F. Gauss’s Disquisitiones Arithmeticae With 36 Figures 123 Catherine Goldstein Joachim Schwermer Histoire des sciences mathématiques Fakultät für Mathematik Institut de mathématiques de Jussieu Universität Wien 175 rue du Chevaleret Nordbergstraße 15 75013 Paris, France 1090 Wien, Austria E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Norbert Schappacher UFR de mathématique et d’informatique / IRMA 7rueRenéDescartes 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2006932291 ISBN 978-3-540-20441-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
Leonhard Euler (1707 – 1783)
Leonhard Euler (1707 – 1783) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler ! Euler was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist. He made important discoveries in fields as diverse as infinitesimal calculus and graph theory. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function. He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, fluid dynamics, optics, and astronomy. Euler spent most of his adult life in St. Petersburg, Russia, and in Berlin, Prussia. He is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century, and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific mathematicians ever; his collected works fill 60 -80 quarto volumes. A statement attributed to Pierre- Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all." Euler was born on April 15, 1707, in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church. His mother was Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters named Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Paul Euler was a friend of the Bernoulli family - Johann Bernoulli, who was then regarded as Europe's foremost mathematician, would eventually be the most important influence on young Leonhard. Euler's early formal education started in Basel, where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother.