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THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY - V"^ ' . V

PAPERS AND PROCEEDINGS

THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL MEETING

AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

PASADENA, CALIFORNIA

MAY 18-24, 1911

AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 78 E. WASHINGTON STREET CHICAGO, ILL.

1911 IZ- CONTENTS

General sessions: PAGE Addresses of welcome and response 51 President's address: What the community owes the library James I. Wyer. Jr 55 Is library censorship desirable? Willard Huntington Wright 59 Exploitation of the public library Arthur E. Bostwlck 60 Secretary's report George B. Utley 65 Treasurer's report Carl B. Roden 82 Reports of boards and committees; Co-ordination Charles H. Gould 71 Co-ordination among college libraries William C. Lane 75 Co-operation with the National Education Association Mary Eileen Ahem 75 Bookbinding A. L. Bailey 7fl Library training A. S. Root 77 Brussels Congresses N. D. C. Hodges 79 Federal and state relations B. C. Stelner 79 Trustees of endowment funds W. C. Kimball 80 A. L. A. Publishing Board Henry E. Legler 83 Finance C. W. Andrews 90 Public documents G. S. Godard 90 Library administration H. W. Graver 91 Library work with the blind Emma N. Delflno 97 Effect of the commission plan of city govern- ment on public libraries Alice S. Tyler 98 Limitations of the branch librarian's Initiative. .C. H. Brown 105

Branch library and Its relation to the district. . .Clara E. Howard 109 Eternal "Or" of the librarian Francis F. Browne 112 Municipal civil service as affecting libraries J. T. Jennings 119 Humors and horrors of municipal civil service. .Jessie F. Hume 127 Administrative units in library extension M. S. Dudgeon 130 California county free libraries Harriet G. Eddy 138 County libraries In Oregon Mary F. Isom 144 An Ohio county library Corlnne A. Metz 146 Basis of support of organizations for public li- brary work F. F. Hopper 148 Increasing the educational efficiency of the library A. H. Chamberlain 154 Materials and methods in bookbinding Cedrlc Chlvers 164 Books and the efficient life J. A. B. Scherer 179 Report of resolutions committee G. S. Godard 188 Report of Executive board 192 Report of the Council 193 Report of tellers of election 195 Social side of the Conference 195 Travel side of the Conference 197

PAGE PAGE Aftlliated organizations: Sections—continued American association of law libraries.... 204 College and reference 251 League of library commissions 206 Professional training 263 National association of state libraries.... 21.^ Trustees' 271 Special libraries association 217 Public documents round table 272 Sections: Attendance summaries 274 Catalog 21S Attendance register 275 Children's librarians' 240 PASADENA CONFERENCE MAY J8-24, I9tl

PRELIMINARY SESSION Mr. L, W. Ripley, president of the Cal- ifornia library association, was next intro- (Thursday, May 18, 1911, 8:15 p. m.. duced and in a few cordial words expressed Hotel Maryland) the welcome of the state association. Mr. Ripley said that the influence left by the The preliminary session of the Thirty- Association's visit of twenty years ago had third annual conference of the American not yet died away and that Californians library association was called to order by anticipated from this visit even more bene- Mr. E. L. Conger, of Pasadena, who spoke fit and uplift to their state. a few words of welcome and introduced Dr. FOX: There is unusual Joy and the Rev. Dr. D. F. Fox, of Pasadena, who, in pleasure in connection with the appearance the absence of the mayor, welcomed the of the next speaker. The response to the conference to the city in a brief, witty and greeting, in behalf of the president of the pleasing address. American library association, in the ab- Dr. Fox said he was sure that all the sence of your president, is to be made by members were going to like Pasadena and Mr. Samuel Swett Green, of Worcester, feel that the Crown City was the real Massachusetts, who, when your Associa- crowing glory in the realm of God's won- tion met in San Francisco twenty years derful out-of-doors; that all were sure to ago, was the president of the American be favorably impressed with the spirit of library association. I have the distinguished progress there displayed, and would be well honor, ladies and gentlemen, of presenting repaid by a visit to some of the education- to you Mr. Green. al institutions In the neighborhood as well Mr. GREIEN: Angels' visits, Mr. Presi- as to the famous scenic attractions which dent, are generally far between. It is with he hoped all the delegates would see be- the heartiest gratitude that the members fore they departed; and that when they of the American library association thank returned to their homes they would carry you for the offers of hospitality which you with them the best memories of delightful have made. days spent in their beautiful valley. It is with extreme regret that we have Following Dr. Fox, Mr. J. W. Wood wel- met in the absence of our presidentj but comed the members of the Association in perhaps it was wise for him to select, in behalf of the board of trustees of the Pasa- naming him who should respond, one who dena public library. He referred with pride had already realized how fully you carried to the fact that the people of the city had out your promises and how much better built their own library building, had bought a time we had when here before than we its books and ably supported it, and that had any anticipation of. Twenty years ago the character of the books read showed representatives of your state met us at Pasadena to be an exceptional center of the borders of the state. We received a study and culture. The speaker said that dispatch as we were crossing Nevada, tell- the one note of sadness was the illness ing us that representatives of libraries and of the librarian. Miss N. M. Russ, who had of those interested in libraries, would meet planned and worked for two years for this us at Truckee, on the way to Sacramento. Conference and now most unfortunately Those representatives reached Truckee be- was sick and could only send her message fore we did and were there to receive us. of greeting with the hope that the visit They brought us fresh salmon they had would be pleasant and enjoyable to all. caught the day before in the Sacramento

^~^r^t^,e^Yj^fi^\y 52 PASADENA CONFERENCE

River. They brought a hamper of quail and here but sage brush." No such story, I a great abundance of the luscious grapes believe, could be told of the state to-day. which are in such profusion in this state My interest in California is a deep and in the autumn and quantities of the rare binding one. I first became acquainted and beautiful chrysanthemums which this with this locality when I landed here after state has the greatest reason to be proud serving two years before the mast, when, of. in 1S49, I became quite excited over the

Our cook took the provisions that were sudden discovery of gold, and I have brought and served breakfast in the dining watched the progress and growth of the car to the members of the Association and state with great Interest ever since. I the representatives from Sacramento. We am afraid we shall find many changes, were then taken down to that beautiful immense changes, but whatever those city and carried to the capitol, where we changes may be, they cannot alter the were received by one of the officials of the beautiful surroundings of Pasadena. They state, and there we found representatives cannot change its delightful climate, and from San Francisco, where the conference we are finding here, and are sure we shall was to be held, waiting to escort us from find while we stay here, that there is no Sacramento to San Francisco. change in the hospitality and hearts of its After receiving profuse hospitality in the people. greatest city of the state, we started on a Dr. FOX: Secretary Utley has a letter journey south. I well remember that sun- which he will read you at this time. shiny morning that we came to Pasadena, The SECRETARY: You will notice on and that before we had finished our your programs that the Rev. Dr. Robert J. breakfast your representatives were at our Burdette was to have been with us to-night. sides with a profusion of the fruits and 1 wish to read you a note from Dr. Bur- flowers of the season, and with carriages dette, who is in the East, to Mr. Wyer, the in which you took us on a most interesting president. drive and then brought us to your beautiful Boston, May 6, 1911. public library building, where we met the My dear Mr. Wyer: assembled representatives of the refine- I am sorry as a boy who has played ment of the city, who gave us another cor- hookey and is facing the consequences. dial welcome. But I will not be at home to welcome the We find, of course, immense changes In A. L. A. to our city. I had planned to re- California. We have just come here, but turn home May 10th, but the Fates, re- we know that we are to expect great morseless old girls, have crossed my wires changes. Twenty years ago, Pasadena had and opened my switches and marooned me only a few inhabitants. To-day you have, in Boston, this state. I am studying the as has been stated to-night, 30,000 people. language. I have already learned to drop Los Angeles had 50,000 inhabitants at that both "R's" in Harvard and to add a final time, but now there are over 300,000. San one to "Africar." Cordially yours,

Francisco has passed through a terrible ROBERT .1. BURDETTE. calamity and is rising in triumph from An informal reception was held in the its troubles. I remember that at certain lobby of the hotel, at the close of the even- places where the trains stopped twenty ing's program. years ago, the citizens were there in their own carriages, driving their own horses, FIRST GENERAL SESSION and came to the station and took us about {Shakespeare Club House, Friday, May the town and when spontaneously we ad- 19, 2:30 p. m.) mired the beauty of everything we saw, they said to us, "You would hardly suppose In the absence of President Wyer, Mr. that only three years ago there was nothing Henry E. Legler, as temporary chairman MEEKER 53

of the Executive board, called the session clubs are steady patrons of our libraries, to order. many of which have been founded by wo- Mr. LEGLER: In the absence of the men's clubs. In our own state of California, president, Mr. Wyer, the duty devolves up- before the state library covered the ground on me, as representative of the Executive as completely as it does now, much of the board to call to order this, the Thirty- energy of our women's clubs was spent

third Annual Session of the American li- in sending traveling libraries to communi- brary association. ties where there were no libraries at all, We all regret Mr. Wyer's inability to be and so a great deal of library work was present with us to-day and we deplore the done by women's clubs. compelling cause that has made his ab- On the other hand, the woman's club sence inevitable. In this emergency the would languish and die, perhaps, without Executive board members feel themselves the library. The library is the source from particularly fortunate in having been able which we gather our mental food. It is our to persuade some of the ex-presidents of powder magazine from which we get our the Association to preside at the several ammunition. It is our tool house from which meetings which comprise the program for we get our tools. The library is our school this conference. Into their capable and from which we get our training. It is the experienced hands, therefore, the sessions place in which we crystallize our ideas and

of this Association will be placed, and I it is our hospitable home where we are take great pleasure in yielding the gavel always sure of finding friends to talk to of the presiding officer to Mr. F. P. Hill, us. The library is essential to our well ex-president of the American library asso- being and our well doing. Therefore, to ciation. (Mr. Hill takes the chair.) you, representing all of the libraries of this The CHAIRMAN: At this, the Thirty- great nation, our club is most happy to

third Annual Meeting of the American li- extend a cordial greeting and we are glad brary association, we meet with two un- that you are here and we are happy to usual handicaps; first, the illness of Miss have the honor of offering you the use of Nellie M. Russ, the librarian of the Pasa- our club house while you remain with us. dena public library, and second, the ab- We hope you will use it as freely as if it

sence of our president, Mr. James I. were your own homes. On behalf of the

Wyer, Jr. Club, I give you a most hearty welcome. We are gathered here in this beautiful The CHAIRMAN: In speaking of the auditorium at the invitation of the Shake- officers, or the ex-presidents who are to

speare club, and I have pleasure in in- preside, it may be well, perhaps, to let troducing to you Miss Anna L. Meeker, you know how they will appear. To-day, the president, who will extend to us a the librarian of the Brooklyn public li- hearty greeting on behalf of the club. brary; at to-morrow's session, Mr. C. W. Miss MEEKER: Members of the Amer- Andrews of The John Crerar library will ican library association: On behalf of the preside; at the next session, Mr. Henry J.

Shakespeare Club, I am most happy to Carr, librarian of the public library of welcome you to our club house. We appre- Scranton; at the fourth session, Mr. A. E. ciate the honor of entertaining so large a Bostwick, of the public library of St. Louis; body of distinguished people. It is safe to and at the fifth and last meeting, Miss Alice say that never before has there so large S. Tyler, of the Iowa library commission, an amount of book lore been packed with- who is not an ex-president simply because in these walls. It seems particularly fitting she would not stand for it, but who is an that the American library association ex-vlee-president. should meet in the home of a woman's club, for the libraries and the women's clubs are A resolution of regret at the illness of mutually dependent. The women of our Miss Nellie M. Russ, librarian of the Pasa- 54 PASADENA CONFERENCE

dena public library, and of hope for her their annual conference, desire one and all, speedy recovery, was moved by Miss Alice to express their regret that Mr. Wyer, their president, is detained at Albany by the du- S. Tyler, warmly and appreciatively sec- ties and responsibilities of his office, and onded by Miss M. K. Ahem and passed can not be with them and preside over unanimously by a rising vote. their meetings. Regretting his absence for The CHAIRMAN: The program which their own sake, they also realize the dis- appointment it must be to him to lose an is before you has been planned altogether ojiportunity which ordinarily comes to a by the absent president, Mr. J. I. Wyer, man but once in a lifetime, and accom- Jr., of the New York state library. He even panies the highest honor which the Asso- planned that the ex-presidents should pre- ciation can bestow. They unite in sending him a message of side, so that everything up to and including encouragement and confidence as he takes this moment was outlined by the foresight up the difficult task of reconstruction made of our president. We all regret his absence necessary by the calamity which lately swept away the great library of and I am glad to know that the Executive the State of New York, and left the nation poorer by board has prepared a resolution in relation the destruction of the precious collections thereto, which I will call upon Mr. Henry of books and manuscripts, and by the in- M. Utley, ex-president of the American li- terruption of beneficent and widely effec- brary association and librarian of the De- tive educational activities."

troit public library to present. Mr. Chairman, I move you, sir, that this

Mr. UTLEY: I am sure we all share minute be spread upon the records of the the disappointment and regret of Mr. Wyer, Association and that a copy of the same our president, that he is not able to be be forwarded to Mr. Wyer. present on this occasion. That he Is de- The CHAIRMAN: You have heard the tained away is due to circumstances with motion of Mr. Utley, is it seconded? which you are doubtless more or less fa- Mr. RIPLEY: On behalf of the Cali-

miliar. The burning of the capltol building fornia library association, I take great plea- at Albany, or the wing of the capitol in sure In seconding the resolution as read. which the state library was situated, re- The California library association, not to sulted in the almost entire wiping out of speak of the members of the American that library, and the Legislature which Is library association, have been greatly ani-

In session at this time, as 1 understand it, mated through the last year by the asso- is considering a measure for the rebuilding ciation with this extremely choice spirit and rejuvenation of the library Itself. Un- of our profession, and we deeply deplore der these conditions, it seems necessary the unforeseen circumstances fhat prevent that Mr. Wyer should be at his post of our coming in personal contact with this duty. Therefore, he has given up the pleas- very livest of live wires. ure and satisfaction which he must have The CHAIRMAN: Mr. R. R. Bowker, expected to obtain by being present at who, by the way, is not an ex-president, was this conference. But the Association is also to second this resolution, but he is under obligation to him for the wisdom and not in the hall at present. We have, with thought and time which he has given in us, however, one who is not only a friend the preparation of our excellent program. of the Association but a personal friend

1 am sure we shall all appreciate its ex- of Mr. Wyer. Will Mr. Burpee also second cellence as we proceed with its consider- the motion?

ation from day to day. Mr. BURPEE: I am sure that Mr. Utley Recognizing these conditions, and the and Mr. Ripley have expressed what we all circumstances which detained Mr. Wyer, feel in this matter. It must be a bitter the Executive board has adopted a minute disappointment to Mr. Wyer to be absent In reference thereto, which I have been from this meeting, and it is equally dis- asked to present. appointing to us. We miss Mr. Wyer not friend, but also as one of the "The members of the American library only as a association assembled in Pasadena for principal factors making for library prog- 55 ress in this country and throughout this stake, and that no reasonable conception of continent. The destruction of the state li- duty will warrant any other course. In this event the opportunity will be presented hrary at Albany, it seems to me, is much to utilize the corps of ex-presidents, those more than a local loss, or a national loss. ornamental by-products of our organiza- It is, in every sense, an international ca- tion. To their kind and experienced offices lamity. As president of a Canadian library the conduct of the general sessions of the Association may confidently be entrusted, association, and as a member of the Amer- with the unique and attractive element of ican library association, it gives me very variety which has certainly much to com- special pleasure to second this resolution. mend it when contrasted with the monotony The CHAIRMAN: Anything further to accruing to a series of meetings all con- ducted by the same person. be said? If not, as many as are in favor Should it be necessary to read these sen- of the re.solution as presented by Mr. tences, they are offered with the keenest Utley, and seconded by Mr. Ripley and expressions of regret, a regret which you Mr. Burpee, will manifest it in the usual can not feel in equal measure, but with every confidence that beautiful and hospit- manner of to-day, by rising. able Southern California, the five hundred (The entire assemblage rose to their feet enthusiastic librarians of the Golden State and the motion was passed unanimously.) and the representative attendance now as- The CHAIRMAN: We trust that the sured from all parts of the country will all conspire to bring about a thoroughly Secretary will transmit this by lettergram mem- orable meeting. to Mr. Wyer to-night. I am going to read J. I. WYER, JR. a letter from him which he prepared in The CHAIRMAN: President Wyer's anticipation of not being able to be here address will now be read by Mr. W. C. and not as an answer to the resolution LANE, ex-president of the American library which has just been adopted. association and librarian of Harvard uni- Albany, N. Y., May 13, 1911. Greetings to the A. L. A. versity, whom I have the pleasure of pre- There is a possibility that I may not be senting to you. able to reach Pasadena. Aside from the Mr. LANE: You understand, of course, strenuous conditions immediately resulting the address I am about to read is Mr. from the destruction of the State Library, address, not mine. I important pending legislation is likely to Wyer's and am simply reach a stage at any day that will make it a voice, and nothing more. The subject of impossible to be so far away or so long ab- the address is sent from Albany. No one who has been chosen president of the American Library Association will- WHAT THE COMMUNITY OWES THE ingly foregoes the honor and pleasant priv- LIBRARY ilege of presiding over your annual con- ference. Nothing short of a great calamity For fifty years the free public library such as that melancholy one, the stress of has been "finding itself"; has been trying which threatens to detain me, would be to discover its precise point of attachment counted a sufficient excuse for absence. in a complex social order; has been deter- Should it be imperative for me to remain at home, I can only hope that my plea of mining and evolving its proper functions superior official duty will seem as adequate and seeking to fix the scope of its activities. and convincing to you as it does to your During this experimental period there have president. fungous For six weeks he has confidently planned been some excesses to curb, some to be with you, and has steadily hugged the growths to lop off, and some mistaken precarious hope that he might cross the policies to revise. These have been, how- continent to this meeting, in the face of the ever, but the natural marks of quick knowledge that at the last moment, or at almost any moment, events might so shape growth. They have revealed no funda- themselves as to make it wholly out of mental malady or fault. All in all the the question. notion of what a public library shall be If finally he does not come, it will be and do has become steadily clearer and only because it is quite clear that he has no work preeminently right to be anywhere else than in Albany more definite. Through at this time—that there is too much now at characterized by earnestness and devotion 56 PASADENA CONFERENCE

it has commended itself to the people, and the everlasting things of the spirit, the its place In our intellectual life as an in- foundations of citizenship and character, stitution and not as an appurtenance seems and that on no account whatsoever shall pretty securely fixed. What the library their government be intrusted to that base owes the community has been often dis- metal which is welded into the links, cussed, what the library can do for the wheels and shafts of a political machine. community is being abundantly demon- The ideal trustee is the active, clear- strated every day in every corner of the headed man of affairs, of large acquaint- land and will be demonstrated with more ance with the city's business and its and more effectiveness each year. It is men of influence, who, if he does not highly becoming that the library should believe thoroughly in the library, is open- thus first have considered its own debt minded and wholly free from pledge or and duties before inquiring too straitly prejudice, who knows or is willing to learn into those of the public which it serves. enough of its work to recognize its expert The obligations are not all on one side, and specialized character, and so to avoid however. There are some things which the melancholy confusion of legislative the community owes the library, certain and executive functions which sometimes things which the community can do for the exists between trustees and staff. Such library which it can not do for itself and an appointive tradition and practice as is which can be done for it only by the organ- here urged is happily already widely prev- ized local government or by its influential alent in this country and yearly becomes individual members. Fundamentally every stronger and is more consistently fol-

community owes it to itself to have a lowed. library. This is a statement which in the The community owes the library a com- past it has been far more necessary to sup- petent staff as well as the right sort of port by argument than now in the day of trustees. It may be objected that the its general acceptance. It is perhaps not too community has nothing to say about the much to say that the burden of proof has personnel of the library staff. Indeed! somewhat shifted and now tends to rest Let a vacancy occur and every trustee will upon the state, city, county or village testify that numerous, insistent and very which neglects suitable library provision earnest citizens will instantly appear to for its people. Once a library is started, urge certain candidacies on every ground however, and by the very act of starting, except that of fitness as shown by tempera- obligations are assumed which are less ment, training or experience. Well-mean- generally and clearly recognized than ing and high-minded trustees are con- would be well. stantly importuned, and too often consent, Certain fundamental statutory provisions to favor a local candidate or one who needs touching the organization and control the money and will work for very little, or of the library should be so shaped as somebody's sister, cousin or aunt, upon to emphasize by law, and so executed as grounds wholly irrelevant and immaterial. to establish by precedent and tradition, Some communities which maintain public the fact that partisan politics and i)ersonal libraries and seem to take a sort of pride self-seeking have no place in the governing in them, have but the faintest conception board of a library. No mere phrase in of the splendid work which such institu- charter or statute will achieve this. No tions can do in the hands of a carefully single mode of appointment holds sov- chosen staff of trained and experienced ereign virtue sufficient to insure the right people who are filled with the spirit of sort of trustees. They will result only service. What can be hoped from a library from the rooting and acceptance of a administration which tacitly assumes firm conviction that the library and school either that a candidate's need is a suflicient concern, not the externals of life—fire, measure of ability or that all the talent water, police, roads and bridges—but needed to manage a library in the best way —

WYER 57 surely exists under the local vine and fig incompetent administration has never won tree. This insistence on the mere accident the confidence of the powers behind the of residence is one of the chief conten- purse. It is not just to a library or to any tions of the merit system of civil service other municipal enterprise to start it and which librarians seem to be practically then starve it to the accompaniment of a unanimous in condemning as thoroughly running criticism of its inefficiency. Li- unsatisfactory for recruiting the staff in brary and school finances sometimes suffer municipal public libraries. temporarily because of maximum tax levy The community owes the library a provision in state laws and in city char- reasonable financial support. Reasonable ters. These fiscal safeguards probably is here a relative term. It may be defined originated when tax-supported schools and roughly as the amount, not extravagantly libraries were dubious innovations, worth disproportioned to the total city budget, a trial perhaps, but innovations which must which a thoroughly competent librarian be carefully hedged about till their useful- can spend wisely. Perhaps fifty cents per ness was proved. Now their usefulness is capita is not unreasonable though it is fully proved. No one seriously questions likely that no American city yet spends so the propriety, the desirability nor the civic much. In fixing the amount of the library and social necessity of publicly supported budget, the community (that is, the press, and administered schools and libraries. the city council, sometimes even the library The day is long past when statutory limita- board) often unjustly compares the total tions on expenditures for education are library expenditure of its city with others regarded seriously. The history of library of about the same size, unjustly—because legislation shows that provisions limiting the bare statistics are the only factors that the tax levy to one-half a mill, one mill, two can really be compared and they tell no mills, or to any stated sum, are being con- vital part of the tale. The real factors stantly repealed or extended to reflect the are the energy, interest and wisdom of the growing willingness of the American peo- library board, the competence of the libra- ple to invest in education and to emphasize rian and the staff, the excellence of the their approval of the results which are library buildings and equipment, and to a being achieved. Why then, is there fur- lesser extent the character and temper of ther need for such provisions at all? They the people. The people of many cities are now purposeless hindrances set in the cheerfully pay a library tax twice that of path of social and educational progress other cities of equal size and would be they may add zest to the race but they instant to oppose a reduction, because the assuredly delay arrival at the goal. The policy and conduct of the library have been state and municipal fiscal machinery affords wise and able and have won for it a cordial enough checks to extravagant appropriating and tacit approval. without arbitrary and antiquated provisions Yet the pet art of the demagogue bawl- in the organic and statute law. There is ing economy is to marshal meaningless no recognized tax rate, expressed in mills, figures intended to show that a large ex- which by general agreement represents a penditure necessarily spells waste, when fair, generous or proper appropriation for the truth is likelier to be that an un- public library purposes. There never can usually large appropriation shows an effi- be such a rate. Assessed valuations vary cient administration which has been given widely among the states. The rate in one the money because it has proved that it state will produce twice as much money knows how to spend it wisely. The real on the same valuation as in another. And waste is far oftener found in the very worse than all —that imitation in legisla- budget cited by the demagogue or the tion which has modeled so many state partisan paper to prove economy—a budget constitutions on that of Ohio, tends to per- disproportionately small when compared petuate in library laws and city charters with the size of the city, because an inert, with too little regard for differing condi- 58 PASADENA CONFERENCE

tions, the provisions which some other library of size and scope commensurate city or state has found salutary. with local conditions. This will require The community owes the library a taste- a home, books, competent help, in a word ful, substantial, reasonably adequate build- money. It will require more money than ing, the interior planned by library people another community of equal size which is for library purposes and the whole set upon content with a library only half as good as a central site. Some of the most melan- it can be made. Out of this proper assump- choly chapters in municipal library annals tion, logically arise the obligations of the treat of bitter personal or sectional squab- community to the library which have just bles over where the library shall be been dwelt upon. These obligations depend located, out of what it shall be built, upon and interact with those which the and the library buildings are many which library owes to the community. Neither

were planned and erected before it be- library nor community can furnish more came the fashion to let librarians have than one of the oars by which the boat even as little to say about the interior as must be moved forward. A competent they now may. The library may not be library board and staff without enough housed in the city hall, a school house, in money is almost an unthinkable proposi- residence houses left as legacies, or in any tion for such a board and staff assuredly building not primarily made for library will get money. A good building and more purposes without serious administrative money than the library administration waste and loss of efficiency, and, more im- can spend wisely is a commoner condition. Iiortant still, without robbing the library There are more libraries that are not iind its work of the dignity and inipressive- returning to the community in service full

ness which belong to it. value for the money spent than libraries The entire community owes the public that are without money for wise and really library open-mindedness, patience and a necessary development. better understanding of its work and In this somewhat formidable catalog of needs. This is especially true of those what the community owes the library, it persons and institutions that are potent in must be ever in mind, despite the com- civic affairs and in the making of public morcial sound of the phrase, that the com- opinion—the press, public men, the pulpit, munity and the library do not occupy the chamber of commerce, etc. The city towards each other the usual positions of council should never consider the library parties to a commercial contract where budget as the measure of any jiarty— it is each is seeking his own gain and is willing above party—nor regard the library staff to secure it at the expense of the other. as offering even indirect opportunities for In a business contract the privileges and patronage. The press should be as ready emoluments ceded and alienated by each to commend as to criticize and both praise party are parted with absolutely for some and blame should be discriminating and real or supposed advantage ceded and informed. Public men and influential received in return. The reciprocal obliga- citizens should be ready to say a good tions recognized between the library and word for the library whenever it is de- the community, however, are but mutual served and equally ready to lend a hand and privileges arranged between members of render it a service when help is necessary, the same social family. No whit of good, for a library, like most public institutions, no tithe of advantage can be lost to the will have its ups and downs, depending larger community which includes both the usually upon the personality and power of library and its public, because of the fullest the librarian and the most interested and performance of their obligations by both influential men on its board. parties. The resulting benefits are still Once the community has decided to have "all in the family." There is, therefore, a library its trustees and staff properly no excuse between library and community

may assume that it wants the best possible for that attitude of suspicion or distrust 59 which sometimes marks the strict enforce- period of development. What is strictly ment of buiness contracts. There should proper and moral in the heart of Africa be, there must be the frankest understand- would not be acceptable to the standards ing, the heartiest cooperation arising from set by Americans of the present age, and the knowledge that whatever benefits consequently many things would pass cen- either library or community benefits both. sorship there, which would be questioned The CHAIRMAN: In introducing the here. Strictly the only proper literary cen-

next speaker I can do no better than to use sorship is that exercised over wildly an- a quotation from President Wyer's letter archistic philippics, diatribes against the of instruction: "Mr. Wright is vouched for government or hortatory tracts advocating by Mr. P. B. Wright, no relation, by the lawlessness. The expurgation of memoirs,

way, who has promised for him an inter- or the exclusion of erotic novels from li- esting, vigorous and stimulating address." braries are not acts of true moral cen- Mr. WILLARD HUNTINGTON WRIGHT, sorship, but are really only the practical literary editor of the Los Angeles Times, application of Puritan prejudices. will speak to us on the subject In literary censorship the term "im- moral" is often confounded with "sexual," IS LIBRARY CENSORSHIP DE- and in consequence the works of Boccac- SIRABLE? cio, Dumas /ilx, Pinero and Sudermann are Mr. Wright said in part: often stamped as immoral when the mur- Censorship unfortunately is not confined dering rascals of Hawthorne, Conrad and to public libraries, the most objectionable Conan Doyle, fully as immoral, pass muster forms being found outside these institu- at the library. tions. Furthermore the problem of censor- In all these instances the rascally and ship is not so large an issue in libraries erotic heroes and heroines are made to as the outsider supposes. Subterraneanly, reap their just deserts and as soon as

however, it influences the board's selection this is accomplished, the book, philosophic- of books. Though actively no intolerance ally speaking, becomes moral. Some, how- may be shown, the principle is ever pres- ever, will argue that the moral lesson is a ent. Censorship in libraries is an offshoot hypocritical subterfuge and that the charm of the general practice of censoring letters, of the book lies not in the moral dicta, and censorship in general includes library but in the glamour of the crime. How- censorship in particular, as the principle ever this may be, it is an undeniable fact

is the same. that books of ethical lectures and volumes Censorship has had a long and inglori- of homiletics have never yet been tabu- ous career, dating from the days of early lated among the best sellers; that it is a Rome to the present. Primarily it grew psychological fact that ethics and moral- out of a sense of racial preservation; ity appeal to us not through reason but was originally in the hands of the church; through the emotions, and that the more and to-day is composed largely of that Pur- attractively clothed the moral precepts are, itan prejudice which is a survival of medi- the more apt we are to read them. eval superstition. Modern censorship is Morality in its last analysis means but founded largely on the assumption that the one thing—custom. The assertion that it sinner Is the man of gaiety and impulse, means aught else places the ban of bigotry and that the path of virtue is a highway —or at least of incorrectness—on the per- of solemn reason, trodden only by serious son who makes it. Morality is the code of minded folk. As a result stupidity and so- niiinuers adoiited by a people for its racial lemnity have been considered by censors as preservation. These manners are governed synonymous with morality. entirely by conditions. Thus as conditions The question of censorship hinges large have changed morals have changed; and ly on the question of morality, and morality as conditions are different In different depends upon nationality, civilization and countries, so are morals different in differ- 60 PASADENA CONFERENCE ent countries. Conditions and necessities ulated by what has been found to be the are always transitional. Progress is merely best for the people as a whole. No matter a changing of values. All of these changes what a prosecutor's own personal convic- must have new codes of laws to govern tions may be, his prosecutions are governed them. The whole question of censorship by the printed law. But in the case of the hinges on the proper use of the word censor, this does not hold. A censor may ex- "moral." The confusion of immorality with cise or abolish according to his individual sin leads many people into difficulties, al- opinion, irrespective of the fact that, from though sin is no more invariable than im- a legal point of view—which is the morality. However, a distinction must be real moral point of view—the book is per- drawn between immorality and sin. Sin fectly proper. It seems to me that it would depends altogether on the individual's or not be at variance with the American ideals institution's private belief; while morality of government—which, after all, are is whatever the majority of the nation founded on our composite ideals of jus- sanctions. tice and right—should librarians permit on Consequently any progress or upward their shelves any book whatsoever that the step not sanctioned by the majority is really law countenances; provided, of course, immoral, and nations have advanced by there is a sufficient demand to warrant its the courage of those who have dared to purchase. be "immoral." If the early nations had The CHAIRMAN: I have the pleasure succeeded in preserving their morality, of Introducing Mr. ARTHUR E. BOST- slavery would still be in vogue and the W'lCK, librarian of the St. Louis public crucifixion of martyrs would still be en- library, who will speak on the subject acted in order to preserve the morals of the community. Only in leniency toward im- THE EXPLOITATION OF THE PUBLIC morality is progress possible. LIBRARY We have a law limiting the amount of Two and a half years ago; or, to be more benzoate of soda for preservative purposes exact, on January 22, 1909, in an address in food to one-tenth of one per cent. Sup- at the dedication of the Chestnut Hill pose, though, that some obscure govern- Branch of the Free library of Philadelphia, ment official should suddenly decide that the present writer used the following the one-tenth of one per cent of this salt words: was injurious; he could not forbid the man- "I confess that I feel uneasy when I ufacturers who came under his jurisdiction realize how little the Influence of the public to make use of this chemical. But this is library Is understood by those who might precisely the principle involved in literary try to wield that influence, either for good censorship. The law of our nation permits or for evil ... So far there has been no the publication of certain books, contain- concerted, systematic effort on the part ing the one-tenth of one per cent of pre- of classes or bodies of men to capture the servative spice or of heretical doctrine, and public library, to dictate its policy, to the moral censor, standing outside the utilize its great opportunities for influenc- law, decides that these ingredients are ing the public mind. WTien this ever not moral, and the book is excluded from comes, as it must, we must look out! . . . public libraries. Thus, the law permits the "Organizations . . . civil, religious, scien- publication of a book the circulation of tific, political, artistic . . . have usually which the moral censor inhibits. The un- let us severely alone, where their influ- fairness of this sort of thing is obvious. ence, if they should come into touch with

The danger of individual censorship, or the library, would surely be for good . . . of clique censorship, as opposed to legal would be exerted along the line of morality, censorship, lies in the fact that the one of more careful book selection, of judicial is governed by personal prejudice, belief mindedness instead of one-sidedness. and superstition; while the other is reg- "Let us trust that influences along this BOSTWICK 61 line ... if we are to have influences at all Again, where the advertising takes the

. . . may gain a foothold before the oppo- form of a benevolent sort of "log-rolling," site forces . . . those of sordid commer- the thing advertised being educational and cialism, of absurdities, of falsities, of all the quid pro quo simply the impulse given kinds of self-seeking . . . find out that we to library use by anything of this nature, are worth their exploitation." it is generally regarded as proper. Thus There have been indications of late that most libraries display without hesitation the public, both as individuals and in or- advertisements of tree courses of lectures ganized bodies, is beginning to appreciate and the like. When the thing advertised the influence, actual and potential, of the is not free, this procedure is more open to public library. With this dawning appre- doubt. Personally I should draw the line ciation, as predicted in the lines just here, and should allow the library to adver- quoted, has come increased effort to turn tise nothing that requires a fee or payment this influence into the channels of per- of any kind, no matter how trifling or nomi- sonal or of business advantage, and it may nal, and no matter how good the cause. be well to call the attention of librarians to These thing are mentioned only to ex^ this and to warn them against what they elude them from consideration here. The must doubtless expect to meet, in increas- library is really exploited only where it is ing measure, as the years go by. Attempts used to further someone's personal or busi- of this kind can hope for success only when ness ends without adequate return, gener- they are concealed and come in innocent ally with more or less concealment of pur- guise. It is extremely hard to classify pose, so that the library is without due real- them, and this fact in itself would indicate ization of what it is really doing. Attempts that libraries and librarians have to deal at such exploitation have by no means with that most ingenious and plausible of been lacking in the past. Take if you sophists, the modern advertiser. please this case, dating back about a dozen

But in the first place I would not have it years: An enterprising firm, operating a understood that the use of the library for department store, offered to give to a advertising purposes is necessarily illegi- branch library a collection of several timate or reprehensible. If it is open and thousaad historical works on condition above board and the library receives that these should be kept in a separate proper compensation, the question resolves alcove plainly labeled "The gift of Blank itself into one of good taste. The taste of Brothers." Nothing so unusual about this. such use may be beyond question, or it Such gifts, though the objections to the may be very questionable indeed. Few conditions are familiar to you all, are fre- would defend the use of the library's walls quently offered and accepted. In this in- or Vt-indows for the display of commercial stance, however, the name of the branch advertising; although the money received happened to be also the name of the enter- therefor might be sorely needed. On the prising firm. The inference would have other hand, the issuing of a bulletin paid been overpowering that the branch had for wholly or in part by advertisements in- been named after the firm. The offer was serted therein is approved by all, though accepted on condition that the books should most librarians doubtless prefer to omit be shelved each in its proper place with a these if the expense can be met by other gift label, to be of special form it desired, means. Under this head come also the and that the donation should be acknowl- reception and placing on the shelves of edged on the bulletin board. These condi- advertising circulars or catalogs contain- tions were not acceptable—a sufficient ing valuable material of any kind. Here indication of the real object of the gift. the library gets considerably more than Other cases might be cited, to say nothing its quid pro quo, and no librarian has any of the usual efforts to induce the library to doubt of the propriety of such a proceed- display commercial notices or to give offi- ing. cial commendation to some book. 62 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Several cases of the more ingenious tribute through a library complimentary attempts at exploitation having come to tickets to a free lecture on an educational my notice during the past few months I subject. When these arrived, the librarian set myself to find out whether anything of discovered that the announcement of the the kind had also been noted by others. free lecture was on the same folder with Letters to some of the principal libraries advertisements of a pay course. The free in the country elicited a variety of replies. tickets were given out, but the advertise- Some librarians had noted nothing; others ment was suppressed. Efforts of this kind nothing more than usual. One said frankly are perhaps particularly noticeable in con- that if the people had been "working" him nection with the use of library assembly- he had been too stupid to know it. But rooms. There is no reason, of course, why others responded with interesting in- libraries should not rent out these rooms stances, and one or two, in whose judgment in the same way as other public rooms,

I have special confidence agreed with me but it is usual to limit their use to educa- in noticing an increase in the number of tional purposes and generally to free public attempts at this kind of exploitation of entertainments. Some efforts to circum- late. vent rules of this kind are interesting.

I may make my meaning more clear, Application was made to a library for perhaps, by proceeding at once to cite the use of an assembly-room for a free lec- specific Instances which must be anony- ture on stenography. On cross-examina- mous, of course, in accordance with a tion the lecturer admitted that he was a promise to my informants. teacher of stenography who desired to A photographer offered to a public library form a class, and that at the close of his a fine collection of portraits of deceased lecture he intended to make announce- citizens of the town. This was accepted. ment of his courses, prices, etc. He was The photographer then proceeded to send told that this must be done outside the out circulars in a way that rendered it library. very probable that he was simply using the It is very common, where the exaction library's name to increase his business. of an admission fee is forbidden, to take A commercial firm, which had issued a up a collection before or after the lecture. good book on a subject connected with its When told that this is inadmissible, the business, offered to print for various lecturer sometimes takes up his collection libraries, at its own expense, a good list of on the sidewalk outside. There have been works on this subject on condition that it cases where employees of a library have should be allowed to advertise its own embraced this opportunity to gather con- book on the last page. Submission of a tributions. A colored janitor of a branch proof revealed the fact that this advertise- library was recently admonished for stand- ment was to be printed in precisely the ing outside his own assembly-room door same form and with the same kind of head- and soliciting money for a pet charity. ing as information about the library given Another janitor made a pilgrimage to the on the preceding page. The reader's in- central library to collect from the staff. ference would have been that the matter A classic instance of this kind is that of on the last page was an official library the street gamin who for several hours note. Of the libraries approached, some stood at a branch library door and col- accepted the offer without finding any lected an admission fee of one cent from fault with the feature just noted; others each user. The branch was newly opened refused to have anything at all to do with and its neighbors were unused to the ways the plan; still others accepted on condi- of free libraries. tion that the last page should be so altered An example of the difficulty of deciding, that the reader could see clearly that it in matters of this kind, whether an un- contained advertising matter. doubted advertising scheme may or may A lecturer gained permission to dis- not legitimately be aided by the public BOSTWICK G3 library is found in tlie offer, witli whicli agent, retiring modestly into the back- all of you are familiar, of valuable money ground, saw advertising that would have prizes for essays on economic subjects, cost him $100,000, at the lowest estimate, by a firm of clothiers. The committee in poured into his willing lap by the yellow, charge of the awards is composed of emi- but easy, press of his native burg. It is nent economists and publicists; the com- possibly unfair to cite this as an attempt petitors are members of college faculties to "work" the library—it was the public and advanced graduate students; the press that was ingeniously and successfully essays brought out are of permanent value exploited through the library. and are generally published in book form. The fact that the mere presence of a Under these circumstances many libraries public library is an advantage to the neigh- have not hesitated to post the announce- borhood in which it stands has led to nu- ments of the committee on their bulletin merous attempts to locate librai-y buildings, boards. Others regard the whole thing as especially branches, in some particular purely commercial advertisement and place. These are often accompanied by

refuse to recognize it. One library at offers of building-lots, which, it is sad to least posted the announcement of the com- say, have occasionally appealed to trustees petition for 1910, but refused to post the not fully informed of the situation. I recall result. It would be hard to tell just how several offers of lots in barren and unoccu- much altruism and how much selfishness pied spots—one in an undeveloped region we have here and the instance shows how whose owner hoped to make it a residence subtle are the gradations from one motive park and another in the middle of a flour- to the other. ishing cornfield, whose owner considered Advertising by securing condemnatory it an ideal spot tor a branch library—at action of some sort, such as exclusion from least after he had sold oft a sufficient the shelves, has also not been uncommon. number of building lots on the strength of This requires the aid of the press to con- his generous gift. These particular offers demn, abuse or ridicule the library for its were declined with thanks, but in some in- action, and so exploit the book. The press, stances members of boards of trustees

I grieve to say, has fallen a victim to this themselves, being only human, have not scheme more than once and has thereby been entirely free from suspicion of per- given free use of advertising space ordi- sonal or business interest in sites. Here narily worth thousands of dollars. A fla- it is difficult to draw the line between the grant instance of this kind occurred in one legitimate efforts of a particular locality of our greatest cities about ten years ago. to capture a branch site and those that The work of a much-discussed playwright have their origin in commercial cupidity. was about to be put upon the boards. A Both of course have nothing to do with wily press agent, in conversation with an the larger considerations that should unsuspecting librarian, obtained an ad- govern in such location, but both are not verse opinion. The aiding and abetting exploitation as we are now using the word. newspaper, which was one of ostensible A curious instance of the advertising high character, proceeded at once to heap value of the mere presence of a public ridicule and contumely on the library and library and of business shrewdness in tak-

the librarian for their condemnation and ing advantage of it, comes from a library exclusion of the play (which really wasn't that calls Itself a "shining example of excluded at all). The matter, having efforts to 'work' public libraries for com- reached the dignity of news, was taken up mercial purposes." This library rents by other papers and for a week or more rooms for various objects connected with

the metropolitan press resounded with its work, and finds that it is in great de- accusation, explanation, recrimination and mand as a tenant. Great effort is made comment. The gleeful playwright cabled by property owners both to retain and to objurgations from London, and the press move quarters occupied for library pur- 64 PASADENA CONFERENCE

poses. The board has recently refused lot that his name may be used to lure other to make selection of localities on this purchasers; they even ask him for mailing- basis. lists of his parishioners' names. "I am There is another respect in which the constantly being besieged." says Mr. Lee, public library offers an attractive field "by agents of divers sorts, and of divers for exploitation. In its registration files degrees of persistency, for indorsements of

it has a valuable selected list of names patent mops, of 'wholesome plays," of cur- and addresses which may be of service in rent periodicals, of so-called religious various ways either as a mailing-list or as books, of "helps" almost innumerable for a directory. Probably there are no two church-workers and of scores of other opinions regarding the impropriety of things which time has charitably carried allowing the list to be used for commercial out of memory." purposes along either line. The use as a It is refreshing to find that the kind of li- directory may occasionally be legitimate brary exploitation most to be feared seems and is allowable after investigation and not yet to have been attempted on any

report to some one in authority. I have considerable scale or in any objectionable known of recourse to library registration direction. I refer to interference with our lists by the police, to find a fugitive from stock and its distribution—an effort to justice; by private detectives, ostensibly divert either purchases or circulation into on the same errand; by a wife, looking for a particular channel. My attention has her runaway husband; by persons search- been called to the efforts of religious bod- ing tor lost relatives; and by creditors on ies to place their theological or controvers- the trail of debtors in hiding. Where there ial works on the shelves of public libraries. is any doubt, the matter can usually be When the books are offered as donations, adjusted by offering to forward a letter as is usually the case, this is hardly exploi- to the person sought, or to communicate tation in the sense in which we are consid- to that person the seeker's desire and let ering it, unless the library is so small that him respond if he wishes to do so. One other more desirable books are excluded. thing is certain: except in obedience to an A large library welcomes accessions of order of court, it is not only unjust, but this kind, just as it does trade catalogs or entirely inexpedient from the library's railroad literature. Attempts to push cir- standpoint to betray to anyone a user's culation are occasionally made, but usually whereabouts against that user's wishes or without success. even where there is a mere possibility of But up to the present time it is the glory his objection, if it were clearly understood of the public library that it knows neither that such consequences might follow the North nor South, Catholic nor Protestant, holding of a library card, we should Democrat, Republican nor Socialist. It doubtless lose many readers that we shelves and circulates books on both sides especially desire to attract and hold. of very possible scientific, economic, relig- Of course the public library is not the ious and sectional controversy, and no one only institution whose reputation has ex- has raised a hand to make it do otherwise. posed it to the assaults of advertisers. We should be proud of this and very jeal- The Christian ministry has for years been ous of it. As we have seen, there is some exposed to this sort of thing, and it is the reason to think that newly awakened inter- belief of Reverend William A. Lee, who est in the public library as a public utility writes on the subject in "The Standard," has led to increased effort to gain its aid a Baptist paper published in Chicago, that for purely personal and commercial ends. in this case also increased activity is to be Naturally these interests have moved first. noted of late. Persons desire to present It is comparatively easy to steer clear of the minister with a picture on condition them and to defeat them. But attempts to that he mentions the artist to his friends; interfere with the strict neutrality of the to give him a set of books or a building- public library and to turn it into partisan- UTLEY 65

ship in any direction, if they ever come, at least once a month; from Mr. Henry E. should be at the earliest betrayal of their Legler, the personal loan of pictures and purpose be sternly repressed and at the furniture; and free clerical assistance from same time be given wide publicity, that we a number of friends of the work, which has may all be on our guard. We may legiti- enabled us at rush times to do more than mately and properly adopt a once famous our limited appropriation would have per- and much ridiculed slogan as our own, in mitted. this regard, and write over the doors of The present Secretary, as did, I am sure, our public libraries "All that we ask is, let his predecessor, feels that certain phases us alone!" of the work are materially assisted by the

The CHAIRMAN: Now, I hope you will fortunate location of the offices in the same remain a few moments to listen to the re- building with a library of no mean refer- ports of the Secretary and of the Com- ence facilities and in close proximity also mittees. Most of the committee reports to two of the choicest refei'ence libraries have been distributed by placing them upon in the country. During the past year Mr. the chairs in the hall and will not be read. Hadley succeeded in organizing much more It falls to my pleasant lot to introduce perfectly the routine of the office than was Mr. George B. Utley, a worthy successor possible the first few months, and the work in the line of A. L. A. secretaries, who will is now moving forward with considerable now present the Secretary's report. smoothness. It is not necessary to remind the membership that the ordinary business routine of the office, about which little SECRETARY'S REPORT needs to be said in an annual report, is nevertheless the part that takes the most The report which is here presented covers time, that which must be attended to before so far as a written statement can the work excursions are made into fields of new- of the EJxecutive office since the report activities, and which increases steadily in made by Mr. Hadley at the Mackinac con- proportion to the success of the work ac- ference. Mr. Chalmers Hadley, who became complished. The editing of the Bulletin and Secretary on October 1st, 1909, resigned in various publications of the Publishing January of the present year to accept the board, the reading of large quantities of llbrarianship of the Denver public library, proof, the sale of publications with the and the present occupant began his work attendant mailing, billing and bookkeeping, at the Executive office on February 13th. the distribution of the Bulletin and the The Executive office finds itself still in Booklist, the necessary bookkeeping of possession of the roomy and commodious membership dues, changes of addresses of quarters generously given by the trustees members, attending to a correspondence of the Chicago public library and of the ex- averaging 35 to 40 letters per day, preparing cellent equipment donated by the Chicago copy for advertisements, arranging con- library club, and the year's tenure has tracts with printers, and making the busi- only deepened our feelings of gratitude and ness arrangements for the annual confer- obligation for these beneficent acts which ence and mid-winter meetings; all these have gone so far toward making possible and many other matters must be regularly an Executive office for the Association. We looked after each month as they come up. are also the recipient of many other cour- The remaining margin of time has been tesies; from the Chicago public library, filled with a variety of activities of which light, heat, excellent janitor service, and it is only possible to give a suggestion, many acts of kindness on the part of the as work of this character is not easily staff which help the work very materially; classified, or reduced to statistics. The Sec- from Mr. C. W. Andrews the free services retary feels that the work of the Executive of his treasurer's assistant when the service office is intensely interesting and respon- of a notary public is needed, which happens sible and fully deserving of the very best 66 PASADENA CONFERENCE thought and brain and business acumen In his report last year the Secretari' that can be brought to bear upon it, and outlined the publicity work of the Execu- earnestly hopes that the efforts of the head- tive office, calling attention to the various quarters office are contributing in some articles written for newspapers and other measure at least to the increase of effi- periodicals, for encyclopedias and annuals ciency in modern library development. and for convention bureaus and commer- The Executive office receives an immense cial clubs. Mention was also made of the amount of correspondence from library publicity given through library school lec- workers in all parts of this country, of tures, through the sale of publications to the continent of Europe and of the world, non-members, as well as through official letters not only coming to us from every representation at various state meetings state of the union and every province of and through other agencies. As very much Canada, but from Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, the same policy has been carried out the South America, England, Germany, France, past year it is unnecessary to repeat in Norway, Russia, Bulgaria, China, Austral- detail these employed methods. Along some ia, Hawaii and Straits Settlements. This lines the office has been enabled to do more correspondence is an able argument for the publicity work than last year, but, as service that an Executive office can render pointed out by Mr. Hadley, more money is to a very wide circle of workers. In most needed for this work, though a certain instances the Secretary has been able either amount can be accomplished on the present to give the desired information or to direct income. the inquirer to the proper source for ob- During the year the Secretary has recom- taining it. It can readily be seen that such a mended about thirty librarians to positions, mass of correspondence occupies necessa- about half of whom received appointments; rily a donsiderable amount of the Secre- has been consulted regarding building plans tary's time. As the Secretary pointed out by nearly twenty librarians or library In his last annual address, frequently the trustees; has sent plans of buildings and advice sought was of sufficient importance photographs to eleven different cities; se- to require considerable thought and prepa- cured a valuable lot of magazines for one ration in replying. Among the many items library; helped to select books for purchase of information which have been asked from by one of the three U. S. penitentiary the present occupant in the past two months libraries; and sent exhibits of library pub- It may be of interest to show their trend lications to Germany and to Russia. These and scope by recalling the following: Assis- exhibits were sent at the request of Hugo tance on book purchases from a library in Miinsterburg and Count John Tolstoi, re- Mexico; how to start a free library in a spectively. town of 800 people: establishment of a Library building plans are proving very library school in Russia; information on useful. Many requests are received for library laws for use in Norway: particulars loans. We wish we might receive plans on our civil service system from a govern- of all libraries erected in the past eight ment official of Bulgaria; how one may or ten years. Such a donation would be learn to become an expert indexer; whether a real help to the cause of greater effici- it would be well for a small village library ency In library administration, and would and a small college library to combine; not be a very great expense to the con- assistance in establishing a library com- tributing libraries. mission in a state now without one; sug- About one-fourth of the time of the Sec- gestions for a reading list for a boy's retary, and about three-fourths of the time summer camp; opinion regarding the value of the other staff members are occupied of certain designated juvenile books for in work connected with the Publishing library use; correspondence and personal board. It is not necessary, however, to conference with several persons regarding speak further of this feature of the Sec- proposed additions to their library build- retary's activities as the report of the A. ings; etc. 67

L. A. Publishing board covers this with tees are already members of the Associ- sufficient fulness. The office has sold 10,273 ation, several having recently joined. We copies of its various publications at an recommend to librarians that they extend aggregate cost of $4,778.12. a cordial invitation to join the A. L. A. Membership. The Association needs to members of their boards, explaining to more members, institutional and individual, them the advantages accruing, and the and I believe just as firmly that the in- opportunity, on their part, by a very small dividuals and the libraries need the Asso- outlay, of aiding in library development ciation. Throughout the year a systematic beyond the confines of their own com- and continuous campaign for new members munity. The library horizon of the aver- has been conducted, and although our ef- age trustee would be considerably broad- forts have gained a fair addition of new ened by the perusal of the papers of such names the number is woefully small com- a conference as we are now holding, and pared with the total number of library he might look at things thereafter more workers in the country. nearly from the same point of view as Every library that has an income of his librarian. The membership is far more at least $5,000 a year ought to belong to than national, it is world-wide. Besides hav- the A. L. A. both for its own good and for ing our members in every state in the the help it can render the Association by union, and in nearly every province of its membership fee, and every librarian Canada, our Bulletin goes to members in and library assistant whose salary is not England, Scotland, France, Germany, Nor- less than $60 a month would find it a way, Denmark, China, Japan, India, Aus- personal asset and an advantage to be tralia, New Zealand, Hawaii, Philippine Is- allied with the national association. Many lands and Porto Rico. If the Secretary could a library board who have decided they find the time for the necessary corre- could not afford to have their institution spondence our membership could undoubt-

placed on the membership roll would un- edly be widely extended among the li- hesitatingly vote five dollars a year for pe- braries of Great Britain, as only two of riodicals which are of far less service than the English libraries are now institutional the A. L. A. Bulletin and Booklist, which are members. The Secretary hopes to take up secured free through membership, to say this matter in the near future and suggests nothing of the other very substantial bene- that as a return courtesy some of our large

fits derived. libraries join the British library association In addition to our desire to enroll a large and receive their official publications. number of libraries as institutional mem- For the year 1910 only fourteen members bers, and entirely in addition to the pecuni- of the Association were registered from ary profit which membership brings to the Canada. The Secretary hopes to Induce work of the Executive office, we would like more of our Canadian cousins to take an to welcome to the Association a host of active part in the association. Here too he library workers, in order that they may can be greatly assisted if Canadian libra- have the feeling of being a part of a great rians who are interested in the Association organized professional movement, of being will urge membership to their friends when one in a vast fraternity working for the attending local meetings or writing other uplift of their respective communities. We librarians. If an official representative of earnestly request librarians to recommend the A. L. A. could attend some of the membership in the Association to their provincial library association meetings, staff members. This, we are confident, can good returns in membership would prob- be tactfully done in a way to preclude any ably result. suspicion of duress on the part of the There are at the present time 284 insti- chief and to impress the assistants that it tutional members in the Association. The is solely for their good and advantage that Secretary has recently addressed a special the suggestion is made. A number of trus- letter to the boards of about 350 libraries PASADENA CONFERENCE

In various parts of the country placing who have joined this year because the con- before tliem the advantages of member- ference has been accessible to them will ship and heartily inviting them to join see wisdom in this position and will see the Association. This will, we hope, result to it that even though the next conference in quite a list of new members. California may not be near enough for them to attend has more members, both institutional and they will keep in touch with the national individual, than any other state west of movement by having the conference come the Mississippi, and it is a pleasure to to them in print. report this fact here on California soil. But In urging and discussing membership we suspect that even California has some li- extension the Secretary feels the firm con- brarians who have not yet found their viction that however much the Association way into the folds of the A. L. A. may profit financially by an increased mem- On May 4th there were 2,118 members bership that the institutions and individ- enrolled, of which 284, as stated above, uals who join reap far more benefit, and were institutional members. From May 15, that to persuade persons to join the A. L. 1910, to May 4th, 1911, 29G new members A. is to bestow on them far more advantage have joined the Association as compared than is represented in the small fee which with 154 for the nine and one half months is annually levied. preceding—of this number 53 were insti- A. L. A. Representatives at Other Con- tutional members, and by a strange coin- ferences. The policy of sending official cidence in numbers 53 of the 154 new mem- representatives of the A. L. A. to state bers of 1909-10 were also institutional library meetings proved even more popular members. this past year than ever before and more Notices regarding dues for 1911 were invitations were received than could be mailed the first of January; second no- accepted. Unless, however, the pressure tices were sent out the first part of April, of work at headquarters was too great, or and at the close of this conference third a conflict of dates prevented, either Mr. notices will be mailed, accompanied by a Hadley or some other delegated representa- letter urging librarians not to let their tive responded to these calls from state membership lapse, and informing them that associations. Unquestionably mutual bene- those who fail to remit before July 1st, fit has resulted from this interchange of will no longer be regarded as members. speakers and the policy has broadened the Until we know how many fail to respond horizon of many library associations. to this notice it will be Impossible to state Following the Mackinac conference Mr. the net increase in membership over last Hadley was Invited to lecture at five sum- year, but there will probably be some gain. mer library schools, and three of these In 1910, 320 new members joined the Asso- invitations were accepted. One talk was ciation, but 137 allowed their membership given on the A. L. A. and its work before to lapse. the Minnesota summer library school, and It is a serious problem how best to combat the "Place of the library In a community" the tendency to let membership lapse when was discussed before all the departments the member cannot attend the conference. at the University of Minnesota. A talk on If those who join the Association with the the same subject was given at the Univer- serious desire and intention to receive good sity of Iowa, at Iowa City, Iowa, and a and impart good find that they cannot general address was given at the Indiana attend the annual conference they should summer library school, Earlham College, be all the more desirous of having the con- Kichmond, Indiana. ference come to them in the form of the In the latter part of September upon printed proceedings. This point of view we invitation from the University of North are endeavoring to force to the attention Dakota, Mr. Hadley represented the A. L. of delinquent members. We sincerely trust A. at the exercises incident to the inaug- t^at many library workers on this coast uration of Dr. F. LeR. Macvey, as president of that University. The A. L. A. was one ation was most auspiciously and enthu- of twenty-five national organizations rep- siastically organized and launched. Dr. resented on that occasion. As these exer- Bostwick's principal address was on the cises were attended while the Secretary subject "The public library as a public was on his way to the meeting of the utility." He also addressed the business North Dakota library association no ex- session and spoke on the subject of the pense was incurred either by the A. L. A. public library movement before the Senate or by the state association. At the North and House of Representatives. Although

Dakota meeting, Sept 30 and Oct. 1, Mr. Mr. Hadley was unable to attend this Ar- Hadley spoke on "Affiliation of the state kansas meeting he helped to draw up the association with the A. L. A.," and also plans for it. helped to conduct a meeting of the trustee The present Secretary attended the Wis- section. On this trip he gave an address consin state meeting at Milwaukee, Feb- before the State normal school and opened ruary 22-23, and spoke on the work of the the citizen's free lecture course at Fargo A. L. A. with a talk on the American public library. Mr. Wyer attended the Atlantic City meet- From North Dakota the Secretary went ing of March 9-11 and gave an address, to Fairmont, Minnesota, to attend a meet- "Outside the walls," and also discussed ing of the Minnesota library association, state affiliation with the A. L. A. Mr. Leg- Oct. 4-6. Here he also spoke on the subject ler attended the Georgia state meetings at of State affiliation with the A. L. A., and Athens, April 17-19, and gave the prin- gave an address before the general public cipal address. on the "Place of the library in a com- In addition to these attended meetings munity." Mr. Hadley spoke before the Milwaukee Mr. Legler represented the A. L. A. at libi'ary club on the American library asso- the Illinois state meeting at Rock Island, ciation and its work and at the Wisconsin Oct. 11-12, and spoke on "Extension work state normal school, in Milwaukee, on "The of the Chicago public library," and Mr. Place of the American Library." The Sec- Hadley also attended in order to speak retary was obliged to decline invitations upon the subject of state affiliation with from the State association of Indiana, the A. L. A. Following this meeting the Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, ow- Secretary attended the Iowa state meeting ing either to conflicting dates or pressure at Davenport, Oct. 11-13, speaking on the of work at the Executive office. state library association and its work, and Changes in Officers and Committees. Mrs. also on the subject of affiliation with the H. L. Elmendorf, upon election to the A. L. A., and going on from there to Abi- position of first vice-president, i-esigned lene, Kansas, to the Kansas state meeting, as one of the two members of the Execu- Oct. 13-14. Here he spoke on the importance tive board whose terms expire in 1911 and of a state library commission and what it Miss Alice S. Tyler was designated by the means to library work. Executive board to serve pro tempore, un-

The Nebraska state meeting, held at Lin- til 1911, to succeed Mrs. Elmendorf. coln, Oct. 19-21, was attended officially by Chalmers Hadley's resignation as Sec- Mr. Legler who gave an address on the retary of the A. L. A., in January has al- subject, "What of the rural library?" ready been recorded elsewhere in this Mrs. Elmendorf, first vice-president of the report. A. L. A., attended the Michigan meeting Asa Don Dickinson resigned in January at Jackson, Oct. 18-19 and spoke on "Child- from the Committee on work with the ren's right to poetry." blind, and J. L. Gillis was appointed to Dr. Bostwick attended, as the official succeed him. representative of the A. L. A., a meeting The present Secretary succeeded Mr. of librarians at Little Rock, Jan. 26, at Hadley as member of the Program com- which time the Arkansas library associ- mittee. 70 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Necrology. During the year the Asso- mission and its first president. He joined ciation has suffered the loss of eight of the A. L. A. in 1906 (No. 3972). He never its members by death. The list includes attended any of the annual conferences. a charter and life member who had served Henry Mitchell Whitney, librarian of the as treasurer; three library trustees who James Blackstone memorial library of had sufficient interest in their trusts to Branford, Connecticut, since 1899, died look for support and inspiration beyond March 26, 1911. Before entering library their local library horizons, and one who work he was for many years a professor by his winning personality, his desire to in Beloit College. Mr. Whitney joined the be a "friend to man," and his accomplish- Association in 1886 (No. 568) and attended ments in the world of letters had endeared the conferences of 1886, 1900, 1902, 1905 himself in the hearts of all of us whose and 1906. fortune it was to know him. James Lyman Whitney, formerly libra- Sam Walter Foss, librarian of the Som- rian of the Boston public library, died at erville (Mass.) public library, and widely his home in Cambridge, September 25, 1910, known also as a poet and lecturer, died after a professional service of nearly forty- February 26, 1911. Mr. Foss joined the one years. In 1868 he became assistant Association in 1899 (No. 1851) and at- librarian of the Cincinnati public library, tended the conferences of 1899, 1900, '01, but the following year began his long con- 02, '03, '04, '06, '09. He served the A. L. A. nection with the Boston public library. as chairman of the finance committee 1904- From 1874 to 1899 he was chief of the Cata- 1906. log department; from 1899 to 1903 he was James Madison Pereles, for 18 years librarian; but finding the duties too oner- president of the board of trustees of the ous for his advanced years he resigned as Milwaukee public library and chairman of librarian in 1903 and was appointed chief the Wisconsin free library commission of the department of documents and statis- since 1905. died December 11, 1910. Judge tics and of the manuscripts. As a bibliog- Pereles joined the A. L. A. in 1908 (No. rapher and man of learning Mr. Whitney 4514) and attended the Minnetonka con- will long be remembered. Although not the ference. author of the card catalog he did much to C. A. Preston, of Ionia, Michigan, died perfect its system and was one of its chief October 2, 1910. He joined the A. L. A. developers. He was a charter member (No. in 1910 (No. 4973) but had attended four 59) as well as life member of the A. L. A., conferences. treasurer from 1882 to 1886, and an attend- Cass Richardson, who was with E. P. ant at ten conferences of the Association,

Dutton & Co. for many years, died June 9, namely 1876, 1879, '82, '83, '85, '86, '96, '99, 1911. He joined the .Association in 190.'5 1900 and 1902. He also attended the inter- (No. 2758), and attended the conferences national conference at London in 1897. For of 1903 and 1908. further particulars see "Librarj' Journal,"

Mary W. Taylor, librarian of the Bureau v. 35, no. 10, p. 478; v. 36, no. 3, p. 146. of chemistry, Washington, D. C, since Mrs. Agnes Fairbanks Willard, trustee of October, 1905, died December 13, 1910. Miss the St. Johnsbury (Vermont) Athenaeum, Taylor joined the A. L. A. in 1904 (No. died March 15, 1910. She joined the Asso- 3108) and attended the Minnetonka con- ciation in in02 (No. 2512). and attended the ference. Magnolia and Bretton Woods conferences. Frank J. Thompson of Fargo, N. D., died The following persons at various times Feb. 25, 1910. He was a director of the belonged to the Association but were not public library of Fargo, North Dakota, and n. ambers at the time of their death: for a time librarian; one of the founders George Hall Baker, librarian emeritus of of the North Dakota library association Columbia university library, died March and its first president; active in the cre- 27, 1911. Mr. Baker joined the Association ation of the North Dakota library com- in 1885 (No. 478), and attended the confer- GOULD 71 ences of 1S85, '86, '90, '92, '93, '94 and '97. now submitted as the Report of the Com- For further particulars see Library Journal, mittee on Co-ordination. 24; 23L C. H. GOULD, Prof. Edward W. Hall, librarian of Colby Chairman.

College, died September 8, 1910. He was Exchange of Duplicates one of the early members of the Associa- tion, joining in 1877 (No. 76) and attended The public library of Cincinnati has three of the early conferences. sent away tons of bound newspapers and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, historian, unbound medical periodicals, and has other author, minister, soldier, for many years tons which it would be glad to send to trustee of the Cambridge, Mass., public any library of standing willing to accept library, died 1911. May 9, He joined the them. What little has been received in Association in 1897 (No. 1566). So far as return has been selected at great labor, recorded, Col. Higginson attended none of and probably unprofitable labor, from lists the annual conferences. of duplicates offered by other libraries. In Miss Mary F. Macrum, of the staff of the a few words, the experience of the public Carnegie library of Pittsburgh, died No- library of Cincinnati in the exchange of vember 1, 1910. She joined the A. L. A. duplicates has not been satisfactory, relief in 1896 (No. 1481) and attended four con- will now be sought in the auction room. ferences. But there are still exchange enthusiasts, Edward W. Mealey, trustee of the Wash- and that this report may not seem biased, ington County free library of Hagerstown, we give the views of two of these. Maryland, died April 28, 1910. He joined The first writes: "My experience has the Association in 1901 (No. 2298) and at- been that duplicates, unless they are books tended the conference of that year. of some considerable rarity or costliness, James H. Stout, of Menomonie, Wis., a do not sell tor enough in the auction room friend of libraries and active in library to make that a very profitable device for legislation and development, died Decem- handling them. I much prefer to send the

ber 8, 1910. He joined the A. L. A. in 1896 titles to other libraries, when I can find (No. 1518) and attended two annual con- a man who looks at the thing in the large ferences. and who will take what he wants and give Rt. Rev. Alexander H. Vinton, bishop of me the same opportunity to select from the Protestant Episcopal diocese of West- his duplicates. A man who desires, how- ern Massachusetts, died Jan. 18, 1911. He ever, to figure out to a cent the value of joined the Association in 1889 (No. 769), each duplicate, and is always fearful lest and attended the conference of that year. perhaps he does not get his fair share in The following reports were then read by return, it is not of much use to bother with. title, received and referred to the Program I think a very generous policy on the part committee: of libraries in exchanging duplicates, where there is a reasonable chance of return, is. on the whole, the best way of disposing of COMMITTEE ON CO-ORDINATION them, but the process must be reduced to a business system. Our own plan is to At a meeting of the Committee on Co- file away duplicates as they are received in ordination, which was held at Mackinac a numerical order, this order being the key last summer, the Committee decided that to the whole situation. A rough author Its Report for the ensuing year should con- entry is made for each duplicate and these sist of a short series of special reports on entries are then sent, when a sufficient divisions of the general subject. package has accumulated, to some library As a result, the following papers have with which we have exchange relations. been prepared by the gentlemen whose They select anything they desire and re- names are appended to them. They are turn the slips to us. We can quickly find. ''

72 PASADENA CONFERENCE by the numbers, any given duplicates and question, the clearing house, if it is to be ship them by freight. The expense of the thoroughly effective, should be connected entire transaction is not great, and, accord- with one, or more, great libraries: not ing to our experience, the returns abund- much could be expected of it, if it were antly warrant the time and cost of the operated by itself. N. D. C. HODGES. transaction. My own feeling is that this desirable thing for libraries to is a more Co-ordination In Library Work in California do than to attempt to get money out of their duplicates through the auction-room. The term "state library" has almost as "One other way of obtaining money from many meanings as there are states in them, however, is also feasible. I always which the institution exists. In some states go through the book wants columns in it is a law library, owned by the state, and Publishers' weekly each week and send operated for the use of state ofHcials. In out from a dozen to twenty cards in some, the state library is a historical de- response to titles asked for. Of these I partment, devoting Its chief energies to usually sell enough so that the entire money the collection of material bearing upon receipts for the year represent practically the state's history. In some, it is a division all the expense that is put into our dupli- of the state's educational system. And in cate collection. In this way I feel that some, the state library is a general collec- whatever we get out of our duplicates in tion of books. the shape of exchanges is so much to the To appreciate fully the work of co-opera- good. tion and co-ordination already accomplished "I do not know as this will be of the in California, and the possibilities for still slightest value to you but I infer from your broader work along this line, it is nec- letter that you are not much of a believer essary to understand just what the term In the exchange of duplicates, and con- "state library" means in California, and the

I little plan of its organization. sequently have written a more at The California ;

length to show you that in our case, at State library is a library for the entire I least, the trouble of handling them seems state, and its first great advantage is that ' to be quite worth while." it is made up of all those departments

The second advocate of exchange is con- usually operated by commissions, historical ' vinced that while It takes a great deal of societies, law libraries, and so forth. These labor to handle duplicates through corre- different activities are united under one spondence, yet the results are usually en- management, with one head, and thus the couraging. Exchange work draws libraries first great step in co-ordination is taken, closer together and promotes co-operation. since each department operates as part

"In medicine" he says, "we have acquired of a whole, dovetailing into each other • thousands of dollars' worth of journals part, but with no over-lapping of parts, nor through exchange and these have been in chinks and spaces between. The Califor- better shape and more complete than nla State library thus comprises the fol- similar material bought from some of the lowing departments: Books for the Blind, New York medical booksellers." Callforniana. Catalog, Documents, Law,[ The above divergent views appear to us Legislative Reference. Reference, and; to formulate the chief arguments for and Traveling Libraries; and all are equally! against the auction-room as a substitute in the service of the entire state. The for direct exchange of duplicates between State library Is moreover entirely inde- libraries; also the arguments for and pendent of any other organization, being a against such direct exchange. Both plans complete unit in the state government, able have disadvantages which, in the opinion to initiate and promulgate whatever is for of a third correspondent, go to show that the best library Interest. a regular clearing house for duplicates is The second great advantage which is really essential. But, as he looks at the enjoyed by the California State library — 73 and which makes possible a free play for pletely co-ordinated, no two libraries use- co-ordination, is the elasticity of the laws lessly wasting time in covering the same creating and governing the institution. No ground, but each one covering thoroughly hampering restrictions require legislation the ground it starts out to cover. And this authorizing any enlargement of the work; is how it is being done: and no iron-clad appropriation fixes the In the counties which are operating amount to be paid for a salary, or for county free libraries, the central library books, or for other equipment. On the at the county seat owns all such books and contrary, the management is left abso- material as is in usual demand in the lutely free to follow its own judgment in county, and can be worn out there. establishing or discontinuing any policy; Branches are established in different parts and the funds are appropriated in lump, of the county, through which the books to be paid out as necessitated according to reach all the people. Bach branch keeps the policy adopted by the institution. As the books only as long as it has use for a result, this freedom, both in policy and them. Books desired but not found in the in expenditures, makes possible a line of collection are supplied from the central action scarcely to be hoped for in less library. favored states. These branches are capable of develop- With these two points gained, then, for ment in an infinite variety of ways, but complete freedom of action, namely, a their aim is always to satisfy all the read- union under one management of all state ing needs of the particular community. Nor activities in library work; and second, is a community limited to one branch; it freedom from any restrictive legislation, should have as many as the varied interests the California State library desired to find need. Every activity is to be served, and the most efficient means of reaching all the can always be served more effectively from people of the state. The well perfected a central reservoir of books than when each engine and machinery stood ready, the fuel activity attempts to serve itself independ- and cargo were at hand, but sufficient track ent of any other library. In one small com- and stations were lacking. munity there are already three branches It must not be understood that municipal one for general use, one for a woman's club, libraries do not offer means of co-ordina- and one in the high school, with a fourth tion with the state library, for the state contemplated, to be placed in the packing library supplements In every way any li- house, and to be made up of books for gen- brary in the state which asks such assist- eral reading, and also on that particular ance. The fact remains, however, that an fruit industry. Railroad shops, factories, infinite multiplication of municipal libraries chambers of commerce, municipal refer- in California would not reach the entire ence reading rooms, newspaper establish- people, nor, acting Independently, would ments, will have their special collection they make for that co-ordination which is bearing upon their technical problems. more and more becoming the accepted Hospitals, asylums, prisons, reform schools, slogan of the library world. and all county and state institutions will It was necessary, then, to find some be provided with branches of the county agency by which all the people could be free library; for we believe that each in- reached, and through which the State li- stitution, whether county or state, should brary could become supplemental to the receive library service from the county in needs of the entire people. That agency which it is situated, the same argument has been found in the county free library, applying to this as to other service, which, together with those municipal li- namely, economy, professional oversight, braries that prefer to act independently, care of books, access to greater collec-

will cover the entire state area; and it also tions, a supply of books most appropriate affords opportunity by which the work of to the needs of the borrowers, etc. Hence every library in the system may be com- each county will consider any such insti- 74 PASADENA CONFERENCE tution as an integral part of itself, to re- ning order, however, they will own all the ceive county free library service just as material which can be worn out in their logically as the general public or the school own county, and the State library will sup- or the clubs. plement them with all material which they Already several counties are turning over are not justified in purchasing either be- to the county free library their teachers' cause of cost, scarcity of request, or in- library, and the various district school li- frequent periodic recurrence of use. To braries with the money levied for their this end the State library will build up support; for the school people know full particular collections of music such as well that the best results can be obtained would be sought by the advanced student by this correlation of work, this wider ex- or the composer. Books for the blind are change that will result, the economy in already available from the State library, purchase, the care for books beginning to and will be added to by the state rather wear out, and a wiser choice than the than by the county, for no county could at teacher has often time to make. present be justified in maintaining a col- More often than not, the law libraries of lection, since demands would be too in- the various counties are unavailable be- frequent. The State library tried the plan cause of lack of care and cataloging. The of keeping collections for the blind in county free library is helping to put them different places, but it was not satisfactory, on a usable basis, and take charge of their owing to the impossibility of having enough care and distribution. books of different type, and to satisfy the By all these various ways of developing various classes and ages of the readers. A branches of the county free library, a high supply of material for visual instruction, degree of efficiency can be obtained and such as slides, stereoscopic views, illustra- economy of effort and expenditure result. tions, mounts, and moving pictures is also But just as great opportunities for co-or- being made. dination of effort are possible between We recognize the bearing upon co-ordi- county free libraries. The informal lend- nation of the questions of storage, and ing of books across the border is but a means of information as to where any ma- first step leading to formal arrangements terial is available, such as a union catalog for loans between the different centers, will give. No definite plans have matured, for it will not be long before each county however, for either, beyond legislation will have collections developed along cer- making it possible to establish branches tain lines, which will be available to any of the California State library at I>os other county. Another formal arrangement .\ngeles and at San Francisco. When these about to be adojUed is a borrower's card, are realized, better means will be available enabling the patron to borrow not only of knowing the resources of different li- from any branch within the county, but braries, and possibilities for gathering ma- from any county free library in the state. terial and for storage will be offered which With the counties taking care of the are now out of the question because of ordinary demands of their readers in this big distances and cramped quarters. thoroughgoing manner, the State library The cost of transportation often offers a is left to its legitimate business of further real difUculty to the would-be borrower. building up its permanent collections of Where the county free library system is in material which have a permanent value, operation all expenses within the county and which will mean something more to are paid from the county fund, and all car- the people of the state than a collection of riage to and from the State library is paid traveling libraries possibly can. At present, from the State library fund. We expect where county free libraries are just be- soon to obtain a reduction in express rates. ginning, the State library is helping them Mr. Gould defines co-ordination as with such material as they cannot afford "planning and arranging for the advance- to purchase. When they are once in run- ment of co-operation on a large scale." 75

Someone else has said, "Co-ordination is tions to make at the present time, and since that self-restraint on the part ot most li- the character of the subject referred to it, braries which will cause them to mind apart from the special proposal which was their own business and look to national, submitted, is covered in the field of an- state and special libraries as great store- other committee, it recommends that the houses and reservoirs of books." We be- Committee be discharged.

lieve that it is all this, and even more. It W. C. LANE, is not enough for us to plan for systematic Chairman. co-operation, nor for the small library to mind its own business. The large library COMMITTEE ON CO-OPERATION WITH must be alive to all the needs it will be THE NATIONAL EDUCATION called upon to supplement, and the trans- ASSOCIATION mission must be perfect. It co-ordination The past year has witnessed a nearer is to succeed, the central power house must approach to common ground in the in- be in perfect order, and the connection the terests of both the school teachers and best. If they fail, the small lights will go librarians in the matter of co-operative out. J. L. GILLIS. work for young people, whatever may be said of the larger organizations to which COMMITTEE ON CO-ORDINATION librarians and teachers respectively belong. AMONG COLLEGE LIBRARIES It will be remembered that there was a disposition, apparently without particular The Committee on co-ordination among foundation, on the part of the management college libraries reports that it has little of the National Education Association to of importance to add to the report made to abolish the library department of that or- the Association last year and presented at ganization. We are glad to report that the Mackinac conference. The general owing to the united and emphatic protests opinion of the Committee was at that time, of a large number of librarians and school and continues to be, that the plan for a authorities the disposition was abandoned Bureau of information and Central lending without action, and the library department library, which had been submitted to it, is of the N. E. A. continues. In the judgment a plan which, if there were the means to of this Committee, there still remains much carry it out on an effective scale, might ground to cover before it can be said truth- render district service to American scholars fully that there is active or continued co- and to college and reference libraries, but operation between the A. L. A. and the the Committee was not encouraged to think N. E. A. that such an endowment (from thirty to The question of time and place of hold- fifty thousand dollars a year) could be ob- ing their respective meetings has again tained. In the absence of support of this been decided by each association without character, it was glad to recognize the reference to the action of the other. There practical aid in this direction which could seems to have been an utter absence of be given by the Library of Congress and consideration of the existence of the plans by other large libraries working independ- and purposes of the N. E. A. in providing ently for the same general ends, and it for a meeting ot the A. L. A., and the time hoped that the work already done by the and place of meeting had been definitely Library of Congress in collecting informa- settled when a letter from the Secretary tion in regard to the resources of American of the N. B. A. asking for consideration of libraries, and in making this information the matter was received. available to all inquiries, would be con- The meeting of the library department tinued and supported, and might even be of the N. E. A. at Boston, July 5 and 7, 1910, increased by means of a special endowment was the occasion for the presentation of therefor. some very important papers and addresses. The Committee has no further sugges- The set papers were all presented by 70 PASADKNA CONFERENCE school people, while the round tables and mittee on co-operation with the N. E. A. be discussions were largely conducted by li- enlarged sufllclently to cover the entire brarians. The report of the meetings in the country, each member of the Committee re- Proceedings of the meeting of the N. E. A. porting the progress in the district tor 1910, furnishes some very valuable li- assigned, in library instruction to teachers brary literature. or students, in colleges, normal schools An important meeting, which doubtless and public schools, with a view to finding will contribute largely to a better under- out the needs and recommending definite standing between the libraries and schools, assistance. was that of the school librarians, who held While there is not much to say as to a meeting under the auspices of the New progress in cooperation, the Committee Is York state teachers' association, Decem- not on that account, the least inclined to ber 28, 1910. This illustrates what has discontinue Its attempts to bring about been said before, that it is easy to interest more real and effective co-operation be- individuals in the work that is common to tween these two great organizations which both schools and libraries, but the national are attempting to effect real educational organizations do not seem to come any progress. For the Committee, nearer cooperation or conservation of re- M. E. AHERN, sults of the efforts of either or of both, in Chairman. the furtherance of the use of books. The Committee would again make the COMMITTEE ON BOOKBINDING suggestion, which may have grown familiar by oft repeating, that the governing au- During the past six months nearly all the thorities of the A. L. A. seek closer rela- energy of the Committee on binding has tionship with the like powers in the N. E. been expended in inducing the publishers A., to the end that a more serious consid- of the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia eration of the purposes and power of the Britannica to issue a special edition for the A. L. A. may be brought to a fuller realiza- use of libraries. Early in November speci- tion on the part of the N. E. A. As yet the fications for a special edition were sub- N. E. A. Is apparently not sufTiciently im- mitted. These specifications were sent to pressed with the national body of librarians England and evidently not approved, since to invite a representative to a place on its In December the Committee learned in a general program, although such recogni- roundabout way that there would be two tion has been tendered at various times to editions for library use, neither one of them persons prominent in law, literature, medi- following the specifications of this Com- cine, social welfare, statesmanship, religion mittee. One of these editions was to be and politics. bound by Mr. Chivers according to his own It would further recommend that a defi- specifications and the other was to be in nite place on the annual program of the leather, bound according to rather elabor- A. L. A. be provided for a discussion of the ate specifications of the T^ibrary associa- problems that are common to schools and tion In England. The specifications of the libraries, particularly as a source of help- A. L. A. Committee were not nearly so fulness to the constantly growing class of elaborate as those of the English com- school librarians. mittee, and called for cloth instead of Third, that a more definite understanding leather. It was reported that the main be developed in the majority of college and reason that the specifications of this Com- university libraries, both as regards their mittee were not approved in England was contribution to the training of all college because they called for cloth. In order students in the use of books and the stand- that there might be no chance for argu- ing of the library among other departments ment, forty letters were sent out by our of their respective Institutions. To this Committee to librarians in this country, end, it Is suggested that the A. L. A. com- asking for an expression of opinion as to 77 the respective merits of cloth or leather for larly glaring. One is light but strong in keratol small libraries. Only four of those who re- construction, has pigskin back and plied favored leather. Therefore, the Com- sides, and the metal strips that hold in the mittee made a vigorous protest to the pub- magazines are fastened by tying a string. with lishers, with the result that it was decided The other has a wooden back covered the to issue a cloth edition as well as the two cowhide or pigskin, buckram sides, and leather ones. The other specifications, metal strip fastens with a sort of hook and aside from cloth, correspond to those of eye. The former being light and flexible the English committee. They should be stands wear better, but the string is some- amply sufficient to make the volume so what bothersome. The latter's fastening strong that they never need be rebound. is quicker, but being heavy and hard in The prices of these different library the back, the binder shows wear sooner. bindings are, for Chivers, $5.75 a volume; The Committee has not tested either long con- for the Library association (Great Britain), enough to be dogmatic, but at present models, Binding halt morocco, $5.50; for A. L. A. siders both improvements on other durability, binding, bucl^ram, $5. and pending further light as to without strings. It is a pleasure to record the fact that prefers the binder the Book production committee in England A. L. BAILEY, worked in harmony with this Committee, MARGARET W. BROWN, L. and perhaps it is only fair to say that more N. GOODRICH. credit for the successful issue is due to that Committee than to this. COMMITTEE ON LIBRARY TRAINING Much interest in this special edition has Your Committee would report that during been manifested by librarians all over the the year it made another attempt to secure country. The Committee wishes that from the Executive Board an appropriation similar interest might be extended to other sufficient to begin the examinations of li- reinforced bindings. The combined pres- brary schools contemplated in previous sure of the entire library world would reports of the Committee. The Committee enable us to get anything desired from the regrets to report that the effort again has publishers. As matters now stand, only a been unsuccessful, although we were few librarians make it a point to order assured unofficially from members of the books that can be obtained in reinforced Executive Board that had the money been binding. available it would gladly have been given. During the year the correspondence of The Committee waits in hope that in the this Committee has largely increased, coming year it will be possible to begin many inquiries having been received from this much desired work. Prom many of librarians, publishers and booksellers. In the library schools there have come ex- fact, owing to the limited time at the dis- pressions of interest in the movement and posal of the members of the Committee, the Committee has every reason to believe its chief function at present seems to be that prompt advantage of the opportunity that of acting in an advisory capacity. for sucli examinations will be taken by Last year's report included an account many, if not by all, of the library schools. of a brief examination of magazine binders. Since nothing has been done in this di- A supplementary report on this subject rection, the report this year must perforce follows: be confined to a summary of such changes Since the Committee's last report on as have come under the notice of the com- binders for magazines two new varieties mittee during the year. have been widely advertised. They are for The parent school, the New York State current magazines intended to last, and are Library School, suffered the loss of its therefore somewhat expensive. Both are quarters, together with its large collection better than any previously reported to the of illustrative material, in the disastrous Committee, and their faults are not particu- fire which destroyed the New York State 78 PASADENA CONFEREiXCE

library and the west wing of the capitol fication in the study of classification; a building at Albany. The Committee de- considerable expansion in the course of sire to express their sincere sympathy lectures on the history of libraries and a in this loss and their confidence that the considerable enlargement in the attention energy which has always characterized the given to children's work, in which provision school will result in the prompt re-equip- is now made for practice work in a settle- ment of the school for its work. Whether ment library, each student being required for the next year the school will be able to conduct four story hours. In practice to continue in its present quarters seems work, one hundred of the two hundred

still undecided but it will be the hope of hours required are now spent in a solid the entire library profession, already two weeks in a public library, the other greatly indebted to the school, that the hundred hours in work under supervision school will soon be re-equlpped and in con- of the staff of the Drexel Institute library. dition to do the splendid worlt which has The University of Illinois Library school

characterized it in the past. The changes announces the opening of a summer sesslou which had occurred in the curriculum of whose stalT for the first year is largely com- the school prior to the fire indicate a dis- posed of the teachers in the regular school position on the part of the school to adjust and in which cataloging, classification, Itself to the demand for library worli of reference work, children's work, book se- varied sorts. Among these may be men- lection, loan desk work, accession work, tioned the announcement of a course which binding and administration are given care, was to have been given in 1911-1912 on law ful consideration. library and legislative reference work, thus The library school of Western Reserve making provision for training in a rapidly university adds two members to its staff, growing field of library service. Another Mr. Strong, the new librarian of Adelbert, course, also intended to be given in 1911- taking up the work in reference and bibli- 1912, contemplated an extended study of a ograi)hy. anil Miss Gertrude Stiles, super- specific community with special reference visor of binding in the Cleveland public to its present and possible future library library, taking up the work of instructor activities. Such courses equip students to in book binding and repair work. look at library service in the large and are The department of library science of greatly to be recommended. The summer Simmons college reports the addition of session of the school was divided into two Miss Isabella M. Cooper as instructor in three-week courses, instead of one con- reference and Mrs. Frances Rathbone Coe secutive course of six weeks, for the pur- as general assistant. A course in docu- pose of giving more work in a more limited ments, national, state and municipal, by number of subjects than has heretofore Miss Isadore G. Mudge; a course of thirty been offered in the course. lectures on library work with children, The school connected with Pratt Institute under the direction of Miss Alice M. reports having made arrangements for .lordan, of the Boston public library, and a practice work on the part of its students course in advance cataloging given to the In various high school libraries and seniors once a weelc during the second branches of the New York public library, term, by Miss Mary E. Robbins have been thus giving experience in a variety of types added to the curriculum. of library work. The library school of Syracuse univer- The school in connection with Drexel sity reports the addition of Miss Elizabeth Institute, now under the charge of Miss Thorne, who gives instruction in classifica- Jane R, Donnelly as director, reports an tion, reference, library administration and increase in the number of lectures on cata- book-binding, and Miss Edith Clarke, who loging; a corresponding reduction in the gives instruction in government documents. practice time devoted to the subject; more The certificate course provides additional attention given to the Expansion Classi- electives in reference work and cataloging, STEINER 79 and genetic psychology, taught by the dean bureau, which will take charge of the ar- of the Teachers' college, has been made rangements for a meeting of archivists and an additional elective of courses A and C, librarians not earlier than 1913, not later a requirement in course B, and will here- than 1915. The American library asso- after be required of all students intending ciation will be asked to name one member to take up children's work. A general in- of this bureau. The entire American repre- formation examination has been added to sentation numbered over forty. the requirements for admission to the cer- Respectfully submitted, tificate course. N. D. C. HODGES, Chairman. The Wisconsin free library commission E. C. RICHARDSON. library school reports the addition to the faculty of Miss Helen Turvill and Miss FEDERAL AND STATE RELATIONS Ethel F. McCoIIough. Miss Turvill gives instruction in cataloging and library econ- The Committee has no further report omy, and Miss McCoUough in book selec- than that printed in the March A. L. A. tion and administration. Bulletin which for convenience of reference Respectfully submitted, is here re-printed. AZARIAH S. ROOT, The Committee on Federal and state re- Chairman. lations came into correspondence with the Chairman of the Postal committees of Con- COMMITTEE ON THE BRUSSELS gress, and learning from them that there CONGRESSES was no hope of any new postal legislation Your Committee on the Brussels Con at the session of 1910-1911, has postponed gresses respectfully reports that the Con any active attempt to obtain changes in gres International de Bibliographie et de the laws. It continues its recommendation Documentation was held at Brussels that the American library association sup- August 25 to 27 inclusive, and the Congrgs port such changes as shall place all public International des Archivistes et des Biblio libraries and library commissions in the thgcaires, August 28 to 31, inclusive. The list of institutions entitled to second class official A. L. A. delegates were Dr. E. C mail matter privileges. Richardson, Miss M. E. Ahem, Messrs. G The association must determine its policy P. Bowerman, A. J. F. Van Laer, and with reference to the sending of books Clement W. Andrews. In the absence of through the mails. Three plans have been Dr. Richardson, Mr. Andrews acted as prosposed: chairman. 1. That we advocate a special library The Association was recognized at the post. first Congress by the appointment of Mr. 2. That we join with the publishers in Andrews as Vice-President, and at the sec- advocating a special book post. ond by his appointment as Vice-President. 3. That we support the movement for a of Section 2, and by Mr. Bowerman's ap- general parcels post. pointment as Vice-President of Section 4. BERNARD C. STEINER, Provision was made for a permanent Chairman. PASADENA CONFERENCE

REPORT OF THE CARNEGIE AND ENDOWMENT FUNDS

To the President and Members of the obtained. While there is no question as to American Library Association, the stability aud value of all the securities Gentlemen: they hold, yet certain of them do not bear The Trustees of the Carnegie and En- as high a rate of interest as the Trustees dowment funds, in presenting their annual desire and the needs of the Association de- report, are pleased to say that the interest mand. upon all bonds held for account of the During the year, by direction of the Ex- funds has been paid up to date. ecutive committee, Mr. E. H. Anderson, of During the year one thousand dollars of the New York public library, made a thor- U. S. Steel bonds were purchased for credit ough and complete examination of the se- of Carnegie fund, and one thousand five curities held by the Trustees and deposited hundred dollars of same bonds for credit in the vaults of the Union Trust company of Endowment fund from moneys on de- of New York, Fifth Avenue Branch, and posit in the Union Trust Company and audited the accounts of the Trustees. Dime Savings Institution. Every facility was accorded for the audit The condition of the bond market so far and inspection. He will report to the Asso- as It affects the securities held by the ciation at the annual meeting the result. Trustees has remained the same during the Annexed will be found a detailed state- past year, so that they have not been able ment of all our transactions in both funds

to change any of the securities for the covering the period from January If), 1910, betterment of the Trust. to January 15, 1911. The Trustees watch the market con- W. C. KIMBALL, ditions closely in the interest of their trust, W. T. PORTER, and are very anxious to substitute for cer- W. W. APPLETON. tain pf their securities others which will bear a higher rate of income than is now Trustees of A. L. A. Endowment Fund.

CARNEGIE FUND, PRINCIPAL ACCOUNT

Cash donated by Mr. Andrew Carnegie ?100,000.00 Invested as follows: June I. 1908 5.000 4% Am. Tel. & Tel. Bonds 961/2 $4,825.00 June 1. 190S 10.000 4% Am. Tel. & Tel. Bonds 94% 9,437.50 June 1, 190S 1.5,000 4% Cleveland Terminal 100 15,000.00 June 1, 190S 10,000 4% Seaboard Air Line 95V4 9,550.00 June 1, 1908 15,000 5% Western Un. Tel 108^ 15,000.00 Jime 1, 1908 15,000 3%% N. Y. Cen. (Lake Shore Col.).. 90 13,500.00 June 1. 1908 15,000 5% Mo. Pacific 104% 15,000.00 May 3, 1909 15,000 5% U. S. Steel 104 15,000.00 Aug. 6, 1909 1,500 U. S. Steel 106% 1.500.00 July 26, 1910 1,000 U. S. Steel 102% 1,000.00 99,812.50

102,000 Jan. 15, 1911 Union Trust Co. on deposit 187.50

$100,000.00

In addition to the above we have on hand at the Union Trust Company $150.00 profit on the sale of the Missouri Pacific Bonds, which we have carried to a special surplus account. TRUSTEES ENDOWMENT FUND

CARNEGIE FUND, INCOME ACCOUNT

Cash on hand January 15, 1910 $2,245.23 F'ebruary 2, 1910 Int. N. Y. Central 262.50 March 1, 1910 Int. Missouri Pacific 375.00 March 2, 1910 Int. Seaboard Air Line 200.00 May 1, 1910 Int. Cleveland Terminal 300.00 June 16, 1910 Int. U. S. Steel 412.50 July 1, 1910 Int. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co 300.00 July 1, 1910 Int. Western Union Telegraph Co 375.00 July 1, 1910 Int. Dime Savings Bank 14.72 July 1, 1910 Int. Union Trust Co 25.83 August 5, 1910 Int. N. Y. Central 262.50 September 1. 1910 Int. Seaboard Air Line 200.00 September 1, 1910 Int. Missouri Pacific 375.00 November 5, 1910 Int. Cleveland Terminal 300.00 November 5, 1910 Int. U. S. Steel 437.50 December 31, 1910 Int. Union Trust Co 40.55 January 3, 1911 Int. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co 300.00 January 3, 1911 Int. Western Union Telegraph Co 375.00 $6,801.33

Disbursements: February 21, 1910 Carl B. Roden, Treas $2,245.23 July 27, 1910 Premium U. S. Steel Bonds 26.25 July 27, 1910 Accrued Interest U. S. Steel Bonds 12.09 November 5, 1910 Carl B. Roden, Treasurer 2,000.00 November 15, 1910 Rent, Safe Deposit Co 30.00 January 1, 1911 Cash on hand 2,487.76 $6,801.33

ENDOWMENT FUND, PRINCIPAL ACCOUNT

Cash on hand January 15, 1909 $6,961.84 February 5, 1910 Lite membership Mrs. D. P. Corey 25.00 February 5, 1910 Lite membership Dr. G. E. Wire 25.00 December 27, 1910 Life membership Irene Gibson 25.00 December 27, 1910 Life membership Mary Failing 25.00 December 27, 1910 Life membership Bertha Gault 25.00 $7,111.84

Invested as follows:

June 1, 1908 2 U. S. Steel Bonds 9Sy2 $1,970.00 October 19, 190S 2 U. S. Steel Bonds 102% 2,000.00 November 5, 1908 IV^ U. S. Steel Bonds 101 1,500.00 July 27, 1910 IV2 U. S. Steel Bonds 102% 1,500.00 January 15, 1911 Cash on hand. Union Trust Co 141.84 $7,111.84

ENDOWMENT FUND, INCOME ACCOUNT

January 15, 1910 Cash on hand $167.32 June 16, 1910 Int. U. S. Steel 137.50 July 1, 1910 Int. Dime Savings Bank 26.09 November 5, 1910 Int. U. S. Steel 175.00 $505.91

Disbursements:

July 27, 1910 Premium on U. S. Steel Bonds $39.38 July 27, 1910 Accrued interest on U. S. Steel Bonds 18.12 January 15, 1911 Cash on hand 448.41 $505.91 S2 PASADENA CONFERENCE

AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Report of the Treasurer, January 1 to April 30, 1911. Receipts January 3: Balance, Union Trust Company, Chicago $2,425.97 February 1: George B. Utley, Headquarters collections 167.71 February 23: Trustees Endowment Fund, Interest 448.41 March 3: George B. Utley, Headquarters collections 1,297.90 April 5: George B. Utley, Headquarters collections 1,543.19 April 28: George B. Utley, Headquarters collections 736.40 Interest on Bank Balance, January—April 11.20 $6,629.78

Expenditures Checks No. 15-19 (Vouchers No. 267-322, inc.) Distributed as follows: Bulletin $297.43 Headquarters: Secretary's salary 663.28 Other salaries 807.00 Miscellaneous 255.92 Travel 35.40 Trustees Endowment Fund (Life members) 75.00 $2,134.03

Balance Union Trust Co 4,495.75

$6,629.78 CREDITS George B. Utley, Balance National Bank of the Republic $250.00 Cash on hand 23.05

Total Balance $4,768.80 Respectfully submitted, C. B. RODEN, Treasurer. A. L. A. PUBLISHING BOARD 83

REPORT OF THE A. L. A. PUBLISHING BOARD

It is a quarter of a century since the "This opinion was brought to the atten- Publishing board came into existence, tion of Mr. Carnegie, with the suggestion though in the words of an early chairman, that he should give to the American library

Mr. W. I. Fletcher, "its existence was pre- association a special fund, the income of figured in the arrangements made ten which should be applied to the preparation years earlier for the production of the new and publication of such reading lists, in- edition of Poole's Index." In noting this dexes, and other bibliographical and library twenty fifth anniversary date, the present aids as would be specially useful in the board may fittingly record their apprecia- circulating libraries of this country. The tion of the great service rendered under main part of the income would be expended difficult and discouraging conditions by that in employing competent persons to pre- able and far-seeing pioneer group who con- pare the lists, indexes, etc., and to read stituted the initial membership. That they proofs. The cost of paper and printing planned wisely and builded enduringly is would be met by sales to the libraries. It attested by the fact that the work to-day was represented that such a gift would be practically follows the scope and direction wisely administered by the Publishing outlined by them. Perhaps even more board of the Association, and that the re- helpful in the development of librarlanship sults would be of great value in promoting than the printed aids which their efforts the circulation of the best books. supplied the workers of their generation "In response to this suggestion a check and of those who have followed, has been for $100,000 was sent to me as 'a donation the fine spirit of co-operation and united for the preparation and publication of read- effort which has made for greatest power, ing lists, indexes, and other bibliographical and permanency of results achieved. In a and literary aids as per (your) letter of record of accomplishment during the March 14.' I shall take great pleasure in earlier period of the Publishing board, the turning over this money if the Association names of Justin Winsor. W. F. Poole, Mel- accepts it for the purposes and under the vil Dewey, W. I. Fletcher, \V. C. Lane, R. R. conditions stated. It is a unique gift from Bowker, S. S. Green, C. A. Cutter, J. L. a unique man. who deserves our best Whitney and others are inseparably asso- thanks." ciated. The Board think it desirable to place In 1902, Mr. Carnegie made possible by on record for the information of the mem- his gift of $100,000 bibliographical under- bers of the Association a statement as to takings of great importance to the library their general policy. No such statement world. In announcing the gift in his presi- appears to have been made for some time. dential address at the Magnolia conference. The income of the Board is derived from Dr. Billings said: two principal sources, the interest on the "In considering the questions as to the Carnegie Fund and the receipts from the kinds of bibliographical work the results sales of publications. The Board feel that of which would be most useful to the great under the terms of the Carnegie gift, the majority of the public libraries of this income should be spent for the prepara- country and as to the means of doing such tion of more popular lists, and in fact by work, it appears to me that it is best that far the larger part is spent for the prepara- it should be done under the direction of tion of the A. L. A. Booklist. It is intended the Publishing board of this Association, to sell publications at a price which will which has had practical experience in this just cover the cost of printing and dis- line, and will always be well informed as tribution. The price of others than the to the needs of such libraries. Booklist must be placed sufficiently high —

84 PASADENA CONFERENCE to pay (or the cost of preparation aud If the tool is to be fit and worthy for editing as well, but in no case Is it in- its use, it should be under constant con- tended to secure any considerable profit. sideration and improvement by an able, The readjustment of the business affairs disciplined mind familiar with the task. of the Association has enabled the Board A mind fit tor this task would, moreover, to arrange a similar adjustment of its be of value In aiding and strengthenmg affairs. The Secretary of the Association other enterprises of the Board. For ex- serves as acting Treasurer of the Publish- ample, the Booklist attempts to cover far ing board, and his accounts are audited by more than book selection, as it Indicates the Chairman of the Board monthly. All classification, subject headings and author payments are turned over to the Treasurer forms for its chosen books, and correct of the Association at least once a month, work in these matters is a severe addition and the accounts of the Treasurer as Treas- to the labors of the editor. urer of the Publishing board have been It is quite too much to expect of one made identical in form with those of the human mind that it should be equal to the Association. The board have adopted a survey of the book out-put of each month, definite schedule of appropriations, and to choose wisely from It, and give atten- have based these appropriations upon tion to expert professional details of this estimated Income, approved by the Finance kind as well, especially, when the whole committee. task is done in a race with time. Supplementing the reports of progress Many worthy pieces of work are offered as to important publications in prepara- to the Board of value to the profession, tion, as noted by their respective editors and, therefore, desirable for the Board to and hereto appended, it may not be amiss publish; but, almost without exception, at this time to call attention to certain they need editing in some particulars be- suggested policies which seem to be vital fore it is possible to send them to the as to future procedure. printer. A part of the salary of a new Observation of the magnitude of the task expert person could be saved by elimi- of the revision of subject headings after nating printers' bills for authors' correc- a long interval; of the importance to a tions. great majority of the profession of a There are also opportunities for original competent list for this purpose; of the work in the compilation of aids which are difficulty of finding a well-equipped, ex- not attacked by outside persons. So that, perienced, practical person able and will- taken all in all, the lines of possible activity ing to take up such a piece of work as a for a permanent editor would very easily temporary employment, forces upon the occupy the time to advantage. Board the opinion that the time Is not Difficulties encountered in resuming work far distant—if it Is not already come where dropped when the A. I.. A. Catalog when it will be necessary to add a person was Issued in 1904 suggest the need for able to cope with this problem to the per- continuity of service in planning five-yearly manent staff at Headquarters. supplements. That work was made pos- Constant development In the philosophy, sible then through the good offices of the sciences, arts, employments, productions New York State library and the Library of and distributions of civilization involve Congress. This work ought to be organized constant changes and additions to the with relation to the editorial necessities of terminology used in the literature of these the A. L. A. Booklist. almost infinite activities. The task of When the initial number of the Booklist collecting, ordering and connecting this was issued in the beginning of 1905, the vast terminology into an intelligent and purpose sought was to furnish to the intelligible scheme for practical use can- smaller libraries a suggestive list of books not be successfully disposed of by a mind for current purchases, evaluated with such new to the undertaking once In ten years. authority as to Inspire confidence of A. L. A. PUBLISHING BOARD 85

librarians anil book committees. It was appears. It will contain about twenty also the aim to supply information as to pages. classification, and subject headings for Hints to small libraries, by Mary W. cataloging the bocl

department of the New York public library. publications were sent to several state li- 550 Children's books; a purchase list for brary associations, and 3,000 copies of public libraries, compiled by Miss Harriet printed lists of publications were dis- H. Stanley. tributed. Supplement, 1909-10, to Miss Kroeger's Manual of library economy—Manuscript Guide to the study and use of reference for the following chapters approved by the books, compiled by Isadore G. Mudge, of Editorial committee, comprising Mr. J. I. the Columbia university library. This Wyer, Jr., Miss Mary W. Plummer and Mr. Supplement is now in the press and will P. L. Windsor has been sent to the print- probably be published before this report ers, and the work will probably be ready PASADENA CONFERENCE

for distribution before the Pasadena con- Subdivisions of many of the larger sub- ference. jects are also included. Geographical names are omitted, except I. American librarj- history, by C. K. for a few regions not having a political ex- Bolton. istence, and several countries for which II. Library of Congress, by W. W. historical period subdivisions are given. Bishop. Country and other subheads will be in- IV. The college and university librarj', cluded in the main alphabet instead of the by J. I. Wyer, Jr. appendix. XVII. Order and accessions department, In order to simplify the alphabetical by F. F. Hopper. arrangement, following the latest available XXII. Reference department, by E. C authority, Webster's New international Richardson. dictionary, I have eliminated hyphenated XXVI. Bookbinding, by A. L. Bailey. words as far as possible. The International These chapters will be printed as separ- omits the hyphen from many words com- ate pamphlets until the completion of the pounded in the Century dictionary, the entire work, when they will be assembled authority followed in former editions. It in book form. The separates will be sold has seemed wise to follow the Interna- at ten cents each. tional, as recording the latest practice, and List of Subject headings—It is now the as being much more widely used." expectation that the end of the year will A. L. A. Booklist—Miss Eiva L. Bascom see the completion in printed form of the has prepared the following report: compilation which has been in progress The eight numbers of this volume that for several years. Concerning her work are now published (September-April) have Miss Mary J. Briggs reports: contained 1296 titles, as follows: General "I had hoped to be able at this time to literature, 828 titles; New editions, 157 report the manuscript for the third edition titles; Government documents, 59 titles; of the List of subject headings as com- Fiction, 135 titles; Children's books, 117 plete. The headings, for the most part, titles. The whole number represents an were decided upon more than si.x months increase of 246 titles over the number in ago, but the necessary, connecting refer- eluded for the same period in volume 6. ences have proved to be the time-consuming The number of volumes examined has been part of the work. about 2260, 340 less than were examined

I expect now that the list of headings for the whole of the preceding volume. and references will be practically com- Owing to an increase of subscriptions pleted in about three weeks from date, or the edition was raised from 4600 to 5000 a month at most. There will then remain with the September number. This was, a few subjects which I have left for however, reduced to 4600 again with the further consideration, the preparation of April number, the increased rate for the the preface; the marking of copy for the bulk orders subscribed for by the state printer, and the final checking of refer- commissions having caused a material ences. change in the size of their orders. The new edition will probably be about By action of the Publishing board at three times the size of the second edition, their January meeting some changes were as, in addition to many new headings in made in the price of the Booklist in the classes included in the former edition, quantities. Additional copies up to ten the scope has been enlarged by the in- to a single address are furnished at fifty clusion of the more Important wars and cents a year; ten or more copies, at forty historical events, the chief languages, cents. These rates were partly made to literatures, and ethnic races, and a few enable libraries wishing extra copies for important buildings and similar headings. clipping and mounting to obtain them at A. I^. A. PUBLISHING BOARD 87 the same cost as that for which the press preparing notes for the A. L. A. Catalog. proofs were provided. The latter were These duplicates comprise over one half discontinued with the March number owing of the notes file in the Booklist office. to a decision of the Post office Department Subject Index to Booklist—The Subject that they could not he mailed at second Index was completed In August 1910 and class rates. The Board voted that sub- distributed to the subscribers the follow- scribers to these proofs should receive ing month. The first annual supplement, finished copies of the Booklist till their for which the Board gave authority at their subscriptions expired. The former rate January meeting, will be printed imme- of $2.50 per one hundred copies of the diately after the entries in the June num- Booklist was withdrawn since that rate no Ijer are available. The material for it is longer covers actual cost of printing. prepared from month to month, and is in There has been no change worthy of constant use, in card form, in assigning comment in the assistance received from subject headings. the University of Wisconsin faculty, in- Supplement to A. L. A. Catalog —All the dividual readers or library workers. I work preliminary to the actual selection very much regret the comparatively small of titles from the large number on file has amount of assistance from the latter been done, a provisional list of critics has source. The "tentative list" sent out the been made up, and the routine established. first of each month is faithfully checked Periodical Card Work—In the ten months by about fifty librarians, with occasional since the last report, nine shipments have comments. Three large libraries—two been printed, containing 1984 titles and public and one state—contribute dupli- 122,578 cards. These figures do not Include cates of notes written by their staffs. The titles that have been reprinted because of assistance from this source is, however, errors. This work has called for a con- very slight during the months January, siderable amount of correspondence, and February and March—the busiest period is not yet in a satisfactory condition. It in the library year. The Booklist would should be put on a more business-like basis, certainly profit from the aid of individual the records should be revised and re- librarians who find time to read some of written, and if possible the routine simpli- the books of the hour, or who have readers fied. The length of time between the re- on whose judgment they can rely. The time ceipt of copy and the printed cards should required to write down an opinion and for- be greatly decreased. Since the list of ward it would be slight. The claims of periodicals indexed is under revision, no the Booklist to such assistance are pre- attempt has been made to do more than sented whenever possible, but my range carry on the current work. of acquaintance and opportunity is com- The increased amount of work has made paratively small. I would appreciate the it necessary to relieve the Editor of the asistance of the members of the Publish- Booklist from the editing of the periodical ing board in securing more of this valuable cards, and the whole question of the issue co-operation. of these cards has been placed in the hands The source of the largest amount of of a special committee. No complete re- assistance has been cut off, doubtless for port can be made at this time, but it may several months, through the destruction be said that the new editor, Mr. William by fire of the New York State library. Stetson Merrill of the Newberry library, From fifty to one hundred and fifty notes has already secured through this Com- were sent to the Booklist each month from mittee authority to make the subject head- the annotation division. These were dupli- ings agree with those of the Library of cates of notes written for the large "Notes Congress, and that correspondence has file" maintained by that division for many been undertaken in the hope that some vears, which was used very extensively in agreement may be reached as to general 88 PASADENA CONFERENCE cataloging rules. The code under which I hope to have them in such shape as to the worlv has heen carried on since the be- be able to present them to the original ginning is a composite one, and differs in Committee on A. L. A. catalog rules. I several important respects from the in- want first to send copies to several cata- ternational rules endorsed by the A. L. A. logers and librarians of small libraries all More radical changes in the work, affecting over the countrj- for criticisms and sug- the number of titles and to a certain extent gestions and I hope to have a few informal the character of the titles to be printed are discussions with any I may meet at under consideration. Pasadena." Abridged Catalog Rules—Miss Theresa Finances—But ten months have elapsed Hltchler reports as follows with reference since the Publishing board's last annual to this proposed publication: report was submitted. For the financial "I expected to be able to submit the statement usual at conferences, it may Abridged A. L. A. catalog rules in com- suffice at this time to refer to the seml- pleted form at this coming conference, but annual figures ofllcially printed in January,

1 am not sufficiently satisfied to call the and the statement for the full year will final meeting of my committee, so I shall appear in the Proceedings issue of the A. have to postpone it till fall. Meantime I L. A. Bulletin. may report that they are nearing com- HENRY E. LEGLER, pletion, and that by October or soon after. Chairman.

FINANCIAL REPORT

Cash Receipts June 1, 1910 to May 31, 1911

Balance June 1, 1910 $3,365.38 Trustees of Endowment fund 2.000.00 Interest on Carnegie fund 2,487.76 Receipts from publications: Cash sales $2,346.50 On account 4,310.83 6,657.33 Interest on bank deposits 14.82 Sundries 76.87 $14,602.16 Payments June 1, 1910 to May 31, 1911 Cost of publications: A. L. A Booklist $1,529.15 A. L. A. Booklist subject index 627.35 Mending and repair of books 111.70 Government documents in small libraries 83.30 Essentials in library administration 62.00 Binding for small libraries 16.44 Why do we need a public library 220.90 Catalog rules 168.30 Jetfers' List of editions 108.50 Guide to the use of reference books 456.21 List of Subject headings 1 52.00 550 Children's books, Stanley 334.30 Hints to small libraries 251.89 $4,122.04 Periodical cards 812.98 Addressograph machine and plates 29.88 Typewriter "^.Og Advertising 185.87 Postage and Express 285.8 1 Rent at Madison office (thirteen months) 325.00 Travel 1^2.34

Salaries ' 7Knft Expense at headquarters 875.00 Supplies and incidentals 966.79 Printing 57.05 Balance on hand May 31, 1911 2,337.70 $14,602.16 .

A. L. A. PUBLISHING BOARD

SALES OF A. L. A. PUBLISHING BOARD PUBLICATIONS

June 1, 1910, to March 31, 1911.

A. L. A. Booklist, regular subscriptions 1108 $1,078.00 Bulk subscriptions paid 1,009.05 Extra copies 867 94,24 $2,181 2!t Handbook 1, Essentials in library administration 364 43.39 Handbook 2, Cataloging for small libraries 294 43.30 Handbook 3, Management ot traveling libraries 44 6.36 Handbook 4, Aids in book selection 293 31.83 Handbook 5, Binding for small libraries 316 40.00 Handbook C, Mending and repair of books 892 109.3a Handbook 7, U. S. Government documents in small li- braries 819 91.96 $365.19

Tract 2, How to start a library 63 3.15 Tract 3, Traveling libraries 2 .10 Tract 4, Library rooms and buildings 71 2.04 Tract S, Village library 62 3.10 Tract 9, Library school training 201 6.55 Tract 10, Why do we need a public library? 251 9.54 $24.48

Foreign booklists, French 36 8.83 Foreign booklists, French fiction 17 .84 Foreign booklists, German 36 17.35 Foreign booldists, Hungarian 16 2.40 Foreign booklists, Norwegian and Danish 17 4.25 Foreign booklists, Swedish 27 6.65 $40.32

Reprints, etc. Arbor day list 8 .40 Reprints, etc. Bird books 8 .80 Reprints, etc. Christmas bulletin 5 .25 Reprints, etc. Library buildings 25 2.41 Reprints, etc. National library problem today 52 2.10 Reprints, etc. Rational library work with children 116 2.80 $8.76

Periodical cards, Subscriptions 884.52 Periodical cards. Facsimiles of early texts Periodical cards. Old South leaflets 15 v 6.75 Periodical cards, Reed's modern eloquence 11 sets 27.50 Periodical cards, Smithsonian reports 1 set 9.39 $928.16

Catalog rules 465 261 .60 Children's reading 73 17.73 Girls and women and their clubs 17 4.15 Kroeger, Guide to reference books 409 571.44 Larned, Literature of American history 27 147.90 Larned, Literature of American history. Supplement 55 44.53

List of editions selected for economy in bookbuying. . . 536 130.30 Music list 98 23.61 Reading for the young 14 10.07 Reading for the young, Supplement 9 2.16 Small library buildings 90 109. .S2 Stanley, List of 550 children's books 612 SO. 58 Subject index to A. L. A. Booklist 1726 478.36 $1,213.49 Anniversaries and holidays 16 3.94 Graded list of stories for reading aloud 63 6.19 Magazines for small libraries 53 5.30 $15.43

Total sales of publications $4,778.12 90 PASADENA CONFERENCE

The CHAIRMAN: Mr. W. L. Brown, and of the secretary as assistant treasurer. chairman of the Committee on bookbuying, He has found that the receipts as stated has a short statement to present. by the treasurer agree with the transfer Mr. WALTER L. BROWN: The Council checks from the assistant treasurer, and of the American library association, in Jan- with the cash accounts of the latter. The uary, requested the Committee on booltbuy- expenditures as stated are all accounted ing to obtain an expression from the book for by properly approved vouchers. The sellers as to the proper discount to the bank balances and petty-cash, as stated, library Association on net fiction. We agree with the bank books and petty- hoped to have a conference with a com- cash balances. The accounts of the mittee appointed by the Booksellers' Asso- assistant treasurer have been found cor- ciation. This committee was not appoint- rect as cash accounts. It has not seemed ed until the convention of the Booksellers' necessary to check the bills collectable,

Association which was held May 8, this which consist of many items, mostly of year. It is not feasible to make a report very small amounts. for discussion until this conference has On behalf of the committee Mr. E. H. been held, and consequently the committee Anderson has examined the accounts of

does not think it wise to present any at the trustees for 1910, has checked the vari- this time. This statement is made as a re- ous items from bank books, vouchers, etc; port of progress. has examined the securities, and certifies The CHAIRMAN: What action do you that to the best of his knowledge and be- wish to take with regard to the report of lief, the accounts are correct and that the the Committee? The report will be re- securities are held as stated. ceived as one of progress. He has similarly examined the accounts The report of the Finance Committee is of the trustees of 1909, which were not in the hands of Mr. Andrews, the Chair- audited last year, and certifies that all man. items which can now be checked have Mr. ANDREW'S: In accordance with the been found correct. provisions of the constitution, the Finance All of which is respectfully submitted committee submits the following report: for the committee. CLEMENT W. ANDREWS, REPORT OF FINANCE COMMITTEE Chairman. The CHAIRMAN: The last Committee to To the American Library Association: report is that on public documents and In accordance with the provisions of the Mr. G. S. Godard of the state library of constitution, the Finance Committee sub- Connecticut is to report for the committee.

mit the following report: Mr. GODARD: I desire to have this re- They have duly considered the probable port presented later in order that we may income of the Association for the current have advantage of the correspondence year and have estimated it at $16,850, now in progress. and have approved appropriations made by The report was later presented, received the Executive board to that amount. The and referred to the Program committee for details of the estimated income and of printing. appropriations are given in the January number of the Bulletin. For the first time REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON the receipts and expenditures of the Pub- PUBLIC DOCUMENTS lishing Board have been included, so that the figures now exhibit the total financial Your Committee on public documents de- resources and expenditures of the Asso- sires to express to the Librarian of Con- ciation. gress the appreciation of the American On behalf of the committee the chairman library association for the timely and valu- has audited the accounts of the treasurer able assistance rendered to libraries 91

through the medium of the Monthly list of of service to Canadian public libraries; state publications Issued by the Document similarly the Government of the Dominion section of the Library of Congress. In this issues many publications that would be of monthly list are announced the publications value to the libraries of the United States. issued by our several states, month by Reprei-entations might be made to the two month, with a brief summary of their con- gcveinments looking to the adoption of tents. Your committee has been informed, some plan by which the Superintendent of however, that the publication of this list Documents at Washington could be made is often delayed through failure to re- an agent for the distribution of Canadian ceive copies of these documents promptly. public documents to American libraries, As no publication is mentioned in the List and the King's Printer at Ottawa an agent which is not in the actual possession of the for the distribution of United States public Library of Congress, state officials are documents to Canadian libraries. urged to make special effort to forward Respectfully submitted. their publications immediately upon publi- GEO. S. GODARD, cation. By so doing, not only will there Chairman. be a copy of each such publication acces- The reports of the committees on inter- sible in our national library, but the time, national relations, library administration place and source of its publication and a and work for the blind were carried over suggestion of its contents will be correctly to the next general session. announced, and the necessary cards for The secretary read greetings from Mr. cataloging it, based upon the document Herbert Bailie. Secretary of the Libraries itself, will be printed and made available association of New Zealand, and from the at an early date. Texas library association and library com- As many librarians are seriously handi- mission. capped in their reference work through Adjourned. lack of definite information as to what pub- SECOND GENERAL SESSION lications have been issued by the several (Shakespeare Club, Saturday, May 20, departments at Washington, until the re- 9:30 a. m.) ceipt of the Monthly catalogue of govern- Mr. C. W. Andrews presiding. ment publications, which is not published The CHAIRMAN: From the program of until several weeks after the period covered the first general session three items have by each issue, it is recommended that the come over in the nature of unfinished busi- Superintendent of Documents be respect- ness. The Chairman is informed that the fully urged to publish, if possible, a daily Committee on international relations have or weekly check-list of all such government no report to present. publications issued by the several depart- The Committee on library administration, ments at Washington. Through such the rei)ort of which came very late last a cheek-list librarians will be informed con- evening, was placed in the hands of the cerning the many documents and reports Chairman just in time for him to look it now called for, having been mentioned in over and as it consists largely of statistics, the daily press. We believe this early in- which must be read to be understood, and formation should be regularly supplied to unless there is other disposition desired, depository libraries also. this report will be received, under the rule, At a time when the advantages of reci- and referred to the Program committee. procity in trade have been recognized by the United States and Canada, it is appro- REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LI- priate that steps should be taken to bring BRARY ADMINISTRATION about something in the nature of reciproc- During the past year the committee sent ity in public documents. The Government to the 1S7 libraries which had replied to of the United States issues annually a large the questionnaire circulated in 1908 copies number of public documents that would be of the new questionnaire approved by the 92 PASADENA CONFERENCE

association at the 1910 meeting. This ques- Promotions. Only 1 library in class B tionnaire would, it was hoped, bring fortli and 2 in Group C give examinations for some information of interest relating to promotion. In these three cases civil ser- current practice in the treatment of the vice examinations are given to determine staff in various libraries. Your committee fitness. Fifteen libraries of Group B base herewith presents some of the answers promotions on length of service, but all but received. 3 of these state that fitness is also consid- Of the 187 libraries addressed, 137 re- ered. Nine make promotions upon merit, plied more or less fully. As in former re- but whether length of service is considered ports, these have been arranged in 3 is not stated.

The following table shows the size and expenditures of the libraries included: 93 the neceasary qualification aud hastens to College Graduates. Three libraries in disclaim personal responsibility for this Group A have a total of 5 college gradu- standard. The other libraries from which ates, 2 having 2 each. answers were received have no formal In Group B, 31 libraries reported no col- standards. lege graduates and 28 from 1 to 5, the

Seventeen Group C libraries require at total number being 41. One library had 5, least a high school education, 1 requires in one had ;1, and 7 had 2 graduates. Nine of addition a municipal civil service, 1 a sum- these 41 were librarians, 8 were assist- mer library school course and 1 an appren- ant librarians, 8 were in reference deparr- ticeship. Eight libraries require library nients, 3 catalogers, 10 in the lending de- school training, but 3 of these will accept partment and 3 unspecified. their own apprentice training instead. Forty answers were received from Group Two use civil service examinations to de- C, and of these libraries 9 reported no col- termine fitness, and 2 others require a col- lege graduates. Nine of the other libra- lege education. The other 8 libraries ries had only one graduate, 6 had two, 4 which answered the question did not give had three, 2 had five, 3 had six, 1 had any definite statement of requirements. seven, 4 had eight, 1 had twelve, and 1 fif- So far as there is any agreement as to teen. As in the other groups these gradu- the necessary educational qualification, a ates are distributed throughout all depart- high school course is the minimum. In the ments. So far as can be discerned, there is case of the larger libraries there is a ten- no general tendency to insist upon college dency to require a college education tor training as a requisite for any branch of important positions. Courtesy and tact the work in libraries of the size under dis- are the two personal qualities most often cussion. mentioned, while executive ability, neat- Control of Staff. In 13 Group A libraries ness and accuracy are often mentioned. the board of trustees make appointments, Library School Graduates. Of the 10 li- in 12 the librarian appoints, subject to the braries in Group A reporting, 4 have 1 approval of the board. Two libraiies did graduate each, 2 of these being graduates not answer. In 11 libraries the assistants of a school having a two-year course. are responsible to the librarian and in 2 Four have 1 person each who has attended to the board; 4 libraries did not answer. a summer school and 2 have no school Evidently removals are very uncommon in trained persons. these libraries, as only 5 answered the In Group B, 64 libraries answered, 25 of question concerning them. In two of these which had no trained people; 6 had stu- the librarian, in the other 3 the board, dents from summer schools, but no stu- makes removals. dents from the regular schools. The re- In Group R, 67 libraries reported on maining 33 libraries employed 25 gradu- question eighteen. In 15 of these the libra- ates of two-year courses and 32 graduates rian makes appointments, while in 52 the of one-year courses; of these one library board of trustees appoints directly. In had 6, another 4, anotlier 3 and 15 had 2 many of these libraries, and probably in each, the remaining 14 having only 1 each. nearly all, the board merely ratifies the Forty libraries in Group C answered. 8 recommendation of the librarian. Seventy reporting none of the staff as having for- libraries reported that the assistants were mal instruction and 1 other having only responsible to the librarian, only 1 report- an assistant trained in a summer course. ing that the stalt was responsible to the The remaining 32 libraries reported 169 as- trustees. Evidently removals are not se- sistants who had had systematic training. rious practical administrative problems, Xo tendency to insist upon the value of for only 46 libraries answered, many oth- training in siiecial departments could be ers saying merely that none had ever been discovered. The trained assistants are made. In 7 libraries the librarian makes scattered through all departments. removals, in 36 the board, and in 3 the 94 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Salaries of Librarian and Assistant Librarian Number of libraries (jRtlUF Llhn. 2-10 •260 300 350 360 400 416 420 2 450 1 480 500 520 540 550 560 eoo 5 624 660 690 1 700 1 720 3 750 1 780 800 840 1 850 900 1 930 1000 1 1080 1 1100 1200 12G0 1320 1400 1416 1500 1600 1650 1700 1740 1800 1946 2000 2100 2200 2230 2400 2500 2700 3000 3200 3500 3600 4000 4500 5000 6000 "

05 civil service commission after ttie presen- ries in Group C pay 35 cents an hour for tation of charges. One librarian says that substitutes, the popular rates are 15 and removals have never been necessary as 25 cents an hour, and the daily rate is $1 "the unsatisfactory assistant resigns; the in nearly every case. satisfactory ones marry. Hours of labor. In Group A the average In 12 libraries of Group C the librarian is 40 hours weekly, the extremes being 48, makes appointments directly, in 27 the and 30 hours and 44 hours the usual time board of trustees exercise this function. required. Of 39 libraries reporting, only 1 states The average for Group B, 71 libraries

that the assistants are directly responsible reporting, is 41 hours. Thirty of these li- to the board. In 11 libraries the librarian braries require 42 hours, six require 41, six makes removals, in 1 the civil service require 45, nine 48 and five 39. The re- board has this authority and in 22 the mainder require from 29 to 52 hours board of trustees remove unsatisfactory weekly. assistants. The other libraries did not In Group C, 41 libraries reported; one answer the question. reporting a schedule of 72 hours weekly! Salaries of Assistants. Only Group C li- Leaving this one extreme case out of con- braries are here considered, and the re- sideration, the average is 45 hours. turns from these are often not clear, as in The shortest schedule calls for 39 hours many of the smaller libraries the work is and the longest for 48 hours, the common- not clearly differentiated into departments. est being either 42, 44, or 48 hours. The average salaries for the senior as- Four libraries in Group A reported that sistants are as follows: Cataloging $950; they did not open on Sunday. Of the 10 Reference 11.010; Circulation $S7o; Chil- others which reported, 5 required work

dren's $770; Order |970; Binding ?770; without extra pay and 5 did not require it. Branches $760. The junior assistants in Two of the latter pay extra for Sunday all the departments are paid practically work. equal salaries, these ranging from $360 to In Group B, 74 libraries reported. Thir- 1900. The average for the highest grade ty-six require Sunday work, of which num- of junior assistants is approximately $750. ber 7 pay extra. Eight others say that The best paid department is the reference time is allowed on other days and this is department, in which 45 per cent of the probably true with most of the others. senior assistants receive $1,000 or more; Fourteen libraries do not require Sunday the corresponding figures for the other de- work, nine of these paying members of the partments being: Catalog 23 per cent. Cir- staff who work on that day. Twenty-four culation 34 per cent. Children's 28 per cent, libraries are closed on Sunday. Order 40 per cent, Binding 17 ]ier cent. In Group C, 12 libraries require Sunday While these averages probably represent work, 2 paying extra. Twenty-six do not current practice with a fair degree of ac- require it, 17 of these paying extra. Three curacy, it must not be forgotten that the libraries do not open. returns are very incomplete and that fuller Holidays. Of 12 Group A libraries, 6 information might modify them consider- close on holidays, 2 pay extra, 2 require ably. Your committee had hoped that defi- assistants to serve in rotation, 1 gives nite information could be obtained on this equivalent time and 1 uses substitutes. point and is disappointed in not being able In Group B, 43 libraries close on all hol- to render a precise report. idays and 8 others close on those generally Substitutes. In Group A substitutes are observed. In 7 which are open equivalent paid from 7% to 25 cents an hour, 10 cents time is allowed, in 3 others extra pay and an hour being the usual rate. In Group B, in 7 the assistants work in rotation, while the prices range from 10 to 2a cents, 15 2 libraries employ substitutes. Only 3 re- cents an hour being the most common port no observance of holidays. rate. Where substitutes are engaged by In Group C, 24 libraries close on all im- the day the usual rate is $1. A few libra- portant holidays. 6 employ substitutes, iW> PASADENA CONFERENCE

9 give extra pay, 1 calls for volunteers Staff Meetings. Only 1 library in Group unci 1 is open as usual. A has formal staff conferences. In Group Sick leave. In Group A, 6 libraries pay B, 27 do not and 36 do have them. Six

full salaries for short sick leaves, 1 i-e- of the latter hold their meetings at monthly quires the absentee to furnish a substitute intervals, 2 bi-weekly, 19 weekly, and 9 at and 1 treats each case individually. irregular intervals. All these libraries but 1 In Group B, 6 libraries allow no sick require attendance, 27 give the time to the leave, 3 require the absentee to furnish a assistants and 8 require them to attend substitute, 2 deduct the time from vaca- in addition to the regular time. Only 9 tions and 8 treat cases individually. One Group C libraries report no form of staff library allows 3 weeks sick leave annually, meetings, while 31 have them. Two libra- fi allow 2 weeks, 1 allows 16 days, 1 allows ries have weekly meetings, 4 have them

10 days and 1 allows 6 days. Three deduct every two weeks, 13 every month, 1 bi- no pay for a month, 1 for three weeks, 2 monthly and 10 irregularly. Nineteen re- for two weeks, 1 for ten days, 2 for one quire attendance and 11 do not. Three do week, 1 for three days, 1 for two days. not give the time, 3 give one-half the time Twenty-one give full pay for sick leave in and 23 give all time required. reasonable amount. Annual Reports. In regard to the men- In Group C, 2 libraries allow no sick tion of special members of the staff in annu- leave, 3 treat cases Individually and 3 re- al reports practice is about equally divided. quire a substitute to be furnished. One In Group A, 5 libraries do and 4 do not gives one month annually, 1 three weeks, mention individuals, in Group B the figures one 15 days, 10 give 2 weeks and 1 gives are 24 and 34 respectively and in Group 10 days. Of the others one gives half pay C 19 and 16. The usual reasons given for 1 week and one-quarter pay for 3 against the practice are that the reports weeks. Two make no deductions for a are too brief to permit such mention, that month of illness, 2 for 3 weeks, 4 for 2 it is unwise to discriminate between mem- weeks, and 6 give full pay for an unspeci- bers of the staff and that those not men- fied length of time. tioned feel injured, that the library work Vacations. Six libraries in Group A give should be presented impersonally or that it

1 month of vacation, 2 give three weeks is impossible to differentiate accurately and 5 give 2 weeks. One library in each of the work of individuals. The usual rea- the last two classes gives an extra week to sons for the practice are that justice re- the librarian. In Group B. 20 libraries give quires credit to be given and that it en- a month of vacation, 4 give 4 weeks, 9 give 3 courages members of the staff to do good weeks, 24 give 2 weeks, and 1 no time. work.

One library gives two weeks including sick Apprentice Classes. Eight Group A li- leave. Four libraries give 1 month to the braries reported, 4 of which had appren- librarian, and three weeks to assistants, 4 tice courses. All required a high school give 1 month to the librarian and 2 weeks education for admission and none guar- to assistants, and 3 give 4 weeks to the anteed positions. One course is five librarian and 2 weeks to assistants. months, 1 six months, and 1 two years. In Group C, 1 library gives the librarian Two hours of formal instruction and 2 and heads of departments 2 mouths, other hours of practice work were required daily assistants 1 month. Seven give 1 month in each. to all, 1 gives department heads a month Forty libraries of Group B give appren- and assistants 3 weeks. Four give 4 weeks tice courses, 28 do not. Twenty-three ad- to all. Sixteen give 3 weeks; one of these mit on high school certificates, 1 requires allowing an extra week to the librarian. a collegiate education and 9 give entrance Twelve give 2 weeks. Two of the last examinations; the others admit at the dis- class allow 2 extra weeks and 2 allow 1 cretion of the librarian. The time required extra week to department heads. varies from 1 to 12 months, the periods of DELFINO 97 three, six and nine months being usual L. Gillis, state librarian of California, was and equally popular. The one-month appointed in his place. course calls for 208 hours of practice work. By request of the editor the report of the The twelve-month course averages 360 Committee presented at the Mackinac hours of formal instruction and 1,200 hours Island Conference, 1910, was reprinted in of practice. The nine-month courses aver- the Outlook for the blind, January, 1911, age 117 hours formal instruction and 1,300 vol. 4, no. 4. hours of practice. The averages in the With the exception of two or three hun- six-month courses are 215 and 872 hours dred volumes in circulation at the time, the respectively. In the three-month courses New York state library for the blind was 400 hours is an average and very little for- totally destroyed by fire, March 29, 1911. mal instruction is given. After July 1, 1911, the reading room for Twenty Group C libraries have no ap- the blind in the Library of Congress will prentice courses; IS give them. Three be discontinued. The embossed books courses cover 3 months' work, 9 six have been transferred to the public library months' and 5 from 7 to 9 months'. The of Washington, D. C, under whose auspices three-month courses call for an average of they will hereafter be circulated. 52 hours of formal instruction and 400 of The chairman of the committee attended practice, the six-month courses for 145 and the sessions of the Blind Workers' Exhibi- G50 hours and the others for 200 and 1,130 tion held in the Metropolitan Opera House, hours respectively. New York, April 26-29, 1911, under the aus- HARRISON W. GRAVER, Chairman. pices of the New York Association for the H. M. LYDENBERG, blind. The exhibit of the Department for ETHEL F. McCOLLOUGH the blind of the New York public library, Committee. in care of Miss L. M. Goldthwaite, was very The CHAIRMAN: Another committee re- complete and exceedingly well arranged. port not presented yesterday is that on The Pennsylvania home teaching society library work with the blind, and Mr. J. L. also sent an exhibit in Moon type in charge Gillis, of the State library, Sacramento, of a home teacher. will present a report from that Committee. The New Jersey commission for the blind Mr. J. U GILLIS: Mrs. Delfino, of Phila- now employs two home teachers who in- delphia, was to present this, but was un- struct the adult blind in their homes. The

able to attend, and I received this part of Free public library of Trenton, N. J., has the report yesterday afternoon, which is begun the circulation of embossed books. merely a statement of her work, giving the The Perkins institution has about 1,000 events that have taken place in the work old and new line type books for distribu- among the blind within the last year. I tion among libraries provided recipi- don't know as it is necessary to read the ents will pay freight charges. Any libra- report, but I move the adoption and recom- rian desiring to take advantage of this offer mend that it be referred to the Committee may secure a list of the titles available by for printing. writing to E. E. Allen, Director, South Bos- The CHAIRMAN: Unless there is ob- ton, Mass. jection, under the rule, the report will be The New York Association for the blind received and referred to the Program com- of New York City issued a new magazine mittee, for children in American Braille entitled "The Searchlight." REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON The plates for embossing the New Testa- WORK WITH THE BLIND ment in American Braille were recently The Committee on work with the blind completed by the Missouri School for the reports as follows: blind and transferred to the American Bible Following the resigjiation of Mr. Asa Don Society to whom orders for copies should Dickinson from the committee, Mr. James be sent. 98 PASADENA CONFERENCE

The Xavier Braille Publication society followed Texas in enacting legislation, mak- for the blind, 824 Oakdale Avenue, Chicago, ing it possible for cities within their borders was organized during the year. "The aim to adopt a similar plan of local govern- of the Society is to place gratuitously with- ment, though in some it is greatly modified; in the reach of the blind throughout the the states being Alabama, California, Colo- United States Catholic literature in raised rado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa. Kansas, Louisi- Braille print, of which they have hitherto ana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, been wholly deprived." Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, The Society for the promotion of church North Dakota. Oklahoma, Oregon, South work among the blind, Philadelphia, is Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, about to issue a second edition of the Hym- Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin.* nal of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in In New York state such legislation has American Braille, the first edition being been actively urged by the city of Buffalo exhausted. The Society has also arranged and other cities but has not yet been en- to publish the music of the Hymnal. acted. About 125 cities in 26 states have The eleventh convention of the American acted favorably upon the adoption of the association of workers for the blind will be commission plan of municipal government. held at Overbrook, Pa., June 20-21'. What is the commission plan of govern- EMMA R. NEISSER DELFINO, ment? The underlying principle is com- Chairman. paratively simple. It centralizes municipal This brings us to this morning's program authority and responsibility in a limited and the first item is "The effect of the com- group of men called commissioners. These mission form of government on library con- with the mayor are elected by the city at trol." I have the pleasure of introducing large. The jilan does away with party Miss ALICE S. TYLER. nominations, ward divisions and aldermen, and with the petty prejudices and antag EFFECT OF THE COMMISSION PLAN onisms of the various localities in the city OF CITY GOVERNMENT ON PUBLIC This board or commission, (usually 5 mem LIBRARIES bers) devote their entire time to the man agement of the affairs of the city, and are In presenting so new a subject as this, paid reasonable salaries therefor. They it seems necessary to consider some divide the duties of the city government fundamental facts regarding the origin among themselves into five departments, and evolution of the commission plan, usually designated as public affairs, and also to note in some degree the accounts and finance, public safety, streets rapid spread of the Idea in the few and public improvements, and parks and years since its Inauguration. The plan public property. They then elect all the dates from the year 1901 after the disaster subordinate officers necessary to con- at Galveston, Texas, when the necessity ducting the city business, such as for the immediate rehabilitation of that chief of police, police judge, city clerk, city was confronted by her people. The library trustees, city engineer, city treas- Texas legislature enacted the laws promptly auditor, etc. All other sub- which were urged by the Galveston citizens urer, city ordinates, except common laborers, are to meet the emergency, and other cities in selected under civil service rules adminis- that state seeing the success which attended tered by a civil service commission, and the plan in Galveston also adopted it, no- are removable only for misconduct or lack tably the city of Houston, where with cer- of attention to duties, or activity in political tain modifications the plan has been equally matters. The commissioners and mayor successful. The splendid results which only act as the administrative heads of followed the new method of government not their respective departments, but also con- inaugurated in Galveston became known throughout the country as the "Galveston • .Some of these slates allow cities to frame their own charters, and hence may be termed "home plan." Other states, one after another, have rule" states. 99

stitute the city council and as such legislate of government distinct, and free from inter- for the city. They are usually elected for ferences. The pretense that the three a period of two years. Emphasis is laid branches are distinct is responsible for upon a business-like administration, and more corruption than any other single responsibility is definitely fixed upon each feature of our system. They are not, and commissioner who is the head of a special cannot be kept separate, and all that the department. Publicity is one of the im- pretense accomplishes is that it substitutes portant features of the plan. The meetings underground relations for open, honorable of the commission are open, and the public i-elations."* can easily know whether matters are man- Among the modifications of the original aged with integrity and efficiency, or if a Galveston plan, one of the best known is commissioner Is failing in his responsi- that which is sometimes termed the Des bility. Moines plan, which was secured by an act It has been said that tlie commission of the Iowa legislature in 1907. Inasmuch system of government has in effect re- as the actual operation of this law is in a introduced the New England system of degree familiar to the writer, on account of town government by a board of selectmen. residence within that state, some of the We recognize the fact that large town features of that law are the basis for certain meetings of all of the electors could not be statements made herein. conducted upon a deliberative basis, and In securing information for this paper the ballot must of necessity be made use of a list of questions was sent to about 50 to secure an expression of the popular will. libraries in cities under the commission The election is therefore a substitute for plan. The questions were: the town meeting and the recall, initiative 1. How long has the commission plan and referendum incorporated in most of been operative in your city?

the commission plan schemes give to the 2. Did it make a change in number of li- citizens all of the privileges reserved by brary trustees and method of appointment? the electors of the New England town. 3. Is the supervision of the library No attempt is here made to discuss the assigned to a department of the city govern- strength or weakness of the commission ment? Or, have the trustees full authority? plan of city government, further than to 4. How many library trustees and how consider such points as are related to appointed and for how long a term? Is library interests. It should be borne in there provision for continuity by varying mind, however, that under the plan, the length of terms? council or commission is vested with all 5. What is your method of levying the executive, legislative and judicial powers, (ax for library maintenance? Does this formerly possessed and exercised by vari- differ from former practice? ous boards and officers, under the ordinary 6. Do you consider that your library has method of city control. Those who ques- profited by the change of your city to the tion the wisdom of the plan find in this commission plan? In what way?

feature much to criticise; i.e. the difficulty 7. Does the plan place the librarian and of one body both legislating by determining staff under civil service rules? policy, and at the same time administering; 8. Has there been any effort to include or, in other words, levying the taxes and other eilucatioiial interests, (i.e. the also disbursing the funds. Within the last schools) under the commission plan of month, however, we have seen the declara- your city?

tion of so thorough a student as Governor 9. Is the general law of your state rel-

Woodrow Wilson, of New Jersey, that it is ative to public libraries still operative, not inherently impracticable to combine even though the commission plan has been the legislative and executive functions In adopted? one body. He says, "There is no necessity Replies were received from libraries tor keeping the three coordinate branches Wo,y\ Work. M;.y. 1911. im PASADENA CONFERENCE located in nineteen different states. None In Texas, where the first commission of the great cities have adopted the plan plan law was enacted, we find that the except Boston, where It is greatly modiiied libraries are under Boards elected by the and does not in any way affect the public commission, and are all reported as being library. The majority ot those replying free from the evil effects of political inter- were unable to give definite answer as to ference. Dallas reports an increased main- distinct changes either for better or for tenance fund from year to year, which is worse in the library management under the now more than double the amount pro- plan. The entire limit of ten years is too vided by the city for library maintenance short a period to enable conclusions to be before the commission plan was adopted drawn with certainty; the majority of the in 1907. In Galveston where the plan cities that have adopted the modified Gal- originated, the library is not affected, be- veston plan have operated under it much cause, as the librarian states, the Rosen- less than 10 years. A hopeful attitifde is berg Library is a private corporation in- manifest toward the results that are likely corporated under the state law, and is en- to come from the change, but lack of uni- tirely independent of the city government. formity in the various state laws makes The revenues are entirely from endow- generalization impossible as to results ment, and no money is received from taxa- already attained. The liberty given in tion. The librarian further states that some states for cities to incorporate in while the commission plan has been very their charters features that seem locally successful indeed in that city, it has desirable is found exemplified in the state affected the library in no way. The libra- of Massachusetts, where Uie modified com- rian at Houston writes: "I do not believe mission plan has been adopted in Bos- that the library has really been affected ton, Taunton, Haverhill, Gloucester, Chel- by the commission form except in the fact sea and Lynn, but where with the excep- that the city's more economical administra- tion of Lynn the new city charters do not tion has probably made it possible to affect the library situation. In that city, receive a more liberal appropriation, however, provision is made that the public though this is far from satisfactory. I do library shall be under the exclusive man- think that the general improvement of agement and control of the municipal coun- the town through good administration cil, which shall have the power to name the helps the library indirectly in many ways." trustees and remove them for cause. It But one city in Wisconsin (Eau Claire) further states that the municipal council is actually operating under the plan, and may increase or diminish the number ot the librarian writes that she believes the trustees, and make such rules and regula- library^ has profited by the change. She tions concerning the public library as it states that the council seems interested In may deem expedient. The librarian in maintaining the standards of the library Lynn writes that the present council seems and are now willing that the necessary to have full confidence in the trustees of money for its support shall be appropri- the library, and has up to the present ated. It is easier to bring matters to their time made no change in the old method of attention and they act more promptly than government. As the charter does not make heretofore. any one of the council a library trustee a While several libraries in Illinois will be method of Interesting them in the library affected by the plan which has been inaugu- has been to appeal to various commissioners rated by a number of cities this spring, it is for specific needs, e.g., if money Is needed too soon for any report of the effect to be over and above yearly maintenance fund made; the law in that state, however, the appeal is made to commissioner of seems to have defects similar to that of finance; if additions to building, the appeal Iowa in the indefiniteness of provision is made to commissioner of public prop- regarding the number of trustees, their erty. powers and length of term. 101

In Minnesota the plan has been effective receiving and disbursing all of the funds, one year in Mankato, and the librarian otherwise the board of trustees elected by writes that it has been a good thing for the the council have control. library. The city ofTicers seem to recog- In Iowa, where there are now seven nize the value of the institution and in- public libraries affected by the law (Bur- creased the annual appropriation $1000 the lington, Cedar Rapids, Des Moines, Ft. first year. A municipal library has been Dodge, Keokuk, Marshalltown and Sioux placed in the city hall. City), there has been much uncertainty as Inasmuch as the recall feature of the to the intent of the law both as to the num- commission plan was made effective In ber of library trustees to be elected by the Tacoma, Wash., the past year, it is inter- commission and their powers; the Des esting to note the statement of the librarian, Moines plan law is capable of two construc- that the library there was saved from dis- tions as it now stands, as there is doubt as aster by the result of the recall election for to whether the general law with 9 trustees mayor, the deposed mayor having made holds, or whether there shall be only political appointments on the library board. 3, which the commission law states are The librarian further adds, "What saved to be appointed by each new commission. us was woman's suffrage added to the form Three of these libraries are operating with of government." 3 trustees, three with 9, the seventh not In the state of Kansas, where there are a having had the decision of their city at- large number of towns and cities operating torney. The problem of continuity with under the commission plan, a considerable only 3 trustees is a serious one. Two proportion of the public libraries are under able Iowa lawyers, who are also library the control of the local school board, while trustees, prepared a bill providing for the others are managed by 12 trustees 5 trustees and continuity by one annual elected by the council, this matter seeming appointment, which was introduced in the to be optional. One of the Kansas librarians last Genera! Assembly, but which failed reports that the chief effect of the commis- to pass the House (in the midst of

sion plan on her library is that it has done the senatorial deadlock) ; hence unless a away with the librarian's two weeks' vaca- decision of the state supreme court should tion on pay, because of the fact that other be secured, there will be uncertainty for city employees do not have one. In some another two years (until another legis- instances the library appropriations have lative session) as to whether the number been reduced, not through antagonism to of trustees and their powers, as fully set the library, but because of the avowed forth in the general library law of the state,

policy of securing an economical admin- still hold. The uncertainty of the law can istration of city affairs in all departments. in a measure be safe-guarded by a some- In California the plan has been adopted what detailed ordinance, and this has been by eleven towns and cities, and while in- done in some of these cities. However, formation was not secured from all of the the assignment of the library trustees and libraries affected, the general opinion seems the library to the department of public to be that the adoption of the plan has not affairs (or to the department of accounts caused any radical change in management, and finance, as is done in one city) makes

which Is by a board of trustees. Belief it necessary for the library board to have is expressed, in most instances, as to the the approval of the head of that depart- library possibilities under the commission ment for many details that have heretofore form of government. been decided by the library board. In Colorado Springs, the one city in Col- One of the Des Moines commissioners, orado under this plan, the librarian writes who is recognized as one of the most that the chief difference has been in the thorough students of municipal problems mode of handling the finances of the in this country, and who is now secretary library; the city auditor and treasurer of the League of American Municipalities, 102 PASADENA CONFERENCE states that he has long advocated that the thus been recognized, either consciously or levj'ing ot all municipal taxes should be unconsciously, as shown by such assign- centered in one body, and that both library ment. This leads to the consideration of a boards and school boards should be annexed vital point in connection with any discus- directly to the city government; the fact sion of the municipal control of libraries, that libraries are educational institutions and that is the recognition of the educa- is not a reason for separating them from tional function of the library. The fact that municipal government. The Iowa law the public library is unlike any other of the definitely classifies all of the city's activ- city's activities, such as parks, streets, ities (except schools) under one of the five police department, etc., led most states departments, each with a commissioner in the very beginning to the provision in (or the mayor) at its head; but provides the general law for a board of library that libraries shall have further super- trustees with separate functions, powers, vision, hence provision is made for the responsibilities and funds; this being nec- appointment of three library trustees by essary because the requirements for the the council immediately after they have management of such an institution are been elected and assume office. These as much out of the ordinary as those library trustees, however, do not seem to of the public schools with a separate board; have full authority, but are the agents of while in others the library board is ap- the council to look after the details which pointed by the school board, as a sort of cannot be classified directly under the sub-educational interest. duties of the commissioner. When we come to examine the commis- From the communications received it sion plan law, we find that there seems seems that the civil service feature of the to be no definite recognition of the edu- municipal commission plan law as applied cational functions of the municipality, and to libraries varies. It seems to be inci- hence an uncertainty as to the exact dental and may or may not be included, place of the library in the general scheme; according to the provision of the city or- this seems to be the problem that now con- dinance in most cases. It would seem that fronts the public libraries where this plan the sentiment of the librarians is not favor- is likely to be adopted. It is the old and able to this. Several did not reply to the still new question of classifying and admin- inquiry, 24 stated that civil service rules istering civic educational interests, i. e., the did not apply and 5 that they did. One schools, museums, libraries, art galleries, librarian writes in its defense, "There free lectures, etc., that may exist for the seems to be no other way of placing work benefit of all the people under the possible on a merit basis. Whatever the conditions direction of the municipality. Shall all may be in individual cases, as a general educational interests be grouped under one principle, choice must be made in public management or board, one degree removed work between civil service and the spoils from the commission, by appointment, or system." On the other hand several who shall they be separated or arbitrarily clas- replied no. emphasized it by underlining sified in some entirely unrelated depart- or an exclamation point, and one librarian ment of the city as is done in some cities? added with unction, "No, thanks be!" So far as information could be obtained, it Another writes, "I would consider it very would seem that in a number of states the unwise to place the library under civil recognition of the special function of the service—librarians are not made by rule." public library has usually been incorporated In some states the control of the library in the commission plan law in an indefinite is not included in the municipal plan, but way by the provision for a board of library is placed under the direction of the school trustees of varying number elected by the board or board of education, and hence is commission, but under the supervision of not affected in any way by this form of one of the commissioners or heads of de- government. The educational function has partments. WOOD 1 OS

Educational interests are certainly as and the likelihood of its more extended vital a part of a municipality's responsibil- adoption, that we give consideration, in a ity as the more material interests. If the constructive way, to the securing of a more chief value and strength of the commission comprehensive recognition and classifica- plan consists in directness and simplicity tion of the public library as an educational and the concentration of responsibility and factor in this new scheme of city govern- authority on a tew responsible men, it ment. There seems to have been no serious would seem that the separate and independ- consideration given to this in the past and ent organization of the school system in a laws are taken over from other states commission governed city is scarcely any without investigation. Whatever recog- more defensible than that of a public li- nition there has been given the library In brary system; while the scope of the school the plan seems to have been more by system and the funds involved in the school chance than by careful forethought. While management are much larger, the principle the plan may be an experiment, it is one is the same. It is found, however, that in that continues to be tried. It is essential very few instances, have the schools been that active efforts be made to strengthen placed under the commission plan; the the weaknesses in the existing laws and most notable instance, however, seems to safeguard those laws that are likely to be be that of the city of Houston, Texas, where enacted in other states. a school board of seven members is ap- The CHAIRMAN: Miss Tyler has pre- pointed by the city commission in a manner sented a subject entirely new to our pro-

similar to the library board. The success gram and, I think, to the thoughts of most of such centralization seems evident as set of the members of the Association. It is a forth in an interesting article by the super- subject, as she says, which is now of vital intendent of the Houston schools in the Ed- importance to a large number of libraries ucational Review, April, 1909. and is evidently going to be of vital im- If we believe that the various means of portance to a still greater number. We in popular education, outside the school room, the East and center of the country look should be strengthened and dignified in the rather to the western states for pioneer municipality, there should be a serious ef- work, and I should like to have some ampli- fort made to bring to the attention of those fication of some of the details and perhaps who are interested in commission plan leg- criticism, or some tentative answer to Miss

islation the most advanced and enlightened Tyler's last question, and I hope some of

views regarding it. Can a comprehensive our western friends will speak. I under- scheme of education such as is now being stand Miss Harriet Ann Wood, of Portland. developed in the commonwealth of New Oregon, has made some study of this sub-

York be applied to a municipality? If so, ject, and I will ask her to say a few words.

could a commissioner of education, as one Miss WOOD: I was librarian of the Cedar of the city council or commission, wisely Rapids library when the city adopted the direct all of the educational interests of commission plan. All of the trustees of

the city, i. e., the schools, libraries, muse- the library were very progressive, forming ums, etc? Or, is the present tendency of an ideal board in every respect. They the plan to provide a small board of 3 or 5 were all ardent advocates of the commis- members appointed under the commission, sion plan of government and worked very to have charge of the library, and another hard for its adoption in the city. One of similar board to have charge of the schools, the features of the commission plan of gov- the better method? The election of a com- ernment is that no man who has any con-

missioner of education ex officio chairman nection with a corporation which holds a of these two boards would strengthen the city franchise is eligible to membership on latter plan greatly. the library board. One of the strongest

It is of vital interest to librarians, in view members of the library board, one w'ho had of the popularity of the commission plan been a member from the first, who knew 104 PASADENA CONFERENCK the whole history of the library and who close touch with the council and of ad- knew more about the conditions which pre- vancing all the interests of the city. vailed than anyone in the city, was thereby We certainly feel that the commission made ineligible to membership. plan, so far as the city of Cedar Rapids is The city attorney was very much Inter- concerned, is a success, provided the law ested in the library, but he decided that can be properly amended. three was the right number for the library The CHAIRMAN: Miss Tyler has stated board. A board thus constituted works that there are eleven towns and cities in very well, except in a crisis when it be- California who have the commission form comes virtually a one-man board. After of government and she has given us a gen- the plan had been working for about two eral expression of the average opinion, but

years, the new set of city officials came I thought perhaps we might receive from in and a new city attorney, who decided some representatives of those towns and that the library should operate under the cities further details of the question under regular state library law and that the proper discussion here. Is there anybody who number for the library board was nine, represents a commission town or city who and that the old board should have been would tell us a little more in detail how it serving all the time. Therefore, he advised lias worked out? the council to this effect, and they reinstat- Mr. J. L. GILLIS: The city of Sacra- ed the old board. At the end of two years mento has not adopted the commission more there may be a new city attorney and form of government, but the citizens there

under the law there is no way of telling expect to do so. I am not very familiar whether the library will go back to the with the changes in the law in regard to three-men board or not. libraries in those cities where the commis- Library affairs have progressed very sion form of government has been adopted,

smoothly. The library board has en- but from what I do know, there has been deavored to keep in touch with the com- very little change. The libraries are either missioners and has inspired so much con- to be operated under the state law as form-

fidence that the internal affairs of the erly, or the changes are very slight. I do not

library have not been interfered with. At believe it makes any particular difference one time, however, the council, without in the government of libraries in this state. consulting the trustees, passed a resolution In Sacramento, it is proposed to place the that the binding of the books which be- library under the charge of one commis- longed to the city, should not be done out- sioner, the object being to get direct com- side of the United States. Of course, this munication with the governing powers so was a matter which was very easily com- that interest in the library may be taken by

plied with, but it indicated the power that one who has the power to raise the money

rested in the hands of the officials if they and to dispense it. Later perhaps we can

chose to exercise it. tell you how it works out. The appropriation was increased. It was The CHAIRMAN: While the question of evident that the new commissioners were the commission plan of government as it anxious to make their city library what affects libraries is the particular phase it should be and they worked with the which we are personally and most vitally

trustees in perfect harmony to promote the interested in here, there is, of course, the interests of the library. The trustees of wider aspect of the question, whether the the library tried to promote the things that educational interests of the city are suffic- were of interest to the commissioners. The iently distinct to be treated differently commissioners had Charles Mulford Robin- from the other interests of the city and son make a plan for the beautification of whether the library is sufficiently distinct the city, and this the library trustees circu- from the school to be treated differently

lated very freely and generously. This I from that interest. Mr. .John Judson Ham- simply mention as a method of keeping in ilton, author of the book, "The dethrone- 105 ment of the city boss," Is with us this morn- assistant librarian of the Brooklyn public ing and perhaps will speak to us on that library, who will speak on broader aspect of the question. Mr. HAMILTON: Mr. President, ladies LIMITATIONS OF THE BRANCH LIBRA- and gentlemen: I should hesitate very RIAN'S INITIATIVE much to put my own theoretical ideas on this question against either those of Miss As good American citizens we have from Tyler, or against your personal experiences our earliest days been thoroughly imbued of the commission form of government, as with the spirit of Patrick Henry, "Give me some of you have had it in your capacity liberty, or give me death." We as libra- as librarians. I could not add very much, rians have sometimes applied this motto to if anything, to what Miss Tyler has said our professional work, holding up before on the general question. I don't believe ourselves as our ideal, independent posi- that even Governor Woodrow Wilson him- tions. We dislike to be limited in our work self could have given a more statesman- in any way, and it is possible we may at like summary of this question than Miss times spend many minutes in thinking how

Tyler has given and I will ask her to re- much more successful our libraries would member that I don't offer this as an argu- be if we were not hampered by what we ment for women's suffrage. I am willing may at times consider necessary evils, such that you draw your own conclusions. As as boards of trustees, chief librarians and to the question of including the education- and In our larger libraries superintendents al side of the community's work with the of departments. It cannot be denied that political, under the commission form of there are many advantages in allowing government, I agree with those in Des heads of libraries, whether they be branch Moines who think that ought to be done. librarians or librarians of independent city

I heard a very interesting address by Gov- libraries freedom of action. Why should ernor Wilson at Los Angeles a few even- not branch librarians be given the same ings ago, in which he discussed the ques- privilege of initiative which the chief li- tion of communities putting all their eggs in brarians expect in dealing with their one basket, and then wateliing that basket, boards? Those directly in charge of and I believe in doing that very thing. I branches know the immediate needs of think the educational and library work their own communities better than those ought to be put in the full blaze of publicity at the head of large systems of libraries, along with the city's government, in cities many of which have to deal with different having the commission form of govern- types and races of people. An over-cen- ment. I think there is no better informa- tralized system may involve the loss of tion that your Association could get along originality and what is worse the loss of this line than the individual experience of enthusiasm and interest among the assist- librarians in commission governed cities. ants. Even in these days of mechanical You certainly have that which is of more progress a machine will not do as a refer- value than I could offer. ence librarian or a loan desk attendant. If The CHAIRMAN: The question of "The the decision of the small every-day prob- relation between the library and the mu- lems which are continually arising must nicipality" is really the main topic of the wait until some administrative officer, usu- morning, and we shall revert to the ques- ally several miles away, can be consulted, tion suggested by the latter part of Miss we shall have continual trouble and vexa- Tyler's paper, the question of the adminis- tion of spirit not only on the part of the tration of civil service, later, but now Is assistants immediately concerned, but also the time to take up, according to the print- of the public. On the other hand, it Is obvi- ed program, the question of branch library ous that there are many reasons why it is problems and I have the pleasure of intro- inexpedient for a branch to be entirely in- ducing to you Mr. CHARLES H. BROWN, dependent of its neighbors, as if it were in 106 PASADENA CONFERENCE another city. The economic loss in doing in charge of a branch may or may not the work of ordering, accessioning and cat- make recommendations to her superior aloging the same title 25 or 30 times in- officers as to changes of rules. In rela- stead of once, the confusion to the public tion to other libraries and Institutions through different rules in different there is a marked difference. The inde- branches and the unnecessary duplication pendent library does not usually have to of books are a few of the many arguments consider the limitation of scope due to against a decentralized system which will other libraries in the same city doing the at once occur to us. How tar, then, can same general work; the branch library we retain the advantages of decentraliza- must bear this continually in mind. The tion and independent administration with- main difference, however, is in the amount out injury to the service? To what extent of money available for library purposes. must the initiative of the branch librarian 'Ihe circulation of the larger branches in be limited? Is it feasible to increase or New York and Brooklyn, such as Seward decrease the limitation of freedom of ac- Park, Brownsville and Bushwick, com- tion and what are the corresponding gains pares not unfavorably in number with such and losses? cities as Worcester. Denver, Providence, It may be of Interest to compare in a Springfield, Grand Rapids and New Haven. few points the administration of a branch The population of the districts reached by library with that of an independent city iliose branches varies from 50,000 to 150,- library. How much of the authority that 000, as does the population of the cities is usually given to the head of a city li- mentioned, with the exception of Denver, brary can be given to a branch librarian? which is larger. But the amount of money What are the agreements and what are available for the support of these branches the differences in the underlying condi- is, roughly speaking, in each case about tions? How much actual and absolute in- one-half the library appropriation of the dependence of action can be given to the cities, even if the cost of the administra- one and not to the other? bet us take as tion of the central office is distributed pro- a basis of comparison branches and inde- portionally among the branches. This pendent libraries of about the same circu- means in the case of the branches smaller lation. At the head of the independent buildings, fewer assistants and lower sala- city library is the board of trustees with ries. As the circulation is the same and its various committees on administration, requires the services of the same number books, buildings, etc., to which the recom- of assistants in both cases, there will ob- mendations of the librarian are submitted. viously be in the case of the branch li- The branch librarian on the other hand brary a smaller force available for other has as her superior officers the chief libra- routine work. rian and the heads of departments to Now to what an extent do these differ- whom her recommendations may be sub- ences limit the comparative freedom of mitted. The chief librarian is an expert in action of the branch librarian, and how far library economy; the trustees usually are do the agreements permit it. Let us take not. The assistants are appointed and re- it as granted that it is desirable to give moved in the one case by the board or a the branch librarian as much initiative committee of the board after recommenda- as is consistent with economical adminis- tion by the librarian; in the second case the tration and satisfactory service to the pub- branch librarian may or may not make lic. Bearing these facts in mind, it is not recommendations as to the appointment or difficult to come to some general conclu- transfer of the assistants employed In a sions with regard to the administration of branch. The rules and regulations for the a large system of branches. public are in the case of the independent In the first place, the fact that the library fixed by the board upon the recom- money available for a branch is much less mendation of the librarian; the assistant than that for an independent city library 107 with the same circulation, must involve centralization does not necessarily lessen certain economies of cooperative adminis- the branch librarian's initiative. tration. The saving in cataloging and In regard to the personnel, it has been accessioning at the general office is con- found necessary in the larger libraries to siderable and cannot be ignored. In the conduct training classes for embryo libra- ordering of books and supplies there is rians. It is not possible, even if it were even a greater economy in having the desirable, for each individual branch with work done at one place for the entire sys- its small force to conduct its own school, tem, for by this means larger discounts but the apprentices may be given experi- may be obtained through the purchase of ence in various branches, and the branch large quantities at one time. However, librarian allowed an opportunity to report this routine work is not such as affects and recommend as to their appointment. the initiative of the branch librarian to In the case of an undesirable assistant, any great extent, provided certain essen- the branch librarian may have even more tials of this work are left largely to her opportunity for initiative than the inde- discretion. These essentials are first, rec- pendent librarian, for it is far easier for ommendation as to the selection of books the former to transfer an assistant from and supplies, second, the addition in cata- one branch to another than it is for the loging of certain subject headings such as latter to make an absolute dismissal. The may be in her opinion needed in her branch librarian should know the efficiency special branch. In the selection of books of her various assistants and should be the branch librarian may not have the encouraged to report upon them to the knowledge possessed by the head of an in- chief librarian. If this be done, her initi- dependent library. The former receives ative as to the personnel of her force does less salary and has a narrower experience. not compare so unfavorably with other But, knowing her own community with its librarians and is superior to the privileges various factories and industries, she many librarians enjoy under city civil ser- should be given the initiative as to what vice rules. books should go into her special branch. The reference work is another depart- Her recommendations may well be exam- ment which calls for decentralization. ined at the central office, as the recommen- Each branch should have its own refer- dations of the independent librarian are ence collection. Although it must of neces- examined by his book committee. This is sity be smaller than that of the inde- the more essential in the case of the pendent library with its larger building branch library, as the chief librarian, while and greater income, yet it should be suffi- he may not know the 40 or 50 different cient to answer most of the questions that communities of his city, does have a better are asked. The remaining inquiries call knowledge of the value of various books for cooperation. If the information sought and editions. The same argument ap- cannot be given at the branch, the reader plies to additional subject headings. In a should be referred to the central build- general book on technology a bibliography ing or the question should be forwarded to of steel works management may be worth the chief reference librarian for investi- a subject heading in a library near the gation and report. This, however, is not steel mills. The addition of such subject so much a case of centralization as of headings and the analysis of special arti- cooperation, and would be found to a less cles or chapters may well be left to the extent perhaps in our larger libraries. branch librarian, if the headings selected The rules and regulations for the public by her are approved by the head of the must involve some degree of centraliza- cataloging department. It follows, there- tion, although even here the initiative of fore, that although a certain part of the the branch librarian may not be necessa- routine work must for purposes of econ- rily limited. It is clearly desirable to al- omy be done in the central office, yet this low the public to use different branches 108 PASADENA CONFERENCE if they wish. This involves some uniform- should be given and should feel the re- ity as to registration, charging systems, sponsibility for the success or failure of etc. It also implies uniformity as to cer- her branch. She should make recommen- tain regulations. It will not do to allow dations to the administrative officers as to persons in one branch to take out 5 books the selection of books, changes of rules, at one time for 3 months, and in another the personnel of her force, and the exten- branch a mile away to limit them to one sion of the library's activities within her book for 2 weeks. This uniformity does neighborhood, as the independent librarian not imply, however, a central registration makes his report to his trustees. office. The branch librarian may well be How may the initiative and originality given charge of her own registered list of of the assistants in a large system of patrons, thus keeping in closer touch with branches be encouraged? It is possible to the people of her community. As the foster the spirit of cooperation among the librarian makes recommendations to his branches of a system. Advice and counsel board as to changes of rules, so should the should be given in place of direct orders in branch librarian be encouraged to study so far as may be possible. The military and recommend any amendments to the system is not to be commended in library regulations of her own library. She has work. It is perfectly feasible to discuss the further assurance that any improve- any proposed changes at the meetings of ment she can propose will benefit not only the branch librarians, who should be en- her special branch, but all the branches couraged to take part in such discussions. of the city. Thus she may be given a The assistants should be urged to recom- great incentive for originality and initi- mend at any time possible improvements ative. in the library service, and should feel free

So far, I have attempted to show that to talk over such recommendations inform- the opportunities for initiative of a branch ally with those at the head. If this is done librarian do not necessarily compare unfa- the originality and interest of the assist- vorably with those of the independent li- ant will not be lost; the decision of every brarian. While a certain portion of the small point need not be postponed. It is routine work for purposes of economy not sufficient to say, the "Work for the must be done in a central ofiice, yet this work's sake." It is the "Work for the pub- does not affect necessarily the opportuni- lic's sake." You all have heard of the ties in branch work, and this centraliza- library assistant who exclaimed when in- tion may be even a. relief to the individual terrupted in her routine work by a reader: and thus an advantage to the public. Most "If the public would only let us alone, of us will not consider that the decrease we could get some work done." of routine work lessens our initiative. Those of us who may be longing for Centralization does not mean uniform- independence should remember that there ity along all lines. The individuality of is no such thing as an absolutely independ- the branch and the brancli librarian must ent position in library work or any other be retained. The branch librarian should work. Sometimes I think independence and must study her community and the is what we think the other fellow has and conditions in her neighborhood which may the other fellow thinks we have. The affect her branch, and should make recom- head of the library has his trustees and mendations embodying her conclusions. the city officials, who, with their civil ser- Different neighborhoods have different vice rules and their inclination to cut our needs. A duplicate pay collection may be budgets, can make more trouble than any an excellent thing in a residential district chief librarian would ever dare to make. and a total failure in Little Hungary. A No one ever accomplished anything by collection of books in a Fifth Avenue thinkin.g continually of the limitations in branch on How to live on |500 a year his work and by telling himself that op- would he absurd. The branch librarian portunity has knocked and fled, never In 109 return. Opportunities are always with us; sympathy with what she is trying to do, it is for us to see how we can malte the and that she has their hearty cooperation. best use of them. She becomes a part of the community in The CHAIRMAN: The discussion of this which she works, and is vitally interested subject will be continued by Miss CLARA in all its activities. In this respect a E. HOWARD of the Carnegie library, branch library closely resembles a library Pittsburgh, who will speak on in a small community. The Wylie Avenue Branch is situated in the heart of what is known as the "Hill THE BRANCH LIBRARY AND ITS RE- District." At time this was very LATION TO THE DISTRICT one a well-to-do part of Pittsburgh with sub- Within the past ten years the duties of stantial and well built homes, but for the a branch librarian in Pittsburgh have most part this better class of people, the changed. When the branches were first old families and even the lower middle opened it was found necessary to keep a class have left the district, and their great many records, but since the running places have been taken by foreigners and machinery is in order, many of the details negroes. The homes were originally built of the organization have been done away for one or two families, but they have with. At present the only records kept been changed to such an extent that we are those which are not obtainable at the now find five or six families occupying the central library. The branches depend same building. Many of the parlors have upon the central for figures of additions been turned into storerooms and here we and number of volumes in their collec- find tailors, grocers, butchers, bakers and tions, and the central expects from the toby-makers who make up the trades peo- branches only those figures for which the ple of the neighborhood. The entire neigh- branch is responsible. The monthly and berhood is badly congested, and it is a com- annual statistical reports of each branch mon occurrence for a family to move five are now compiled in the central office or six times a year in their efforts to find where they have an adding machine. As more livable quarters. much routine as possible has been done The nationalities represented at the away with and as our books come to us branch are American, English, Jewish, Rus- already accessioned, shelflisted and cata- sian, German, Austrian, Italian, Roumani-

loged it remains for us only to check our an, Hungarian, French, Negro, Scotch, and orders, file our cards and get our books Irish. The district is essentially Jewish, into circulation. but the people are divided into groups of The object of this change was, first to German Jews, Russian Jews and Rouma- do away with unnecessary duplication of nian Jews, so there is a lack of community

work, and secondly to give the branch li- life and community interest. Few women brarian more time for field work which is among the foreigners use the library. much more vital. In some of the funda- Either they are suspicious of all reading mental principles a certain amount of uni- on account of the years of oppression in formity is required, but as the eight branch their native land, or they have very little districts in Pittsburgh are so different and time from their household drudgery or

individual, it is the policy of the library they do not know how to read. The for- to give the branch librarian full power to eign men seem more anxious to get books

develop the district as she may see fit, so In their native languages and read con- long as she keeps within her appropria- stantly. The library has been working to tion and the general policy of the library get a good collection of books in the for- system. She has no limits except the phy- eign languages, as they are now looked sical ones, the size of her building and upon as a means of establishing a home staff. She is made to feel that the library feeling in a new country where the for- uoard and the librarian particularly are in eigner can be brought into a sympathetic no PASADENA CONFEREXCE

understanciing of our lite and institutions. and the older boys and girls. If requested The public school looks after the children to do so, we tell stories in the different of the aliens, but the parents land in Amer- rooms. In my own district we visit the ica when they are beyond the age of the schools only once a year, as each visit elementary school and very often the only brings in such overwhelming results that way they can learn is through unpleasant we cannot take care of all who con^e. We experiences. Books which tell the parent also feel that we might wear out our wel- that it is against the law to send his child come if we visited more often. Friendly to work before he is fourteen, what the visits are made at other times, however, to taxes are for and where they go, where to see the work of the school. get naturalization papers and questions of An arrangement is also made whenever similar nature save the foreigner a great possible with the two high schools in the deal of embarrassment at times and ren- district to enable us to have the material der him a service which he does not soon looked up and reserved before the demand forget. It is really marvelous how readily comes. the foreigners do assimilate. They are A very progressive night school is also quick to learn and many times their ef- conducted in one of our schools, designed forts to secure an education after they are especially to meet the needs of foreigners. advanced in years is pathetic. They want The enrollment is 1,200 and 29 nationalities to learn English and will even ask for a are represented. Old men and women, copy of the alphabet that they may learn husbands and wives and half-grown chil- to read and write at home. Primers, first dren eager to learn take advantage of and second readers are in constant demand every opportunity. A great many of the by the parents, and the library buys all the teachers are regular borrowers at the so-called "Helps to Foreigners" that can branch and have asked for cooperation be procured. with their evening classes. Debates, reci- One of the most important agencies of tations and questions in civics are looked the district is of course the public school. up for them and a list of good books for Regular visits are planned in the fall when foreigners to read after they have reached the schools are well started to meet the a certain degree of proficiency in E^nglish principal and new teachers, to tell them is about to be prepared. about the library and its catalogs especi- There are two large and very active ally The Children's Catalog and Graded social settlements in the districts. Kings- List of Books for use in the schools, the ley House conducts many classes in gym- picture collection and the books on the nasium work, basketry and bead work, Teachers' Reading Circle list. Our plan sewing, dressmaking, typewriting and of cooperation is explained and the teach- stenography, telegraphy, domestic science, ers are usually most cordial. One of the manual training, weaving and dancing and strongest points that we try to make is the library is constantly called upon for to get the teachers to notify us in advance books along these lines. Just now the resi- if they are to assign a special topic for dents are making their plans to open their composition work or outside reading so summer home, about twenty miles in the that we may have the material looked up country, where they entertain parties of

before the children come in for it. If the 250 for two weeks at a time from the principal is willing, and usually she is most poorer districts of the city from June to anxious for us to visit the different rooms, October, besides many hundreds of visi- we tell the children about the library, how tors who go for one day only. The in- they may get cards to take books home structor in manual training is having the and that the library has many books which boys make kites, stilts and bird houses their fathers and mothers might like. An and such things that will be used in the announcement is also made at this time country, and the library was asked to fur- of the story hours for the little children nish patterns and designs for this work. Ill

We are also going to furnish a case of down to the Temporary Home for Children books about insects, birds, flowers and to tell stories and the matron has at times trees and a general collection of books brought the children to the regular branch for the children and mothers for use dur- for story hour. ing their stay at the summer home. The Boy Scout movement has recently The other settlement is Jewish entirely developed in Pittsburgh and within the and much of the class work is among for- neighborhood there are several patrols al- eigners who have recently come to the ready established. This gives rise to the city. The Jewish children are very preco- demand tor Boy Scout books and also cious and much of the work done for them books on allied subjects such as camp-life, is along the line of debating clubs and lit- fishing and hunting. erary societies. This settlement has a Besides the foreigners in the Hill Dis- large reading room for the use of the mem- trict there is also a large colored popula- bers, but for the most part the collection tion. Very little is done for them in the consists of books for recreation so that city. While the settlements do not actu- practically all of the reference work for ally bar their doors against them the ne- the clubs is done at the branch. groes do not feel free to avail themselves

In this connection I may mention a se- of the privileges. The playground of the rious defect of the branch library system district admits them because it is more or and that is the lack of a Poole set of mag- less a city institution, but they have found azines kept at the branch. It is out of that separate classes for them is the best the question to buy a complete set even plan. were there room at each branch to store The library conducts a study club for it. The borrowers usually want the informa- colored women. The work taken up is tion right away and are unwilling to pay literary in character and prominent men the car fare necessary to get to the cen- and women, both colored and white, have tral library, nor do they want to wait until given their services for an evening's enter- the messenger can bring it. At present we tainment. For the basis of good work have messenger service three times a the club membership is limited to week, but we hope some day to have a twenty-five, and all vacancies are filled daily messenger and this will in a way from a waiting list. The members are alleviate this difficulty. We have esti- the better class negroes, and most of the mated for this for several years, but the young women are employed in some kind final appropriation has not warranted it. of work, such as hair-dressing, dressmak- Each of the settlements has one or two ing, stenography or general office work. friendly visitors and nurses with whom we While most of the members come from the cooperate. If children come to the library district aroimd the branch a few are from and we think they need attention or medi- the surrounding suburbs. The club is cal aid we find out which settlement they looked upon as one of the social organiza- attend and ask the nurse of that settle- tions of the city, its meetings are an- ment to look after them. If not a member nounced from the pulpits, and at the an- of either settlement we refer all Jewish nual open meeting there is usually a very cases to one and the rest to the other set- representative negro audience. A list of tlement. books of interest to colored people was at We are occasionally called upon to look one time sent to the local colored news- after some of the proteges of the Juvenile paper and this list has appeared weekly Court who are released upon probation. with the call number of the books. There They are allowed to come to the library was also an editorial urging the men and for books and the assistants at the branch women to become familiar with the books make a special effort to see that they get which were to be found in the library. the proper sort of books. So far I have spoken only of the work A children's librarian is occasionally sent that has been accomplished at the Wylie 112 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Avenue Branch. We feel that very little ly one of the live questions, because I has been done to advertise the library be- recollect reading, within the last two or cause we have been handicapped by the three months, such very opposite opinions size of our building and staff. The great- on the question of the use of our small est problem has been to handle effectively parks for branches, as that of Chicago, the crowds that come of their own accord, which is enthusiastic over it, and that of for during the busy months our attendance Boston, which repudiates it entirely. The is often over two thousand a day. We are Association might well have a most inter- looking forward to the time when our esting discussion following this paper, yet building can be enlarged, when we can I feel obliged to remind the Association take a more active interest in the district that they were very dilatory in assembling working especially through the toby-facto- and there remains no time for such discus- ries. sion. We are to have the pleasure of hear- The other branches in the city have ing an address on "The 'Eternal Or' of worked along different lines. The West the librarian," from Mr. FRANCIS F.

End Branch has reached good results BROWNE, editor of "The Dial." I don't through several clubs conducted by the think that in an assemblage of librarians branch. South Side, which is in a great it is necessary for the chairman to refer mill district, has found it advisable to open to the position of "The Dial" as a literary the branch as a social meeting-place for paper. I need only recall the remark of a the men, and very crude quarters are pro- Bostonian of the Bostonians, the late Dr. vided for them in the basement, where William Everett, when he suggested that they may smoke if they wish. In the he would consider it a greater honor to Homewood district the Board of Trade has write for "The Dial" than for the New York been very much interested in the branch "Nation." More than that cannot be said. and its work, and there has been active cooperation with the Homewood Civic THE ETERNAL "OR" OF THE Club. The East Liberty Branch has co- LIBRARIAN operated with the local Board of Trade of that district and one of the strongest It could hardly be without a savor of allies has been the churches. Mothers' presumption that one quite outside the meetings have also been a potent factor. field of practical library work should ven- The problems of the branches are so ture to address a great body of experi- many and so diversified that once a week enced librarians on matters pertaining to the branch librarians meet with the super- any phase of library administration. intendent of adult circulation to talk them Something of the disdain with which over and make such recommendations as Othello spoke of one who "never set a seem feasible. This meeting follows the squadron in the field, nor the division of regular weekly book order meeting. Once a battle knows" might well be aroused a month a meeting is held of all leading among librarians at the pretense of in- department assistants who can be spared struction from one whose practical knowl- and still keep the branches running. At edge of library work is almost nil—who this time there are usually one or two never set a book-stack in its place, nor speakers from outside the field and one knows the divisions of the Decimal Clas- speaker from the library staff who tells of sification. But as libraries are made of the special work she is trying to do. books, and the collecting and dispensing These meetings are planned to keep the of these is the chief end and aim of the assistants in touch with what is going on librarian's life, there may be points of in their own library and round about them. interest between him and one whose work, The CHAIRMAN: The subject of branch in quite a different way, has been con- libraries has been rarely treated in the cerned with books,—who, like the libra- programs of tie Association and is certain- rian, has lived his life among them; — — — —

113

who has written them, edited them, print- much the same; they cannot possibly take ed them, published them; who, most of all the pie or all the books that are offered all, has been engaged in attempts at es- them. They must weigh, deliberate, and timating them, trying to form a judgment choose. And so to both comes the eter- of their rank and value, not only in nal "or," the hard necessity of choosing. cold and formal print, but often in And both must choose wisely—the one in a prior stage of their existence, before peril of his stomach's peace, the other in they were printed, with many aspiring peril of peace with his Directors, and with manuscripts that were destined never to the Anxious Reader who is keenly disap- be books at all; who has always been pointed if be does not find the special book glad to praise them when he could, sori-y he long has sought and mourns because he to blame them when he must, and anxious finds it not. The librarian might well take chiefly to arrive as nearly as might be at to heart a paraphrase of Carlyle's words a just and fair appraisal of their worth. from Goethe And here, it would seem, might perhaps Scan all the Book Lists be found matters of common interest re- Study their pages garding books, and topics bearing upon the Of bo6ks of all ages work and problems of librarians. Then hear the Voices: From the title of this paper one may sur- Choose well, your choice is mise that it refers to what is oftentimes Brief and yet endless. the most vexing problem of the librarian's Brief indeed is the time for choosing, and professional life—the problem of book se- endless are its consequences for the good lection. The problem is ever present and or ill of the library, and possibly of the ever pressing. Every new book that is librarian. A consideration of some of the presented or announced flings at them its aids to this choosing process—to answer- disturbing challenge. The average library ing the challenge of this "Eternal OR" can buy comparatively few of all the may justify the few minutes' attention books that are offered, and but few of called for by a brief discussion of the sub- those the librarian would really like to buy. ject in some of its more obvious phases. Which shall it be?—This? or That? or The problem of book-buying is obviously T'other? Ever the Eternal "or," and ever one of far greater difficulty for a librarian

the necessity of choosing. The problem is than for a private buyer. Not only is it a doubly complex one, since every choice harder for a conscientious person to spend of a book for purchase involves the rejec- another's money than to spend his own, tion of others perhaps equally desirable. but the considerations involved in the se- This rejection, indeed, is often the most lection are vastly more complex. The pri- trying part of the affair, since it seems to vate buyer, especially one with ample affix to many excellent books the stamp of means, may buy what best suits his fancy the librarian's disapproval. His position or his needs, vt-ithout fear of being called is much like that of the boarding-house to account by any one; if he makes mis- guest who, when his landlady sounded him takes, it is his own affair, involving a as— to his preferences with respect to pie loss which may be no serious matter to "mince, custard, apple, rhubarb"—ap- him. Or if his ability to buy books is lim- preciatively suggested apple and custard, ited, he simplifies the problem by confining only to receive the disconcerting rejoinder, his selections chiefly to his favorite field 'What have you against the rhubarb and of study or amusement; and thus his the mince?" While the most favored li- range of choice is comfortably narrowed. brarian can hardly hope for such prodi- But the librarian must not only take the gality of choice as was available to the responsibility of making purchases for pie-eater, who was granted two selections other people—he must distribute his pur- out of every four, yet their defense against chases as judiciously as he can through the charge of unjust discrimination must be all realms and provinces of literature. —

114 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Not ouly must his quest extend to the gen- tient for the latest if not the most sensa- eral fields of science, history, or philoso- tional novel is scornful at seeing good li- phy, where tests of scholarship and knowl- brary money spent for "poky old books" edge may be more definitely applied and on religion and philosophy; while the the judgment of experts be available for reader of "solid literature" is pained to see his guidance, but he must be alive to the the concessions made to the perverted claims of special works in the newer and tastes of readers of "silly novels." All more novel fields of research or specula- these classes have their rights in the li- tion where the attempts to keep up with brary, and a right to the expression of what is really new and vital, while at the their opinions. The librarian is a servant same time shunning what is freakish and of the people, who are really his employ- unworthy, may well bewilder him and ers. He is a literary caterer, whose busi- make him wish there were no such things ness it is to find out what the public as "advanced thought" or any further "ex- his public—want, and to supply this want, tension of the boundaries of knowledge." within reasonable limits, to the best of his Biography and memoirs and -'light essays" ability and resources. His business in are perhaps less difficult—the name of the buying books is to buy the best of those subject and of the writer being sufficient that are offered; not merely those that are for at least a clue to the importance and best in themselves, or best for him, but interest of a book. those that are best for his library and his It is In the fields of fancy and imagina- public—those that will give the most sat- tion, however, that the task of selection is isfaction and the most profit to the com- undoubtedly hardest—the books which ap- munity that supports the library and him. peal to the larger number of readers, and This does not mean that he is not to direct the ones in which the range in merit from readers and raise the standards of taste worst to best is greatest. The most diffi- whenever he can; he should try to lead cult problem of all is probably the New and guide in the right direction—but he Novel. Happy is the librarian who has a should not be too keen to officiate as guide, real book committee to take or share the nor keep so far ahead as to be out of responsibility In this field. Without this sight of the procession. aid, he must seek light and guidance from It is time to narrow the discussion to whatever source he may. Perhaps he what was intended to be its main topic tries—often vainly—to read some of the the printed aids available to the librarian newer books himself; or a member of the in his task of book selection. In this, as board may be willing to give the library in what has already been said, reference the benefit of his literary zeal and knowl- Is had chiefly to the average-sized public edge; or friends of the librarian will re- library, in which the task falls heavily port their impressions of a book—some- upon the librarian, who must keep its re- times in too diffuse a manner to be of quirements continually before him. And much practical service, sometimes with by "him" is of course meant always, and the cryptic but expressive formula "n. g." in a large sense, also her—the estimable —a formula hardly to be commended as and cultivated woman who has found a a model of literary criticism, but having useful and honorable place in the ranks of at least the advantage of deflniteness and library workers, as her presence adorns brevity. and her influence stimulates the national In any event, not even the most catholic- conferences of librarians. These printed minded and Impartial of librarians can aids are so varied and numerous that their succeed in satisfying all classes of readers. very abundance may be an obstacle to Any general approval of his selections he their usefulness. They begin to appear need hardly hope for; expressions of dis- before a book is born; they proclaim its approval are much more likely to be advent, they accompany its birth, they at- heard. The reader of fiction who is impa- tend the various processes of its introduc- • •

115

tion to the public and of finding its proper style of entry, classification showing kind place and rank in the literary world. of book, title, name of author and pub-

Sometimes they continue after it is dead; lisher, illustrations if any, size and price; occasionally a belated review appears of a and as the lists are substantially comiilete, book so long in peaceful desuetude that no they afford a survey of all the forthcoming one remembers that it ever lived. Libra- American books, and reprints of English rians must sometimes be wearily amused at books, that are likely to appear between reading enthusiastic laudations of "epoch- one list and its successor. The cutting of making" books that have long existed in these lists into slips and distributing them their consciousness only as unvenerated into their holders might be the first step plugs." toward this "working bibliography," a The multiplicity and variety of these foundation on which to build. It will prob- printed aids to book selection, with the diffi- ably be objected that such an apparatus culty that must be found in trying to keep would be too complicated and expensive— track of them, suggests the query—if even far beyond the dreams of avarice of the a query may be ventured by an outsider on average librarian; but we are not now con- so practical a detail of library work and sidering that part of the matter—rather, method—the query whether some practi- trying to see what results it might lead to. cable means might not be found tor a more Into each packet might go, from time to systematic handling of this material; for time, items of information as to when the

classifying it, and keeping it in some book was to appear; printed items of in- simple and orderly arrangement. Possi- terest regarding it, or indicating its im- bly some such methods are already used portance; clippings from the better class by librarians—indeed, I have learned of of trade lists and bulletins of new books; two or three libraries in which they are or any pencilled memoranda that might be used, but for more special purposes; and worth making and saving. In a word, the

it may be that a system could be devised packet would become the repository of more general in character and suited to a compact and easily accessible information larger number of libraries. The details of about that particular book; and it might sucli a plan would of course have to perhaps contain also more private pencil be carefully worked out, and be matter for jottings, such as "Mrs. Jones asks for study and experiment. For purposes of this," "Dr. Pundit praises this author,"

illustration, it might be supposed that a "Miss Squeems thinks this is horrid," and librarian has a lot of convenient small hold- similar illuminating intimations for the li- ers or envelopes—whatever form is sim- brarian's quiet hour. The result would be plest and cheapest—each endorsed with a collection of what might be called foun- the title of a new book, starting with some dation knowledge about new books, in printed item when it is first announced— which each book could be considered by when, like a new planet it "swims into his itself, without the confusion of impres- ken." These announcements could be sions resulting from attempts to use the made up, to some extent, from the circu- same material unassorted and in the mass. lars and advertisements of publishers; but The librarian and assistants would at least these have the disadvantage of not being know that a certain book was coming, and at all uniform in style, and they are often in a general way what sort of book it was indefinite as to the character of a book, and to be; and the sometimes mortifying effect incomplete. Better results would doubt- of the too ingenuous answer to an inquiring less be had by taking the regular advance reader, "Never heard of it," would largely announcement lists given by some of the disappear. New information could be leading literary journals preceding the reg added at any time, and inquiries quickly ular spring and fall publishing seasons. answered by turning to these Easy Ref- The best of these lists are systematically erence I?nvelopes, which might appropri- and accurately prepared, with uniform ately be endorsed "Inquire within for what- 116 PASADENA CONFERENCE ever is now kuowu" about the particular ported by the citations or evidence that book referred to. After a book was bought, would be expected in a long review, will the envelopes, permanently preserved, depend on the character of the journal or vvould show at a glance why the purchase of the writer. Librarians of experience was made, should it be found a question- and insight learn how to judge literary crit- able one. All this is suggested very ten- ics and literary journals, and what weight tatively, and with the thought that a to give their opinions. The ideal apprais- consideration of it might possibly lead to al of a book, for the purposes of a libra- the working out of some practicable meth- rian, would be somewhat like the analysis od for the plan desired—If desired it of a chemist, formulated in the verdict. should prove to be. It might at least be "Here is what you gave me; here is what better than carrying about unassorted and I find it to contain," signed ''Helmholtz, unassimilated material in the vest-pockets Chemist," or "Hazlitt, Literary Apprais- of men, or the shirt-waists or sleeves or er." But such short-cut processes as are whatever corresponds to pockets in the possible for insensate matter can hardly affairs of women. be applied to that living thing, that some- Our consideration of the general subject thing next to the human soul, a Book. Its of printed aids to book selection brings us qualities are too subtle and refined, its now to the most important part of all, and substance too ethereal, to be weighed in the most dilTicult to consider within due any chemist's scales; a higher alchemy limits of time and space. This is the matter and a clearer vision are needed to dis- embraced under the general term of " Opin- cern spiritual facts and forces and expound ions,"—including "book reviewing" or "no- their meaning and effect. ticing," "book booming" or "puffing," and In one respect, it is true, the really au- other minor categories. Into the great field thoritative book review should resemble a of literary criticism in general it is not chemical analysis: it should be the product intended here to go. The principles of lit- of an expert, and bear the warrant of his erary criticism are matters not for a para- name—the reputable historical scholar for graph in a brief address, but for a book or the new book in the field of history, the biol- an extended and finished essay; and these ogist for new researches into the origin and are presumably as familiar to librarians as mystery of life, the geologist for geology, to other classes of cultivated readers. and so on down the list. Of course this What most concerns the librarian as book- method of treating books in the domain buyer is the practical appraisal of books of exact knowledge, of science properly —something which will aid him most in so-called, will not apply to books of a very grappling with the problem of the "Eternal different class—to poetry and fiction and OR" with which this paper was begun. In some other categories whose appeal is to this appraisal, as practiced in literary Jour- the taste and judgment and experience of nalism, comes first what is known as the readers, rather than to exact knowledge or "Review," and next what is usually called established principles of science. In the "Notice." The terms are rather loosely these cases, so long as taste is something used; indeed, the one Is often only a not to be disputed about, opinions must briefer form of the other. The "Review" continually differ. The most we can rea- is more extended, and goes more deliber- sonably ask is that criticism in these fields ately into a description of the book, with shall represent a taste that is cultivated, a more careful consideration of its merits and that rests upon such canons of liter- and defects; the "notice" is usually con- ary art as may fairly be called established fined to description mainly—though in It may also properly be required of all cases where approval or condemnation reviews in serious literary journals that may be safely and unqualifiedly expressed, they be intelligent and impartial, without this is often done tersely and emphatic- predisposition either to praise or blame, ally; and the value of the opinion, unsup- but only to be just; they should be instruc- BROWNE 117 tive and informing to the reader; they nal on any high and worthy plane. The should be interesting, or as interesting as whole success of such a journal is based the subject may reasonably allow; they on its reputation for honesty and fairness; should be appreciative and sympathetic its obligation is always to its readers, and rather than destructive and severe, not its chief value is given by the hold it has savage for the sake of appearing smart. on their esteem. A journal with influence They should above all be honest—as free and standing in the literary world could from the suspicion of dishonesty as a li- find no shorter road to suicide than by for- brarian must be above the suspicion of feiting the confidence of its readers by sor- stealing the books entrusted to his care. did methods and unworthy aims. It is Indeed, the literary editor or reviewer who sometimes fancied that advertisers—pub- would praise books dishonestly, for per- lishers of books—exert a pressure upon sonal gain, is worse than the librarian who literary journals adverse to their literary would steal them; the latter may cause his independence. This would mean that the library the loss of a single book, while the publishers—who are usually intelligent former may cause a hundred libraries to men—would try to destroy the one thing be loaded with a worthless one. An editor that gives a journal influence with its read- is responsible for the honesty of his re- ers and its chief value for their advertise- viewers, but not for their opinions when ments; and publishers worthy of the name honestly given. He must leave their judg- have not only too much self-respect and ment free and untrammelled; if they prove decency, but too much shrewdness for unworthy of his confidence, he will soon such a course. The hold a journal has on drop them. "Tell us exactly what you its readers is the very cause of their ad- think of this book—its merits and defects, vertising in its columns; otherwise they and all about it that you think worth would do their advertising in papers of a while," are the instructions, expressed or different class but of far greater circula- understood, sent out with every book that tion. goes to a reviewer from the editor of any The misconceptions that sometimes pre- literary journal worthy of the name. Even vail regarding the relations between book such details as the amount of space to be publishers and literary journals are not given a book are left largely to the re- only unfounded, but do great injustice to viewer, to be decided after examination, a high-minded and honorable class of busi- according to his judgment of the book's ness men. The notion that publishers dis- importance. The competent and experi- pense advertisements to literary journals enced reviewer will rightly expect reason- in consideration of their books being able latitude in such matters; and he will I)raised in their columns is too absurd to rightly expect also freedom from editorial be treated seriously. If it be permissible interference with his opinions and conclu- to illustrate by personal evidence, it might sions. With this freedom and confidence be added that in an experience of thirty goes also the assumption of the good faith years in the conduct of a literary journal and fairness of the reviewer. He must I do not recall an instance of an attempt write with a full sense of his responsibil- io exercise an unworthy influence upon the ity; he must not say things he is not pre- review of a book by considerations of adver- pared to stand by; and he must be per- tising patronage, from a house of estab- sonally disinterested. Reviewers who. lished high standing in the publishing whatever their other qualifications, make world. From houses of a different class, their reviews occasions for "log-rolling" for such attempts have sometimes been made, friends or "getting even" with enemies one of which may be permitted to enliven quickly find themselves undesired by the this discussion. A review of a certain discerning editor. This matter of honesty book—a very favorable one, as it hap- i.s not only one of conscience—it is essen- pened —had been put in type and was tial to the very existence of a literary jour- awaiting publication, when a communica- 118 PASADENA CONFERENCE tion was received from the publishers of ies make at least a pretense to a "literary the book, enclosing a generous advertise- supplement" which, while often having no ment of it, to be published on condition great literary importance, at least attests that a "favorable review" of the book be the increasing volume of new books and given in the same issue. The only result the growth of interest in them. Authori- was that the proof of the review was tative critical opinions are not usually quickly cancelled, and it never saw the looked for from such sources; but they light of print. Aside from this misconcep- may perform a certain service in the diffu- tion of the relations between book publish- sion of literary news to the general public. ers and critical journals, the notions re- Mention of the literary features of the ferred to involve a conception of the rela- daily press brings us back to the libra- tions between editor and reviewer which rian's needs in the appraisal of books, and is, to say the least, naive. These review- to the scheme of 'Easy Reference Envel- ers are scholars, often university profes- opes" suggested for his assistance—or his sors, scattered throughout the country distraction, as the fact might prove. We from the Atlantic to the Pacific; and they left him at the point where he had accum neither know nor care whether the book ulated classified items of information about they are reviewing ever has been or ever new or forthcoming books; and in some will be advertised in the journal for which cases his order lists would now contain they write. They have no more to do with entries made up from these details, of the advertising columns of a journal be- books approved for purchase. But the cause they write for it than librarians most important part of his printed aids is have because they subscribe for it. ypt to reach him—the printed opinions Some interesting comments have lately whose character and varieties have led to been made by a competent observer (Miss a somewhat wandering survey of their Helen E. Haines) on the decline of book- quality and modes. The items and quota- reviewing in this country. If by this term tions sent by publishers would now begin Is meant the old-fashioned literary essay to come in, with the short notices and ref- with some notable book serving as a text erences by the daily press; the clippings —the method used so cleverly by Macau- would increase rapidly, to be sorted and lay and Jeffrey in England, and by Ripley placed in their appropriate envelopes, and Whipple and Lowell here—the state- ready to receive them. Then would come ment is doubtless true. One explanation the more extended and searching reviews, may probably be found in the decline of and the longer and better notices. When the literary essay; another in the immense these were too bulky to go into the envel- increase in book-production, and in the de- opes, or the journals containing them mand of the book-reading public, not so could not be cut into, short extracts could much for elaborate essays on a few books be copied on slips of paper giving the gist as for information and appraisals on a of opinions from the more authoritative large number of them. It is obviously im- sources. Some important aids would come possible for any literary journal to give later—such as the practical if necessarily extended reviews of all the books that belated "A. L. A. Lists, " the "Book Review might be thought deserving of such treat- Digest," and others whose handy use is ment; their number is far too great. In known to all librarians. spite of the comparatively small number of The suggestion of a possible method for extended critical reviews now published, handling material regarding new books is there probably never was a time w'hen so of course but an incident—a by-product, as much attention was given to books by the it were—in the discussion of the main newspapers as now. Twenty years ago, topic of the nature and value of printed the "literary department" or "supplement" aids to the librarian in his task of book- was a feature of but a few of the larger selection. How best to use these aids dailies; now most dailies in the larger cit- must be a not unimportant problem in li- —

119 brary admiuistration. The objections to merit system, we find that while the ma- such a plan as has been outlined are ob- jority of the appointments to the civil ser- vious: the hard-working librarian and his vice in the British Empire previous to 1855 staff might well complain of this addi- were made by nomination, still in some of tional burden; they already have more the government departments in England woric than tliey can keep up with, and examinations as a test for appointment had have little time or strength (or new and been in use since 1834. By 1870 the prin- untried things while they are well-nigh ciple of open competition had been estab- submerged with the old ones. lished there as a general rule.

"Like children bathing on the shore. It was the intention of the founders of Buried a wave beneath, the American government that the tenure The second wave succeeds before of office in the government employ should They have had time to breathe." be permanent or at least during good be- haviour, and this laudable idea was rigidly But, still, "their fate is the common fate adhered to during the first forty years in of all"; in an age of stress and hurry, libra- the life of the Republic. In 1820, however. rians, like other busy people, must feel the Congress passed what was called the "Four strain. Many things must be neglected years' tenure of office" act, which opened short-cuts are inevitable. Whether what the doors of the service to all the evils of has been suggested, or something that the spoils system. This act was suggested might be worked out from the first rude by an appointing officer, who wished to use outline, might prove a short-cut and an the power It gave in order to secure his aid in an important branch of library own nomination for the presidency, and work, may possibly be worth considering. was passed without debate and apparently Next to solving problems, perhaps the without any conception of its effect. The most useful thing we can do is to state or theory that "to the victor belong the re-state them. There is no ready solu- spoils" was not actually applied, however, tion of all the problems of books, or of until 1829, or nine years after the passage other problems; and to the librarian, as to of the act. In 1836 the four-year rule was other mortals, life will doubtless continue further extended to include postmasters, to present itself largely in terms of an and it rapidly became the practice to re- "Eternal OR." gard public office not as an agency for the The CHAIRMAN: On behalf of the Asso- transaction of public business, but as a ciation, Mr. Browne, I thank you for your tremendous political power or piece of very interesting and suggestive address. party machinery. These corrupting influ- Ladies and gentlemen, I said suggestive be- ences steadily increased and developed a cause I do think that while Mr. Browne has system of spoils and corruption that culmi- noted the difficulty of our taking more nated in the assassination of a president. work on ourselves, yet we ought to have in The death of Garfield at the hands of a dis- mind the possibilities of doing exactly such gruntled office-seeker undoubtedly gave a work as he has outlined, through our cen- great impetus to the civil service reform tral organization. You see, I am like Cato, movement. The spoils system had previ- though Instead of saying on all occasions, ously been vigorously opposed in the Sen- "Carthage must be destroyed," I say, ate by such men as Clay, Webster, and Cal- "Headquarters must be enlarged." houn, but the fight was long and hard and I will call on Mr. J. T. JENNINGS, of the sentiment in favor of reform gathered the Seattle public library, to speak to us on force slowly. In 1867 Thomas A. Jenckes the subject of Rhode Island made a report to the MUNICIPAL CIVIL SERVICE AS AF- House of Representatives recommending FECTING LIBRARIES the establishment of a merit system. Thi.s In searching for the beginnings of civil report was submitted again in 1868. In service reform or the application of the 1871 a clause in the general appropriation 120 PASADENA CONFERENCE bill authorized the President to appoint a holders of Kansas City in the following commission to prescribe rules for admis- words: "Any city in the present state of sion to the civil service. Under this author- municipal advancement and progress ity. President Grant named the first civil which has no provision for civil service is service commission, but this first move- as much behind the times as a city with- ment was entirely suspended in 1875. Two out electric lights, telephones, or street years later, in 1877, the Civil Service Re- cars." The commission form of govern- form League was organized and this league ment now being adopted by so many cities gave valuable help in bringing about the usually provides for the selection of em- reform. The movement was also ably sup- ployees by a civil service system, and there ported by George William Curtis and other is little doubt that the popular support men of great prominence in public life. given to civil service reform will cause it "Every four years," said Mr. Curtis, "the to be adopted sooner or later for all mu- whole machinery of the government is nicipalities. pulled to pieces. The country presents a In view of these facts it is time that we most ridiculous, revolting, and dishearten- as librarians and as the American library ing spectacle. The business of the nation, association should pause to consider the the legislation of Congress, are subordi- advantages and disadvantages of civil ser- nated to distributing the plunder among vice especially as applied to libraries. Is eager partisans." it desirable that assistants in our city li- The real beginning of civil service in braries should be selected by municipal this country was made in 1883 when Con- civil service commissions? Or to state the gress passed the Pendleton act for the rem- question in a broader way, what is the edy of the abuse known as the spoils sys- best and safest method of selecting library tem. This act empowered the President to workers? Is there any better plan than determine from time to time by executive that of selection by the civil service com- order what classes of the public service mission? One obvious method of ap- should come under the civil service law. proaching the problem would be to ask: The national civil service at first covered To what extent has municipal civil ser- only 14,000 positions, but its scope has been vice been applied to public libraries? And extended by each succeeding president with what result? Are public libraries uutil it includes at the present time about under civil service better or worse than 240,000 positions or 60 per cent of the total libraries not under civil service? Some number of government employees. The in- two years ago when investigating this auguration of the system at Washington question in connection with the Seattle has been followed by its adoption in six public library, which was at that time op- of the states and in about 100 cities, and erating under a civil service law, we sent also in Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philip- to .53 different libraries one of those ponder- pines. ous communications so heartily welcomed Unlike many of the other prominent re- by the busy librarian, a questionnaire. form movements, such as woman suffrage, The 53 libraries to which this list of 25 prohibition, popular election of senators, questions was sent included all in cities of and uniform divorce laws, the civil service over 100,000 population, as well as all that reform movement has steadily gained head- we knew to be under municipal civil ser- way and has at all times had popular sup- vice, and a few smaller libraries because port. A somewhat significant indication of their reputation for good management of this public support is the fact that what or because they were near Seattle. The was formerly known as "civil service re- answers sent us in reply to the question- form" has popularly come to be known by naire showed that of the 53 public libraries the shorter name of "civil service." The only nine were controlled by municipal present sentiment in regard to the move- civil service, 8 of the 9 reported unsatis- ment is well stated by the Board of Free- factory results, although only 4 of the 9 121 were under as rigid restrictions as the exemption in this countiT is the Library of Seattle public library then was. None of Congress. While civil service is in force in these nine civil service libraries took high most of the departments at Washington, it rank among libraries. The nine were: Du- is not applied to the Library of Congress. luth, Chicago, Milwaukee, Los Angeles, Se- The Librarian of Congress has the author- attle, Everett, New Haven, Syracuse, New ity to select and employ the best available Orleans. Perhaps I may be pardoned for assistants without examination. The ques- mentioning the names since Seattle is in- tion of placing the Library of Congress cluded in the list. under national civil service was discussed The general conclusions that may be at great length by a congressional commit- reached, then, from this investigation are tee in 1897 when that library was thor- that civil service has been applied to com- oughly reorganized and placed in its new paratively few of our public libraries, only building. Several prominent librarians about 17 per cent, and in these it has not were called to testify before this commit- been a success. The statement has just tee. It was finally decided to leave the been made that eight of the nine libraries power of appointment in the hands of the having civil service reported dissatisfaction Librarian without civil service restrictions.

with the plan. I might add that a short The wisdom of that decision has since been time after making this Investigation, it amply justified. It would be hard to find was my privilege to visit the ninth library to-day a better managed library or a more —the one that had no complaint to offer efficient staff. A few extracts from the when replying to our questionnaire. The evidence given at this investigation are assistant who showed me about had been worth quoting. employed there 17 years and he explained Mr. Spofford, Librarian of Congress, tes- to me that the service in the library was tified: "I think that the librarian who is much inferior in character and spirit since responsible tor the results in so great and the installation of civil service. Several useful an institution should have the selec- of the nine libraries mentioned were hop- tion of the means of accomplishing those ing to substitute internal for municipal results." civil service. The Brooklyn public library Melvil Dewey, state librarian of New and the Queens Borough public library, two York: "The head of the library should strong institutions, had already made this have power to dispense with the services

change, and with great joy I may add that of any one found incompetent for his place Seattle has since followed suit. So that in and of the people who become mere ma- Seattle we no longer have to say, ''We are chines and do their work perfunctorily, nine," but rather, "They are eight." only to get out as soon as their hours are A second method of approaching this over." question might well be the reverse of the Representative Qulgg asked Mr. Herbert above, that is, of the 53 cities investigated, Putnam, then librarian at Boston: "Should how many have municipal civil service sys- you be willing to have the selection of tems and of these how many exempt the your employees so tar taken out of your public library from the contyol of such hands that you were compelled to choose system. We find that 28 of the 53 cities from a list of two or three alleged-to-be- have civil service commissions and that in qualified persons, which list was submitted 19 of these 28 the library is exempt. In to you by a board of examiners over which many of these 19 cities, notably Pittsburgh you had no authority?" and Buffalo, the libraries take high rank. Mr. Putnam: "I should be willing only

From this point of approach, then, we learn in place of worse evils, if I saw those to

that the majority of civil service cities exist; I mean greater embarrassments. . . . have considered it advisable to exempt the It is much easier to test technical library public library and that the results seem to training, library science, than it is to test justify the exemption. The most notable persons of administrative ability. ... I 122 PASADENA CONFERENCE should say that if the Librarian of Congress cal nature are not merely unnecessary but is absolutely free from political control In a disadvantage to the applicant as suggest- the selection of his men, if he will not have ing considerations in the appointment not to recommend persons who are forced upon recognized by law." him, then it is safe to leave it to him. . . . He also adds: "The decision of the li- I believe that librarians in general if they brarian in dismissal as in appointment Is

have the responsibility vested in them . . . final." will not misuse their authority. . . . In the scheme of library service adopted "I believe so much in the centering of by the library board after the Seattle responsibility and 1 deem it of so much library became exempt is the following advantage that the men that are finally re- sentence: "Appointments to positions In sponsible should choose their subordinates the library service will, so far as possible, that I would not altogether favor a civil be based on merit only, and recommenda- service in the selection of the employees in tions from members of the board of trus- the Congressional library." tees or the use of influence or pressure of Mr. Fletcher, librarian of Amherst Col- any kind to secure an appointment will be lege, testified: "I am not prepared to considered prejudicial to the interests of recommend a system by which any library the candidate." The scheme of library is brought under any sort of supervision service, including this sentence, was unani- from outside iiarties." mously adopted by the board. Mr. Harris, Commissioner of Education, Another important instance of the ex- testified in favor of "efficient clerks, such emption of libraries is the new civil service as library schools furnish, because they law in the state of Wisconsin. This law can do more work in a day each than six was adopted in 1905 and is considered by unskilled persons can do." It seems quite experts as one of the best and most scien- evident that Mr. Harris had tried both tific codes. As stated in the Canadian kinds. Magazine for April, 1906—"There are nec- Mr. Putnam was afterwards appointed essarily certain persons exempt from the Librarian of Congress and had an oppor- control of the Wisconsin civil service com- tunity to put his theories into practice. mission. These comprise chiefly those se- After nine years' experience, he wrote in lected by the people, all professors, teach- answer to our questions: "During the ers and librarians, and heads of the state past nine years, political influence has not reformatory, charitable and penal institu- impaired the efficiency of appointments to tions." the Library of Congress, although this was So far as I have been able to ascertain not protected by the civil service system. the British Museum is not under civil ser- That it has not done so is due in part to vice, although it is practically a depart- patient representation and consistent ac- ment of the government and appointments tion by the librarian, but also to the funda- to positions in the English government de- mental desire of Congress as a whole to partments are usually controlled by civil

promote efficiency in the service. . . . service examinations. 'Applicants quite commonly write to sen- If now we approach this question from ators or representatives asking their influ- still another viewpoint and compare the ence or recommendations, and communica- library with other similar institutions, we tions are frequently received from sena- find that the public library is most often tors and representatives. They are treated classed with the public school as an edu- as introductions, but see paragraph in red cational institution. Every succeeding num- at the head of the application form." ber of the periodical "Public libraries" re- The paragraph which is printed In red at minds us that the public library Is an Inte- the head of this form reads as follows; gral part of public education. The justi- "In view of these requirements, any recom- fication for the support of libraries by pub- mendations or 'endorsements' of a politi- lic tax is chiefly on the ground that they 123 are educational institutions. To what ex- purpose of civil service, and the strongest tent, then, we may aslj, are teachers se- argument in its favor. If your library is lected by municipal civil service commis- under political control and there is no sions? I have been unable to discover any other way out, by all means take the civil city in the United States where teachers service route, as it is undoubtedly better are chosen in that way. In investigating than the political road. this subject we discovered a draft of a There is no question but that the opera- model civil service law for cities, prepared tion of the civil service law has greatly im- by Elliot H. Goodwin, secretary of the proved the conditions in the government National civil service refoi'm league, and departments at Washington and elsewhere in this law superintendents, principals, and for such positions as could be fairly well teachers in the school system of the city filled by competitive examination and are placed in the unclassified or exempt wliere the only alternative was the spoils class. This is strong testimony in view of system. It has produced greater economy the fact that the civil service reform league and efliciency. Many unnecessary posi- is composed of civil service enthusiasts tions have been abolished. Stability has and is usually exerting its efforts to extend been secured in the service. Superfluous the scope of the system. positions are no longer desired since it is It is thought that character and person- impossible to give such places to favorites. ality are such important qualifications for Employees are no longer required to con- successful teachers that they could not be tribute to campaign funds. It is claimed well chosen by competitive examination. that a saving of from 10 per cent to 20 per Also that the schools are so closely in cent in salaries has resulted. touch with the people that there is little For these reasons the civil service com- danger of their coming under political con- missions and the advocates of civil service trol, and further that the schools are under are always trying to extend the scope of its the control of non-partisan boards of trus- application and are constantly on the de- tees, and therefore not in the same danger fensive to prove that it may be successfully as the single headed city department. applied even to positions requiring expert, Every one of these reasons for exempt- or technical, or confidential service. By ing schools applies with equal force to li- executive order in 1909 the President ex- braries. It is true that every teacher is tended the service to include the lower required to hold a state certificate and grades in the diplomatic service. By an- that this certificate is secured by passing other order in 1908 over 15,000 4th class an examination, but it is a qualifying, not postmasters were placed in the competitive a competitive, examination and the plan is class. Chemists in the government service entirely different from civil service. are now selected by civil service exami- The advantages claimed for civil service nations. The additional clerical force for

are: That it prevents appointments the 13th census was so chosen. In 1910 through political influence; that it selects assistant postmasters and clerks in first for each position the best qualified candi- and second class postofflces were included.

date; that it promotes continuity of ser- In New York Mayor Gayuor has de- vice by protecting employees from removal cided in favor of placing the selection of when the administration changes, or for probation officers in the hands of the civil insufficient reasons; that it is democratic, service commission. They were formerly the opportunity for appointment being appointed by a board of judges. 'This open to every citizen; and finally that it change has also been made in Buffalo in saves the time of the appointing officer. spite of the fact that many students of On close examination or in actual prac- probation claim that the character of the tice many of these claims appear to be not work of probation officers demands pecu- well founded. It does, in the majority of liar personal qualifications that cannot be cases, eliminate politics. This is the main l)rought out in a competitive examination. 124 PASADENA CONFERENCE

The civil service commissions and advo- "Nor do I undertalce to defend the merit cates are also constantly making and urg- system as an ideal or as an absolutely ing changes in the rules to overcome the perfect system. Very few things of human difldculties heretofore supposed to be in- manufacture are perfect, certainly civil ser- herent in the system. One of the most vice is not. The real proposition is that it important changes was that made last year is better than the patronage system. If in Chicago where the rules were so amend- the head of a department could select his ed as to provide for efficiency tests and own subordinates there would be no need records kept up to date in the office of the of competitive examinations, or of an arti- civil service commission for all civil ser- ficial system to select them for him. He vice employees. would certainly select good assistants, for The New York City scheme also provides his own credit and reputation would be for such efficiency records, but they are boimd up in the success of his administra- made by and kept in the department and tion. But when they are forced upon him submitted to the civil service commission from outside then we have the injurious only at annual periods. They apparently condition of one set of persons selecting are not so thorough, nor are the results subordinates and another being responsible so rigorously applied as in the Chicago for their work." plan. C. D. Willard writing on civil service in Civil service rules have been confined the Outlook says: "The drawbacks of the heretofore to appointments and removals civil service reform methods are those that only, and paid no attention to the employee arise inevitably out of the effort to apply during his term of service. These new any general system—necessarily more or efficiency records, if widely applied, will less rigid—to so complicated a proposition probably have an important effect. In as that of securing hundreds of helpers in Chicago they are to form the basis for ad- a great variety of lines of work. The justment of salaries and for promotions or commission and their examining force un- reductions in rank, as well as for remo- fortunately are not inspired and they some- vals. If applied to libraries this might times make mistakes. Excellent men fail have the obvious advantage of relieving to pass examinations and those of medi- the librarian of embarrassment, since pro- ocre ability manage to pull through. Heads motions, removals, reductions in rank, and of departments are often cursed with men salary would be based on the candidate's who are too good to throw out and not own record, as shown by his efficiency card, good enough to keep. Worse than all else and not on what he probably would regard the commissioners themselves are now as the bad judgment or personal enmity of and then accused of playing politics, and in the librarian. Most librarians, however, some cases the accusation has been true." would prefer to submit to the embarrass- It may be well at this point to outline ment rather than have such important mat- some of the chief objections to civil service ters taken out of their hands. as applied to libraries. First among these

Another change now being made is de- I should place the fact that the examina- signed to overcome the objection that an tion is not a satisfactory test. Many people examination is no test of personality. This can give good accounts of themselves in is supposed to be accomplished by an oral such tests but afterwards prove to be very test in addition to the written examination poor and inefficient assistants. On the other In spite, however, of these extensions in band many industrious and reliable em- the service and improvements in the rules, ployees are very much at a loss when they we find that civil service is admitted even try to write or tell of their work. A writ- by its advocates to bo not ideal but merely ten examination does not touch the qualifi- better than the spoils system. Senator cations of character, personality, industry, Lodge, who is an ardent advocate of civil gumption, integrity and tact; such consid- service, made the following admission on erations are of vital importance for any the floor of the Senate: educational work, and if they are lacking. 125

the work must be, to a great extent, a fail- fill positions for which special training is ure. required, and for which the number of de- Under the civil service system the ap- sirable candidates is very limited. This pointing officer is often required to appoint residence rule is probably more burden- candidates against his better judgment, some to a library than to any other city simply because they are on the civil ser- department because of the limited number vice eligible list. Mr. Frank Vrooman writ- of trained or experienced library workers. ing on this subject in the Arena says: There is ordinarily only one library in each "While possibly the best test in sight, the city and that library usually has already on competitive e-\amination is an overworked its staff those residents who are experienced idol. It is only better than the irresponsible in library work and who want positions. power of partisan appointment to which The number of library schools is also lim- no one but a spoilsman would return. The ited as compared to the number of other competitive examination is a register of special schools. If the city wishes to em- too much of the memorizer and too little ploy an engineer, or a clerk, or a police- of the man. No one who has ever seen man, or a fireman, or an architect, there advanced standing given in college not to are plenty to choose from right in their the ablest men but to the men with own town. This is not true of the library. the most fatal facility for chattering To be sure the civil service regulations per- their "Polly wants a cracker" forwards and mit the commission to waive the residence backwards and sideways, can fail to see rule when in their judgment it is neces- one of the pitfalls of the competitive ex- sary. We had illustrations in Seattle of amination system. the fickleness of their judgment in this con- "Almost nothing of the educational side nection. How can they be expected to of competitive examination counts for have judgment in such a matter? When standing but the fact that the candidate asked to waive the rule for four positions, remembers so much of what he has been they granted it in two cases and declined taught. It registers almost nothing of the in the other two. Of the two requests that ability to think, to act to do; only to re- were refused, one was to fill a vacancy, for member." which they had at a previous time waived As Ex-governor Black of New York the residence rule; the other position was pointed out: "Experience, character, tact, that of confidential secretary, the kind and even muscle may be of more import- of position for which commissions usually ance in some cases than the fraction of a waive, not only residence qualifications but per cent in an examination." examination as well. A second objection is the geographical But suppose the rule is waived, what hap- limitation which forms a part of most civil pens? The imported assistant is required service systems, and which requires that to pass the examination after she arrives, candidates for examination shall be resi- sometimes after working for six months. dents of the city, or the state, or the nation, If for any reason she fails to pass it, or as the case may be. The absurdity of this is beaten by some other unexpected candi- limitation ought to be apparent at a glance. date, who happens to be more glib at writ- Under such rules a government depart- ten examinations, then she loses her posi- ment at Washington may select from the tion. Having persuaded her to give up a entire country, a state department from the position elsewhere, the librarian is now state only, and a city department from the under moral obligation to take care of such residents of its own city. The state depart- an assistant and to find work for her else- ment is at a disadvantage since it cannot where. Under such conditions, I need compete with a government department for hardly tell you it is difficult to persuade good assistants unless they happen to re- good candidates to relinquish positions side in that particular state, while the city elsewhere to come to your library and take is hopeless handicapped when it wishes to chances. 126 PASADENA CONFERENCE

To my mind this residence restriction is sponsibility and authority go hand in hand only another liind of spoils system. In and without one it is useless to expect the this rule the citizen practically says, "We other. If given this authority, his adminis- pay the salaries, we ought to get the jobs." tration fails, the place to begin correction Like many other phases of civil service, es- is at the top and not at the bottom, as civil pecially the restrictions on removal, its service tries to do. real result is the protection of the em- The fourth objection is that the system ployee, not the improvement of the service. wastes time through an unlimited amount A third difficulty, and perhaps a more of coi-respondence and interchange of serious one. Is the impossibility of remov- blanks and "red tape" with the civil ser- ing an employee except for charges of the vice commission. While we are manipu- most flagrant nature. When the assistant lating the machinery it frequently happens is removed, charges in writing must be that some other library not handicapped filed with the civil service commission. by civil service secures the good assistant The discharged employee then has the whom we were trying to engage. right of appealing within ten days. A trial The general conclusions that were de- is then held at which the librarian and rived from our study of this subject of members of the library board and library civil service show that it has been applied staff must appear as witnesses. The evi- to but few libraries, and in these libraries dence is usually held and Judged by men it has not been a success. The consensus who know little or nothing about library of opinion is in favor of exempting libra- work and to whom the finer qualities of ries from civil service control, since there character and personality, that count for is just as much reason for the exemption success in librarj' work, have little or no of libraries as for the exemption of schools. weight. The problem before us, as librarians, is If an appeal is sustained the employee is the selection of the best persons to carry reinstated, and the last condition of that on the work of the library. The librarian library is worse than the first. No librarian should have more to say about this than can afford to take such chances. No self- any one else, since it is the most impor- respecting man wishes to prefer charges or tant duty he has to perform. If he is to give testimony against a woman in such a be responsible for the success of the li- trial. The scandal and newspaper noto- brary he should have authority here, as the riety in such a proceeding will injure the institution may succeed or fail according to library as an institution. the judgment shown In appointments.

Except for this right of appeal it would The establishment of several good li- be possible for the librarian to remove in- brary schools during the last 20 years has competent or undesirable assistants qui- developed a corps of trained library work- etly and without upsetting the whole li- ers, entirely removed from politics, that is brary and the whole staff. Under civil ser- helping rapidly to impove the library ser- vice, employees know that their positions vice of the country. If your library is to are practically safe, and that fact alone, keep pace with those in other cities you in many cases, destroys efficiency and pro- must be able to compete with them in the motes laziness and insubordination. In my open market for the best training your sal- opinion, it is poor business judgment to aries will secure. place a man in charge of a number of em- The CHAIRMAN: Ladies and gentlemen, ployees and expect to hold him responsible we had hoped to supplement Mr. Jennings' for results unless these employees are very instructive and very profitable expo- strictly accountable to him. not only for sition of the situation with some examples their work, but for their tenure of office. of experience from those who have been This point can be appreciated fully only by through the trials, and also I had hoped to those who have actually had the direction call on Mr. I^egler for some statement as to and control of a large force of people. Re- the way in which those clauses which make 127

for the objections stated might be modi- of them bodies slow in movement and hard fied. The objections Mr. Jennings stated to convince when an expenditure of mon- are those of method, rather than those of ey is under consideration. Moreover, we principles. For instance, I suppose a good found out all the restrictions through ex- many of you know that Mr. Legler himself perience, by the breaking of them and con- is under civil service rules; that the Civil sequent friction and delay. Service Commission of Chicago does not Increases in salary were voted by our determine individual cases, but states that library board, entered on pay roll and certain positions are not subject to the forwarded. Increases in salary were de- residence rule, that ruling holding for all ducted. Upon inquiry we were directed to time. I had the honor to serve the city in obtain the approval of the board of esti- its selection of its librarian. I hope you mate and apportionment. They were noti- will agree with me in thinking that I did fied, our letters were laid on the table or not fail in my duty in the selection which never taken up at all. Increases made in was made. Now, that selection was made the salary of two of the highest employees under the civil service rule, unabridged and in the library were thus refused or de- directly administered. I am not speaking layed for more than two years, and were so particularly of the examiners as I am of finally obtained only by the appearance the board which laid down the conditions. before a committee of the board of esti- They did allow us to give 50 per cent mate and apportionment of a representa- weight to the experience and arm to arm tive of the library who convinced them of knowledge of the personality of the man. the propriety thereof. This resulted in the Without such a condition as that, we would resignation of some of our most efficient have been unable to take the man whom we librarians who asked for and deserved in- thought would succeed, and, I am glad to creases, over which the various boards and say, is succeeding. I had hoped to have committees delayed so long that resig- Mr. Legler speak on the efficiency of the nations were filed. So the staff was de- system as it exists in the city of Chicago, pleted of its best equipped members. and also Miss Hume has prepared for us As to the filling of vacancies, this had some of her experiences, but our time is to be done under set rules, fearfully and now up and we must adjourn. wonderfully made, obtaining an eligible (The following paper was prepared by list of not more than three names, and Miss JESSIE F. HUME for this session, offering the position to each one of the but was not read for lack of time.) three, selecting one. It commonly happened that all declined, usually on account of HUMORS AND HORRORS OF MUNICI- distance, and the whole process had to be- PAL CIVIL SERVICE gin again. Thus it took two months to

Had I the making of the title of this dis- obtain a janitor for a Carnegie branch cussion, the humor would have been left library. Three men were written to and all out, as there is no humor at the time in the came. The first could speak no English at activities of the municipal civil service all, he came with an Italian interpreter, commission. Afterwards perhaps, one sees and as it was manifestly Impossible to a gleam here and there. engage the interpreter also, he was not The Initiative action of the municipal considered. The next man had no fingers, civil service commission is insidious. It is but said he could do all that need be only later when struggling in the grasp done. The third was an old German, in- of the octopus, that one realizes its power. troduced by Mr. Blank, the ward leader, as We were required to send our pay roll he told me twice over. The old man was for approval and did so. From that moment irascible, stupid, and scarcely knew a no change could be made in it without the dozen words of English. The ward leader approval of the commission, and of the was inclined to be masterful, but after board of estimate and apportionment, both a contemplative look at the old man, he 128 PASADENA CONFERENCE broke dowu, laughed and left, saying he had right in any case; the boldly ignorant, to bring him, it was expected of him, and who took chances gaily; the fine imagi- we parted on friendly terms,—very neces- native; the common sense girl; and in a sary under civil service rules. great majority, those of obscure mind; al! When we were first marshaled in the full of human nature. ranks of the civil service commission, they The questions were the usual ones, on called a general examination, and our li- natural phenomena, on noted people, on brarians were notified. One of them came terms of expression, historical, et cetera. to my ofiice, a high school graduate, doing 1 give a few examples of replies, all ver- well in a subordinate position. She had a batim. madonna face with great blue eyes. She Diplomatic. assured me with tears standing in them The Renaissance was a period in French that she could not undergo an examination, history when the kings and queens were of and would have to resign unless she was a certain type. excused, and held to her resolution until Ocean currents are caused by the water

I chanced to say that the civil service com- changing all the time. (How undeniable!) mission required the examination. Then a Trade winds were winds which start gleam of angelic joy crossed her features around the Gulf of Mexico and come west and she said in a low, confidential, happy as far as the Pacific Ocean and go back voice, "Oh! is it a civil service examination? again, and if a captain on a boat is caught Then Papa'll fix it." And Papa did, and later in those trade winds, why, he wouldn't when promotion was in question, Papa keep sailing, he would dock the boat right "fixed it" again, and others papas did like- away and wait until they calmed down. wise, and the eligible list was a most re- Auto-suggestion deals with automobiles. markable thing. Would be on explaining the mechanism On the eligible list for assistant librarian, and the working of the mechanics. a grade higher than chief of department, Evolution. The general changes which we had people who commonly used such take place the world over as time goes on. expressions as "I done It," and "I seen it," New York City churches. They are and "Them's the ones." There was only one needed in this wide world. They do some course to pursue, we refrained from ap- good. pointing to any but the lowest grades, and Guesses.

for a time and quite a long time, tlie li- Out-door relief means that when one brary was conducted without the higher goes out of doors they find relief from grade people needed for the proper devel- the work inside. opment of the library. Mirage is caused by the meeting of Then as to education—after our release, heavenly bodies after a storm. (One of our our board held a general examination for trustees suggested that it must have been regrading, assuring the staff that none a brain storm.) would be dismissed nor any salary reduced. Mirage. The cause of a mirage is the Some forty or fifty candidates responded. action of the wind and heat upon the naked

I corrected the papers and as I read I eye. was aghast, then wholly discouraged, till Balance of trade. Wien persons trade

I passed the critical stage and became they trade equally, that is, both get trade

simply the looker on, whereupon I per- alike or their trade balances. ceived through the meaningless verbiage, Balance of trade is if a man iS' failing the throes of drowning ignorance, the mas- very badly in business and he is loosing ter strokes of mother wit, and the engag- (sic) his customers the remainder of his ing boldness of young America. They customers would be called balance of trade. classed themselves into groups, the wily Watered Stock comes from other coim- diplomat, whose answer would be partly tries, and has to cross the ocean. 129

Watered stock are fowls, such as ducks the waters of our beautiful river named and geese. Hudson in his honor. And one girl, led away by the liquid Joan of Arc. The mystic and girlish lead- syllables wrote boldly that "Savonarola was er of the French in the time of Charles VII. noted for her beauty." Holy Roman Empire was the empire Library Economy. established by Charlemagne, including all Psychology. The language of the soul. of Europe nearly, and never really holy. Two books on the subject are The spirit The exception proves the rule, and the in prison, by Robert Hichens. Science and clear and limpid mind which expresses it- health, by Mary Baker Eddy. self thus is a lone star in the sky of the A classic is something select, good Eng- municipal civil service eligible lists, reveal- lish, and good form, not too thrilling. ing the void in which it shines.

1 would look in the catalog for the wives Mr. HILL: I don't like to leave this VIII. of Henry under Polygamy. hall without saying that I believe in civil is For the average boy who anxious to service, that is, civil service within the himself after leaves high school, educate he library itself. I believe that such civil ser- or for one who would bother himself to ask vice is the very best thing for a library. conscientiously for a course of reading. I In Brooklyn promotions are made under suggest first, excellent diction- would an this system and I am sure from the experi- ary, one of the modern encyclopedias and ence we have had in ten years in the the Bible. Brooklyn public library that such civil When a book is to (sic) bad for mending service as obtains there does not lead to and to good to throw away, it is sent to inefficiency, but on the other hand keeps the binder. every member of the institution up to the Obscure. highest possible standard. Invincible Spanish vessel, Armada. A The CHAIRMAN: I am very glad that in the of half to made shape a moon, Mr. Hill said what he did, because I think stand the siege of any country, finally that is the ideal, and it is being carried captured by the British. out in a few libraries. Few of you realize Renaissance is a country in Italy, and the enormous prevalence that the patron- it is noted for those fine laces which are age system still maintains among libraries. to this sent country. Dr. STEINER: I don't want to leave Earthquakes are caused by overpressure the hall either without saying the same of heat and gas in the earth, and it has thing, that a system within the library is to come forth some v/ay. In this state the absolutely the proper way of administer- earth cracks in the form of earthquakes. ing a library. We have had that system Marshall Ney is known for his wit and for the last twenty years in Baltimore and humor. I would be ashamed to administer a library

Taking of Moscov/. I know that Cromwell that did not have it. was prominent in this event. Mr. D. C. BROWN: I myself have been Holy Roman Empire was that part of brought into contact with civil service governed the Holy Europe by Augustus, boards for twenty years and I find all the Roman Emperor. objections of the spoils system of politics But not all the civil service candidates exactly the same as in the paper read are impossible. are definitions Here some this morning, and so I would like to move from a mind of different type. a postponement of this discussion to the St. Helena. The little island in the At- next session of the association. lantic where Napoleon I. ingloriously ended The motion was carried, and the dis- his glorious career. cussion was postponed to the third general Hendrick Hudson. A Dutchman of the session. 16th century who discovered and sailed up Adjourned. —

130 PASADENA CONFERENCE

THIRD GENERAL SESSION if not a bookish individual. It is now as (Shakespeare Club. Monday, May 22, always the aim of all librarians to get 9:30 a. m.) the greatest number of the best books into the hands of Joint session with the League o( library the greatest number of the most book-hungry people at the least commissions, Mr. Henry J. Carr presiding expense. In accomplishing in behalf of the American library associ- this, how- ever, the definite emphasis ation, and Miss Clara F. Baldwin in be- seems at pres- ent to be placed locating half of the League of library commissions. upon the book hungry and giving to them a library Mr. Carr took the chair and after brief re- lationship that will enable preliminary remarks stated that the sec- them to feed their book hunger. retary had a telegram from President Wyer Standard which would now be read. of library efficiency. The suc- cess of any unit Secretary Utley read the following: of any library extension system must be comparative. In order, Albany, N. Y., May 20, 1911. therefore, to arrive at a just Geo. B. Utley, Secretary, judgment upon the efficiency with which Hotel Maryland, Pasadena, Calif. any system can be operated or any unit Please convey to the members of the organized, some standard of efficiency Association my deep appreciation of the must be em- ployed. Many a school boy reading expressions of confidence and encourage- present day periodicals can state with the greatest ment which reached me to-day in the accuracy how many bricks a skilled message transmitted by you. brick- layer ought to lay under the efficiency sys- (Signed) J. I. Wyer, Jr. tem of scientific management. He can ex- The CHAIRMAN: This particular ses- plain just how many pounds and pieces sion is a joint one of the League of li- of pig iron an efficient man under scien- brary commissions and the A. L. A. Rep- tific management can jiile upon the plat- resenting and acting as the chairman for form of a flat-car in an eight hour day. the A. L, A. on this occasion, it gives me When, however, one commences seriously pleasure to call forward to the chair, for to study the comparative efliciency of the that part of the program which comes different units of library extension, it under the League of library commissions. de- velops that there seems to have been Miss Clara F. Baldwin, president of the established standards of efficiency League. no with which to measure the comparative efficien- The CHAIRMAN: (Miss Baldwin takes cy of any of the units under consideration. the chair). The problem of library exten- There seems, therefore, to be nothing to sion is one in which we are all interested do but to make a standard of efficiency and one which we are all trying to solve. to search for a standard in the records of The first paper this morning is "The ad- the achievements of various library enter- ministrative units in library extension," prises. In this search, however, many diffi- a comparative study of the library exten- culties arise; for books can not be counted sions to the county, state and township, as bricks, nor can the cost of the library and this will be presented by Mr. MAT- work be placed on the same basis as the THEW S. DUDGEON, of the Wisconsin cost of moving blocks of pig iron. It seems, free library commission. however, that four elements must be con- ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS IN LIBRARY sidered in determining the efficiency of any EXTENSION—STATE, COUNTY, literature work: TOWNSHIP, CITY 1. The book need—the acuteness of the The most interesting feature of modern book hunger of the person served. library work is the unanimity with which 2. The quality of the book, both intrin- librarians are seeking to search out the sically and also with reference to its value unhooked individual—he who has no books to the individual who comes in contact within his reach—to make of him a booked with it. 131

3. The frequency with which the av- vestigation and comparison may lead to erage book on the shelves is delivered to the conclusion that the more expensive, the patrons of the system; and less extensive library work, is after all, 4. The cost of distribution per booli. the most efficient work. Just as Fredericli W. Taylor and those For purposes now under consideration, with him established their standard of however, we think it will be found that to former efficiency by measuring the ac- use some standard in comparing the work complishment of the average workman of of the different administrative units with average intelligence, performing the av- the work of the average public library erage task in his trade or branch of work, doing the average city library work, is so in seeking to establish a standard for a profitable as well as an interesting proc- library work, it seemed necessary to take ess. In seeking to determine the efficiency the average performance of the average of these various units, we therefore ask city library performing the average func- four questions: tions of such an institution, as representing 1. Do these extension systems reach average efficiency. persons who need books as badly as do It must, of course, be remembered that those persons who are reached by the av- it is impossible to obtain definite results erage city library? in establishing such a standard of excel- 2. Do these systems handle books of lence. Two of the elements that enter into as high a quality as does the average city the standard, first, that of the book need library? or hunger, and second, that of the quality 3. Do they circulate each book as freely of the book, are elements that cannot be and as frequently? measured in any definite way. Futbermore, 4. Do they obtain as large results from until the need of the persons served by the expenditure of their money? the unit has been demonstrated and the 1. The need of books. Let us consider quality of the book delivered has been first the question as to whether the need of established, figures representing merely the public reached by the extension work the number of books circulated by any under consideration is as great as the need unit and the cost of the circulation are of the public reached by the average small empty and valueless figures. To deliver one city library. book of great human value to one person The very phrase, "rural extension," greatly in need of it at a cost of one dollar raises in the mind a definite conception for the single circulation might constitute of the isolation surrounding the rural in- a more efficient service than to deliver dividual served. To those who know rural fifty less valuable books to fifty people conditions at their worst the phrase im- needing books less, at a cost of one cent plies not only scarcity of books but pov- only for each circulation. It must be re- erty of human interests. It implies an in- membered therefore that the application of tellectual hunger that cries out for books, this standard of efficiency, while it throws an intellectual hunger so great in some an interesting sidelight on the situation, cases as to amount to an intellectual does not always result in an accurate famine. estimate of the efficiency of the institution We think, therefore, that we may safely investigated. If a library, however, realizes conclude that extension work as performed that it is costing it twice as much per by the units under discussion has in it circulation as it is costing some other the first element of efficiency in that it instrumentality to do the same amount seeks to serve those whose need of books of work, an investigation of the reasons is great—greater far than the need of those for the difference in cost as well as a com- served by the average city library. parison of the character of the work per- 2. The quality of books. In seeking to formed is at once suggested, although it answer the question whether or not the must be remembered also that this in- quality of the book delivered under these 132 PASADENA CONFERENCE systems is as high intrinsically and as well necessary additional expenditure of effort fitted to the needs of those reached, as and money in sending it to those to whom is the book in the average city library we it is of no use. A poor selection for ex- observe: tension work is, as the head of the system The very existence of any of the systems will discover, a greater mistake and a under discussion implies that at its head greater waste than a poor selection for is an individual of force and intelligence. regular city work. Accordingly she exer- It is within the observation of all that noth- cises great care in her selection work. ing hampers a library more than the fact Serious study group work is also often a that the person in charge is some im- part of an extension system. This study pecunious individual whose financial needs group is sometimes connected with univer- have been her recommendation for the sity extension or rather organized educa position, or possibly some person of former tional work. Books selected for such ser influence whose days of usefulness have vice will consequently be carefully and wel passed. There are, however, at the head selected and of definite educational value of extension systems no "village widows," These considerations as well as the ob no local "lame ducks" pensioned off at the servations of those who come in contact expense of the library funds. The heads of with the books selected for use in such these extension systems are not "dead systems justify us in the conclusion that ones," but aggressive, progressive individ- the books in the systems are not only ex- uals with an intimate knowledge of the traordinarily high in character, but also needs of the people whom they serve and extraordinarily well fitted for the use of an intense interest in the people them- those to whom they are to be delivered; selves. In such a leader we expect to find, that their average quality is higher than and usually do find, somewhat unusual abil- that found in the average city or town ity for book selection. This ability is of a library. sort too which selects books which are 3. Frequency of circulation. Having not only intrinsically excellent but which found evidences, first that those reached are well suited to the particular needs of by rural extension systems are in dire those who are to be served by the system. need of the books delivered to them and, Our observation is also that those in second, that the books handled by these control of such systems select the books systems are of a high quality, we reach to be used in the extension department of a point where we must consider the further their work more carefully than they select questions, somewhat statistical in their books for the ordinary library work. They nature, as to whether or not these books fully realize that, since the personality of circulate as freely and frequently as the the librarian is not back of the book to aid city books and whether the same amount its circulation, the Inherent excellence of of money invested in the maintenance of the book must be so great as to demand these systems produces as good results as of its own weight consideration from the money Invested in the maintenance of the possible patron of the system. The book average public library. must of necessity be an attractive and suit- In seeking to arrive at figures showing able one. In other words, the book must the frequency of circulation and the av- have v.ithin itself a vitality which enables erage cost of circulating a book in exten- it, without the aid of a skilled librarian, sion work, we find great difficulty in to go out to find a possible taker. The arriving at definite results. Those libraries librarians in charge of such systems also which serve both rural and city residents realize that, while it is a poor investment often do not keep their rural circulation

to buy a book which will lie idle on the li- separated from their city circulation, nor

brary shelves, it is a disastrous Investment do they keep the amount expended in each to buy a poor book for an extension system, distinct from the amount expended in the since the selection of such a book makes other. We find also that some of the trav- 133 eling library systems do not record the quently, and are, in a sense, therefore, exact number of home readers who take earning a higher profit upon the capital books from the traveling library station. invested. Even those systems which seek to keep an 4. Cost of service. By reference to this accurate record find that the results are same table also it will be seen that the unsatisfactory In one particular at least. cost of circulating a volume in the exten- While every recorded circulation is an sion work is less than the cost of circulat-

Cost of circulating Circulation per System each volume volume 1. Average of all city libraries in six representative states .128 2.22

2. Portland, Oregon (city and country) . . . .126 5.63

3. Van Wert, Ohio (city and country) .... .108 3.0

4. Minnesota state traveling library sys- tem .077 4.07

5. Wisconsin state traveling library sys- tem .07

6. Hagerstown, Maryland (country circu- lation alone)

7. Wisconsin county traveling library sys- tem (incomplete) .052 :.70 actual circulation, much of the actual cir- ing a volume in the average city library. culation is unrecorded, since the books It will also be noted that where the figures often leave the station without any record are given for the country service only, the having been made of the loan. We assume, cost is less than where it is given for city however, in the following table, that the and country circulation combined. We actual circulation is no larger than the wish also again to call attention to the fact recorded circulation. that the recorded circulation of the country By reference to this table it will be seen work is not as great as the actual circu- that these extension systems have dem- lation. onstrated their efficiency so far as free We apprehend that someone will at once and frequent circulation of the books upon raise the point that the city library does their shelves is concerned. Every one of reading room work, reference work, and is these extension systems has a higher cir- engaged in other forms of activities that culation in proportion to the number of are not paralleled in extension systems.

books at hand than has the average li- In view of this situation we have excluded brary in t-he six representative states. from our figures representing circulation Particular attention should be called to the in extension systems, a very large amount Portland system which circulates each of study group work, which corresponds to book on its shelves 5.63 times per year the reference work of the city library. as against the average of 2.22 times per This study group work occupies fully as

year for the average city library. If, there- prominent a position in the extension sys- fore, we take the average circulation per tem as does the reference work in the city volume per year of the average city library library. We have also excluded from the as a standard of efficiency for frequency consideration a vast amount of the miscel- of delivery of books we can conclude that laneous work done by the extension sys- these extension systems are in this particu- tem, such as free distribution of magazines lar more efficient than the average city and periodicals to lumber camps, to indus- library in that they have, as it were, trial centers and to reading rooms of all turned over their stock in trade more fre- sorts, as well as educational, art and Indus- 134 PASADENA CONFERENCE

trial exhibits sent out in connection with to be able to dispense with traveling li- the traveling libraries and otherwise. We braries as any state in the Union. Inquir- have also not taken into consideration cor- ing more particularly, however, into con- respondence, which in some instances con- ditions in that state, it develops that there stitutes almost a correspondence course of are still many portions of the state which an educational nature. would be without books if not served by We wish to repeat, however, that we are state traveling library systems. Those in not enamored of the maxim that figures charge of the work assure us that, after cannot lie. We are not disposed to insist giving the matter careful consideration, that any one rely on the veracity of the they have come to the conclusion that even results obtained but simply give the results in that state they cannot in this generation of a rather interesting view of the recorded at least dispense with the state traveling results of this class of worli. library. Conditions elsewhere are such as On the whole, however, we feel that so far to make the state unit still more necessary. as comparison can be made as to efficiency In such a state as Wisconsin, to cease we may safely say: to work under the state unit would be to 1. That the need of books—the book starve certain portions of the state. We hunger—which is met by the extension have for example, one county which has system, is greater and more intense than a total population of less than four thou- the book hunger of those who are served sand with a very small property valuation. by the average town and city library; The only concentration of population is in

2. That the quality of the book delivered a village of a few hundred on the extreme is better intrinsically and better fitted to edge of the county. This county has never meet the needs of those receiving it than appropriated anything for library service is the book which circulates within the and would be unable to appropriate any city system; considerable amount. The state, however,

3. That the extension systems circulate has stepped in, and by establishing seven the books on their shelves more freely than active traveling library stations has at do town and city libraries; comparatively small cost placed books

4. That it costs less to deliver good within fairly easy reach of every individual books in the book-hungry rural districts in the county. Such a system cannot be than it costs to deliver the poor and less dispensed with. It only remains to make needed books to urban dwellers. this indispensable unit as efficient as pos- To address ourselves more particularly sible, which, of course, is another story. to a discussion of the units of extension Difficulties. To determine what unit work, it seems to us that these units drop system is the type for most effective local naturally into two classes: first, state extension work is a difficult problem. The work, and second, local work. investigation along this line might be State traveling libraries needed. From termed the unsuccessful search for the sys- correspondence and consultation, we con- tem which is inevitably successful. The clude that it is the consensus of expert search was necessarily unsuccessful. As opinion that local extension work will might have been expected, the universally never attain a scope and an efficiency successful system has not been discovered. which will make unnecessary state travel- The system that will make library success ing libraries. If we had ideal geographical, easy, the system under which few books industrial, social and financial conditions, and little money and less effort achieves including distribution of population and wide distribution of the best literature to population centers, state traveling libraries an appreciative and book-hungry people, might become unnecessary. has not yet been discovered. Every unit It has been suggested that possibly the fails. It is equally true, however, that state of Iowa was by reason of natural situ- every unit succeeds. Whether it succeeds ation and industrial development as likely or fails is due to the conditions under DUDGEON 135 which each system exists and the efficiency should endeavor to prescribe the exact with which each operates. limits to its library activity. A library Certain essentials. From the data that unit is a gradual development, not an arti- has been obtainable as well as from the ficial structure completed according to pre- personal opinions that have been expressed, conceived policies, and with definite plans we have been able to formulate a state- and specifications. Most commonly such a ment of certain features of an extension unit begins as a city or village library and system which present themselves as es- extends its borders of effective extension sential to efficiency. service as the demands arise and as its re- 1. No unit of extension work can suc- sources grow. ceed unless it is gathered around and has An instance of this natural development as a center a library with considerable re- is the system as it has grown up at Port- sources of books and funds. land, Oregon. The process was, as we un- 2. A centralization of population and derstand it, as follows: First there was the wealth found only in a city or large village central library furnishing service only to Is necessary before there can exist a li- thosie who called at the central building. brary with resources of funds and books As distance increased and the demand for sufficient to form a center of a successful books as well as the resources of the li- system. brary grew, four branches in different parts 3. Each unit for extension work must of the city of Portland were established, embrace a community of natural solidarity. all of them, however, in daily communica- Political divisions, whether they be coun- tion with the central library. Later there ties, towns or cities, are mere blocks of were established what might be termed real estate bound together by artificial po- country branches, eleven in number. In litical bonds. E?very farm family and every each of these there was a reading room farmhouse, however, is a part of a natural open at least five hours each day—each of community. The individual who has lived these country branches was also in at In a rural home knows that for every farm least weekly communication with the cen- there is a city or village which is spoken tral library. To reach a still more inac- of in the circle as "town." No one is in cessible portion of the county it became doubt as to what is meant by the word. necessary to establish a large number of Each farm naturally adheres to some city deposit stations where groups of books in or village as its business and social center, the nature of the traveling library groups and possibly also as its educational and were placed. I am informed that never religious center. On the other hand, an in- has any city branch, country branch or de- telligent general merchant in any village posit station been established in accord- or city would take a map of the vicinity ance with any set plan. The development and with a pencil circumscribe the terri- of the community has created a definite tory which is naturally tributary to the city demand for each feature of the work, and in which he operates. each branch or station has been estab- Our conclusion therefore is that the nat- lished as a special demand for it arose. ural unit for library work is the community The whole territory covered is the terri- which naturally centers itself around some tory naturally tributary to the city of Port- city or village. No farmer and no farmer's land. The boundaries of political units family should be asked to travel in one have been largely ignored. direction for their books while they travel Opinion evidence. That the ideal unit in another direction for their commercial, cannot be an artificial political unit, but social, and Industrial associations. that the unit must change as the situation The ideal unit, as we have suggested, and surroundings vary is borne out by the cannot be an artificial unit. We think we opinion of those who have been instrn- may go farther and say that no one, no mental in developing extension systems. matter how familiar with a community. Miss Margaret W. Brown, of the Iowa 136 PASADENA CONFERENCE library commission, says: "Rural use of izer of the Indiana public library commis- books must be through a well organized sion, summarizes the situation thus: "I center. A single township without a large believe the ideal arrangement would be for town or city cannot provide sufficient funds each city and large town to have its own to give this efficient service or adequate public library and for each such library to collections of books. Therefore, the logic- serve the rural district of which the city or al provision should be through extension town is the business and social center. Thus from a county seat center ... In some each community would work out its own cases the center for county distribution problem and no arbitrary rule would be may not be the county seat, but this would adopted. Some libraries would serve one be the exception and not the rule." township, some several, some perhaps Miss Corinne A. Metz, of Van Wert, Ohio, whole counties, and all the population of says: "In an agricultural community like the state would be reached ... If such Van Wert County, with few large towns and a system were perfected, the use of the with the central library located in the prin- traveling libraries would be in supplement-

cipal town of the county, 1 consider our ing the limited collections in the small pub- county plan admirable, but with several lic libraries."

cities of almost equal size In a county, 1 Contributions from country districts. In think this problem might be a live issue." view of the universal permanent paucity

Ida K. Galbreath, Superintendent of Ohio of funds it is but natural that libraries traveling library department, says: "In everywhere should cast about for addition- our traveling library experience we have al sources of income. It has naturally oc- found the township a most satisfactory ad- curred to library authorities in many places ministrative unit. It seems to me to be the that the surroimding territory which could best imit for rural library extension be- be served by the city library, might and cause all persons are conveniently near to should make contribution to the funds of the point of distribution. Also, local pride the city library as a condition precedent in a township library would be much great- to receiving service. er than in a substation belonging to the In coming in contact with the rural au- county." thorities, therefore, they take the position

(Miss Downey of the same commission, that, If the rural authorities will contribute however, in response to an inquiry states to the support of the city library, the city that it is only in a township where there is library will in turn extend the services to a village of considerable size that they the rural residents. We make the sugges- have been able to establish such a system.) tion that in reaching this conclusion rustic N. D. C. Hodges, librarian of the public psychology has not been sufficiently con- library at Cincinnati, writes: "The county sidered. Every farmer is psychologically extension system has been in force since from Missouri. You cannot imitate the 1898, thirteen years. It has worked well. pieman in his transaction with Simple The small outlying libraries, instead of be- Simon, and ask the town or county offlcial ing dependent upon their own resources. first to show his penny before you deliver have at their command all the resources of your product to him. If you do not demon- the central library. There is a large loan strate to him the value of library service,

collection of books which are deposited in if you do not, in other words, deliver the one agency or another in response to spe- goods before you make demand for a show- cial needs of a locality, to be removed else- ing of the money he Is very likely to make where when that need is satisfied. Finally, the same reply to you that simple Simon there is a well organized and central ad- made to the pieman and inform you that ministration in place of the haphazard ad- indeed he hasn't any penny to exchange for

ministration inevitable in a small com- the library service. I have in mind two munity." cases illustrative of this principle. Carl H. Milam, secretary and state organ- In one case a close-flsted farmer who was DUDGEON 137 the controlling spirit of the library board of deal with the local merchants and probably a small city absolutely prohibited the li- take another book from the library, estab- brarian from furnishing any service to any lishing an endless chain of visits to the individual outside of the city. He then city. It naturally followed that the com- went to the various town authorities of mercial interests of the city were definitely surrounding towns and demanded that each advanced by the library service furnished town should pay one hundred dollars to to the country residents. the city in order to secure library privileges The service thus rendered was probably for its residents. It was but natural that as good an investment of city funds as the equally close-fisted town authorities ap- could have been made, since the Increased proached in this abrupt manner made circulation cost little. But a still more de- prompt reply that they did not propose to sirable result was that the country resi- spend the public funds of the town for the dents became not only patrons of the mer- private advantage of a few residents. As chants of the city but warm friends and a result, antagonism arose between the city supportei-s of the library. A point was library and the country residents. The soon reached where the surrounding towns city library absolutely refused to deliver became willing to make appropriations, so much as an old magazine to any person which, while small, were probably ample residing beyond the city limits. A child to cover the expenses incurred in furnish- who could not present a certificate of resi- ing country service. dence was not permitted in the reading Flexible law needed. From the principle room. To a certain extent, the antagonism that a library unit cannot be artificially toward the library created an antagonism created and cannot always be made co- toward the city in general and a very un- extensive with a political unit, it follows pleasant and unprofitable condition result- that the law relative to the support of coun- ed. All hope of successful extension work try extension should be elastic. In some in the neighborhood of that city is gone cases, it would be well to permit the coun- until God in his providence removes from ty to contribute to the city library. In still the local library situation some of the ob- other cases, one village or city should be streperous members of the present g?ner- permitted to contribute to the support of ation. the library in another city or village, re-

In another instance it occurred to the li- ceiving in return their traveling or branch brary board that the library could be made library service in proportion to amount con- an instrument for attracting rural trade. tributed. In short, the law should permit

They proposed to exploit it legitimately for any political unit to make a contract with civic advancement purposes. They passed any other political unit for library service. resolutions freely extending the privileges And I believe that for demonstration pur- of the library to all who lived in that por- poses at least, any library ought to be tion of the county. The merchants adopt- legally at liberty to serve the people of any ed the habit of recommending the library political unit without charge. to all their rural customers. One member RSsumfi. 1. Assuming that the efficiency of the board who was a merchant made a of library service depends upon the need practice of taking new customers to the of the person served, the quality of the city library and Introducing them to its book furnished, the frequency with which

privileges. He was convinced that, if he the average book is circulated, and the could make a library patron out of a rural cost of the service, experience demon- resident, he had made a customer for the strates that every unit of library extension commercial interests of the city. He real- work, state, county, township, or city, is ized, of course, that the person who took capable of being efficiently operated.

the book from the library would return to 2. Under existing conditions it is for the the city when the book was due. It was present, at least, necessary to employ the but natural that upon his return he should state as a unit in traveling library work. 138 PASADENA CONFERENCE

3. The boundaries of a unit of local Single counties bigger than some states, library extension work can not follow the where you take a sleeper on a fast train boundaries of political divisions. at the county line at sundown, and reach 4. No unit is suited to all needs; the the county seat only in time for breakfast unit must vary with social, Industrial and next morning! Our fathers thought of educational conditions. California as the land of gold. It is rather

5. The essential characteristics of an the land of grain and alfalfa, the land of efficient unit are: lumber, of salt, and of borax, the land of oil, a. It must center in a library with the land of fruit, and fast becoming the considerable resources of books and funds. land of rice and of cotton. Its vast extent b. The existence of such a library has scattered its population; its topog-

presupposes the existence of a city or vil- raphy has isolated it; its varied industries lage of considerable size. have diversified it; and necessities have c. Each unit must include a com- made much of it keen-witted and intelli- munity of natural solidarity bound together gent. by social, industrial and natural interests. Why county free libraries in California? 6. The natural order of extending li- Climb into a county automobile with me brary service into surrounding territory is and glimpse some of our opportunities and that the value of library service must be responsibilities. Here is the beautiful demonstrated before funds are demanded. Capay valley, settled by intelligent, thought-

7. The law providing for library exten- ful, reading-loving English people, living sion should be such as to render contri- thirty miles away from a library. Forget butions by one community to another vol- your native tongue now while we go to a untary rather than compulsory, and should Portuguese settlement up near the San permit any political division to contract Francisco Bay, where only a year ago an with any other political division for library attorney said discouragingly: "No use to service. put a branch of the county free library The CHAIRMAN; The library extension down there. The people won't look at a through the country has probably been de- book." But to-day they tell me that nearly veloped in California more than in any all the children, and at least half the other state in the Union, and we are now grown people are reading. to hear the story of that development from From there we would go to one of our Miss HARRIET G. EHJOY, the county large counties where until a year ago, library organizer of the California state when the county free library was started, library. there was not one free library privilege within its confines, save the state travel- ing libraries of 50 volumes. There you CALIFORNIA COUNTY FREE LIBRA would see at least eight thriving towns, RIES almost cities, eager to be abreast with the procession of library supporting towns, yet What justifies county free libraries in undertaking the establish- California? The answer is CALIFORNIA. diffident about of what has so often proved a medi- From the Mexican line, 1000 miles to the ment institution. pass farm colony north; from the Ocean, 3.50 miles to the ocre We colony, growing up all over east; down to hard pan, and two miles after farm with mushroom-like rapidity, straight up, every inch of California justifies California having the best and most re- the idea and existence of a county tree desirous of farming, but unable to buy library; from orange groves to snow banks cent books on meeting the heavy expendi- every month in the year; from steam them while the development of the plows on the plains, to mills and mines in tures incident to the mountains; from gas engine irrigat- new ranch. the gasoline given out? Then we ing plants in the valleys to stupendous en- Has the many oil leases. gineering enterprises among the peaks. will stop at one of EDDY 139

where you will be surprised, not only at ity of readers in the oil leases, construc- the oil, but at the high quality of intelli- tion camps and other places calling for gence of the people, and where you will professionally trained men, all these rea- find your technical and professional books sons and undoubtedly many others have in steady demand. You will meet educated shown the futility of attempting to secure mothers who welcome your books by say- a library service for all the people by the ing, "We do not want our children to grow use of the two conventional and time- up in bookless homes," a condition other- honored methods, the municipal library, wise forced upon them as their nomadic and the traveling libraries. life from lease to lease eliminates books Even though every municipality in this from the home equipment. One mother state were to have its own established wrote to the county librarian, "There's library, nine-tenths of them would be too nothing out here to look at but the stars. poorly supported to maintain more than Can't you please send us a book about a third rate reading room. And then what them?" about the thousands of people living We would then visit a construction camp beyond the municipal line? The municipal up in the Sierra Nevada mountains sixty library could not possibly shed its bene- miles from a railroad. Graduates and post- ficent beam far enough to lighten the graduates from every notable college in country gloom. Clearly, then, the muni- the Union will greet you there, and you cipal library does not solve the problem discover that the need for books is unpre- of complete library service. And even if cedented, both because of previous oppor- there were a traveling library in every tunities which made books their portion unincorporated community in the state, in life, and because of present isolation, what could it avail for full library service, which makes books doubly welcome. with its fifty miscellaneous books kept for When we have taken this trip and many three months? What would it mean, for others like unto it, and only then, are we instance, to the engineer who wishes to in a position fairly to consider the subject spend his spare time studying some of the of ("alifornia county free libraries. They books published since he left school? or to have been a natural and inevitable out- the ranchman who wants the latest books growth of California conditions and de- on alfalfa? or to the union high school velopment. While the work of the county located out at some country cross-roads? libraries in Maryland, Ohio, Oregon and But even granted that state traveling other states has offered a background, libraries could furnish adequate service, those methods could be applied to Cali- the extravagance of transportation and fornia onlji when modified to meet Cali- duplication would be prohibitive. It is. fornia conditions. Owing to the reversal however, too highly theoretical even to of ways of thinking and doing things suppose such a service, for with the state which the newcomer must make it he will library as a wholesale distributor of books succeed here, it seems impossible tor a through unlimited traveling libraries, the stranger, or anyone who has not had op- medium of connection between book and portunity to study conditions, to realize borrower would be too elusive, too filmy. the problems which are confronted here in To get the best results, there must be California, in attempting to provide com- more concrete relations, a definite means plete library service. The immense size of of service through a more personal super- the counties, with their population so scat- vision. That is, in a huge state like this, tered as to require endless small com- traveling libraries have proved to be a munity centers for marketing; the break- good whetstone to sharpen a library ing up of ranches into smaller acreages, appetite, but scarcely a good meal with and the consequent establishing of hun- which to satisfy it. Instead of having the dreds of colonies; the springing up of state library deal directly with the people, numerous small towns; the superior qual- it is better to have much smaller units 140 PASADENA CONFERENCE as a base, presided over by a live, enthu- for library development which make arti- siastic person who Ijnows the people and ficial organizations unnecessary. Then, who gives them direct personal service, too, the county represents enough valua- leaving the state library to its more legiti- tion to insure adequate financial aid; more- mate worit of supplementing and co- over, its size is great enough to justify ordinating the smaller units. The state trained supervision. It would also furnish library is usually an abstraction in the opportunity for co-operation and co-ordina- minds of most people. The institution tion, checking useless duplication, minim- that is most concrete and is personified in izing wasted effort and useless expense. the work of its librarian can secure most And finally, with every county in the state effective results. organized, it would give all the people a With a conviction, then, that California library service. had its ov.n peculiar problem to work out; Every reasoning, tlien, justified the that it wished only to evolve a plan by adoption of the county as a library unit, which all the people of this state might and with this base, the first county free receive library service; that half service library law was passed in 1909, with these is not business-like; and that a library as its principal features: 1. The entire has demonstrated its right to be con- county was made the unit for library ser- ducted along sound business lines,—with vice. 2. Any municipality might withdraw this conviction, California set herself If it did not wish to be a part of the sys-

single-mindedly to the task of looking tem. 3. The county librarian, who was to towards the best library interests of her be certificated, was given large power in people. What factors must be considered carrying on the work. 4. A committee of before the best results could be induced? the county board of supervisors consti- What conditions were hampering the tuted the library board. 5. An alternative present attempts at library service? or contract plan could be entered into be- First, not a library could be found in the tween the supervisors and any library entire state which had sulTicient funds board, by which the library could in return to promote all the plans for advancement for an appropriation of county money which it could well be justified and ex- render library service to the entire county. pected to undertake; clearly then it was Probably no upward pull has ever been the part of wisdom to seek means to secure attempted in any undertaking by any or- more funds; second, the endless duplica- ganization in history, but what has had Its tion in schools and libraries of the first dltficulties, its setbacks and its obstacles. few thousand books in numerous small And the progress of coimty free library towns showed the need of co-ordination work In California has been no exception. with a larger unit as the base; third, the Its difficulties came from two widely dif- small libraries with their pittance of In- ferent sources: objections on the part of come prohibit trained workers, and it was some library people, and defects In the law

clear that If library service Is to be- itself. The objections from the library come a science, professional supervision side were that the county as a whole was must be provided. And finally what unit made the unit, from which the munici- would insure service to everybody? Only pality not wishing to be Included must one answer to these propositions was in- withdraw; and even when withdrawn Its evitable: The county. In California the position was deemed to be Insecure, since county is the unit of civil government the city trustees could cause It to be In- which corresponds to the township of cluded by their own vote. The other ob- many of the eastern states. The county jection by some libraries was to the con- high school here corresponds to the town- trol by the supervisors. ship high schools around Chicago. The As for the form of the law. It was fatally county, then, offered a logical unit, al- defective in the conflict between two sec- ready organized, and affording machinery tions. The original plan had been to put —

141 the county free libraries into operation had just adopted a new but complicated through petitions, just as in the law pro- system of administration. On being asked viding for the establishment of municipal how it was working out, the manager libraries. But during the passage of the rubbed his hands in satisfaction and said, bill through the legislature, amendments "Fine! just fine! We know to a cent were inserted requiring an election. The about every department." "How's busi- sections providing tor this did not accord, ness?" the first man asked. The man- however, and so rendered the law inoper- ager looked rather blank and then said, ative, except in the section providing for "Business? Wliy, we've been so busy a contract between the county and a city getting the system to work that we library. haven't done any business." The teacher Notwithstanding the objections made to thinks because the class room order is the content of the law from the libraries, good that the school is a success. Li- and notwithstanding its inherent defects braries and librarians, like all other pro- from the legal side, it was a matter of fessions, are apt to confuse the issue, to deep significance, and most encouraging mistake the means tor the end. In a big to those whose hearts were alive to the issue like this, the library is liable to hope of improving library service, that the entangle itself in meshes of confusion, work of organizing and developing the mistaking the mechanics of organization counties went forward with an impetus for the single-hearted purpose—which is that nothing could stop. The eagerness service. of the people for the adoption of the plan So I reiterate, that I am glad my first was instantaneous, for they saw possibil- idea came from the people's end of It. ities for library privileges such as they I shall all my life be proud of that branch, had not before dreamed of. The plan acquaintance with the county free libran- appealed to them as comprehensive, number 1, which we had in our country logical, economical, and business-lilie, high school. The library had the goods. designed to get what the business world We wanted the goods. The county free is seelviug more and more these days library established the connection. That results. Eleven counties in quick succes- was the whole story, a very simple one. sion adopted the contract plan, making in If any of you have ever faced the problem all twelve counties in the state, which are of making bricks without straw, you can now giving county free library service, appreciate what it means to trv to make for Sacramento county had pioneered the a first class high school without the labora- work even before the formal passage of tory service that a library affords. But the law. we got the service that year. Think of one The mere mention of the Sacramento country high school having over $2,000 county free library is the touchstone to worth of books put on its shelves for use awaken the happiest and fullest feelings as it needed them throughout the year!

of reminiscence. I am glad that my first Is it any wonder that high schools all over connection with the work was from the the state, as they hear of this beautiful people's side of it; that my first impression, new plan, are eager for it! and the indelible one, of the true purpose Is it any wonder that as the work of in- of the county free library is service and formation and organization has been always service, that every means to bring carried on, people in the county make this about must always be a means, and every effort in their power to help toward only a means, and never magnified in its success. One high school principal said, importance to endanger or overshadow the "We'll go on our hands and knees to the end. We never want to be in the embar- county officials." Others said, "We'll snow rassing position of the traveler who could them under with petitions." This method not see the woods for the trees. Nor do has been necessary in only one county, we want to be like the business firm that however, for usually the county super- 142 PASADENA CONFERENCE

visors are as keen to see that the adop- these two difficulties, by continued con- tion of the plan will bring satisfaction to ferences and submitting the proposed bill their people, as the people are eager to to library folk who had found reason to see it adopted. The time so far actually complain; and by having the bill com- spent in the starting of county free libraries pletely constitutionalized by expert law- has been ten months. One ultra con- yers and approved from the attorney- servative county required the combined general's office. Only expressions of efforts of two organizers for a month. No satisfaction and congratulation have come particular opposition existed, but merely a from all sources over the result of these desire on the part of the offlcials to be efforts, and there now stands as a conse- thoroughly informed that the people quence upon the statute books of California wanted the library. The very next county a county free library law which we are required only four days, and resulted in confident will prove to be all that every an appropriation of $5,200. Another one hopes for—a medium of library ser- county bade fair to take up the plan with vice to all who wish. I do not mean only a three days' canvass; the super- by that, that we consider it final. We visors were ready to, but an unexpected are seelving only results. If this plan legal question caused the final action to does not give them the desired results, be postponed two weeks. The ultimate or if a better one appears, we shall appropriation of $12,000 made the two greet the new, and lay aside the old, with weeks seem trivial. Still another county the same open mindedness that now in- voted $10,000 after only a week's mission- fuses itself into the present conduct of ary work. the work. We believe, however, that the They tell me that organizing work is new law offers an elastic medium to meet easier here than in most states. I do not our present needs. It contains seventeen know, as my experience is limited. We sections, and attempts to cover whatever have met temporary difficulties here in points may be logically a part of the various ways. Sometimes the plea is that county free library's policy. It differs the county first needs good roads; some- from the former law, which it repeals, in times the bridges have all been washed a half dozen or more vital features. out by last winter's rain; once the county First of all, the establishment of the county superintendent of schools wanted us to free library is left entirely permissive waft till the county had voted bonds for a with the board of supervisors, no petition new high school. But opposition is never or election being called for, as it had met from the general public, for they been i)roved conclusively by the work want the library service; and only one of organization that boards of super- board of supervisors was completely in- visors will, if they think best for the different, but you will agree with me that county, take up the work on their own the circumstances were extenuating; they initiative. A provision for a notice to be really were not to be held responsible published three times before establish- for their strange actions; they were in the ment gives sufficient publicity to the con- throes of a hotly contested primary elec- templated action. The second main point tion, a condition which being undergone of difference is that while the former law for the first time in our state produced included the entire county as a unit, with symptoms of incipient insanity. provisions for a municipality to stay out, The work of organization under the the present law turns the whole plan dia- contract plan continued till it seemed metrically around, making the unit to wise not to carry it any farther, but wait start with only that portion of the county for the new law, which was inevitable not receiving public library service. If a both because of the defects in the first town has no library, it is included; if it one and the objections to it. The utmost has a library, it is automatically excluded. care was taken to eliminate completely Two plans are provided however, by 143 which a town thus left out may if it wishes supervision over the county free libraries enter the system. It may by action of is vested in the board of supervisors, an its board of city trustees become an in- arrangement necessary to insure the library tegral part in event of which, notices of sufficient attention from those who fix intention must be published, and the town the income; but maximum power is given is taxed as a part of the system; or it may to the county librarian, who determines contract with the county free library for what books and other library equipment any or complete service, in which event the shall be purchased, recommends where town is not taxed, but it pays whatever branches are to be established, the per- sum is agreed upon by the contract. Under sons to be employed, and approves all either plan a town may withdraw from the bills against the county free library fund. system. Salaries are fixed according to the class Counties may also contract with each of the county, and range from $2,400 to other for joint service—a plan which will $500. undoubtedly work out with advantage The state librarian is authorized to co- and economy, as in cases of a small and a operate with the counties, by sending large county close together, or two com- a representative to visit them, and by call- paratively small counties, or an inter- ing an annual meeting of county librarians, change of service along the dividing line, just as the state superintendent of public or for particular service of various kinds instruction convenes the county superin- such as the use of a special collection ot tendents of schools. An annual report Is books. required to be sent to the state library, The new law also provides for a board just as at present municipal libraries send of library examiners, made up of three one. A tax ot not more than one mill on members, the state librarian, the libra- the dollar can be levied for the county rian of the San Francisco public library, free library on that part of the county

and the librarian of the. Los Angeles receiving service from it, and the county public library. This boai'd will issue is authorized to issue bonds for any part of certificates to any desiring to become its support. County law libraries, county county libraiians, whom they consider teachers' libraries, and school libraries capable of filling the position. It is per- may be made a part of the county free haps unnecessary to explain this provision library. The law also includes the con- of the law, as its wholesome intent is tract section from the former law, in case clearly manifest. It forestalls the appoint- any county should prefer that plan. ment of any but those qualified for the Such are the salient features of the new position, and thus insures the carrying law. It became operative less than a on of the county work along efficient and month ago, but already two counties have professional lines. The suggestion has taken the first step in establishment. been made by the board of library exam- The growth is bound to be rapid, as has iners to prospective candidates that they been evidenced by the enthusiastic but spend a short time at the state library, sober, serious way the work has so far since it is the clearing house, so to speak, been taken up. In the short time that for records and for information of the county free libraries have been in opera- county free libraries already started, tion, over $70,000 has been appropriated which will pi-ove helpful to those coming by the different counties, 114 branches new into the work; on the same general have been established, and over 12,000 principle that progressive teachers gather people are reading county books. Com- as often as possible for the summer ses- pare that support with the $7,000 that the sion at the University, which in turn be- state library was able to spend this last comes a clearing house of good ideas for year on traveling libraries! At the end the schools all over the state. of seven months one county librarian sent The power to make rules for general in the triumphant note that her card- —

144 PASADENA CONFERENCE holders topped the thousand mark. An- shall have not only the opportunity, but other reported a circulation of over 37,000 the persuasion to read wisely and well. for the first year. The work is already This was the vision seen by those who spreading itself into every branch of launched the plan. This is the daydream activity and industry. School libraries that has quickened the zeal and strength- are being co-ordinated with the county ened the arms of those who have made the work, women's clubs have their special beginnings. In the gleam of this vision, study books, some fruit-packing houses under the inspiration of this dream, have have been made branches, a collection of we not the right to hope that the work will books has been put into a jail, another at continue till our ideal shall become real, the agricultural farm, county teachers' and the people shall enter into their true libraries have in two instances been heritage of a home university. turned over to the county free library, The CHAIRMAN: "We have time for a and home libraries are being sent out in very brief discussion of the library sys- some counties. tems in other states. Miss MARY F. This is the merest beginning. It fur- ISOM, of Portland, will give us a little dis- nishes, however, some basis for prophecy; cussion on too often there Is too much talk, too little done, and California does not covet such COUNTY LIBRARIES IN OREGON a stigma; but in the light of what has already been accomplished I look forward Library development is still in its be- to the time when our ideal shall have ginning in the state of Oregon. The Port- been realized; when the annual appropri- land library has been a public institution ations for library work by the counties only nine years, and for four or five years shall aggregate half a million dollars; enjoyed the distinction, joyfully given up, when in each of the 58 counties of this however, of being the only public library state there shall be a library centre with in the state. It has been a county library branches reaching out to every com- for seven years. Consequently, with li- munity needing them; when in every brary work slowly a-building and fairly county seat there shall be a servant well centralized, we do not meet the com- trained, indeed, in the technique of library plications existing in California and other work—but beyond this and above it and older and more fully developed states, and first of all, fired with the inspiration of a ii has been an easy matter to prepare and mighty ambition to make his library a adopt a law simple in itself, but covering living, pulsing power to broaden and deep- existing conditions and providing for future en and sweeten the whole life of his growth and extension. county; when in every little community The Oregon library law as first enacted there shall be a branch custodian, set on authorized any county containing a popu- fire by the county leader, with vision wide lation of 50,000 or more to take advantage enough to see that care of the branch li- of its provisions, and limited the special brary is a minor incident—that to know tax for library purposes to 1-5 of a mill. all the people and their needs, to quicken This was passed primarily for the benefit the desire to read, to direct that desire of Multnomah County, the only county in when awakened, and to furnish the the state whose population exceeded or books for the satisfaction of the desire equaled 50,000, and to enable the Portland —that this is the real work. I love to library to extend its activities through the dream of the time when library organi- county, which it was exceedingly anxious zation and equipment and service shall be to do. so complete and efficient that every resi- The Portland library was so eager for dent of this coast state, whether in the con- this privilege that an emergency clause gestion of the cities, or the solitude of was added and the bill became a law at the farm distant on the mountain side once. The Library Association of Portland 145 is a private corporation. A contract was ter, the county law was amended, removing made with the county court similar to the the clause specifying the amount of popu- one already existing between the city and lation, and increasing the library tax to the Library Association. Under these two 1-2 a mill, so that now any county in Ore- contracts the county library was organized. gon can avail itself of this law. The sec- Its work may now be summarized as fol- tion specifies that the tax shall be assessed, lows: levied and collected in the same manner as The central library containing the ad- other taxes for county purposes, the pro- ministration offices and the usual depart- ceeds to be known as the "library fund" to ments, reference, children's, circulating, be expended solely for the purpose of es- etc.; four branches in the city with daily tablishing and maintaining, or the assist- delivery from the central library; 406 class- ing in the establishment and maintenance room libraries in the city schools; traveling of a public library within the county. libraries in the engine houses and in the The second section of the law provides club houses of the street railroad men; that the county court for any county which then, through the suburbs of the city, where has levied this special tax may use the li- the population does not justify the main- brary fund to establish, equip, maintain taining of a branch, and in several of the and operate at the county seat of the coun- small towns of the county, there are read- ty, a public library, including branch libra- ing rooms, each open five hours a day, ries, reading rooms, lectures and museums afternoon and evening, and containing a and may do any and all things necessary deposit for circulation of from 500 to 1,000 or desirable to carry out this purpose. A volumes. These have weekly deliveries clause follows which permits the county to from the central library. One of these contract for public library service with any reading rooms is a reference library of corporation maintaining a public library at agricultural books and periodicals, with the county seat. This of course is equally perhaps 75 volumes of general reading for applicable to a city library or to a private circulation. corporation giving public service, as is the In the country districts there are 16 de- case with the Library Association of Port- posit stations of from 50 to 100 volumes land. each placed in the post-office, the general The third and fourth sections cover store, the hospitable farmhouse, the grange the usual provisions that no money can be nail, occasionally the school house, in one expended except upon warrant drawn by instance in a barber shop, and in another in the order of the county court and that a church. These are practically traveling every library so maintained by the county libraries, but a shifting collection and un- library fund must be entirely free to the der elastic rules, for the interested custo- inhabitants of the county, subject to such dian often brings in an armful of books for rules and regulations as are prescribed by exchange to freshen up his collection, as he the county court or the management of the comes into town on his weekly or monthly library were not amended. These bills be- errands. These deposit stations consist of came laws on Thursday, the 18th of May, adult books entirely. The juvenile libra- and Wasco County has already signified ries are placed in the country schools. its intention of establishing a county li- There were over 60 of these libraries sent brary and Hood River County is consider- out last fall and placed in 89 class rooms. ing the matter. The Library Association Does a county library pay? In the last of Portland will henceforth enter into con- ten years Multnomah County gained 119 tract with the county alone, as the % mill per cent in population. In six years the tax will provide sufficient maintenance. In circulation of the library increased 212 per order to provide tor the housing of libra- cent. ries under this act, a county library build- To meet the changing conditions, at the ing law was adopted. The first section of session of the Oregon legislature last win- this law permits any county of the state 146 PASADENA CONFERENCE containing a population of 50,000 inhabi- governing body of the county with whom tants or more, to assess, levy and collect all contracts are made. The power, the re- in the usual manner a special tax not to sponsibility, are left where they should be, exceed 1% mills on a dollar for the purpose with the librarian and directors of each of erecting a public library building. The county library. Library Association of Portland is imme- The CHAIRMAN; We will have a very diately taking advantage of this new law, brief presentation of an older library sys- and has plans under consideration for the tem, by Miss CORINNE A. METZ, of the much needed new building. The second Brumback library. Van Wert County, Ohio. section provides that this tax may be di- vided and may be assessed, levied and col- AN OHIO COUNTY LIBRARY lected in not more than two successive years, but it shall never aggregate more The Hrumback library of Van Wert than the 1% mills. The third section pro- County, Ohio, is the result of the liber- vides that this tax shall be used solely for ality of a former citizen of Van Wert, the erection of a public library building John Sanford Brumback, who in his will at the county seat upon a site approved by directed that a sufficient sum from his the county and conveyed to the county by estate be expended in the erection of a any person, firm or corporation. The library building, on condition that the county court is also authorized to contract county equip and maintain it. The con- for the use and occupation of this building ditions of the will were accepted by the with any corporation maintaining and oper- County t^ommissioners, who entered into a ating a public library at the county seat. contract with the heirs of Mr. Brumback to This contract may be upon such terms and name the library in his honor and for- conditions and extend for such a period as ever maintain it by levying a tax on all may seem advisable to the county court, taxable property of the county for its sup- but in the contract it is provided that the port. plans for the county library building are to In 1899 there was no county library to be in accordance with the plans prepared accept as a model, no county librarians by architects to be selected and under the with whom to compare notes, so the li- control of the management of the library, brary of Van Wert County has gradually subject to the approval of the county court. worked out its own county library system. A fourth section reiterates the command The library is situated in the county that the library shall be free to all the in- seat, Van Wert, a city of 8,000 inhabitants habitants of the county. and the center of a prosperous agricultural In addition to the amended county library district, the only town of considerable size law and the new law relating to county in the county, with the exception of Del- library buildings, the Oregon legislature phos, a city of 5,000 situated partly in also passed a bill concerning farm libraries. Van Wert County and partly in an adjoin- This bill was introduced by a legislator ing county. There are, in addition to Del- who quoted J. .1. Hill that "every farmer phos, five towns with a population of 500 should have a library of agricultural or over and each of these we have utilized books." This law provides that the county as a distributing center. In addition we commissioners may appropritate $200 of have selected other points of vantage, often the general fund of the county for the pur- the village jiost-offlce or the cross-roads pose of establishing farm libraries. The store, from which the surrounding country value of the Oregon law, it seems to me, can be served. Fixed collections of books is its extreme simplicity. No new elements are sent from the central library, accord- are Introduced; no new boards are estab- ing to a regular schedule, so that the sta- lished. The contracts are made with the tions receive four times a year new col- county court which consists of the county lections of 125 books. Extra collections judge and two commissioners. This is the varying from 50 to 100 volumes are sent 147 to the stations requesting these and we collections sent out from the library. Both urge the caretakers of the stations to send plans work admirably and the rivalry re- us titles of all books requested by their sulting further stimulates the work. patrons. The branch librarians, as we call We keep no separate record of town and them, in most cases the postmaster, clerk country borrowers, since the library exists or owner of the store, receive $50 a year impartially for all, and we have placed for their services, in return for which we the emphasis on the personal side of the require of them monthly reports of circu- work rather than on the compilation of lation, careful attention to the packing and statistics. During the past year, I have vis- return of the boxes, and as much interest ited each of the fifteen branch stations in the work as we are able to get, some- at least once and many of them several times not a very large amount. times, but in the future I hope to make a Our school collection, though a separate round of the stations at least three times department, continues the work of rural a year. Last year we held a meeting of the extension, since we loan to any teacher branch librarians at the central library and of the country schools, collections of books although the attendance was small, we for school room use, to be changed as considered it worth while. We shall make often or as seldom as the individual teacher it an annual event and shall also have, wishes to make the exchange. Our greatest this year, a teachers' day, when the coun- development during the past year has been ty teachers will be made welcome and an in this department, due partly, I think, to unobtrusive effort made to interest them the fact that there are in several town- in the school collection. ships of the county school supervisors, With the impetus recently given in Ohio whose co-operation we have been able to to the teaching of agriculture in the country secure, and partly because we have this schools, we shall be enabled to reach many year placed a trained assistant in charge teachers and individuals who have thus of the work, her duty being to aid the far been skeptical of the practical help to teachers in their selection of books, make bo gained from the library. We are also up collections when these are called for, gradually accumulating a comprehensive and compile lists of books for given grades. agricultural reference collection which we

I have also attended a number of teachers' hope in time to make effective. With a meetings and township institutes, some- state institute speaker on our library board times merely calling attention to the school we are able to keep in close touch with collection, but more often talking about the granges and farmers' institutes and books themselves. We find that the teach- have secured from him invaluable aid in ers need not so much to have their interest the selection of agricultural books. County awakened as to have their knowledge of fair is in Van Wert County an event looked children's books increased. We have no forward to from one year to the next and settled plan of distribution, but consider we have utilized this opportunity to ex- each case an individual one, even though ploit the library. We have had, at various extra time is consumed in doing so. In times, exhibits of bulletins and lists, model one town of SOO, the superintendent of the children's collections, recent books on ag- town schools is also superintendent of the riculture, etc. The direct results are not township schools and we have sent to him always easy to see but our endeavor is a collection sufficiently large to supply each to relate the library to every activity of of the seven teachers under his direction. the county.

The teachers go to him to make their In a sense I believe that the rural prob- selection and when one collection is used lem is bigger than the city problem. As up, he is promptly supplied with another. Liberty Hyde Bailey puts it: "We must In another township the school supervisor do constructive work. We must inspire the in his visits of inspection, changes from reading habit, direct it and then satisfy it." one school to another the seventeen fixed Because of this we must, I think, devote 148 PASADENA CONFERENCE much of our time and energy to activities for expenditure which are being forced •wlilch have always seemed to me to lie upon local government by modern urban rather outside of library work, the for- life. In a paper In the Atlantic Monthly mation of clubs and debating societies, for April, Ex-mayor McClellan stated that lectures and institute work, and story tell- the gross municipal expenditure Is increas- ing in the country schools. The average ing at the rate of S.OS per cent per annum, man or woman dwelling In an agricultural which If continued will double in eleven community is both busy and independent years, and that the per capita cost is in- and unless v.e can persuade him that what creasing at the rate of three per cent per we have to offer is what he needs or wants annum, which, if maintained, will double we can accomplish little. Nor can we ap- in 33 years. He says that: proach the problem with any feeling of "Even under normal conditions, if the condescension or patronage. The idea that present rate of increase In the cost of

I occasionally find existing in the minds municipal government continues, the tax of librarians and trustees, that the people on city real estate must ultimately equal of rural communities will hasten to take its rental value. Of course, the moment advantage of an opportunity they have so that this occurs taxation has become con- long been deprived of, seems to me to be fiscation, and the dearest wish of the pure wholly without foundation. As a matter socialist has been realized. The only alter- of fact, they are slow to seek of their native is retrenchment; retrenchment so own accord what they have for so long merciless as to be beyond practical consid- been able to do without. Tact and a knowl- eration until the pendulum of public opin- edge of local conditions are necessary ion, having reached its collectivist limit, tools, together with a rigorous application begins to swing in the opposite direction. of the golden rule. Time alone can show whether we are on The advantages of the county as the unit the eve of an Individualistic reaction or have been too well brought out in the whether the present collectivist tendency earlier discussions of the subject to re- is destined to grow stronger and more quire repetition,— the disadvantages, as I widespread until it commits us to a policy know conditions in my own county, I have of governmental activity hitherto un- been unable to find. dreamed of. and only possible of realiza- The CHAIRMAN: The next paper is by tion through repudiation of public debt Mr. FRANKLIN F. HOPPER, librarian of and the confiscation of private property." the Tacoma public library on We must be awake to the tendency of the times, watchful that In the rapid social changes the library is THE BASIS OF SUPPORT OF ORGAN- Hud economic Its In our civic IZATIONS FOR PUBLIC LIBRARY strengthened in position WORK life. There Is nothing to fear for the li- brary in a possibly ultimate socialistic Taxation, a fundamental necessity for society or in a city supported by single the maintenance of civilization, must in tax, but we must be on our guard. It is some form provide the chief means of sup- time y/e studied more carefully taxation port of public libraries. In spite of the In relation to libraries, the principles universal aversion to paying taxes, there is which underlie their support, discover no one act which can be performed by a their present status in municipal activi- community, which brings in so large return ties, and be prepared for the future. to the credit of general happiness, as the Four chief considerations are naturally judicious expenditure, for public purposes, suggested by the topic, "The bai-ls of li- of a fair percentage of general wealth brary support," first, the reasons for asking raised by an equitable system of taxation. for support by taxation; second, methods At the same time, consider the multitude of effectively presenting budgets to appro- of services and the tremendous demands priating bodies; third, principles which HOPPER 149 govern the amount of budgets; and, fourth, the library tax. Most of us must each means by which libraries may secure con- year ask either for a lump sum or a per- tinuously progressive support in propor- centage of the tax levy from the general tion to advance in efficiency and work ac- appropriating body. Difficult as may be complished. the task, I believe the publicity and the The reasons why libraries are fully jus- struggle work together for the good of the tified in asking and expecting adequate library. If our appropriating bodies are support from their public, whether state, made up of the strong business-like men county or municipal, have been so often they ought to be, they will rightly demand fully discussed in meetings of librarians full justification for the increased appro- that there is no need for me to dwell upon priations we are certain to ask. It is to them here. Ample support of free public be feared that few library budgets would education needs no argument, and it is stand analysis from the point of view of simple repetition to mention the solid an experienced financial man. Our esti- basis on which libraries rest in that re- mates for expenditure, for administration spect. It does remain our duty fully and books need more careful preparation. and finally to conrincc our citizens of our First, we must demonstrate that the li- complete justification. Our position will brary is efficiently serving the community never be without danger until fieri/ one in in strict proportion to its resources. We the community takes for granted the value are judged not by our promises to do, but of the public library, and the first impor- by what we have done. The more efficient tance of its support as he does the public a city administration is, the more explicit schools. Certainly such is not yet the must be our facts. We must show exactly fact, and we librarians are to blame. The what we have done with the money we so-called "leading classes," the large tax have already had, and we must be able to payers, are as yet merely tolerant, if even demonstrate by comparison with other li- cognizant of the existence of the public braries of known efficiency in the same library. We must prove to them the im- section of the country that the proportion portant factor which the library is In pub- of money spent for salaries, books, etc., lic education, the elevating and enriching is right. We must show that the cost per influence which it should have on the char- capita is attended by corresponding use per acter of the people, the economy which it capita. I find that the Idea of trained, ex- is In the ownership and use of books, the pert people at the head of library depart- increased value which it undoubtedly ments appeals to business men. They gives to property, the reduction which Its know the value of efficiency, but we ought existence probably causes in taxes neces- to be able to prove that our experts keep sary for the care of crime, the slight per down costs and increase use; that the li- capita cost, the value the business and brary receives proper return for the larger trades of the city may derive from the effi- salaries paid. We should be able to show ciently administered public library. The what it costs to run the different depart- work which the library commissions are ments in our libraries. For instance, what doing for the people in small towns, in are the costs for preparing books for cir- remote communities, for granges and rural culation. How many of us know just what debating clubs, Is of the first importance we pay for ordering, cataloging and shelf- in spreading broadcast the conviction of listing our books? Most of us do not care the library's value and necessity. to know, for we realize we should be The presentation of budgets to most city ashamed of the facts. We may never be councils or state legislatures is one of asked for these figures by our legislatures the things which make us librarians gray and our city councils, but we should all of before our time. Fortunate is the libra- us be able to compare the cost of these rian whose board of trustees, presumably phases of our work with those of other li- a sympathetic body, has the power to levy braries. How else are we to know If we 150 PASADENA CONFERENCE are getting due return for the money spent cently issued fifth bulletin of the Carnegie and at what points the outlay shows the Foundation for the advancement of teach- best returns? But no one of us Is able to ing, giving results of investigations into make any such comparison, because our what the author considers the extravagant bookkeeping is so bad and because we do and unsystematic administration of our not want to make it any better. colleges. Prof. Bushnell's acute criticism Professor Goodnow says, "perhaps no re- in the Atlantic of the standards and argu- form in municipal financial administration ments presented in the bulletin is perhaps is so desirable as the general adoption of equally illuminating. Certainly the "stu- some effective form of uniform accounting, dent-per-foot-per-hour" or the "circulatlon- which shall be so framed as to make it per-diem-per-dollar" standards are not the

possible to determine whether the adminis- only measures of college or library effi- tration of a given city is efficient." Can ciency. anyone doubt that the shoe fits the libra- To return to the presentation of budg- ries? At the Narragansett Pier Confer- ets: The average city official will do what ence, the Committee on library administra- he believes to be his duty by the library, tion submitted an admirably simple form but the demands for appropriations for for an annual report, designed specially for many municipal enterprises are insistent, the reports from libraries to state commis- and we must never for an instant let him sions. We have proved the value of this foryct his duty to the library. Of great form and particularly of its classification value are tables and diagrams of increas- of expenditures, but surely the time has es in number of volumes and circulation, come when the American library associa- percentages of increase in appropriations tion needs to adopt and recommend to all for the different city departments, in pop- libraries a more detailed form for expendi- ulation, in valuation of property; such tures and for circulation statistics, per- tables as we find in the last report of the haps two forms, one for the larger and one Seattle public library. It pays to keep for the smaller libraries. We have stan- councilmen interested throughout the year, dardized our catalogs, our charging sys- not only at the time for appropriations. tems, our mechanical contrivances, our Much depends on the personal relations assistants, and our own qualifications until between librarians and councilmen, even

we are all so standard we bore one an- more, I think, than between board and other; but two things which need stan- councilmen. dardizing as much as any, we have pretty Influential men of the city, who have no completely overlooked. May we not rea- official connection with the library, should sonably hope that some committee of the see the councilmen in its behalf. Appro- association, perhaps working with an ex- priating bodies take it for granted that pert accountant familiar with our require- boards of trustees and librarians are inter- ments, will devise a scheme of accounts ested to" the point of bias, but it is another which will help us to know where we are story to have leading business men talk

extravagant and where stingy, to compare library to them. Personally I believe that our own costs with those of our neigh- women's suffrage is a tower of strength bors. We are neither businesslike nor for a library. There is no force so potent sensible until we keep our books in such for civic betterment as the women's clubs a way that comparisons can easily be as they are conducted on the Pacific coast. made. The suggestion of the secretary of They Interest themselves actively in the the A. L. A. In the last number of the Bul- best things, and I know from experience letin for reporting and tabulating various the wonderful work they can and will do library statistics is admirable. As to cir- for library efficiency. Powerful as were culation statistics, a word later. the women's clubs before women were en- In considering our library expenditures, franchised, they are to-day, in the state of

it may be of some profit to study the re- Washington at least, holding the balance 151

of the power. May I also say that I per- the use per capita will be reduced by the sonally believe the presence of women on non-reading negro population), the density library boards is of great importance, par- of population, affecting the number of ticularly where women's suffrage exists. branch buildings (which inevitably in- The increased ease with which appropria- crease per capita cost), the special and tions are secured from city councils when endowed libraries which tend to reduce women members of the board appear be- per capita use and also per capita cost, fore them is a sidelight worth notice. All the plans of our library buildings, making over the country the Socialist party is great differences in the cost of adminis- gaining strength. Socialists stand for lib- tration. You say we cannot all fully con- eral appropriations to public institutions, sider all these factors; we take what we good salaries and efficient administration. can get. Yes, but that is neither science Remember that they will work for us if nor business. Perhaps if we subject our we prove to them our cause is just. budgets to scientific and business tests, The principles which govern the amount what we get will more approximate our of money libraries are justified in expect- needs. Someone may say, "All these fac- ing for their maintenance have received tors of character of population, character little systematic investigation. My brief of buildings and so on, completely alter study and tentative conclusions I venture my special problems." Do they alter the to consider merely an introduction to the problem more than they do that of the pub- subject. lic schools? The basis of support for the Given two cities, each having 100,000 public school systems varies in almost as inhabitants, other things being equal, a many ways as there are states, but school public library in one city should do as authorities have given the subject careful much worlc and be of as much service as thought, and the foundation principles the other. It should be possible to meas- which they seem to be actually accepting ure in terms of use the normal efficiency are illustrated by the practice of some of of either library. It is safe to say that the most advanced states. There seems our first factor in determining the extent to be a double basis for maintenance of work is population. But one city is (buildings are a separate consideration). prosperous, progressive, the other is not; First, a per capita basis; that is the num- one has a high property valuation, the ber of children of school age in the state. other is poor. The former city can conse- A state tax is levied to produce say $10 per quently afford to spend more for its public child. That gives a distinct and equitable library. The library in the latter city will foundation for every district of the com- as nearly as possible approximate the ser- monwealth. But the character of the coun- vice and use of that in the former city, ties varies, so the county commissioners and it can serve only in proportion as the are instructed by law to levy a county tax means for service are provided. The sec- which will produce up to a certain amount ond factor in determining our budgets is for each child of school age, say again |10. the amount of taxable property in the city These two levies will produce in the max- and the income it will produce. Under imum, say $20. There is another basis in present conditions, one ought also to take which one takes into consideration prima- into consideration city income from li- rily property values and such other local censes, police court fines, etc. Single tax factors as were referred to above. Local would remedy this complexity. These then school boards decide how much the local are the two cliief factors in our budgets, property can stand for school purposes In first, population and library service per addition to the two tax levies already men- capita; and, second, property values. But tioned; just what are the local characteris- other factors everywhere must be consid- tics which cause the problem to vary; and ered; as the location of the city, the char- they then make whatever additional levy acter of the population (as in the South is necessary to meet the needs. You will 152 PASADENA CONFERENCE

observe that the law in so tar as it applies state law and the revenue would accord- to the state and county tax provides an au- ingly increase with the increase in popu- tomatic increase in the total income in pro- lation to be served. In this way a certain portion to the increase in the number of minimum amount would come automati- children of school age. The office and cally to every public library organization travelling expenses of the state boards of in the state, directly proportional to the education are provided by direct appro- population to be served. In addition each priations by the legislature. Now, it seems county should be empowered to levy a tax to me the conclusions of those states for libraries which would produce enough which have either adopted or are working to meet estimated expenses. The millage toward the plan just outlined are sugges- of the state tax would vary with the num- tive as a basis of support for libraries. ber of people to be served; the millage The population which the public schools of the county tax would either remain the consider is the number of children of same from year to year, thus producing ad- school age; the population which libra- ditional revenue as the county property rians have to consider is the total popu- valuations increase, or it would vary be- lation. The schools do not reach all their tween certain maximum and minimum lim- population; and certainly the libraries do its, the degree of variation to be decided not reach nearly as large a percentage of by the appropriating bodies. So we would theirs, but the difference is not in kind, have a dual basis of support, one a definite but one of degree only, and that difference minimum income for the service of each will gradually disappear as our libraries person whom it is our duty to serve, and grow in efficiency. The organization to- the other the additional income increasing wards which the public libraries in many or diminishing with property valuations.

of the states are tending seems to be Under the present conditions it is possible roughly about as follows: for a municipal library partially to adopt (j) A strong central library system con- some such method by determining what a sisting of commission and state library, fair cost per capita would be, taking into supplying the rural districts, district consideration local conditions and com- schools and the small towns with library parison with other libraries. Once having facilities, organizing new libraries, and in determined such cost per capita, it is easy addition acting as the central library store- to find what millage of the tax levy house on the lines of the New York State would produce the total amount. Even if library whose collection was so recently such millage is not prescribed by state law destroyed. or city charter, it is not difficult to accus- (2) A county library system, sui)plying tom an appropriating body to consider a the needs of every nook and corner of certain rate of tax on property as the the counties. To support this dual system, proper amount to appropriate each year. a state tax might be levied, which would Until the relationship between state com- produce a certain sum for the service the missions and state libraries becomes what commission should render to every inhabi- it Is eventually likely to become, one or- tant not served by the county libraries, ganization working for all the people of and in case an efficient county organiza- the state, it will be difficult to work out tion exists, making it unnecessary for the a proper basis of support for these state commission to act, the amount raised for institutions, but as the organization is state tax for such a county could be paid gradually perfected, it seems that it will over to the proper county library board. become more and more easy to determine It should be possible to find a unit of per Lie proper method of their support by capita cost varying of course in different some form of combination of the per cap- states in proportion to property valua- ita and the property valuation bases. tion and other factors. Such a cost unit A corporation determines each year the once discovered could be embodied in degree of its success or failure by the re- II. STATISTICS FROM

City

ELEVEN SMALLER CITIES 153 turn on the investment. If the profits are ranging in population from 27,000 to 90,000. less than they should be, considering the To get a common basis of comparison for volume of business, an investigation of appropriations. I reduced the assessed val- the different departments follows with a uation of property in all the cities to a view to reduction in costs. There is no 100 per cent valuation, ascertained what absolute test to a library's efficiency. Com- millage on these property values produced parative study of work accomplished and the income for 1910 from taxes, even if ap- cost of maintenance must be our chief re- propriations were made in a lump sum, sources. In making comparisons of work, and what millage would have produced the circulation is by no means the only test, total income for the year 1910 includ- for much of the work and expenditure of ing income from dog licenses, police court libraries is devoted to other fields, such fines, library fines, etc., but excluding in- as reference work and reading rooms. But come from endowments, because compara- it is still a fact that comparative statistics tively few public libraries have more than of reference work and reading room at- very small endowments, and even in such tendance are too inaccurate to form a cases the interest is usually spent for the basis for comparison. Neither is the num- purchase of certain classes of books, for ber of card holders as yet much of a test, which the library would, without the en- as the life of the cards varies altogether dowments, spend but little of its own too much. It remains true then that sta- appropriations. tistics of circulation are the best compar- In the group of large cities the rate of ative test we have of work accomplished. levy in mills which produced the income Unfortunately, even circulation statistics from taxes in 1910 averaged .218 of a mill, are not strictly comparable, so great Is the and the rate of levy which would have pro- divergence in methods of counting. duced the total income, except from en- Next in importance to the adoption of dowments, averaged .26 of a mill. The in- some good definite system of accounting it come per capita averaged 17.8 cents in seems to me that the American library 1900, and 29 cents in 1910, an increase of association should adopt some standard 62 per cent. The circulation per capita In system for counting circulation statistics. 1900 averaged 1.617, and in 1910 averaged Varying rules in regard to the loaning 2.187, an increase of 35 per cent. of books for two weeks or four weeks, the It is interesting to note that in 1910 the counting of renewals, seven-day books, average expenditure for each book circu- counting circulation of books loaned to lated was 13.3 cents (of course you remem- schools, clubs, etc., are merely some of ber that for purposes of comparison we the reasons why accurate comparison is are considering only circulation, and disre- so difficult. However, in order to come garding entirely reference work). The cor- to any conclusion at all, we must find responding averages in small cities are in- some basis of comparison if it is only ap- teresting. I venture to read the list of proximate. these 11 cities: In collecting some statistics of library Brookline (Mass.), Cedar Rapids. Du- support and use in the United States, I luth, Elizabeth, Erie, Jackson (Mich.), tried to get returns from each of the 51 Lynn, Peoria, St. Joseph (Mo.), Springfield cities which has more than 100,000 popu- (Mass.), Tacoma (Wash.). lation, according to the census of 1910. The rate of levy in mills which produced Counting Allegheny, Brooklyn, and Queens the income from taxes in 1910 (based on a Borough separately from Pittsburgh and valuation of 100 per cent) averaged .304 New York, there are in all 54 such cities; of a mill, and the rate of levy which would three of them have no public libraries, and have produced the total income except from 19 others insufficient data was ob- from endowments averaged .329 of a mill.

tained to make comparison possible. I was The income per capita averaged 35.7 cents also able to secure figures from 11 cities, in 1900, and 35.5 cents in 1910 (practically 154 PASADENA CONFERENCE the same), but the circulation per capita ues, character of population, plan and increased from an average of 2.61 in 1900 number of library buildings, etc. Such a to 3.259 in 1910, or 25 per cent. The aver- millage carefully determined will increase age expenditure for each book circulated the library revenues each year, as the in 1910 was 10.5 cents. In 1910 the small wealth of the community and its conse- cities received an average income per cap- quent ability to spend increases. At pres- ita of 22 per cent more than the larger cit- ent the average rate which will produce ies, and had an average per capita circula- our library incomes is approximately .3 of tion of 49 per cent more than the larger one mill on the dollar, reckoning on the cities. As showing the very distinct con- basis of 100 per cent valuation. It is safe nection between income and circulation, it to say that this average rate is too small-, may be noted that in the two groups of for the inadequately supported libraries cities, the one which has the largest per are in the majority. capita income (Brookline) also has the The CHAIRMAN: (Mr. Carr here again largest per capita circulation, and the one takes the chair.) I think we owe a great which has the smallest per capita income deal to Mr. Hopper for the presentation has the second smallest per capita circu- of this most interesting paper. Few except lation. those who have done this kind of work

Unfortunately, I could not obtain suffi- realize the amount of labor he must have cient data to complete accurate compara- put into that paper. I have no doubt it tive statistics of increases in appropria- will be a great help to us in the future, tions for schools and libraries. It Is I and further suggestions in that line will think approximately correct to say that in amplify the results to be derived there- 1910 appropriations for schools averaged from. about 15 or 16 times those for libraries, We have with us to-day Professor but the percentage of increase since 1900 ARTHUR H. CHAMBERLAIN of the Uni- was greater for libraries. According to versity of California, who comes to us as the Census Bureau, in the 148 largest cit- the accredited representative of the Na- ies of the United States, from 1902 to 1907. tional Education Association. I now have the per capita expenditures for the police great pleasure in introducing Prof Cham- departments increased 10 per cent; for berlain. fire departments 21 per cent; for schools INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE 23 per cent; for libraries and museums 37 LIBRARY AS AN EDUCATIONAL per cent. From these figures it seems evi- FACTOR dent that the per capita expenditures for libraries have increased more rapidly On the fourth day of July and one year than those for any other department of short of three quarters of a century ago municipal activity. the first real apostle of popular education In conclusion, may I venture the opin- in this country wrote in his journal: "The ion based on the comparative statistics people who speak to me on the subject of studied, that the only way in which a li- my Secretaryship seem to think that there brary may be sure of continuously pro- is more dignity or honor or something in gressive support in proportion to growth being President of the Senate, than to be of population and increase of library Missionary of Popular Education. If the needs, is to secure either by state law or Lord will prosper me for ten years, I will city charter a certain minimum millage show them what way the balance of honor of the annual tax levy, such minimum to be lies. But this is not a matter to be done adequate for at least the essential needs sleeping."! And on October twentieth, of an efficient library, and to be determined seventy one years later, four months be- in the first place by the amount needed to fore his death, a great soul said: "How do reach the present population, and by the 1 Horace Maitn'' lal. Sec HuWiell, Horace necessary modifications of property val- .Ma nn. r. SI. CHAMBERLAIN 155

I know that life is worth living unless I not be told, for it is you who have made it learn that somebody else has found it so? such. You agree with Draper that, "The Where shall I find that? In a book! How state which can put a mark upon its map shall I know that victories are to be won wherever there is a town or village library, unless I find the records in books? Men and find its map well covered, will take and women who have been successful in care of itself."3 With MacCunn do you also life are telling us of this on the printed agree that. "Many an end really within the pages. This is uplifting. A book is noth- individual's reach is never grasped simply ing but an individual. If you sit down with because it is concealed by the screen of one of Howell's books you sit down with ignorance; and many a man in later years Howell. If you have a public library you can, with bitter, unavailing regret, see have the best men and women of the clearly how his whole career might have world as neighbors. "2 been different if only this end or that had Horace Mann was prospered tor his ten been brought within his ken by the written years. His work as secretary of the Board or the spoken word."-! of education of Massachusetts laid the The school and the library are parts of foundation of the most far-reaching re- one and the same great organic institution. forms in school administration that our Whether housed in the school building or country experienced to the sunset of the in a separate structure on the campus, or last century. And James H. Canfield in a public building, managed by a special as teacher, librarian, and man, performed board and financed by the municipality, the a work in stimulating the individual and library is part and parcel of the educational community mind for good books, that rises scheme. The books of the library are as to-day his monument. East and west and much a part of the school machinery as are from the Gulf to Canada, there are men and the various pieces of apparatus in the phys- women, of whom those before me are wor- ical laboratory, the biological specimens, thy representatives, whose duty and de- the collections used in the study of miner- light it is to bear witness to Mann's message alogy, or the tools and materials in the of a rich and purposeful popular education. craft shop or the school kitchen. To think Daily these "Prophets in Israel," your fel- of the library as apart from education and low workers and you, sit down with boys as simply a desirable aid to the school, is to and girls as did Canfield. And as the artist place it in the amusement column. Al- traces with his brush upon the canvas the ready some libraries, and the major por-

landscape that speaks to you from those tion of most, I fear, judged by the books yesterdays which were once to-morrows. on their shelves, belong with the theatre or as the musician strikes the chord that and the summer resort. A collection of sets vibrating the strings of memory; so books meeting this requirement merely do you spread before your boys and girls is not a library. Of course we must have the lives and deeds of those who have a care for relative values and your speaker been successful and of service—lives and fully realizes the legitimate place the li- deeds reflected in the pages of the book. brary plays as a means of entertainment Not mine the interesting task to trace and recreation. s "After the church and the the development of the school and library school, the free public library is the most as factors in the life of the community. effective influence for good in America." Our topic is the more circumscribed, if said Theodore Roosevelt. This is stating fully as intense and more important one, in another form that the church, the school of how to increase the value of the library and the library are three of the elements. as a means of education. That the library without which any educational organiza- is or should be one of the most vital of tion is less than perfect. educational factors, you of all people need ^American Education, p. 4C. 4 The Making of Character, p. 193. SJewett. The public lihran- anri the public school. Public libraries. 14:119. 1909. 156 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Your speaker had occasion to say re- to make known the contents of the library cently tbat with building and equipment to the community."' By all means have the and playground and library facilities and beautiful building where possible. But am- all that goes to constitute the material and bition to possess "the best library building physical side of a modern school, the plant in the state"; to be able to furnish on the would prove inadequate to meet the de- initial request, the novel fresh from the mands imposed, unless the teacher of pur- press; or to show in the annual report an pose and of power was the guiding genius unparalleled percentage of increase in of the whole. Personality in the teacher stock—these are not necessarily commend- counts for more than all else on the success able ambitions either on the part of libra- side of the balance sheet. So is it with rian or board. The vital questions are: your librarian. Before building or equip- Has the individual been reading, what ment or books, the librarian stands su- does he read, and how? Is taste develop- preme. The librarian is the center of the ing? Is there an increased demand for the system and all else depends upon her. best in history and biography and science The first element necessary in making and poetry and travel and art? Are books more efficient the library you represent is read, or do patrons go through the a more efflcient you. For what constitutes library as the average tourist visits an art a library? A beautiful building construct- gallery or "sees Europe?" ed by private funds or public bond issue How often has there come home to me and raised amid charming surroundings the distinction as between a real library, of lawn and lake and grove? Furniture and and a collection of books, when in one or equipment of the most modern type? A another city throughout the country I have large collection of books? Too often this been shown the library—a beautiful, cold, Is indeed the library. It is a show place. unsympathetic monument in stone and

It constitutes "Erxhibit A" when visitors are steel, its exterior without a blemish, its taken proudly about town on a tour of in- rooms palatial, its shelves spotless, and spection. But what of the librarian? Do ninety per cent of the books light fic- her townspeople, her friends and associ- tion, novels of the passing moment, origi- ates, realize the part she is daily called nally printed serially in the magazines. Or upon to play in shaping the ideas and ideals interest has been centered upon volumes of the community? A man or woman of of such specialized character that the dust personality, of tact, and one trained in li- of months is upon them or the leaves uncut. brary lore and possessing a knowledge of Fiction in this instance is fact. Here the books, of teaching, and particularly of in- main business of the librarian is indeed to dividuals—such will be the librarian in fact. be up-to-date with the latest fiction, and to And a humble structure housing a handful see that the building is kept immaculate of well selected volumes may be the library and the rooms absolutely quiet. Seeing of real educational value in any commun- this I have said: "What a waste of the ity. people's money!" "There is, undoubtedly, a certain benefit Other kinds of libraries there are and to the growth of the civic spirit in a small other types of librarians. This brings me town, in the presence of a beautiful, digni- to the second point in the discussion. All fied library building, and where it can be librarians must be teachers in spirit and maintained without detriment to the real temperament, and all teachers must under- service of books, it is the fulfillment of a stand how to work with books. Some one commendable ambition to have such a has truly said in speaking of the untrained building. But, oftentimes the library ser- that "you should not put drugs of which vice would be stronger in rented quarters, you know nothing into a body of which appropriately and adequately equipped, you know less." The individual who under-

a li- with a sufficient collection of books, 6 BuililitiKs are not libraries. Eilitorial. Public sympathetic, up-to-date librarian in charge l.iaries, 14:56, 1909. CHAMBEJRLAIN 157 stands books slightly and boys and girls until he or she is proficient in the elements not at all can not be expected to make eith- of library administration. This knowledge er a good librarian or an excellent teacher. is of greater importance than much else the It is then not only necessary to train libra- student is required to know. If programs rians for their profession, but all normal are now over full, room must be made and training schools must offer courses of through the process of elimination; for instruction in the use of the library to pros- library work is not a subject as in mathe- pective teachers. This suggestion has in matics or Latin. "It is a method of work." it no element of originality. You remind Without it no work can be effective. We me that already many schools are attempt- have thus to consider what should ing this work. And in any event, you say be taught to teachers in training. Since this is a matter for the school people and this depends upon what pupils should not for the librarians. It must, I submit, be required to know that they may use the in point of fact, be worked out jointly by library understandingly, we must here librarian and teacher, the training and ex- speak of library administration from the perience of the librarian being a positive standpoint of the school. force. One has but to study conditions as they The replies to a recent inquiry as to li- exist, whether in the public or the school brary instruction in normal schools show library, to note that adults, not to speak that of thirty-two schools replying (and of boys and girls, are practically at sea representing eighteen different states), when making investigations. In a general twenty schools offer instraction in the use way the location of certain books may be of the library. Four schools offer no in- known. How to find books on a particular struction whatever; one replies "yes and subject new to one; how to locate material no"; in one school occasional instruction is bearing upon the text in use; how to find given; in one instruction is incidental; in parallel studies, or substitutes, provided the two there is individual instruction, and in required book be missing; how to separate three courses are in contemplation. The the wheat from the chaff, and gather up the number of lessons per year range from one. main points in a discussion; how to study two or four in several schools to sixty in to the best advantage—in fact how to use one school. Between these limits one school the library; on these matters the average offers ten to eighteen lessons, three give boy or girl, man or woman is comparatively eighteen to twenty, one school thirty. In ignorant. Many well-meaning students only twelve schools is the work obligatory spend more time in groping through the li- and in all but three of these the instruction brary in a fruitless search than they give is given by the librarian. Where library to reading, and many a one remains away work is optional, either the librarian or a from the library altogether when now and faculty member gives the instruction.' again he finds a few moments for study, While extremely suggestive as indicating knowing that only a prolonged period will the trend of affairs, it is quite evident that reveal the desired material. as yet few school boards, superintendents, And with the book in hand how few principals, teachers or librarians have se- know how to use it. Surely you have all riously considered the necessity of prepar- had occasion to wish that the school taught

ing all our teachers in the elements of li- ))upils in the art of study. I sat recently in brary work. Such work in normal schools the library of a great university observing and education departments in colleges must a number of young people, the product of be obligatory, for regardless of grade or our high schools, as they pursued their type of school, and in whatever subject, the studies. In the make-up of most of them teacher must handle books. And no stu- the art of concentration seemed entirely dent should graduate from such a school lacking. Pages were turned listlessly. and 7 Library Instruction in Normal Schools. Results Notes were made, passages were read circular sent out from Newark, N. J. of replies to a re-read, positions were shifted. Only for public library. Public libraries, 14:147. 1909. 158 PASADENA CONFERENCE the briefest periods were minds centered beginning, specific books need not be men- upon the subject In hand. Five minutes of tioned, but those covering the general sub- concentrated, consecutive, understanding jects In which the particular class is most study will bring better results than will pro- interested may be located. Subjects over- longed reaches of time given under such lap and a given book may touch upon a va- conditions. And these college people, well riety of subjects while another may deal meaning and ordinarily bright and intelli- distinctly with a narrow phase of a given gent are typical of those found the country subject. This the pupils should under- over. Conditions with higli school and stand, and thus they may more readily ap- grade pupils are even worse. Not inter- preciate the basis of classification of books. ested, you say. They simply do not know The main features of the use of the card how to use books. Is it then the duty of catalog may be illustrated, together with the teacher and the librarian to first in- the value of the subject, author and title struct readers in this art, or is the time to index and how to use the cross references. be given to the mechanics of school keeping All of this. In simplified fashion, can be and to library routine? Welcome the time given to a class in one or two lessons. And when with Elizabeth l^arrctt Browning together with the instruction on the use of "We gloriously forget ourselves and plunge the library there can be given, here and Soul forward, headlong, into a book pro- there, hints on authorship, the value of found, good books, methods of opening and hand- Impassioned for its beauty and salt of ling new volumes, the place of good litera- truth— ture and of books as friends. All this will 'Tis then we get the right good from a stimulate the class to a better care of books book."* and an increased desire to begin a collec- Every well regulated school of several tion that shall develop into a library. teachers should have a carefully selected As opportunity offers, specific details list of books and a librarian to preside over should be presented. Many high school them. This librarian should be a member pupils and most children believe their text of the faculty. Eveo' public librarian books contain practically all the informa- should possess the instincts of the true tion available on a given topic. Indeed, teacher. Much of the pupil's time during you librarians have still a task in convinc-

the first days of school (and here I speak ing many otherwise excellent teachers that particularly of the last two years of the ele- they need go outside the prescribed text mentary and the secondary school period) book for teaching material. When failing should be spent in the library, or in the to find a particular reference the boy or recitation room with portions of the library girl does not know how to locate other ref- brought to him. Where the school is with- erences just as good perhaps; may not out a librarian, the public library should even know there are other references in furnish a demonstrator. And in any event, existence. Or, having a subject to investi-

all pupils should report to the public li- gate, the student may have forgotten the brary for instruction. They should be name of the author cited to him. He may taught in groups. The first lesson should know the author and cannot recall the sub- acquaint the students in a general way ject or the title. A few minutes spent with with their library home. They should a class, working on a typical case, will re- know each member of the library staff, sult in the saving of hours to each pupil should visit every room and be told some- during the year. Nothing will tend to draw thing of the units composing the entire young people to the library for serious plant. They should know how a book is work as will a knowledge on their part of ordered, how shipped, what happens when how to use the tools.

it reaches the receiving room, how it is Schools and libraries receive my first at- classified, cataloged and shelved. In the tention on visiting a city. Continually have

8 Aurora Leigh. I been disappointed on entering a library CHAMBEIRLAIN 159 for the first time, eithei' on a search for a called upon, be ready to visit the schools, particular item, or to study the library or- and there, in the absence of a trained school ganization. Being familiar with the num- librarian, give instruction to the classes.

ber of the book wanted I may be told it is Class room demonstrations on the care of not in unless upon the shelf where it prop- books, opening and handling, keeping them erly belongs. The library being new to me unsoiled and sanitary, on the meaning of and my time limited, I may not be able to title, introduction, copyright and dedica- locate the shelf. Or, putting myself in th(> lions, how to use the table of contents or

position of one who knows nothing of li- index—these topics can be made of interest brary system, I cannot locate my book and value to the pupils. The making of

even though I have time. In matters of this outlines, abstracts, or briefs, and the work- kind it is the surriral of the iiisistevt. The ing up of a bibliography are of prime im- timid go away mentally starved. portance and should be required of all high The librarian must show the student how school students. The librarian should seek failure to find a given book in its accus- an early opportunity to address the school tomed place is no guarantee it is missing in assembly. Here can be brought out the

from the library. The book I ask for may necessity for an organic unity between li- simply be misplaced, but the pupil may not brary and school. The pupils and public realize this; or he may be unable to trace may be made to understand that to locate a book so misplaced. A book may have and hand out books is the least important been returned to the library and be lying part of the librarian's business. The great upon the receiving trucks, or it may be re- question is: "What will the library do if served. It may be in the bindery. Just the people will permit it to do it?" because these matters are not understood, As books of reference, our most common, and because of young and old, students and the dictionary and the encyclopaedia are, teachers, few know how to trace a subject as previously hinted, very little under- unless they are in possession of all the stood by the average reader. Practically data, or how to secure a substitute for a the only use to which the dictionary is put book that is unavailable, they go without. is to give the proper spelling of a word, Human nature is much the same in all of syllabification, and in all too few cases us, and what we speak of as "our igno- where the art is understood, of pronuncia- rance" we do not wish to exhibit. We tion. The length of time required for most therefore prowl about here and there. We high school pupils to search out a given thumb this book and that, make a pretence word is appalling. They know little or at interest, and finally take ourselves from nothing of how to ascertain the various the library altogether, thenceforward to tones or shades of a word; how to get at rest content with the dictionary and ency- the meaning through illustration In the con- clopedia, which by the way, we think we text; to weigh the various forms of usage; know how to use but probably do not. "The to search for synonyms or derivations. fact that many of those who frequent pub- For the one who knows how to use it to lie libraries are inexperienced, and the still the best advantage, there is more real in- more obvious fact that a vast number formation in the commonplace dictionary of people who do not frequent public than comes to the ordinary reader from an libraries, stay outside because they do not armful of volumes. It can be easily under- know what books to ask for, if they enter, stood how the 1.1 Die, Pilgrim's Progress and leave a responsibility with the libraries and the dictionary laid ine foundation for a lib- committees which they cannot escape."' eral education in the life of Abraham Lin- Not only should the public librarian offer coln. Instruction to the students who come from The particular field and function of the the schools, but many librarians will, if reference books should be pointed out, and here the librarians will again find their first 9 Responsibility for the public taste. Library. Hill. work with the teachers themselves. Vew Series 7. p. 260. 1906. For 160 PASADENA CONFERENCE just as few teachers know how to use the the library. Both teacher and librarian Cumulative index, the Readers' guide to pe- must keep in touch with the progress of riodical literature, or have the courage to pupils, and encourage them to add to the work over public documents or state papers, lists any desirable references found. This so there is lost to them much of the wealth will assist the pupils in working out their contained in manuals, yearbooks, alma- bibliographies later in the term. nacs, hand-books of dates, facts and quota- With this proper understanding between tions. The Readers' Hand-books, Adams' teacher and librarian, the former will not Manual of historical literature, and the shoulder her responsibilities upon the lat- many general and special bibliographies. ter. Nor will the librarian fail to meet the Could librarians instruct the rank and file emergency call of the student. If the teach- of the teaching profession in the technique er does not inform herself on what the li- of real reference work a new world would brary has to offer, but simply admonishes be opened to many a teacher. She could the student to "go and ask the librarian," accomplish more in less time, and perhaps both teacher and librarian lose cast with feel that she could afford to satisfy her the student. The teacher is held to be ig- desire for general reading for culture. norant and the librarian a servant. The You will not presume me so narrow as to process as between school and library must hold the librarians entirely responsible for be one of integration. The teacher and li- shortcomings in our schools, and tor all es- brarian must work together. Whether in sential instruction in library and book use. school or in library we must realize the But before the teachers can instruct the force of Dr. Harris's remark: "It is our pol- pupils the teachers must themselves be icy rather to develop ability than to give taught. Before class work opens in the fall exhaustive information. The printed page the librarian should meet and instruct the is the mighty Alladin's lamp which gives teachers. In the elementary school this to the meanest citizen the jjower to lay a may be done by grades. In the high school spell on time and space." the teachers of a given subject may form The teachers and the public librarian a group for instruction, or all may assemble must strike hands in the matter of selecting in a body. It is absolutely necessary that books to be ordered. The librarian should be teachers be proficient, for from no one can given extended powers in all matters of ad- Instruction so well come as from the class ministration and then held for results. The teachers. Like morals, the use of books board is an advisory body and must have and the significance of good literature can the final word as to funds, but if the judg- best be taught incidentally to the Immature ment of the librarian is not to be taken mind. While the set lessons of librarians in the matter of selection of books, must be in a sense abstract and formal, in- having first advised with the teachers, struction in class comes in such mannner he had best seek a new field. The and at such time as to show direct applica- teachers should keep in touch with trade- tion to the work in hand.'" list journals, catalogs, publishers' bulletins The teachers should submit to the libra- and review columns. Teachers themselves rian a list of topics upon which the various should keep a bibliography on each subject classes will be asked to report during the taught and add to it from time to time. first days of school. Together with each They should work in the library side by list the teacher should give the titles of side with their students, thus giving to the books she desires the class to study. No latter the same zest and enthusiasm as book or reference should be thus suggested comes to them when their instructors take with which the teacher is not perfectly fa- part in their games and sports. This will miliar. If she desires the librarian to add tend to relieve the library work of any ele- to this list she should make this known. ment of drudgery that might attach to it The reference list should then be posted in in the pupil's eyes, did they think it was 10 Mendenhall. Library Instruction in Normal only for those who had to recite. Schools. Public libraries. 13. p. 39. 1908. CHAMBERLAIN 161

Librarians frequently remark: "We must That the school and library may inte- order what our patrons demand. The peo- grate still further it has been found ad- ple pay the bills. Our readers call (or nov- vantageous in some localities to organize els and light literature; they do not call libraries and schools under one and the for the other Icind." This is in part an- same management, or, as elsewhere, to swered by saying that one reason novel have a member of the board of education readers patronize the library and other a member also of the library board. The readers do not is because the first find their librarian may in fact be a member of the wants gratified, while the others may not school board. The same argument would be so fortunate. Students can be made of apply to the desirability of this double rep- novel readers, just as a course of treat- resentation for library and school, as to ment will make strong healthy boys out of playgrounds and schools. The same care weak and dissipated ones. Many times a shown in planning a school building boy may be led to better reading by en- should be exercised in planning a library, couragement and by telling him he is capa- and experts should be intrusted with this ble of going deeper into his subject than work. Lighting, heating, ventilation, loca- are those about him. The books he is read tion of stacks and shelves, arrangement of ing are interesting but you have something rooms, offices and desks—these are mat- for him along the same line, only of a bet- ters of the first importance. All of this ter order. Little by little a wrong tend- suggests that from the financial side the ency may be changed. The influence here advantages of the dual representation are of the teacher is of the utmost value. To obvious. No question would then arise as preach a taste for good books and then be to the librarian giving necessary time to found reading trash, robs the teacher's the school, and here could be located a opinion of weight and her advice of force. branch library presided over by a librarian Many a library is rich along one line of salaried by the school. school work and almost barren of books Care should be taken not to duplicate touching other phases. This will probably unnecessarily the magazines and period- be due to the bias of the librarian, or more icals found in the school library and those likely to the fact that some particular in the public library. In so far as possible teacher requires considerable library work the permanent pictures should also be dif- of his students, and little by little, books ferent. Simple but artistic decoration and have been purchased for his department. finishing should always be secured. Naturally, the English and history depart- Tactful librarians may be of great ser- ments in their various phases make the vice in advising with school authorities greatest draft upon the library. But care and principals as to the location of the must be exercised lest the library become school library room. If space is at a pre- top-heavy. All subjects have a strong hu- mium, as it usually is, the library will likely manizing side and those who study science be found in a dark alcove, or in the base- or mathematics or industrial or technical ment, or on the third floor, or at one side education must be made to feel that the of a dreary study room. Without excep- library is for them as well. Too frequently tion, the library should occupy the best lo- we endeavor to force the boy who is me- catiou in the building. It should preferably chanically inclined to read poetry or Eng- be removed from sound of playground or lish history and try to turn the attention street, and be placed on the first or second of his more bookish brother toward natural floor. It should be sunny and commodious, science and the industries. In this way, and unless the school is unwieldy, the we say, we shall make well-rounded stu- study periods should be spent here rather dents. Librarian and teacher must beware than in a study room. The books should lest the boy, halted in his purpose, stop be grouped as to subjects—ancient history, reading entirely and forsake the library. English literature, French, chemistry, ge- By suggestion and careful direction the boy ography and the like. The pupil should may be led where he can never be forced. report for study in the library, and take up 162 PASADENA CONFERENCE his position in the alcove where the books but comprehensive abstracts of books and of his subject are grouped. The librarian articles should from time to time appear. or an assistant may thus, without loss of Every dollar put into cheap novels, which, time, know what each student is doing and when read are out of date and will never can lend aid or suggestion. If the book or again be referred to, would better be de- books needed in a given instance are not voted to securing additional library assist- available the librarian should know this. ance and in publishing bulletins. Only in The pupil, with proper adjustment between rare Instances should a book of fiction or a teacher and librarian, may not return to volume of more pretentious foundation, by his class unprepared and with the excuse an untried author, find place on the library that his book was "not in." The small shelves in less than a year from its appear- room library with its selected list to meet ance. The major portion of cheap books the needs of the class from week to week, would thus never be brought within the li- is essential to good work. However, too brary. One authority advises against buy- great a draft must not be made upon the ing for school libraries, literature less than public library. The subject will determine twenty to twenty five years old. '2 One of whether one copy of each of several books the evils of the day is found in the unwhole- or several copies of one should be placed some novel, the cheap magazine, and the in the class room. It sometimes happens Sunday newspaper. The danger lies not that teachers themselves, thoughtlessly or so much in the story itself as in a warped otherwise, have levied on all the reference habit of mind soon established in the books in a given subject and then refuse reader. It is for the teacher and librarian to accept the explanation from the pupils, to so analyze the mind of the boy as to that nothing can be found. properly direct his reading into normal

And "Let the student be sent to the li- channels. brary early and often; there is no more The children's or juvenile room, if prop- welcome visitor, but let him be sent upon erly conducted, is of the greatest value. an errand of dignity. Let the subject be Because teachers have their own tasks to one which will broaden his outlook, in- perform they can give little assistance here crease his store of valuable knowledge and In person. Through counsel and advice they increase his pleasure in the use of good can do much. Story telling and reading to books. Do not, I beg of you, even if he children should have a large place, and be sent, let him work so long over an allu- hence, to be of the greatest service a suffi- sion in a classic which he is studying that cient number of assistants or associates he lose all appreciation of the literature must be in attendance here. Our children's and go away from the library with a dis- rooms in libraries must be modern in taste instead of a taste for 'the best that method. Stories and readings, given along has been thought and said in the world.' the line of the school program and school A teacher fails somewhat if the pupils are activities, will greatly facilitate the regular not led to books. What use if a child be teacher's work. taught to read if he be not taught what to If then the curriculum be crowded and read and where to get it? The teacher the school system so rigid that no place re- should seek to create an appetite for books, mains for the humanizing Influence of good the librarian to gratify the appetite cre- books, the teacher and the librarian must ated."" work the problem out between them. If Some of the money used in the purchase the pupil's interest lies in statescraft and of new books could more profitably be oratory give him Patrick Henry and Web- spent in issuing a series of bulletins, these ster and Pitt and Lincoln; if he wishes in sufficiently large editions to provide stu- verse, there is Stevenson and Lowell and dents and others interested. Clear, simple, Riley and Kipling; if applied science or In-

11 Jewett. The public library and the school prob- 12 Public schools and their librari Library, New lem. Public libraries, 14:119. 1909. Bries 7. p. 373. 1906. 163

vention, then Franklin and Fulton and here and I presume he would like to ex- Morse and Edison. For each one, young or plain his position a little more thoroughly. old, the library may be "made to talk" if Mr. JENNINGS: From the discussion only the teacher and the librarian are wise which followed my paper on Saturday

and tactful. The day of the few books is morning, it seems that I failed to make my past, and it is worse than useless to de- meaning clear on one important point. plore the change from the few well known The title of the paper was "Municipal civil

to the many scanned; but at least some service as related to libraries" and 1 good books revealing the life and times of thought it was understood that my criti- the great epochs in all countries can cisms were directed at external not at be well assimilated. A few books should internal civil service. I am convinced that be well digested. But with our libraries no outside commission should control in overflowing with richness, with books and any way the library staff. 1 think we all newspapers and magazines; with pictures agree on that. and exhibits and lectures; with museums Two excellent arguments or illustrations and concerts and recitals, and all given in have come to my attention during the last the name of education, teachers and libra- two days and 1 beg to mention them here. rians have great opportunities and in- The employees of the state Department creased responsibilities. They must also of Education and the state library at Al- pave the way that the pupil may gather the bany have been chosen for years by kernel from many books of many kinds, the New York state civil service commis- and from these manifold sources, all .of sion. .The Commissioner of Education, Dr. which are more or less closely related to Andrew S. Draper, has, however, come at the library. last to the conviction that this system does Modern methods of teaching lay more not secure the best grade of men and and more stress upon the use of the library women for positions above the grade of as a working laboratory for all depart- clerks and he is seeking either a modifica- ments, a means of supplementing the regu- tion of the system or a complete change lar text-book work in the class room by the that will enable the department to get the use of books and illustrative materials so best. He finds the need sometimes of per- as to give the pupil a broader view of the sons who do not happen to reside in the subject and awaken an interest which may state of New York and he desires a method lead to further reading on his own account, of selection sufficiently elastic to permit to create a love of reading and develop a the use of judgment on the part of the library habit which will lead him to the appointing officer. best use of the public library after school The second illustration is the story of a days are over as well as during his school town in the middle West, the name of

life. "Through the cooperation of principal, which I am not at liberty to mention. The teachers, and librarian, the library may library board in this town decided that the be made the very center of the school library needed a change of librarians and work."'^ And if either teacher or librarian presented their views as delicately as pos- is disposed to be impatient or pessimistic sible to the person who was then librarian. or narrow she has but to say with Rizal, She declined to resign and appealed to the "Las ideas no tienen patria"—Ideas have Civil Service Commission and to the may- no Fatherland. or. Her appeal was sustained. Now, the li- The CHAIRMAN: The discussion of brary trustees in that town, as in all other municipal civil service as affecting libraries towns, were appointed to control the li- was postponed from the last general session brary and manage its affairs. Their first to this. Is there any one who has anything and chief duty, I take it, was to select a lo say ou that subject? Mr. Jennings is competent librarian. Civil service took this power from them and the librarian still 13 Elall. What the librarian may do for the high school. Library journal. 84:164. 1909. retains her position. 164 PASADENA CONFERENCE

The CHAIRMAN: We are very much We recently learned in Investigating the obliged to Mr. Jennings for showing us qualities of paper of which modern books a little further light. Is there anyone else are composed, that they differ very greatly In the room who wishes to speak on this in so many ways and in such degree as is subject? If not, the time has arrived when set forth In Fig. 1. These variations occur we ought to adjourn and I now declare this in ordinary books, having deleted all the session closed. books of extraordinary sizes and qualities, Adjourned. either of the poor or excellent varieties: 6%"x4%" will not be recognized as too FOURTH GENERAL SESSION small a book, and 10',4"xS" will be recog- nized as not too large a book. (Shakespeare Club, Tuesday, May 23, Books of less weight than % lbs. and 9:30 a. ra.) greater weight than 5% lbs. may be dis- (Mr. A. E. Bostwick, presiding.) covered in a library. The CHAIRMAN: When a serious Thinner paper than 2.5M. and thicker problem comes up for consideration, it than 13.25M. may be found. can be treated in different ways. Some Tensile strength so slight that the ordi- people avoid it, others deny that there is nary machines would not record it, and any problem and others admit that there again paper so stout as greatly to exceed is a problem, but say that it is insoluble, 20 lbs. to the inch, occur in every library and still others investigate it seriously and of any considerable size. bring out at least something worth while. There are also sections thinner and Those of you who listened to Mr. Chivers' thicker than those recorded on the accom- paper at Bretton Woods know he has seri- panying diagram. ously investigated the question of book- It may, therefore, be taken that the va- binding. I now have the pleasure of intro- riations of quality and condition here shown ducing Mr. CEDRIC CHIVERS of Brook- are such as have to be dealt with in the lyn. everyday handling of books in a lending library. MATERIALS AND METHODS IN BOOK- It has been shown that previous to 1S90 BINDING papers in vital respects were more nearly alike and were stronger by more than 50 (Supplementary to Bretton Woods per cent than those used to-day. Indeed, Exhibit.) the corhparison is as 8 to 3. There has Speaking of the behavior of books in been little effort made, except in one or public libraries, as issued by the publish- two directions, to deal with these altera- ers, the report of the Binding Committee tions in the qualities of books as far as of the American library association says: their binding is concerned. Librarians and "Cloth-bound books must be withdrawn bookbinders are fully aware of the far from circulation and sent to the bindery greater use to which books are subject in when they have been in the hands of less the public library over the use they would than twenty readers. Larger books of got in the case of the private purchaser. travel, history, etc., can seldom be used We see clearly that the binding which more than ten times before being rebound, would hold in the one case is totally in- and it is not uncommon to have them torn adequate for the other. from their covers before being in the hands The cord holding the smaller weight in of five readers." Fig. II is seen to be too slight to hold the It is a matter of concern that we should larger weight. Yet this illustrates the recognize the seriousness of such a state- state of the case as between the private ment as this, and it is our business to use of a book and the public use of a book, remedy such a condition of things if we with the additional disadvantage that ow- can. ing to the deterioration of paper the bind- —

165 ing represented by the cord has been Figs. V, VI, VII show the warp and woof weakened. of several kinds of cloth photomicrographed The improved methods which we recom- to 56 diameters. They have been prepared mended for dealing with the different in order to visualize the difference between classes of paper of which we had become the warp and the woof, which they there cognizant, implied the use of the most ap- clearly do, but are of little importance or propriate materials for binding and cover- advantage to our inquiry, other than as il- ing books. An examination of the more lustrating this one point. It may be of a important of these is the matter in hand. little interest to observe the penetration Testing the various materials used for of the coloring matter in the case of the covering the books, we find, as we would thinner face cloth, and the partial permea- expect, considerable difference between the tion with the thicker qualities. breaking strain in the direction of the warp We now come to the consideration of the and the strain suffered by the woof, and mechanical values of leather, the subject on Fig. Ill is given the results of a num- being of much rpore importance than that ber of such tests. It will be seen that the of dealing with cotton or linen materials. ordinary edition cloth, chiefly used in pub- Leather has qaalities which no other ma- lishers' bindings, suffers a strain in the terials possess in adaptability to the bind- warp of 25 and in the woof of only 10 lbs. ing and covering of books, because If wisely to the half-inch. With stouter library cloth chosen, it is of far greater variety in thick- the difference is even larger, being 30 for ness, softness, pliability, tenacity of adhe- the warp and 10 for the woof. sion and strength, being capable of adapta- A practical suggestion is here made tion to the exceedingly varied conditions that if the cloth were used so that the which our diagrams illustrate modem warp should run across the book rather books to exhibit. than up and down the cover, a certain The Royal Society of Arts of England amount of strength would be added to the appointed a committee in 1901 to discover binding. It would not be as much as the the reasons for the decay observed with difference between the two strains, because modern leathers, and their very valuable attrition and friction would be the same, report dealt exhaustively with the phase but considerable additional strength would of the subject they undertook to consider. be obtained. An objection to using the Some amplification of their inquiry appears cloth in this way would be urged, that the to be necessary along the lines we are pattern or design, when it is not an all- now pursuing, for supposing leather to be over and even one will be found in the di- properly tanned and dyed in the manner rection of the warp, and it is supposed the report specifies, it is still desirable to aesthetically to be of more importance that know which leathers supply the best me- such a pattern should be up and down the chanical qualities, as above indicated. book and not across it. This may even on Apart from the actual wearing of the aesthetic grounds be an arguable point, but leather in use, which it is impossible to as a constructive advantage it would seem follow for the purpose of testing, we may wise to adopt the suggestion to use the subject leather to tearing and breaking cloth in the strongest way of the threads. strains, and obtain some useful data of Fig. IV gives the result of testing a num- value. The tearing strain is ascertained in ber of materials one inch wide, used in the fashion depicted by Fig. VIII. bookbinding for end paper lining, plate lin- Fig. IX represents a skin of leather. A, ing, jointing, etc. These again show the B and C represent pieces of leather cut variation of strength value in the warp and for the purposes of testing in different di- woof. It would be evident that in the use rections of the skin, A diagonally across of these materials, advantage should be the shoulder, B horizontally across the taken of the stronger way of the warp, and back, C vertically to the back. There is a use it in the line of strain. grain with skins, but not so distinct as 166 PASADENA CONFERENCE with artificial materials, and a further test pieces, were collected from a small book- of breaking strain along the lines of A and binder's shop where library books had not B will demonstrate this. We have then a been bound. In other words, no effort had test with a piece cut as with C, with an- been made to obtain the best leather of the other as with B, and a third as A diagon- different sorts. The results are seen to ally across the skin. be bad. In Fig. X we have set out the result of The deterioration of levant morocco is a testing a number of different kinds of matter to be viewed with alarm. The or skins. First the thickness in thousandths der of value of one piece is 7, with a of an inch is given, then the tearing strain strength ratio of .63, while for another, the in pounds. The strength ratio is shown order of value is 16, and the strength ratio and the order of value of the skins com- is only .29. These pieces of leather are pared with each other. similar in color, and were purchased from The first leather given, Niger leather un- the same firm, but the poorer quality had pared, with the total thickness of 190, suf- been In house some fifteen years, showing fers a tearing strain of 1S9 lbs., with a a very serious deterioration. strength ratio of .99. If this be taken as The high value which is shown by the a standard one may readily appreciate the Niger leathers is not a little surprising values of leathers in respect to thoir tear- when it is remembered that these leathers ing strains. It is a valuable coincidence have been tanned by uncivilized natives. that the best leather gives a tearing strain The figures have been submitted to Mr. of one pound for a thousandth of an inch Seymour Jones, who was a member of the in thickness, as it facilitates comparisons. committee appointed by the Society of Arts An examination of these figures will be in- above mentioned, and the following val- structive. uable letter has been received, dealing Our experiences are ratified with the with the subject from the point of view of skins of poor quality. Their lives being an expert: short, we had become cognizant of their "The breaking strains, as given in yours failure, but our interest is aroused by the of the 5th, go to confirm my work in the results given of the more costly and the same direction, and all I have written or leathers of greater repute. We were pre- spoken on the subject. Two anomalies pared from our practical experience to see would appear to require explanation. Le- that the calf leather should be demonstrat- vant 87 M. thick breaks at 36 lbs. 'Again,

ed to be very weak, the strength ratio being a piece 55 M. breaks at 35 lbs. Both, I .21, and the order of value to be 18 in the assume, are unpared. You will find that list given, but it must be viewed with some substance, as it increases, does not carry alarm to discover that French levant mo- with it a corresponding increase In rocco should show a strength ratio of .40, strength, that is, strength In proportion to and to offer for a thickness of 242 thou- substance Increases at a decreasing ratio. sandths a tearing strain of only 97 lbs. This is due to the fact that as age creeps This is against Niger morocco 190 thou- on the number of fibres do not increase, sandths to 189 lbs. It arouses the reflec- but do Increase in thickness and some mus- tion that in the effort to obtain the colors cular strength, but later not proportion- and brightness required with modern book- ately. Examples: a rope made of 6 strands binding, much of the strength and nature of Vi" thick is not as strong as a rope made of the morocco has been destroyed. of 12 strands and Vt" thick in diameter. The leathers in the upper part of the The more fibres to a given area, so is table have been chosen with care, and the the increase in strength proportionately. moroccos 7 and 5 and pigskins 6 and 12 Hence if you have a piece of leather 2" have been prepared under the specifica- square and 87 M. thick, and assume you tion of the Society of Arts. have 1,000.000 fibres, it will not have a The leathers under the title of odd breaking strain equal to a 2" say 45 M. CHIVERS 167 thick and containing 1,500,000 fibres. The use in less than twelve months after bind- second anomaly, namely, why does levant ing." This doubtless because of bad tan- pared to 47 M. break at 22, and Niger pared ning, the results of which are not immedi- to 32 M. break at 33? The explanation ately apparent. rests entirely upon two factors: The breaking strain of various leathers

1. Levant contains from 40 to 50 per cent is arrived at by taking strips in the way of tan, which implies over-tanning, whereas depicted in Fig. IX, A and B. These will Niger contains about 27 per cent of tan. be found set out on Fig. XI, first the thick-

2. The levant has been robbed of its nat- ness, then the breaking strain, the strength ural nourishing fat prior to tan. The small ratio follows and its order of value. amount of fat in Niger has been left in. In a general manner the tests for break- If the levant contains grease, and still has ing coincide with the "tearing" tests, and a lower tearing factor, it follows that the become together valuable as giving data of displaced natural fats have not been prop- the comparative mechanical strength of erly replaced to insure absorption by the leathers. It is necessary always that this fibres as in life. The Nigerian tanner in strength should be allied with good tan his so-called ignorance, has been working ning and dyeing, in order to obtain the full along the lines of least resistance, allowing advantages required. atmospheric conditions, temperature and This short inquiry has already shown the time to operate, with results which give a necessity for constant watchfulness in the higher satisfactory result than can be ob- selection of leathers for books requiring to tained under civilized conditions. In fact, be protected either for extra hard usage or we have much to relearn, but unfortunately for a very long lite. the civilized tanner thinks he knows bet- Until these tests were undertaken we ter. I do not know of any skin on the have always assumed that the higher market at the present time which possesses priced French levant moroccos were above the qualities appertaining to longevity, any reproach, except that of their cost, but withstanding attrition, etc., as is pos- it is here demonstrated that they are not sessed by those tanned in Nigeria, and now- reliable, and that the native tanned skins known as Niger skins. 1 am of the opinion of Africa are greatly their superior in both that of the bookbinding skins on sale, the respects of strength and probable long Niger skins are the most suitable and meet evity. all the demands made by the Society of Are we therefore to select from the open .\rts report. Upon that point I have no market Niger leather when it is required hesitation in expressing that opinion." for either of these two purposes—of It must be borne in mind that the figures strength and longevity—for the binding of here given deal with only one quality of books? the leathers under consideration, that is, The following experiment will show the their strength in resisting the tearing danger of trusting with any confidence to strain. Other important qualities are nec- the commercial use of the word "Niger." essary. This may be illustrated by refer- Leathers purporting to be Niger leather ring to the hand-grained Persian goat, and to have the wearing qualities which whose order of value is 10, and whose have already become known In the trade, strength ratio is .52 in tearing strain. This were recently offered for sale and were leather has been subjected to the following subjected to chemical and mechanial tests. criticism by the Society of Arts Commit- The results showed that in one case the tee, and we may therefore expect to dis- leather was decidedly not Nigerian, and cover very different results after two or in the other that if it were Nigerian it three years' use in the library. The report had been so abused in its tanning and dye- says: "The Persian tanned goat skins are ing treatment as to destroy its distinguish- extremely bad. Books bound in this ma- ing merits. terial are shown to have become unfit for The mechanical tests show the results 168 PASADENA CONFERENCE depicted upon Fig. XII. While real Niger- both purposes of covering and lining or ian leather shows a tearing strain of 189 binding the back. to a thickness of 190, the leather offered The statement in Fig. XIII will illustrate as Nigerian leather and now under ques- this point. While the books themselves tion showed for a thickness of 88 a tear- have a very wide range of inconstancy, the ing strain of only 27. In other words, real materials at the disposal of the machine Nigerian leather showed three times the binder, as distinguished from the leather strength of the imitation. binder are, as seen, very limited. This demonstrates either one of two In cloth, endpapers, linings, etc., as here cases: the leather, which we will call set out, the qualities are very few. The "Imitation," could not have been Nigerian case is totally different with leather. A leather at all, or it had become partially careful and informed binder is able to ob- destroyed in fitting it for the market. The tain such a range of qualities in leather grain was evidently plated, the color far as enable him appropriately and effectively too even and the skin too perfect in ap- to deal with the hundreds and more varia- pearance to be real Nigerian leather. A tions of modern books. breakdown in use would occur indubitably Much has recently been written of ma- where strength would be required, and chine sewing and its value for library should the leather be used for books re- books, but machine sewing can be used quiring to give long service, its treachery only by sewing through the fold, and it would become presently more apparent and has been demonstrated that with 7,000 dif- disastrous. If the leather were real Niger- ferent books published during the last ian and had been dealt with so that two- three years, only 400 of them were of good thirds of its original strength would be enough quality to allow of being sewed lost, other results of premature decay would through. most certainly follow. It is, therefore, ap- All the other 6,600 books were of paper parent that care and inquiry must be made so bad that the act of folding deprived the by librarians who intend to have their paper of 50 per cent of its strength, while books properly bound and covered. its original strength showed a deterioration The importance of using the best of of more than 50 per cent over that in com- leathers for the binding of books cannot be mon use twenty years ago. overestimated. These are not necessarily Nearly all modern books must be hand- high in price it fine finish is dispensed with. sewed in order to give reasonable service, There is no material existing which can and they must be bound and covered with be compared with leather for lining or pliable, tough and chemically pure leather binding the backs of books. to insure long life. It is the only thing we know of which, The librarian who is interested enough with its many qualities of thickness, pli- to give the subject a little time and atten- ability, strength and tenacious adhesive- tion, may obtain both these qualities for ness, is at all adapted to the varying quali- the books under his charge, and this at no ties of modern books. greater cost than is often incurred for un-

Fig. I shows how many varieties there reliable work and materials. are. and a calculation from these data or Mr. HILL: Mr. Chivers showed us a the experience of any librarian or book- piece of levant morocco, a piece which binder will tell of many hundreds of kinds had been in use fifteen years, and I wonder of books. if he has a piece of pig skin for comparison The range of appropriate materials when in the same way. leather is not used is woefully short, and Mr. CHIVERS: No, I have not, but I can in no case can any of them be used for tell you about the pig skin. I was chiefly the linings of the backs of books; their instrumental, twenty-five years ago, in effectiveness is limited to their service as bringing pig skin on the market. Pig skin covering materials only. Leather answers Is only the grandson of hog skin. I never w o en < U *^ <

CQ UJ <( a: O

< _ a z Q DC O (.'LOUIS i'i;sii;i) for uu i:akl\(; strain

SIZK OF PIRCE TKSTEO 7's ini-h x ^i iiuti IJ.\l.\(iS TKSTKI) KOU I',UKAKL\(i CHAINS

()!•' V Sl/,|-; I'lI'lCh; 'n'",S'l'F,l) 7'.: in.-h 1 iivli PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF "EDITIONS" CLOTH WARP (x 56) BREAKING

21 lbs WOOF {-kSQ) BRfAKlNQ ST/PWN nibs PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF LIBRARY CLOTH

WARP (x56) BAEAKINQ STJZAIfyf 55 lbs WOOF Cx56) BREAKINQ 5TRA/N 391bs

173 PHOTOMICROGRAPHS OF TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF LIBRARY CLOTH i^SMO o rj-i suRj^^K C£:)

TEARINC^ STRAINS OF VARIOUS LEATHERS

SIZK OF PIKCK TKSTP:I) -Ji, inch x l-'^^' in. -I, BREAKING 8T1IAINS OF VARIOUS LEATHERS

SIZE OK PIECE TESTED 7'^ x 3 2 i"'"li I M I TAT I ON C30jLI> JJS /f^j^L.) NIGERIAN LEATHER 179 would allow it to be called hog skin. Some more satisfactory to complete the experi- of the manufacturers wanted to call it that, ments which Mr. Chivers has already be-

but I would not permit it. It would be a gun, rather than make the report piece- case of living on the reputation of its an- meal. cient relatives. This pig slvin was sent from The CHAIRMAN: The report will be

Chicago, but it was never used generally. received. I suppose that the Executive At any rate, it was used more largely for Board will continue the Committee. library purposes than anything else. And I am sure that you do not wish me to the leather never was allowed to be treated introduce President Benjamin Ide Wheeler, as sheep and these other leathers which of the University of California, in a long

show signs of deterioration. I don't believe speech. That is not necessary. You all know pig skin is as good a leather as sheep. Pig him and I am sure it is your wish that skin has really been kept out of the com- he should proceed as soon as possible to

petitive market and the result is very the address. I therefore have pleasure in in- good. troducing President BENJAMIN IDE The CHAIRMAN: The subject is an WHEELER, of the University of California. interesting one, but there is hardly (President Wheeler spoke on the atti- time to pursue it further, and we will now tude librarians should hold toward the proceed to the regular business of the day work of their profession, but as his re- and hear the report of the Committee to marks were entirely extempore he has re- confer with the publishers of newspapers quested that they be not published.) on the deterioration of newspaper paper, The CHAIRMAN: We thank President Mr. Frank P. Hill, of the Brooklyn public Wheeler for his charming address, library, Chairman. which I am very certain will help Mr. HILL: Mr. President, the Committee many of us to realize that we are emerg-

appointed to confer with the publishers ing. I would venture the assertion that on the deterioration of newspaper paper, some of us had gotten our heads above consists of Messrs. Wadlin, of Boston, Chiv- water and stretched out our arms and ers and Hill of Brooklyn. Notice of the ap- were preparing to strike out vigorously for pointment of this Committee was received the professional shore. by the members so late as to make it im- Some one said yesterday that California possible to present a satisfactory report seemed to be a composite photograph of at this meeting. Mr. Chivers has made a the United States. We meet people from large number of experiments with news- all sections of the country and we find paper paper and the Committee has made the conditions of many sections reproduced arrangements with a number of the pub- here. Especially is this true of the educa- lishers in New York to meet in conference tional institutions of California, not only some time in the fall. Therefore, all I of the state university, of which Dr. Ben- can do now is to make a report of progress jamin Ide Wheeler is president, but also and request a continuance of the Com- of Leland Stanford University. We have mittee. here in Pasadena a most admirable insti Mr. ANDREWS: Mr. Chairman, perhaps tution, the Throop Polytechnic Institute Mr. Hill could say if they have made any and the head and guiding soul of that in further experiments in the strengthening stitution is President J. A. B. SCHERER of paper. Mr. Chivers alluded to the use of whom we are to have the pleasure of hear- cellit. Is that the same as the German so- ing now. lution which we heard about at Bretton Woods? BOOKS AND THE EFFICIENT LIFE Mr. HILL; Mr. President, it is similar, but the members of the Committee feel Efficiency is the ability to get profitable they would prefer not to make a partial results with a minimum of friction and report at this time, because it would be waste. Everybody is in favor of efficiency — 180 PASADENA CONFERENCE except Mr. Gilbert K. Chesterton, that our preachment and practice, at Throop strange quadrangular contemporary rein- Polytechnic Institute, that books and the carnation of Samuel Johnson, Thomas Car- efficient life should go together—the boys lyle, Protagoras, and Thomas ^ Kempis. are getting it drilled into them, I hope, every

"There is nothing that fails like success," day. Of course 1 do not mean text-books says this paradoxical Jovian sophist; and these are but tools for the teacher; but the again the medieval mystic in him exclaims, great books, of the stuff that make verities; disdaining our modem efficiency: "I will books of the sort that charmed Gilbert de lift up my eyes to the hills, from whence la Porree in the twelfth century into his cometh my help; but I will not lift up my now famous rhapsody; carcass to the hills, unless it is absolutely 'I sit here with no company but books, necessary." dipping into dainty honeycombs of litera- In spite of Mr. Chesterton, the slogan tuire. All minds In the world's history find of modern educational theory is efficiency. their focus in a library. . . Never was such

The latest and very good word on the sub- an army mustered as I have here. No gen- ject points out that 'predigested educa- eral ever had such soldiers as I have. No tion and printer's ink will not produce suc- kingdom ever had such illustrious sub- cessful and virile men. In the school of jects as mine, or half as well governed.

to-morrow It will be boys more than books, I can put my haughtiest subjects up or

and living more than letters." The new down, as it pleases me. 1 call 'Plato,' and school "will make for the health of the he answers 'Here'—a noble and sturdy body—fresh air, wholesome food, adequate soldier, '.\ristotle,' 'Here'—a host in him- exercise, and manly work; it will make self. 'Demosthenes,' 'Cicero,' 'Caesar,' 'Tac- for the health of the mind—sanity, alert- itus,' 'Pliny'—'Here!' they answer, and ness and reliability; it will make lor the they smile at me in their immortality of health of the spirit—habits of social jus- youth." tice and expressions of divine truth. Fur- The supreme example and illustration of thermore, it will direct its youth into the the influence of a few great books on an paths of industrial efficiency and world efficient life is of course the modern in- service." stance of Lincoln—doubly impressive be-

I suppose that half of the reason why cause his life was so singularly efficient this particular subject was assigned to me and the books that moulded him were so

is the fact that 1 happen to be president great and so few. Mr. Herbert Croly, in of one of those schools that confessedly— "The Promise of American Life." says: stand for Industrial efficiency "one of "With the sound instinct of a well-bal- those schools," as Mr. Roosevelt said when anced intelligence, Lincoln seized upon he spoke for us on the twenty-first of the three available books, the earnest March, "the development of which has study of which might best help to develop meant more for the permanent efficiency harmoniously a strong aud many-sided in- of Germany in the modern European world telligence. He seized, that is, upon the than any other one thing." And I suppose Bible, Shakespeare, and Euclid." that the other half of the reason why 1 The assiduous study of Euclid made Lin- am asked to discuss the subject, "Books coln an intellectual rail-splitter. He used and the Efficient Life," is because the to lie abed at nights in the inns on his law trustees of this new technical college, circuit aud split Euclid's rails by the light being resolved that it should not be too of a tallow dip. Shakespeare, that "priest technical, called to its presidency a mau to us all of the wonder and bloom of the who knows no more of technical engineer- world," broadened and deepened his very ing than the traditional pig (who was human sensibilities; while "the grand probably a college president among the simplicities of the Bible" nourished and pigs) knew about holiday. directed his will. His life was supremely It Is a part of our creed and curriculum, efficient because it was harmonious and — —

181 full. He was not a typically intellectual self-made man who worships his creator man, nor a dominantly emotional man, nor every day. The book is deliciously hu- yet an indomitably practical man; he was morous, but naively, unconsciously so. better than any of these: he was a man. My point is, that if the author (whose He "saw life steadily and saw it whole" name might be Croesus Malvolio, but and his great books exactly helped him to isn't) had ever read half a dozen great this wholesome ease of the spirit, this books in his life, he would never have rounded efficiency of character. thought of writing this one; they would The chief need of the merely efficient mercifully have saved him from writing man is character. Books help to give him himself down, as it were, in this ludicrous that, if wisely chosen and properly di- attempt to demonstrate that a man may gested. Among the elements of character, be a very great and Important personage for example, is a reasonable modesty, a indeed without an iota of education or sense of proportion and relative values, culture. to keep a man from making a fool of him- In the presence of the great books the self by thinking of himself more highly fool is silent and the knave afraid. Upon than he ought to think. Now, one of the him who snubs their noble company they dangers of the merely efficient man, who may wreak a terrible revenge. has not read the great books, is his danger There is a single writer of whose works of coming to the pass when he will have even a cursory knowledge will prevent to carry a shoe-spoon around with him to the twentieth-century enthusiast from the put his hat on with. Your merely efficient flamboyancy of ignorant pride. He lived man is liable to be worried with the never- four hundred years before Christ, yet he absent notion that he has got to be proving wrote what Professor Paul Shorey calls all the time that he is just as good a man "a book of tomorrow." "The division of as you are, and probably a little bit better. labor, specialization, the limitation of the Owen Wister hits it off neatly as one of right of private property, the industrial our national traits: and political equality of women, the im- "We cannot seem to let ourselves alone; provement of the human breed by arti- we must talk when there is nothing to say; ficial selection, the omnipotence of public we must joke—especially we must joke opinion, the reform of the letter of the when there is no need for it, and when no- creeds to save their spirit, the proscrip- body asked to be entertained. This is the tion of unwholesome art and literature, nervousness of democracy; we are un- the reorganization of education, the kinder- certain if the other man thinks we are 'as garten method, the endowment of re- good' as he is; therefore we must prove search, the application of the higher that we are, at first sight, by some sort mathematics to astronomy and physics of performance." such are some of the divinations, the The most grotesquely humorous per- modernisms, of that wonderful work," formance of this sort that has ever come The Republic of Plato; to say nothing of under my notice is itself in the shape of its brilliant and compelling poetry. a book—O books! what crimes are com- The great books implant modesty in mitted in your name! —printed by a merely the efficient man, and they also ripen his efficient man for the apparent purpose of tolerance into a positive broad generosity. declaring that he is a great deal smarter He has thought of the medieval ages as un- than any of those who ordinarily write relievedly dark; but an essay like that of books or read books or teach books. He Frederic Harrison's shows him that the is a highly efficient person, he is even a thirteenth century was only a little less "captain of industry," with a store of in- wonderful than the nineteenth, while dustriously acquired technical knowledge, Storrs's Bernard of Clairvaux lights the although he is not. thank Mercury, the "dark ages" with beacons. His wholesale product of a technical school —being a contempt for paganism may be tempered — 182 PASADENA CONFERENCE by another American historical writer, Mr. with bridges or dynamos, he must read James Freeman Clarke, while his ignorant them in the pages of the great writers of "jingoism" may get Its antidote in Gold- English, at least, from Chaucer and win Smith's political history of this coun- Shakespeare to Rudyard Kipling and Mark try, and his patriotism be illuminated by Twain. a reading of Alexis de Tocqueville and To me this is the chief glory, as it Is Bryce. Should he be Southern, he will the unsurpassed distinction, of Charles read the letters and addresses of Lincoln; Dickens: that he built up a human labora- or Northern, the recollections and letters tory with his books, wherein you may of Lee. In either case he will be a better study at your leisure the salient types of American. A history of philosophy will the every-day folk that you meet on the relieve him from the bigotry of science street or in parlors or churches or slums, and from a cheap contempt for pure spec- so that you have a mental card-index ulation. A dipping into the red-blooded ready at hand for classifying almost any heroic life of Martin Luther will teach new acquaintance, provided only that he him that the German Reformation was have the slightest affinity for caricature. worth while, although he read of it In the You may see a mild Pecksniff marching balanced pages of Mr. Lilly, as well as in down the aisle of almost any Protestant the bludgeon chapters of Carlyle. When church of a Sunday, while Merry and discussing the universal hope of immor- Cherry sit demurely in his pew well tality he will not affect to forget the testi- towards the front. I know at least one mony of Jesus Christ, as the Ingersoll Mr. Lorry here in Pasadena, and have met lecturers have done; broad minded enough Sidney Carton and Lucie Manette in the to revere the great pagans, he will be flesh. I used to know Micawber and have brave enough to acknowledge Christianity even seen Uriah Heep blowing down the as a historic fact of considerable import- friendly ear of a village doctor's mule. ance, to say the least. From Japan and Mr. Boffin and Jenny Wren and the scal- China he may learn that a genuine civiliza- awag Silas Wegg are our mutual friends. tion may be built upon totally different Who does not know and love Tom Pinch architectural plans from those employed and Mark Tapley and Little Nell and by the Occident, and he will acquire a Captain Cuttle and the Dombey boy, as new and healthy respect for old Asia. well as David Copperfield himself, to say There is nothing more awakening and nothing of Peggotty and Aunt Betsy? The stimulating to a dormant sense of catho- progeny of Mr. Gradgrind still survive, a licity than this—to make for oneself the type of the unflttest, in the modern school, intellectual discovery of Asia. while the Podsnaps and the Veneerings continue to bourgeon In contemporary "Then felt I like some watcher of the skies society, and Bill Sykes and Fagan infest When a new planet swims Into his ken; our modern slums. I do not speak now of Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes Dickens' vast beneficent influence in less- He stared at the Pacific . . . ening the square miles of slum areas in Silent, upon a peak in Darien." our cities, In redeeming the more hideous The great books, while enlarging the horrors of the jails, in straightening out scope of the sympathies, also deepen and the schools and the courts of chancery, enrich them. Such books not only teach in brightening childhood. He Is one of a man to respect other nations and ages the most efficient humanitarians of any they do what is better; they help him to age. But at present I speak of him as a know men. To the efficient man nothing powerful and delightful psychologist, of else is quite so important as this. If the whom it may be said as of no other Eng- his engineer is to know the men of his kind, lish author, that he actually creates with whom he has to deal far more for- characters, so that you do not remember midably or Intimately, as you please, than them as having been met in a book, but schere:r 183 as having been actually known and loved ment which modern "moralists" such as or dreaded in a life that you lived in com- Zola accord to crime. In the latter case pany with this "cockney novelist" at whom the esthetic sense is rudely shocked; but some critics sneer. Shakespeare leaves you with a shuddering In the really great humanists of English horror tor sin in its acme and essence. literature you get down to the radical laws In these days when, as Emerson says, of truth as affecting humanity. Take we need to revise our theory of success,

Shakespeare, for example. He is not a it is Shakespeare that helps us to do it. conscious preacher of moralities—far from The example reaches its summit in Lear.

it. Indeed, he is not a conscious preacher There is the poor old king on the moor- or teacher of anything, because he never land, ragged, pinch-bellied, bleeding; his intended any of his writings, except some companions only heightening his misery of his short poems, for a life between —the crazy clown with his whimpering book-covers; his plays were written to wit, crazy Tom with his blood-curdling satisfy the clamor of the stage, and he folly. The storm beats and howls, the doubtless never dreamed of their immor- lightning flashes, the heavens bellow with tality when he begot them. But what a woe; and all the time the serpent's tooth teacher of profound human truth is he is gnawing at the old king's heart. Then become! How clearly (for example), and later you see him with the dead Cordelia. with what passionate earnestness, does he Shakespeare could have spared her to set forth the workings of treachery, which him if he had followed the ancient story to him was the quintessence of sin, —the as he found it; but he is not that kind of canker eating out the heart of man, the a moralist. This modern Job will face worm that kills truth, the acid rust that the hard facts as they are, though they breaks the ties of human brotherhood. wrench the marrow from the joints. And In Hamlet you see all the bonds break- so we see her with the hangman's livid ing. Human ties snap harshly, one by mark about her neck, dead in the old one—the bond between ruler and subject, king's arms. But look you! Do you not the bond between mother and son, the feel in that moment, as you view the bond between maiden and lover, the bond lowest depths of mortal woe, that you between friend and friend—and it all would rather be the poor old jabbering grows out of a single act of treachery be- Lear, or the stark and sallow thing that tween brother and brother. Likewise was Cordelia, than the triumphant smiling the three tragedies that reveal the prog- duke upon his throne? This is what ress of spiritual struggle in Shakespeare's Shakespeare has done for us: he has soul deal severally with the sundering of stripped innocence and purity so bare sacred ties. In Macbeth it Is ruler and sub- that you see them as nothing but a name; ject, in Lear it is fathers and children, in he has surrounded them and clothed them Othello, husband and wife—and through with failure, with abject ruin, with utter them all creeps the shadow of Judas, and absolute loss, while wrong sits smil- clothed now in some queenly giant shape of ing on the throne; but he has made you "steely feminine cruelty," or again in cnry the vanquished. glittering heroic armor or in kingly trap- Macbeth is the moral counterpart to pings, or yet again in the most perfect King Lear. It shows the other side, and garments of lago. Nowhere save in the in detail; depicting the triumph of un- pages of Holy Writ itself is treachery made righteousness, but showing by far subtler so terrible, or falsehood so revolting, or a methods than didacticism that such a lying life so black, as when we see these triumph is failure. Lear illustrates the velvet-footed devils in their prime. The victory of defeat; Macbeth, the failure of measure of Shakespeare's greatness as a success. The lord and his lady accom- moral teacher is discerned when you com- plish everything for which they have pare his treatment of sin with the treat- plotted; but her outraged woman's nature 184 PASADENA CONFERENCE takes revenge, being too frail for sucli So a thoughtfully directed study of his- heavy business. First comes woeful tory brings a large and noble self-respect dreaming, and then a tortured death. As to be gained in no other way. History is for him, he is highly efficient; he achieves the memory of the race. It heightens the success. He is the man of destiny; his sense of identity which the individual luck has not yet failed him; he is at the memory had established. It multiplies very summit of prosperity. But listen! the lessons of wisdom indefinitely by broad- From the height of his perfect ambition he ening the imagined experience—teaching utters that hopeless, heartbroken cry about the conservation of past good and the the sear and yellow leaf—of "curses, not avoidance of what the race has learned to loud, but deep." That is Shakespeare's be futile or evil; and thus stiffens a man's moral judgment of "the gospel of success," self-confidence while limbering and indeed although the phrase had not been minted liquefying his self-esteem. in his time. It is a lesson we need at this Biography is of comparable value, even hour. The efficient man who triumphs though history be not, in Carlyle's phrase, really fails unless he triumphs righteously. the mere biography of great men. It is Thus the great books reveal the radical a good thing to come close to these giants, truths of humanity, and teach the deep and feel the touch of nature that makes us lessons of character. all akin. They help us to mount obstacles

I am old-fashioned enough to believe by the splendor of lustrous example; but that your efficient man cannot afford to they also keep us from despair of our fol- neglect his Bible. I do not allude now to lies as we smile at their foibles, and cheer its literary majesty and beauty; reams us in the humdrum tedium of the common have been written recently in praise of lot. I like to know that Shakespeare, "that vast Oriental beaker brimming with the supreniest of poets, kept a practical eye poetry," as Victor Hugo has called it; and to the windward of business affairs, and here in America Richard G. Moulton is so prospered; I even like to think that in doing a man's work In unveiling it, a ver- his youth he may have poached. It is itable hidden Grail these several centuries. good to see our own cold Washington

I praise it now not as a vessel of beauty, fling an inkstand at the head of one of his though it is that too, but as the true pinchbeck soldiers—much better than to "chalice of the grapes of God," whereof if swallow poor old Weems's pious lie about a man drink valiantly he may know the the hatohet; and it is delightful to hide truth that makes men truly free. behind a tree while the father of his A knowledge of the great books will be- country rolls upon the ground in fits of get self-confidence, and that is a good laughter over the plight of the young men gift of efficiency. I think that history and the peddler. Then there is Tennyson, and biography tend especially to do this. groping on his knees amid the grass below In our enthusiasm for the present we must his window in the dewy English morning, not ignore the past; it has sap for our searching earnestly for his smelly pipe, sinews. Inspiration for our hardest en- and sweeping up carefully the crumbs of deavor. To cut oneself off from the past his precious tobacco, he having impuls- is to break with the record of human ively "sworn off" smoking just the night experience. The efficient man should find before, and tossed out the devil's imple- the line of historical continuity which ments altogether. One knows, moreover, binds him to the race, trace it, and so link that Robert Browning could not be a prig himself in the chain of universal endeavor. or a pedant when one hears him jovially He discovers that he is what he is be- exclaiming that when Sordello was first cause the past has made him what he is; written only two beings in the universe the clash of ancient arms, the rush of knew its meaning— "God and Robert centuries, the rise and fall of nations, Browning; now God alone knows," says have all mixed in the molding of a man. he. Martin Luther is a pleasanter picture 185 punching the gentle Philip in the short agination that man can live a life that is ribs over a sophisticated bit of exegesis in a true sense worth living. For it is the than when refusing to shake hands with imagination which lifts him from the petty, Zwingli; and the apostles themselves are transient and physical interests that en- more lovable companions in the frank gross the greater part of his time and undress of New Testament Greek than thoughts in self-regarding pursuits, to the when clothed with the euphemisms of a large, permanent, and spiritual interests pure but at the same time puritanical that ennoble his nature, and transform English. They all had humanity; so have him from a solitary individual into a mem- we; and it makes a man bolder for the ber of the brotherhood of the human race." efficient life if he can come into homespun It is not needful to "scorn delights" in earthy contact with those "dead but scep- order to "live laborious days" if only we t'red sovereigns who rule us from their keep company with those who either urns." They swing scepters now; but "build the lofty rhyme" or the more once upon a time they swung crutches or spacious palaces of prose. walking canes or inkstands or hockey So, then, let us forget all about efficiency, sticks, and it is good to know it. So we and steal a journey every chance we get give thanks to the awful great, with Sidney to the orchards of the Hesperides. Swing Lanier, for hands with Homer and Dumas, with Cer- " . . . . your little mole that marks vantes and dear R. L. S. through lands of You brother and your kinship seals to adventuresome delight, whether it be man." "far on the ringing plains of windy Troy," That, while it is not the chief good, is or on Treasure Island. Enlist with Ten- one of the good things of biography. nyson in the Table Round, go afield with There remains the one supreme reason Shelley and Queen Mab, stand tiptoe with for reading the great books—"just for Keats upon his little hill, become a strayed fun." I don't want to be conscious of reveler with Arnold, a mariner or a moun- ulterior motives when I play tennis or taineer with Coleridge, or "a God-intoxi- undertake golf or read Keats— I just want cated man" with Robert Browning. Let to enjoy myself. The benefits may come Carlyle stir you with his heroes, or Dick- of themselves; they should be "benefits ens make you laugh and weep with hum- forgot" while they are coming. There bler folk. Let Shakespeare take you by are few enjoyments equal to the enjoy- the hand, make friends with Goethe, and ment of literature read "just for fun." do not stand in far-off awe of Plato or of This pleasure may begin in early youth, Moses, but make boldly up to them all, and continue throughout old age, until it and company with them. That is what I becomes a pleasure of memory as well as would say to the efficient man chiefly, If a delight of dally renewal; lifting us above I could. Let him forget himself and his the petty and sordid cares of life into the efficiency in those who minister of joy; faery realm of the imagination, where we and he will not only find the friction and eat ambrosia and drink nectar as we will. waste of his life reduced towards their It is only in the thoughtful analytic moods minimum, but he will also get his head up that we realize what has been done for us. into a world where men can breathe. Charles Eliot Norton has described it At the conclusion of this address the admirably in his introduction to the study session adjourned. of Dante. He says: "To acquire a love for the best poetry, FIFTH GENERAL SESSION and a just understanding of it, is the chief (Shakespeare Club, Wednesday, May end of the study of literature; for it is by 24, 2:30 p. m.) means of poetry that the imagination is quickened, matured, and invigorated, and .loint session of the American library

it is only through the exercise of his im- association and the California library asso- 186 PASADENA CONFERENCE ciation, Miss Alice S. Tyler, presiding for The CHAIRMAN: We will now have the the former, and Mr. L. W. Ripley for the pleasure of listening to an address on latter. "What the world of literature owes to (Miss Tyler takes the chair.) California," by Dr. GEORGE WHARTON The CHAIRMAN: We now come to the JAMES. closing session of this annual conference Dr. James said that the hand of destiny and In the vicissitudes of conduct of meet- had been for generations steadily pointing ings, it has fallen to my lot to have the to California and the Pacific Coast, that de- honor of introducing to this assembly the velopment and population from the dawn president of the California library associ- of history had been steadily pushing west- ation, Mr. L. W. Ripley, who will preside ward; that California, by its remarkable during the California program and present scenery, diversity of climate and products, to you our distinguished visitors. was well equipped for receiving this Influx. (Mr. Ripley takes the chair.) He depicted in glowing terms the various The CHAIRMAN: California is a proud charms of the region, its climate, moun- state just now, for we are told that we have tains, coast line and varied beaches, pic- advanced further in reform legislation than turesque rocks, and harbors, its mysterious any other state in the Union, and there is deserts, forests, rivers, and islands, and just one man in California that can claim called attention to the influence which all the largest share of credit for such a state of these factors had had on literature. Its of affairs. President David Starr Jordan, literature had also been influenced by the a few weeks ago, said that all good citizens numerous political changes of the last hun- throughout America could rejoice with the dred years, and by its romantic and thrill- Republicans of California in having se- ing settlement and early days, accompanied lected a governor who was a man before by such hardships and such dramatic situ- he was a governor. In introducing the next ations.

speaker to you, I wish to present a man Dr. James then mentioned briefly a large who is giving California the best that is number of California authors, beginning in him, a true servant of the people, HI- with the Indian tribes whose literature RAM W. JOHNSON, governor of the state has been partially preserved by such trans- of California. lators as Jeremiah Curtin, Charles F. Lum- Governor Johnson gave a very stirring mis, Joaquin Miller, Mary Austin and presentation of the political issues at pres- others. Next in order came the epoch of ent before the citizens of California, dwell- Spanish discovery and the literature of the ing upon the "recall"; "initiative and ref- padres, followed in turn by the era of the erendum"; how the state has been freed pioneers. California names in literature are from railroad rule; and what the recent many, among the most prominent men- legislature had accomplished along reform tioned by the speaker being Mark Twain. lines. Bret Harte, Joaquin Miller, Charles War- The CHAIRMAN: We have another ren Stoddard, Noah Brooks, Clarence King, native son with us, a man who has turned Joseph Le Conte, John Muir, Charles Fred- the searchlight of truth into the darkest erick Holden, David Starr Jordan, Stewart corners of our social and business affairs, Edward White, Mary Austin, John C. Van and he will speak to us on the position that Dyke, Olive Thorne Miller, Charles F. Lum-

the library can occupy in a democracy. I mis, Edwin Markham, Ina Coolbrith, Ed- present, with pleasure, Mr. LINCOLN ward Rowland Sill, Frank Norris, Helen STEFFENS. Hunt Jackson, Gellett Burgess, Gertrude Mr. Steffens spoke of the recent re- Atherton, Eleanor Gates, Frances Charles, forms in public affairs, pointing out how Jack London and Hubert Howe Bancroft. librarians could further this good work. In conclusion the speaker expressed his As he spoke extempore he prefers that his opinion that for the Pacific Coast region remarks be not printed. there was not only the possibility but the GODARD 187

certainty of the development of the highest and Dr. George Wharton James, whose sev- in literature and civilization that the world eral addresses have added much to the has ever known. meetings; and to Mr. A. C. Vroman, whose The CHAIRMAN: That ends the illustrated lecture on California Missions California program and Miss Tyler will will long be remembered. preside over this session until its adjourn- Second: To the Pasadena Local Com- ment. mittee of arrangements, Miss N. M. Russ, (Miss Tyler takes the chair.) librarian of the Pasadena public library, The CHAIRMAN: There are some matters Chairman, and her Board of trustees, for of business that must of necessity be taken the hearty welcome extended and abundant up in this closing session of the meeting. provision made for our comfort and en- First we will ask if there is any unfinished tertainment. business that has come over to us from Third: To the Shakespeare Club and the previous session. Probably it would its president. Miss Anna L. Meeker, for be well at this time for the Secretary the courtesies extended to us in providing to make such announcements as are neces- so convenient and comfortable a meeting sary. place. The SECRETARY: At the direction of Fourth: To the Pasadena Board of the Executive Board last night, the Secre- Trade and the Los Angeles library board tary sent the following telegram for the and Chamber of Commerce for the cordial Association. hospitality shown us and to the citizens who May 23, 1911. kindly made it possible for us to acquaint Dr. JOHN S. BILLINGS, ourselves with the beauties of their cities. Director N. Y. Public Library, Fifth: To the ladies of Pasadena and New York City. librarian and friends of the Long Beach The American library association in con- public library, who so thoughtfully and gen- ference at Pasadena sends congratulations erously with to authorities of the public library and met us flowers at San Bernar- citizens of New York on the auspicious dino, and provided flowers for the adorn- opening of the greatest of municipal li- ment of our several rooms. braries in the noble building dedicated to- Sixth: To the management of the Hotel day. GEORGE B. UTLEY, Maryland for unfailing courtesies and ex- Secretary. cellent service rendered. The CHAIRMAN: At this juncture, it Seventh: To the representatives of the seems to me well that we should hear from press who have done so much to make our Committee on resolutions, Mr. Geo. S. accessible, both here in California and at Godard, chairman. our homes, the proceedings of our several Mr. Godard presented the following meetings. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Respectfully submitted, RESOLUTIONS GEO. S. GODARD, DEMARCHUS C. BROWN, RESOLVED: That the grateful thanks of MARY F. ISOM, the American library association are due Committee on Resolutions. and are hereby given to those who by Mr. GODARD: Madam Chairman, I move their united efforts have made this our the acceptance of the report and the adop- Thirty-third annual meeting so successful. tion of the resolution. First: To those who assisted in the A DELEGATE: Second the motion. program: Willard Huntington Wright, of The CHAIRMAN: It is moved and Lob Angeles; Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler. seconded that the report be accepted and

President University of California; Dr. J. the resolutions adopted. I know it will give A. B. Scherer, President Throop Polytech- you all great pleasure to vote for this and nic Institute; Hon. Hiram W. Johnson, Gov- thus express the sentiment which the Com- ernor of California; Mr. Lincoln Steffens, mittee have so well voiced. All those who 188 PASADENA CONFERENCE

are in favor of the adoption of this report about a closer relation between the Ameri-

and its resolutions will indicate it by rising. can library association and the various li- (The vote was unanimous.) brary organizations throughout the country, Mr. HILL: Madam Chairman, following for mutual helpfulness in library work. This the report of the Committee on Resolutions. matter has been before the council for I beg to submit the following minute for something over a year and has now come the expression of the association: to a favorable conclusion. Under the exist- "The American library association, ing form of the constitution of the Ameri- assembled at its Thirty-third annual meet- can library association it will be impossible ing, sends greeting to Miss Helen E. for this affiliation to take the effective and Haines, of Pasadena, who has been so in- strumental in drawing this Association to favorable form that it should, and it is this lovely state. It is with sincere regret therefore with the desire to bring the we note her absence from our Association various associations throughout the country and we desire to thank her for the splendid into closer affiliation with the American work she has done for libraries and to ex- press the wish that she may soon return to library association at an early date that I us improved in strength and health." offer at this time an amendment to the

I move the adoption of that minute, it constitution of the latter.

now being in the form of a resolution. I move to amend Section 14 of the Miss AHERN: It gives me great pleasure constitution by striking out such provision to second the vote of greeting to be sen\. as is therein made for the election of to one who for so many years was a famil- twenty-five members by the Council and iar figure to the members of the American inserting in lieu thereof the following as library association. To her interest in ex- the second paragraph of the section on tending the library service in general, we membership: are all debtors. To her particular work in "Other members may be added under such trie extension of librarj' knowledge, there conditions and restrictions as the Associ- is a personal debt on my part as one who ation may determine by resolution adopted learned much from the lines well laid down at any annual conference thereof, notice of by her for so many years. We are all grate- such proposed change having been given ful for the pleasure we have had in Pasa- not later than one month prior to the date dena, our chief regret being that we are un- of the conference." able to tender to her personally our recog- So Section 14, amended, shall read as nition of her part in bringing us to this follows: beautiful city. There is deeper regret, "Section 14. Membership. The Council also, in the thought that her absence is shall consists of the Executive board, the caused by her attention to the affairs of ex-presidents of the American library asso- our Association. It is with the greatest ciation who continue as members thereof,

pleasure that I second the vote of recogni- the presidents of affiliated societies who tion of Miss Haines' services. are members of the Association, and The CHAIRMAN: Are there any other twenty-five members elected by the Associ-

remarks on this resolution? I am sure there ation at large. The elected members shall could be many words added to those which be chosen five each year by the Associ- have been so beautifully spoken and I ation to hold office for five years. Other will ask you again to express your approval members may be added under such condi- of this resolution by a rising vote. tions and restrictions as the Association (The vote was unanimous.) may determine by resolution adopted at any The CHAIRMAN: Are there any other annual conference thereof, notice of such matters that should come before the Asso- proposed change having been given not ciation at this time? later than one month prior to the date of Miss AHERN: Many of you know of the the conference." effort of a number of the strong members This will give the Association the power of the different state associations to bring to add to its Council such members of the 189

Association as it may deem desirable to some modified form of the constitution, and serve in such position, and, as stated in so, as you will recall, they waived, for the the beginning, shortens the time which time being, their objection to this particu- must elapse before we may have the bene- lar clause and adopted the constitution as tii of the proposed affiliation. I think there a whole, reserving for themselves the priv- may be a number of other reasons that ilege of drafting such amendments there- would support this, but as the time is short, after as might seem advisable. The only

I move its adoption. argument that has been made in justifica- The CHAIRMAN: You have heard the tion of the position which permits the motion. Is there a second to it? Council to add to its own membership is

Mr. LEGLER: I take great pleasure in that the Association at large might at some seconding the motion. time fail to select or overlook some one The CHAIRMAN: You have heard the who would prove a valuable member. It motion and it has been seconded; any re- would thus be possible for the Council to marks? give to the rank and file of the Association

Mr. HILL: I would merely ask if there membership what was good for them in- is any limit placed on the number of the stead of what they might want themselves.

Council? It would appear from that amend- I believe it is entirely undemocratic not to ment that all the members of the Associ- allow an association to select for itself the ation could be elected on the Council. members of the Council. I think it advis- Miss AHERN: "Other members may be able to add to our membership that large added under such conditions and restric- body of workers all over this country who tions as the Association may determine." to-day have practically no representation Mr. HILL: An unlimited number? in any of the conferences held from year Miss AHERN: If they want them. to year. A plan was outlined this morning, Mr. ANDREnVS: The Council has aiming to add to our membership some appointed a Committee to consider the affil- five or six thousand library workers iation. This Committee has been asked to of whom at the present time we have only submit a scheme and the state relatively a handful. We can get these associations have been asked to con- members if we can offer something to give sider that scheme, and it seems to me them a personal interest. I think that would a lack of courtesy to take action at this be a mighty good thing. I am, therefore, time. I oppose the adoption of the amend- very glad to second the resolution pre- ment now, not that I oppose its ultimate sented by Miss Ahern. adoption, or that there are not strong Mr. CARR: I suppose a majority of us reasons for making a change in the elec- know this action will not be final but mere- tion of the members of the Council. ly the first step; and will require subse- The CHAIRMAN: Any other remarks? quent action at another conference. I do

Mr. LEGLER: I think the question ought not think there would be anything dis- to be thoroughly understood. Those of you courteous whatever in taking this tenta- who were present at the Bretton Woods tive step, and also that it would be very conference, when the Association adopted much in the interest of the association to do the revised code, by-laws and constitution, so. remember that the discussion centered Mr. ANDREWS: Let the president around this particular clause and that if it remind the members that only those who had come to a final determination by a vote have been members three-quarters of a year upon this proposition separately, there is can vote. no question but that the amendment, as Mr. RANCK: This resolution, the amend- proposed, would have been absolutely and ment to the constitution, interests me very overwhelmingly defeated. It was adopted much as a member of the Committee to because those who were opposed on prin- bring about closer relations between the ciple realized that it was essential to adopt local library organizations of the country —

190 PASADENA CONFERENCE and the national organization, the A. L. A. it seems to me that if it requires two con- The feeling I have about this is that while secutive adoptions to amend the consti- this may not be the best form of amend- tution, we certainly gain a year by adopt- ment, its adoption to-day may enable us to ing the proposed amendment now rather gain a year, as this is only the first step. than to let it go over for another year.

Therefore I am heartily in favor of hav- Otherwise, it would require two years from ing it passed at this time and if, in the now for final action. This amendment con- light of a year's study which this Com- templates no special scheme beyond a mittee is going to give this subject, we feel general enabling act to incorporate under that it is the best form of amendment then its provision such definite plan, as the Com- definite action can be taken accordingly a mittee appointed for that purpose may year hence. By passing this resolution to- formulate. day we are certainly putting ourselves in Mr. HILL: I should like to agree with the position to gain a year's time. remarks of the speaker, but the resolution

Mr. LANE: I think it is a mistake to certainly says the membership may be pass an amendment of this kind. It seems unlimited. The A. L. A. can put anybody to be extremely indefinite in its system into the Council and the Council itself and application, and I cannot quite imagine could be as large as the Association. just how it might work out. We want The CHAIRMAN: That would mean something more definite. I am heartily in abolishing the Council, practically? sympathy with the idea of having in the Mr. HILL: Practically.

Council representatives from state associ- Mr. ANDREWS: I am in doubt whether ations and other associations of a similar this resolution, if adopted, would have any character who are connected with us, but I legal effect as long as the present pro- think the time to make arrangements for vision for amendments to the constitution that is after the subject has taken a more is in force. You cannot provide for changes definite shape. in the membership of a selected body other-

I am also sorry to see by this amendment wise than by amendment of the organic the dropping of what seems to me a very law. valuable element of our present arrange- Miss AHERN: This amendment will have ment, namely, the provision for addition to to be acted upon again under the present the Council by a vote of its own members. constitution, and that means certainly two

I think it would be a great mistake to drop years before it becomes effective. that. Just one word in regard to Mr. Lane's

Mr. HILL: For one, 1 can't quite see how objection. The amendment does not take we are going to gain a year by passing from the Council all nominations of mem- this amendment, because the constitution bers of the Council. But the Council should says it requires two years,—two consecu- be a small body and might well consist tive years—to adopt an amendment, and it alone of the various members named this amendment is amended now there the members of the Executive board, the would still be two years ahead of us and ex-presidents of the Association, the presi-

I feel, while I am in sympathy with some dents of affiliated societies and twenty-five parts of the amendment, certainly members selected by the Council and with the desire to affiliate with state elected by the Association. Ex-presidents associations, still, that the amendment are supposed to be men who have contrib- ought to be thought over a little longer and uted their best to the development of the presidents of affiliated a little more carefully. I wonder if it could Association; the be referred to some committee, or the societies, we take it, will be the best ma- Executive board, to await the report of terial they may have to offer. There will be that special committee. the members of the Executive board, who Council, and ought Mr. LEGLER: If I may be permitted to are nominated by the answer, very briefly, Mr. Hill's question,— to represent it, and who are people that 191 in the judgment of the Council will best the presidents of affiliated societies who conduct the business of the Association. are members of the Association, and Now, here comes a chance for the Asso- twenty-five members elected by the Associ- ciation itself, under such restrictions and ation at large. The elected members shall terms as it may think best, and the Asso- be chosen five each year by the Associ- ciation itself ought to have the power of ation and hold office for five years. All the saying what those restrictions shall be, nominations are still made by the Council.

to place certain members on the Council. I don't see how the small body is any It seems to me that it is in no way reflect- safer in its choice of the people who shall ing on any member of the Council, for the direct the best efforts of the Association Association at large to preserve to itself than is the Association itself. Surely the the right to say that such other members created has nothing to fear from the cre- shall be in the Council in addition to those ator. which the Council itself has proposed shall Mr. LANE: May I add just one word? It be there. seems to me we have lost sight of the

I want to refer again to the promise that main object of the Council. It provides a was made on the floor of the conference small body to discuss library matters in at Bretton Woods to those of us who wished a handier way than can be done by the to have that particular clause modified. larger body of the Association. Moreover The promise was definitely made that we the provision of our constitution which should be given a chance to offer to the allows the Council Itself to add to its Association this amendment, and you will membership from those who may have been also recall that the matter went over, just overlooked seems to me an admirable plan. as It has this time, until it was almost the Mr. HILL: Will the chair read that arti- close of the last business session. Now, cle which applies to the amendment of the there is a whole year ahead before this constitution and those who are qualified amendment could become effective. If, iu to vote. the meantime, the Committee or the state The CHAIRMAN: The Secretary will associations shall have worked out a plan please read the article. (The Secretary of affiliation and offered it to the Associ- reads Sections 25 and 2 of the constitu- ation, the Association can vote as it pleases tion.) on that which the Committee offers. We Mr. BLACKWELDER: I would rather do not know at this time that it will accord have some person or committee delegated with the constitution as it is at present. to consider this question and give us a re- We are all supposed to be interested in port at the next meeting than to vote for promoting the best interests of the Asso- the amendment which has been proposed.

ciation, and I don't believe that we incur Miss AHERN: I am perfectly willing to much danger by leaving in the hands of answer any questions Mr. Blackwelder may the Association itself as much power as ask. is given by this amendment when so many Mr. BLACKWELDER: The main ques- other things are delegated to the Council. tion, which I do not think can be answered,

I would not have brought the amendment is how is the thing going to work. There in here at this time if there was any other is an indefinite proposition there and I way of getting it on record. would like to have a little more time.

Mr. LANE: I understood by the amend- Miss AHEIRN: You have two years be- ment, as read, that the provision for elec- fore it is adopted. tion of members by the Council was left Mr. BLACKWELDER: If you adopt it in out. Is that not so? one form tentatively it has to be adopted Miss AHERN: Not at all. The Council finally in that form. shall consist of the Executive board, the Mr. LEGLER: Any action we take now ex-presidents of the American library asso- does not make it final. You have a whole ciation who continue as members thereof. year to make up your mind whether on 192 PASADENA CONFERENCE the final vote you are in favor or against Library training: A. S. Root, A. E. it. Bostwick, Mary W. Plummer, Adam J. The CHAIRMAN: Are you ready for the Strohm, Caroline M. Underbill, Daisy B. question? All those in favor of this reso- Sabin, Cornelia Marvin and Frank A. lution as presented by Miss Ahem will Hutchins. indicate it by rising. The Secretary will International relations: Herbert Put- please count the votes. nam. E. C. Richardson, J. S. Billings, W. C. Mr. ANDREWS: Will the chair ask those Lane and R. R. Bowker. who claim to have two votes and repre- Bookbuying: W. L. Brown was desig- sentation twice to so indicate it? nated as Chairman with power to select The CHAIRMAN: All those who claim two other members. to be represented twice, will please indi- Bookbinding: A. L. Bailey, Margaret W. cate it. Brown and N. L. Goodrich. The Secretary reported number of votes Federal and state relations: B. C. Stein- cast, 50; necessary for carrying the motion, er, T. L. Montgomery, J. L. Gillis, H. R. 38; Affirmative 36, negative 14. The motion Mcllwaine and C. F. D. Belden. was declared lost. Catalog rules for small libraries: There- The CHAIRMAN: The Secretary will sa Hitchler, Margaret Mann and Emma present the report on the meetings of the F. Cragin. Executive board and the Council. Work with the blind: Mrs. Emma Neis- ser Delfino, J. L. Gillis and Laura Smith. OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD REPORT Travel: F. W. Faxon was designated There were two meetings of the Execu- Chairman, with power to add to Commit- tive board. At the first only matters of tee's membership. routine business were transacted. Co-ordination: C. H. Gould. J. L. Gillis, At the second meeting, held after the N. D. C. Hodges, W. C. Lane, Herbert Put- election of oflScers, Mr. Henry E. Legler, nam, T. W. Koch and J. C. Schwab, with resigned as non-oflicial member, having power to add to its number. been elected first vice-president, and Miss Program: Mrs. H. L. Elraendorf, Henry

Alice S. Tyler was elected to fill the un- E. Legler and George B. Utley. expired term. Place of 1912 Conference Committees

The following committees were appointed Invitation to hold the 1912 Conference in been for the ensuing year: Ottawa, Canada, having received from Publishing board: Messrs. Henry E. the authorities of that city it was voted that this invitation be accepted, con- Legler and H. C. Wellman were reappointed on for a term of three years each. dition that satisfactory arrangements for hotels, railroad rates and place of meeting Finance committee: C. W. Andrews, F. F. Dawley and Edwin H. Anderson. can be made. Public documents committee: G. S. Godard, Johnson Brigham. Ernest Brunck- The following resolution by the A. L. A. en, L. J. Burpee, T. W. Koch, T. M. Owen, Catalog section regarding the appointment

S. H. Ranck. Adelaide R. Basse and J. I. of a committee to compile an official code Wyer, Jr. for classifiers was read ,upon which it Co-operation with the N. E. A.: Mary E. was voted that the communication be Ahern, Genevieve M. Walton, Irene War- referred to the editor of the A. L. A. Man- ren, J. C. Dana and George H. Locke. ual of library economy for advice whether Library administration: Harrison W. same could be incorporated in a chapter Craver, H. M. Lydenberg and Ethel F. Mc- of the Manual, and requesting report from CoUough. him at the January meeting of the Board. COUNCIL REPORT 19:'.

WHEREAS, there has hitherto been no various organizations of tlie proposed general code of practice for the use of li- meeting. brary classifiers, embodying the principles The expression was voiced that there codifying the gath- of classifying books and should be such geographical distribution of ered experience of expert classifiers; and members of the Council as to strengthen WHEREAS, such a code may be of ser- both the A. L. A. and state associations. vice in connection with any recognized system of classification or notation: The application of the Special libraries BE IT RESOLVED, by the A. L. A. Cata- association for affiliation "with the A. L. A. assembled, log Round Table, in conference which had been carried over from the mid- the Executive board of the American that winter meeting, came before Council. After library association be advised and re- quested to appoint a Committee (1) to con- discussion it was voted that Council grant sider the advisability, practicability and the request for affiliation of the Special mode of procedure of compiling an official libraries association subject to the con- to report at an code for classifiers; (2) ditions now governing this relationship, early date to the Executive board; and Vi) and those which may be adopted hereafter, to be empowered by the Executive board to take such further steps as shall be deemed and that a committee of three be ap- best. pointed by the Chair to formulate the con- The question of an exchange of public ditions of affiliation for all except local, documents between the United States and state and provincial associations. The Canada which was referred to the Execu- Chair appointed by this Committee: Dr. tive board by Council was brought up. Herbert Putnam, Miss Mary F. Isom and and it was voted to refer this matter in Mr. C. W. Andrews. turn to the Committee on international Mr. Bowker spoke on the subject of relations. printed cards, calling attention to recent work in Germany, Belgium and other REPORT OF THE COUNCIL countries of Europe, and expressing the belief that some effort should be made to There have been two meetings of Coun- induce foreign countries to supplement, not Conference. cil during the present The duplicate, our work, that it would probably subject of affiliation of state library associ- be desirable for each country to have its ations with the A. L. A. was discussed at own code, as catalogers are reluctant to the first meeting and Miss Tyler, Chairman give up their own methods, but that an of the special committee, reviewed the international committee on Code would be work accomplished, outlined its present able to fuse many particular items. the following reso- status and presented It was voted that a committee of five be lutions, which were adopted: appointed by the Chair to promote and RESOLVED: That Council favors some co-operate in the development of printed form of connection or federation of the catalog cards in relation with international state and provincial associations with the A. L. A. and recommends that the Com- arrangements. The Chair appointed the mittee on relations of the A. L. A. to state following committee: Messrs. W. C. Lane, their investigation associations continue C. W. Andrews, C. H. Hastings, E. H. An- and present a tentative basis for such derson and J. C. M. Hanson. connection at the mid-winter meeting of Council. A letter was read from Mr. Ranck rel- RESOLVED: That Council recommends ative to the lighting and ventilation of to the Program committee the inclusion libraries, expressing the hope that some- in the A. L. A. conference program for thing might be done by the association to 1912 of a round table of the officers and scientific satisfactory stand- representatives of state and provincial li- secure a and brary associations for the discussion of ard. It was voted to refer this matter as a topics relating to such organizations as special topic to the mid-winter meetings suggested by the A. L. A. Committee in and to appoint a special committee to se- its report to the January, 1911, meeting of literature, etc., on the Council in Chicago and subsequent meet- cure information, ings, and that the secretary notify the subject. The Chair appointed on this com- 194 PASADENA CONFERENCE mittee Mr. Ranck, with power to complete RESOLVED, that the Superintendent of the committee. Documents be respectfully urged to publish if possible a daily or weekly check list At the second meeting of Council, Mr. of all such government publications issued Andrews presented the matter of a munic- by the several departments at Washington, ipal year-book, and offered the following that through such a check list librarians resolution which was adopted: may be informed concerning the many documents and reports now called for hav- that in the opinion of Coun- RESOLVED, ing been mentioned in the daily press; library users in cil the interest shown by and that we believe this early information affairs is already great, is municipal and should be regularly supplied to depository constantly increasing, and that an annual libraries also. publication which should furnish accurate At a time when the advantages of reci- and carefully edited information on these subjects would meet a real need. procity in trade have been recognized by the United States and Canada, it is ap- Mr. Bowker in behalf of the committee propriate that steps should be taken to appointed at the first meeting of Council bring about something in the nature of offered the following resolution, which it reciprocity in public documents; as the was voted to present for action at the next government of the United States Issues general session of the association. annually a large number of public docu- RESOLVED: That the American library ments that would be of service to Cana- association in Conference at Pasadena, Cal- ifornia, May 24, 1911, records a strong dian public libraries; and similarly as the protest against the return of state libra- government of the Dominion of Canada rianship or other library positions to the issues many iiublications that would be spoils system; when changes are made in of value to the United States: such posts it holds that the test of motive in removals Is the test of fitness in ap- RESOLVED, that representations be pointments and partisan political service made to the two governments looking affords no evidence of capability for li- toward the adoption of some plan by which brary administration. The education of the the Superintendent of Documents at Wash- people through libraries and schools should ington, or some other official, could be be far removed from partisanship and ap- made an agent for the distribution of pointments therein should be based solely Canadian public documents to American on merit and fitness, and this is true in libraries and the King's Printer at Ottawa largest measure in the important office of an agent for the distribution of United state librarian where experience and ef- States government documents to Canadian ficiency serve the people of the whole state. libraries. RESOLVED, that the Secretary of the It was voted that Council heartily ap- Association be directed to send a copy of proves the suggestion relating to the recip- this Minute to Governor Harmon of Ohio. rocal exchange of public documents be- At this meeting Council elected the tween the United States and Canada and following persons as members of the Coun- that the matter be referred to the Execu- cil for a term of five years each: Mr. J. tive board. L. Gillis, Mr. E. O. S. Scholefleld, Mr. G. Miss Marvin, in behalf of the special H. Locke, Miss Grace D. Rose and Miss committee appointed at the first meeting Clara F. Baldwin. of Council, reported that the special com- Mr. Godard presented the following com mittee appointed to consider the petition munication and resolutions: of librarians of agricultural libraries ap- As many librarians are seriously handi- proved their petition and recommended capped in their reference work through that they be received as a section of the lack of definite information as to what A. L. A. It was thereupon voted that an publications have been issued by the sev- agricultural libraries section be created. eral departments at Washington, until the Mr. ANDREWS: I move the acceptance receipt of the monthly catalog of govern- of the report and the adoption of the reso- ment publications, which is not published lution of Mr. Bowker in regard to the ap- until several weeks after the period cov- pointment of librarians. ered by each Issue, it is Mr. HILL: I will second it with the added —

SOCIAL SIDE OF THE CONFERENCE 196

recommendation that that matter be re- Inasmuch as Mr. Legler personally rep- ferred to the Executive board. resents the new officers that the associ-

The motion was carried. ation has been pleased to elect, I wish to The CHAIRMAN: We will now hear the present to the Association the first vice- report of the tellers of election, from the president, who will accept the gavel from Secretary. the presiding officer of the day on behalf of the newly elected president. Mr. LEGLER: Madam Chairman and REPORT OF THE TELLERS OF members of the Association: If the sun ELECTION were in the heavens, no dim star of minor magnitude would be visible to you this For President: Votes afternoon. It is with all humility that I Mrs. H. L. Elmendorf, Buffalo 115 take this gavel on behalf of Mrs. Elmen- For 1st Vice-President: dorf and I wish to assure the Association Henry E. Legler, Chicago 116 that as far as one insignificant mem- For 2d Vice-President: ber of her official family can contribute Mary W. Plummer, New York 112 to that end her leadership will For Executive board: receive entliusiastic support. New and C. W. Andrews 116 important opportunities have come to li- Linda A. Eastman 116 braries. We realize that the economic con- For Members of the Council: ditions of to-day are bringing many complex Chalmers Hadley 116 problems for consideration and that their Mary L. Titcomb 121 solution is vitally interwoven with the work Sarah B. Askew Ill of public libraries; that what we are do- A. S. Root 115 ing is not an end in itself, but a means to Minnie M. Oakley 120 an end, and that we can contribute much For Trustee of Endowment fund: by placing the facts bearing on these prob- W. W. Appleton 115 lems before the large body of people, and M. J. FERGUSON, their governing officials, to aid in the right JOHN F. PHELAN, solution of these problems. Thus, through Tellers of Election. the best use of its accumulated information The CHAIRMAN: It affords me, person- the library world can take its part in the ally, a great deal of pleasure to officially an- advancement of civilization. nounce that Mrs. Elmendorf is to be at the What is the further pleasure of the of head our organization next year, and in- Association? If there is nothing further, I asmuch as she has been informed by tele- hereby declare this, the Thirty-third An- graph of the result I am indeed glad to nual Conference of the Amerfcan library read to the Association a telegram from association, adjourned. her. Her telegram was sent to the chief Adjourned. of the Buffalo public library, who has handed it to me. It reads as follows, "Thank you. Say to the association, 'Now THE SOCIAL SIDE OF THE CONFER- is the time for all good men and true to " ENCE come to the aid of the party.' Mr. HILL: Madam President, the good One speaks of the social side, but in real- men and true will come to her aid. ity there was no definite side; the social The CHAIRMAN: In the absence of Mrs. thread would be more nearly correct, for Elmendorf, which is, of course, very great- those things which make for sociability

ly regretted by all of us, I will ask the first wound through all the uays, and sometimes vice-president, Mr. Legler, to come to the the nights. platform. This thread was of various colors, ac- (Mr. Legler comes to the platform.) cording to its source, and of various thick- 196 PASADENA CONFERENCE nesses, according to its purpose. Among thoughtfulness on the part of the entertain- the traveling librarians themselves this was ment committee that is most pleasing particularly true, for all kinds and condi- wherever met. This thoughtfulness took tions of humanity were aboard and much in the form of flowers for the most part, and evidence. There were those who are bored from the time when the A. L. A. train to extinction unless something is "doing" reached San Bernardino till the last day, every minute, and who feel it their duty to these welcome signs of hospitality were fill in the gaps, using whatever material is in evidence. Roses, sweet peas, honey- at hand. The garrulous, the quiet, the suckles and carnations shed their fragrance meek, the haughty, the frivolous, the sol- in the convention hall, in the corridors of emn (and, oh! how solemn some can be!), the hotels, in the rooms of delegates, and the prude, the daring coquet, the scold, the were presented individually as occasion of- jollier, the gay old maid, the demure young fered. one, the lady-like gentleman and the ca- A pleasant welcome was spoken on the pable lady, the amiable and the grouch, the first evening in Pasadena, and throughout aristocrat and the democrat, the thought- the week those interested in library mat- ful and the flippant, the wise and the fool- ters came from time to time from Los ish, the considerate and the selfish, the dis- Angeles, Long Beach and other nearby agreeable and the pleasant, the discerning towns to express their pleasure informally and the undiscriminating, the lofty and the at the presence of the visitors. low, the known and the unknown—all these An automobile ride one afternoon by the and many others gave color and form to courtesy of Pasadena citizens gave all an days and nights of travel. opportunity to see the city in its beauty, There was no set program, but in the while the cordial reception at Throop Poly- changing moods and environment of the technic Institute at the close of the ride travelers themselves none was needed. The gave just the glimpse of the social side of tempers, feelings, desires were kaleido- the college that was most enjoyable. scopic, and sought and found the setting Another evening provision by the local that suited the situation. commttee of a splendid dance-music pro- In California, there was the strange mix- gram filled the hearts of dancers with un- ture that all organized bodies find in hold- usual satisfaction. Feasting as a form of ing meetings on the Pacific coast. The gen- enliM'tainment was happily absent, save as uine personal hospitality is always in evi- a last tribute to the gentlemen of the con- dence on the part of those in the same vention on the part of Manager Linnard of craft, of those whose earlier days were the Maryland, who will long be pleasantly spent elsewhere and to whom the sight of remembered by all. Many of the visitors one from "back home" is always a pleasure were invited to the homes of friends of to be made the most of, of those who, other days who are now settled in the land wherever they are, never forget to enter- of flowers, and these were treated as be- tain the stranger within their gates, and fitted the occasion. Miss Jones, librarian of last, but by no means least, those who for- Bryn Mawr college, is the happy possessor ever are sure that nothing else can com- of an orange grove at Pasadena and those pare favorably with the Golden State and who were among the number that enjoyed of their duty to make that fact known. The her hospitality counted themselves as high- A. L. A. met all these, enjoyed them thor- ly fortunate. Each day saw a new party oughly and was beflttingly grateful for exulting over the privilege of picking much kindness. oranges from a tree. The entertainment offered during the ten The visits to Mt. Lowe, Riverside and days at Pasadena was most enjoyable. It Redlands were most enjoyable and gave did not reach a point where it was a ques- many an opportunity to become acquainted tion of pleasure or duty, as sometimes hap- or to renew old friendships under most de- pens, but there was always the evidence of lightful conditions. Los Angeles, which has TRAVEIL SIDE OF THE C0NFE:RENCE 197 been an entertaining factor of no small made at mid-day at Albuquerque, where we moment for many years In the gyrations had dinner at Fred Harvey's deservedly fa- of its library situation, through its cham- mous railroad hostelry, and another hour ber of commerce showed the library visit- for buying Indian pottery, baskets and ors, on the occasion of the A. L. A. con- Navaho blankets. During the afternoon we ference, what it has to offer in the way of caught a more intimate glimpse of Indian seaside resorts, parks, public buildings, life, when our train stopped for fifty min- mineral waters and business enterprise gen- utes at the ancient pueblo of Laguna, giv- erally. The library itself was acephalous lus; us time to wander through the village; and was therefore the more interesting, dodge the chickens and the papooses; peer especially to quite a number of men libra- into some of the adob6 huts, inspect the rians who were willing to be considered "home-made" church, with its crude bel- suitable timber for the mast-head. The fry and native American "barker" who women of the party, who were con- guarded the entrance and "undimed" all tinuously reminded that a woman ad- whose curiosity prompted a visit within the ministrator was out of the running, para- sacred portals; to take snap-shots, photo- phrased the milkmaid's reply: "'Nobody graphically or optically, of squaws and wants you, sir!' they said," at the same antique braves; and to purchase whatever time recalling that the best work of the bits of gay colored pottery we dared risk best years of the library has been done by to the perils of the road. women. But that has nothing to do with The next morning brought us to the the social side? Perhaps not; but it was Grand Canyon and El Tovar Hotel. After vastly entertaining just the same, and it breakfast some started on coaching trips certainly was a bright thread in the warp along the rim, others started on mule-back of its day. down the Bright Angel trail, while others So we finish as we began; there was no professed a delight for walking and de- social side to the Pasadena conference, cided to make the trip down to the Colo- but many bright threads wove themselves rado river and back by "Shank's mare." into the pattern of the event of the Pacific The latter set out enthusiastic enough, but coast meeting which will probably be seen when seen near the close of day, puffing and remembered long after the dull tints painfully up the trail, they were not so of the days' duties shall have faded to positive of the delights of footing it down nothing. M. E. A. a seven-mile cobbly and rocky trail, under a pitiless tropical sun, then retracing their weary way seven miles up the trail THE TRAVEL SIDE OF THE CONFER- with ENCE the altitude pounding harder and harder at their breathing apparatus. But it was all The Pre-Conference Trip in a day's work and an experience never to Saturday evening, May 13th, saw the start be foi-gotten—not even regretted. of the "A. L. A. special" from Chicago with Those of us who chose mules for con- about 140 librarians aboard. Sunday morn- veyance and company, at first nearly had ing we took on recruits at Kansas City, heart failure at the alarming proportion of spent the day renewing old friendships anatomy that "Bessie" or "Jennie" pro- while crossing the Kansas plains, and with jected over the yawning abyss while de- Monday morning's light came the strangely liberately rounding Cape Horn and other weird and arid New Mexico country. The nearly equally perilous promontories. But succession of Mexican and Indian villages it's all in getting used to things, so before was a fascinating novelty to those who long we were content to throw the reins on were making their first "crossing," and the "Bessie's" neck and trust to her tender geological formations and desert foliage mercies and sure feet. The good book tells caused frequent exclamations of wonder. us that the Lord taketh no delight in the A welcome break in the journey was legs of a man, but those who travel by 198 PASADENA CONFERENCE the Bright Angel route surely learn to take The Riverside library was inspected with delight in the legs of a mule. great interest and Its beautiful building Sore in foot or otherwise, we all gath- was considered a successful adaptation of ered for an appreciated dinner at El Tovar the mission style of architecture to library and a sound night's sleep, while we purposes. At Redlands a drive through dreamed of cutting the figure 8 on a 98 orange and olive groves and through the per cent incline, as we wound down the beautiful Smiley Heights Park, was the tortuous ways of the Bright Angel trail. contribution of the Redlands people. This

The next day some of the party took a was followed by a lunch at the public li- thirty mile drive to Grand View, and al- brary, where the ever-present rose shed though the journey was dusty and the re- its fragrance and a punch made from the gion traversed most desolate, yet the mag- local characteristic fruit was most refresh- nificence of the sudden burst of grandeur ing. well repaid the travelers, and the cheerful On the morning of Saturday, May 27th. "whoppers" with which the genial driver the post conference travel through Califor- beguiled the weary miles prepared them nia began. The party was composed of for what they should soon encounter from about 110 members, mostly from the East, the enthusiastic lips of dwellers in the but with many friends from California and Golden State. the Northwest. At Santa Barbara pleas- Taking to Pullmans that evening, the ant quarters were found at the Hotel Pot- night and next forenoon were spent trav- ter. An automobile drive along the shore ersing the "land of little rain," the state so through Montecito with stops at some of truly called the "arid zone," but withal pos- the beautiful homes was given by the pub- sessing so many fascinating and drawing lic library, and on the way the Santa Bar- features. Out from the Colorado Desert, bara mission was visited under the intel- noon of Thursday, May ISth, saw the "A. ligent guidance of one of the monks. A L. A. special" descending the western slope new insight was gained into the motives into the "garden of the world," and at two which inspired the founding one hundred o'clock the end of the journey was reached and twenty-five years ago by Father Juni- in the comfortable and hospitable Mary- pero Serra of that famous series of mis- land. G. B. U. sions in California. The party felt a great respect for the enthusiasm and religious The Post Conference Trip up the Coast fervor of those old monks whose great The Conference closed on Wednesday. civilizing work was done under severe May 24th, and the post conference trip be- hardship. This mission is one of the few gan with tours of the interesting places still maintained, and restorations in the around Pasadena and Los Angeles. Some buildings are being made with good taste. of the party scaled the heights of Mt. Lowe, The tropical and desert garden delighted experiencing sensations of delight and won- the visitors and the men were admitted to der at the marvelous views mingled with the sacred inner garden which women are internal qualms caused by the sudden lift not shown. As some of the party took of 3,000 feet on an inclined cable railway photographs of this charmed enclosure, the supplemented by a dizzy trolley ride along curiosity of the ladies will be in part sat- the face of high cliffs and over yawning isfied later by these pictures. chasms. A delightful feature of the afternoon's of The visit to Riverside and Redlands was entertainment was a tea at the home one of unmixed delight. The charm of the Mrs. F. B. Linn, the librarian. The semi- Glenwood Mission Inn at Riverside was tropical garden where heliotrope grew on felt by everyone, and the drive furnished trellises over the second story of the house by the Riverside people through the orange was the wonder and envy of the New Eng- and lemon groves and to the summit of land members of the party. Mt. Rubidoux, will long be remembered. A day's ride brought the party to Mon- TRAVEL SIDE OF THE CONFERENCE 199 terey over a route partly along the shore University. After a visit to the Palo Alto and partly in the mountains, a trip cool and public library and an inspection of the free from dust owing to the burning of oil beautiful university buildings in the mis- in the locomotives. At Hotel Del Monte, sion style of architecture, we partook of Monterey, the party stayed a day and two lunch served by the Stanford Library Club nights enjoying the delights of this famous and listened to cordial speeches of wel- hotel with its wonderful desert garden of come by our hosts with felicitous replies cacti, its groves of pines and live oaks, and from our party. A few more hours of its tropical ferns and palms. Its bewilder- travel brought us to San Francisco, where ing maze fashioned like that of Hampton we were housed in the magnificent Fair- Court allured and then perplexed the visit- mont Hotel. ors. Automobiles whirled the party over A visit to Chinatown seemed the proper the Seventeen-Mile Drive along the shore entertainment for the evening. Parties of through the funereal and aged cypress twenty-five were arranged with two guides, trees whose origin is unknown. On the one to lead and the other to guard the rear way the public library and citizens of Pa- and lend a spice of danger to the expedi- cific Grove entertained the party with one tion by admonitions not to stray from the of the many examples of California hospi- party. Frequent countings of the party In- tality. In rambling about Monterey a dicated the anxiety of the guides that none glimpse of the old Spanish influence was should escape on the way and thereby be seen in the old adob^ buildings and general relieved of the necessity of paying a good air of drowsiness which pervaded the town. silver dollar for the experience. Interest Objects of interest were the house in which was divided between the strange objects Stevenson lived in 1S7S and the oak under arranged by the wily orientals for our en- which Father Junipero Serra took posses- tertainment and the picturesquely incorrect sion of California in the name of Spain. language of our Irish-American guide who A few hours' ride from Monterey through showed us with equal zeal and naivete impressive mountain scenery brought the "sacreligious" prayer urns in joss houses party to Santa Cruz where the hospitality and a fake Chinese wooden tenement, said of the citizens was enjoyed at lunch in the to be the only one allowed to be built since Big Tree Grove. The big trees surpassed the fire and maintained no doubt by the in size and majesty the pictures of the city or the hotels to satisfy the curiosity imagination and were surpassed only by of the tourists. The ladies were sadly dis- the tall stories of the marvels of Califor- appointed in the expedition. They saw nia with which we were regaled at the nothing to shock their moral sensibilities. lunches or dinners where our California The air even in the fake opium joint was friends dispensed hospitality.) The lunch fairly good and dirt was no more in evi- at Santa Cruz was no exception to the rule. dence than in the foreign quarters of any We had seen so many wonders by that large city. We were cheered, however, by time, however, that we believed all the the assurance that before the fire things marvelous tales. were immeasurably worse. At San Jos^, the next stop, the semi- The entertainment furnished next day tropical trees and plants were interspersed by the San Francisco library people and with the familiar trees and flowers of the Board of Trade was one of great delight north. Here we found ourselves in a belt and satisfaction. Automobiles took the of fertile country, the Santa Clara valley, party through the residential sections with famous for its wine and small fruits, such their many fine dwellings erected since the as prunes and peaches. Speeches of cor- fire and through the Presidio and Golden dial welcome by San Jos6 citizens warmed Gate Park with their fine views of the beau- our hearts. The next day we were taken tiful harbor. The park was a marvel of by trolley through the farming towns of natural beauty, and was admired the more

Santa Clara valley to Leland Stanford .Ir. when it was known that it had been made 200 PASADENA CONFERENCE in a few years from an unpromising waste meadow or stretch of forest. The moun- of sand. The making of this park is cliar- tains soon began to pile up precipitously acteristic of ttie energy and indomitable and hem in the road, and the views became will of tlie California people in conquering grander, culminating in that of the great the desert and converting it into smiling El Capitan, a cliff rising 3,300 feet above gardens or fertile farms by the magic of the valley. The road then wound along the irrigation. At the end of the ride, after level floor of the valley for several miles inspecting the temporary headquarters of to Camp Ahwanee, where about half the the public library, simple but effective in party found delightful quarters in tents. its arrangements and indicative of the great The rest went on to the Sentinel Hotel at recuperative power of San Francisco after the center of the valley. Camp Ahwanee the fire, the party were entertained at with its outdoor life, its great campfire at lunch at the California Club. After an ap- night, and other sylvan delights, was called petizing lunch and kind words of welcome the best place in the valley until a lizard by our hosts, the party took the boat for was discovered in one of the beds. This Mt. Tamalpais. The sail across the bay visitor was harmless, but the care with and the ride up the mountain were greatly which the beds were scrutinized at night enjoyed, as the air was clear and the view after that chilled the enthusiasm of some from Mt. Tamalpais was especially fine. of the ladies for camp life. Three delight- The view can probably not be equalled in ful days were spent in the valley with beauty, including as it does the cities of climbs by the more strenuous either by Berkeley, Oakland and San Francisco, the mules or on foot to Glacier Point and Eagle magnificent bay dotted with islands, and Peak, or quiet drives through the valley to the Pacific Ocean. Mirror Lake, Bridal Veil Falls, and Yo- The next day Berkeley and Oakland en- semite Falls. All were loath to leave the tertained the party with a sail across the valley. bay to Oakland, a trolley ride through the The detour from the Yosemite Valley to city, and a visit to the interesting public visit the Mariposa big trees was made by library and the art museum. A lunch was only one member of the party, the patri- given at Piedmont park by the Oakland arch. The sight of the trees was declared people and then a short trolley ride brought by him to amply repay him for the eight- the party to the University of California een hours he passed in a stage on two suc- at Berkeley, where welcome was given in cessive days. He reports that the trees the Greek theater. The library of the were all accounted for and as described in university was being moved into its new the guide book, and that they all seemed building and this novel sight was of great to be older than he is. Interest. The fine new building was greatly The return trip by rail along the Merced admired both from the architectural view- River was made by daylight that the party point and for Its adaptability to use. Re- might marvel at and be thrilled by the en- turning to San Francisco the party divided, gineering feats in railroad building. about fifty-five taking the train that even- From Merced to Sacramento the road ing for the Yosemite Valley, the rest leav- passed through fertile valleys, and glimpses ing San Francisco the next morning for were caught of the energy of the county Sacramento and the East. library workers, some of whom boarded The Yosemite party awoke the next the train at Merced, Modesto, and Elk morning at EH Portal, had an early break- Grove with words of welcome and gifts of fast at Hotel Del Portal and then started flowers and the characteristic fruits. Cher- on a stage ride of about fifteen miles into ries were offered in abundance everywhere, the valley. The road followed the course and at Elk Grove in addition to marvelous of the Merced River, sometimes along the roses and sweet peas, the ladies handed face of a cliff at a dizzy height above the each one a huge lemon. river, and sometimes through a bit of quiet .\t Sacramento the Board of Trade took —

TRAVEX SIDE OF THE CONFERENCE 201 the party in automobiles about the city and tains of Idaho and the Yellowstone Park into the country over perfect roads allow- with stops at Spokane, St. Paul and Chi- ing time for a visit to the state and pub- cago, where libraries were visited and hos- lic libraries and giving a chance to see a pitable welcome was extended by the li- gold dredger at work. A dinner given in brarians. J. G. M. the evening by the Sacramento library peo- Party No. 1 Eastward Trip ple was a fitting climax to the many ex- — to pressions of hearty welcome given in Cali- "For admire an' for to see. fornia. For to be'old this world so wide, That night the majority of the party left It's always done some good to me for the East to visit on the way more won- And I can't drop it if I tried." ders in Utah and Colorado. A few of the —Adapted. party returned by way of the Northwest. Judging by the difficulties in assembling This small party went north by the Shasta the first A. L. A. party for departure at the route through a rugged mountainous coun- various stops on the return journey, each try with the magnificent snow-capped Mt. person had applied Kipling's last line to Shasta in sight nearly all day. A short the cities of our hosts. It was reported that stay was made in Portland to visit the fine applications for library positions were public library and enjoy the Rose Festival. strewn broadcast from Sacramento to The substantial character of the city and Denver, and also that certain members of the finely equipped, progressive library ap- the party might waive their aversion to the pealed particularly to the visitors. A few married state, should suitable local talent hours' ride brought the party to the two with the necessary requisites in the way great cities on the wonderful Puget Sound of bungalows present themselves. Tacoma and Seattle, rivals in beauty, trade, Leaving San Francisco the morning of progressiveness and library equipment. .lune 3d, our first stop was at Sacramento, Several very pleasant days were spent by which proved one of the most pleasant sur- some of the party in these two cities, en- prises of the trip. We were met at the joying the bracing air, the glorious views station by the members of the state library of the mountains, and trips on the Sound. staff and escorted to the beautiful home of The hospitality dispensed by the librarians Mr. and Mrs. Gillis, where lunch was and their assistants was most cordial and served. We were reminded too soon that the libraries were pronounced models of we were still librarians by the arrival of progressiveness and efficiency. the car to take us to the state library, Several of the party made a detour into where a number of new devices attracted a foreign country and enjoyed the charm- our attention. Later in the afternoon ing bit of old England which they found motor boats were placed at our disposal in Victoria, B. C. The librarian of the for a trip up the river. The mistletoe on province in his light-hearted way made all the banks was not needed to explain the wish their stay could be longer. popularity of the river; the natural scen- The Northwest was left with much re- ery itself was sufficient. Dinner at the gret. The charm of its cool climate, the hotel with impromptu speaking closed a wonders of its fertile soil, and the beauty day that will never be forgotten. On the of its luxuriant vegetation, its great for- way to the train many stopped to visit the ests, and its rugged mountains made all public library and to bid farewell to the want to revisit this great empire which, it staff. is prophesied, is destined to be the future Monday morning found us at Salt Lake home of the Anglo-Saxon race. City, which impressed one as combining The party broke up in the Northwest, the the hustling activity of the West with the different ones returning over many differ- culture of the East. In the morning after ent routes, some by way of the Canadian a visit to the library of the university and Rockies, and some by way of the mouu the public library, we were taken in auto- 202 PASADENA CONFERENCE mobiles around the city, and up to Fort has been filled in for miles across the Douglas, where the view of the valley, the northern part of the lake. In time we ar- lake and the mountains was magnificent rived at Salt Lake City, where a good beyond description. Lunch was enjoyed at breakfast soon put us in trim, so we were Saltair on the lake, or rather over the lake. easily persuaded to walk two blocks and Upon return to the city opportunity was trolley out to the University grounds un- given to hear the wonderful organ at the der the guidance of Miss Nelson, the li- Tabernacle. Some of the more venture- brarian. The surrounding snow-capped some returned to the lake for a bath. The mountains were of as much interest to us cordiality and the courtesy with which we as the University buildings and the sightly were entertained by the trustees of the location. Shortly after 10:30 all were at public library were greatly appreciated. the public library, where Miss Sprague, the The trip from Salt Lake City to Manitou librarian, and her trustees took us in was remarkable for the scenery and the charge and after a short tour of inspection dust on the observation car, the only gift in the library, "autoed" us all over town we received that failed of appreciation. through the rows of Lombardy poplars and Manitou gave an opportunity for two days splendid residences till we began to think of rest for those who did not wish to ex- that after all we might come here to live plore. Cheyenne Canyon on burro back. instead of Pasadena as was determined Pike's Peak and Colorado Springs attracted upon when we left Southern California. many. Not content with showing the city, our Denver was our last stop, and after a hosts took us to Saltair to a happy lunch- visit to the library, a trip around the city eon on the Great Salt Lake, and three and dinner at the Country Club, we hardy members of the party took a swim climbed into our Pullmans, resolved that under the escort of one of the resident the next trip to the Coast should find all of ladies. It was most enjoyable in spite of us present. C. H. B. the fact that all the rest of the party looked on from a point of vantage nearby and Party No. 2—From Departure from Sacra- mentally put us down as the "too fresh" mento, East members. Our dip removed that stain from About thirty-five of us in two specinl our character and at luncheon we could Pullmans left Sacramento at bedtime on dispense with the salt cellars, a shake of June 7th and on Thursday, .Tune 8th. we the head being entirely suflicient to flavor awoke in Nevada and saw Reno from the anything near by. Then, to end the day, windows of our dining car without miss- a special organ recital was given for us ing any of our number. After this the at the Mormon Tabernacle and much en- only event of interest during that day was joyed by all. We here parted from the the parting of one of our ladies who in- lady-with-the-Scandinavian-reach, but we sisted on being put off at a small station found a former member of our party who In the desert called Mill City, where neither had come on this far by himself, so our mill nor city were visible. Her brother number was still intact. was waiting for her at the station and we June 10th will long be remembered for felt much relieved on that account, for the its Rocky Mountain views. .\'l day long we region did not look promising for a ten- threaded tunnels, climbed passes, and de- derfoot even though she had had much scended canyons until all were satisfied as practice on mule-back while with us. to the extent and grandeur of Colorado's Early on the morning of June 9th those Rockies. That night we were comfortably who were fortunate enough to wake early settled at the Cliff House at Manitou, where or who roomed near the lady with the our long expected trunks were in the alarm clock saw the Great Salt Lake in all rooms all ready to greet us. We foimd its glory from the Pullman windows as the here and enjoyed a round-robin letter from train traversed the long "cut-off" which Party No. 1. TRAVEL SIDE OF THE CONFERENCE 203

Sunday was given up to a beautiful drive good dinner at the Imperial and a walk in the morning through Williams Canyon down the main street of Cripple Creek, we to the Cave of the Winds and thence into took the train back, and would that here the Garden of the Gods. The Cave was might end the description of our travels, wonderfully worth the trouble and expense, for a few miles from Colorado Springs our and of course the Garden came up to ex- special car without warning turned over pectations. We were very glad to learn on its side—providentially picking out that- recently this natural wonder place about the only place on the line where the had been acquired by the city of Colorado shelf was wide enough to hold it without Springs. That afternoon was free for in- rolling down several hundred feet. In the dividual trips and some went up the in- crash of breaking glass and splintering cline, some did Pike's Peak, while, others wood our party never uttered a groan or visited Crystal Park and a few drove to a cry, a truly wonderful thing, and as we South Cheyenne Canyon and the Seven gradually extricated ourselves, cut and Falls, sadly commercialized now, the visitor bruised, and assembled on the bank, it was being importuned to sit upon a 46-year-old found that eight were quite badly hurt and burro and have a group taken with the a lady, not of our party, was crushed to Falls as a background. death and a gentleman who had asked if Monday, June 12th, twenty-seven planned he might ride in our car was badly cut and a trip to Cripple Creek over the ''Short bruised. After twenty minutes the wrecked Line" noted for its scenic route along the car was uncoupled and we were taken to mountain sides, climbing until nearly 10,- Colorado Springs, where six went to the 000 feet above the sea level. A special car hospital and the rest were able to return was put on the morning train for us and to the hotel at Manitou, where nurses and we all thoroughly enjoyed the winding the doctor awaited us. Our Denver stop road and its many views of peak and plain. scheduled for the next day was reluctantly At Vindicator Junction, by previous ar- abandoned, and by the evening of June 13th rangement, we left the train and took a all were able to resume the journey home trolley along the upper circuit among the except two whom we left with two others mines and shaft houses. A thunder shower to care for them at St. Francis Hospital at gave pleasant variety and the distant Colorado Springs. These sufferers re- sunny snow-capped Sangre de Christo turned East ten days later, and were at last Mountains beneath the curtain of the rain accounts improving rapidly. clouds will long be remembered. After a F. W. F. 1 —

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF LAW LIBRARIES

Sixth Annual Meeting at Pasadena, Cal., May 18-24, 191

When it was learned that the American program, one being the history and func- library association had decided to meet at tions of the Department of Justice, a most Pasadena in May, there was a strong feel- interesting and enlightening paper which ing on the part of many members of the should be of general interest at the present American association of law libraries time. The other contribution was a report that it was inadvisable to meet at the made by him as Chairman of the committee same time and place because the distance on the bibliography of Latin-American from the center of the country was so great, laws. With the rapid growth of commerce and because sessions during May of courts with these countries, has come an increas- and legislatures would prevent many from ing demand for information as to their attending. laws, legal institutions, etc. In the past The conference, although smaller than It has been impossible to secure such in- usual, was most gratifying, showing as formation, except on the rare occasion It did an interest in the work of the Asso- when some specially qualified scholar has ciation on the part of many who had never made a trip to those countries and has met with us before, and giving others an found time to look into the matter. There opportunity to make new acquaintances Is no organization in the law book trade and to learn of library activities which had in those countries, and seldom does one not before come to their attention. bookseller handle the publications of an- Lack of space makes it impossible to other. It was to meet this condition that give detailed accounts of all the papers the Committee was appointed. Some time and reports presented. These will be found ago a carefully drawn circular letter in in extenso in future numbers of the Law Spanish was sent to universities, bar asso- Library Journal, which is published as a ciations, etc., throughout Latin America supplement to the Index to Legal Periodi- asking for bibiographical information, and cals. The issues of this publication can be information as to booksellers from whom secured from the Secretary, the subscrip- the works could be secured. Only two re- tion price being $5 a year. plies were received to this first effort, There was presented a valuable paper on which well illustrates the difficulty of se- Ohio Reports by ex-President E. A. Feazel, curing either books or information. One of Cleveland. The information contained in of the replies, however, was from Juan

this paper will be of great use to law li- B. Barrios, Secretary of the Academia

brarians, giving as it does a key to the Colombiana de Jurisprudencia. It was a confused series of Reports published in thorough hibliography of Colombian laws Ohio. and outlined the kind of information which Vaseline treatment of leather bindings librarians—particularly law librarians was minutely described by Dr. G. E. Wire, need. who is an expert on matters of binding. There was submitted an interesting re- Those institutions, whether general libra- port on the reprinting of session laws, ries or law libraries, having many sheep showing just what states had undertaken bound books, will do well to examine this the work, how far the work had been paper. completed, and what states were contem- Mr. O. J. Field, Clerk of the Department plating such reprinting. It was the senti- of Justice, made two contributions to the ment of the Association that such work LAW LIBRARIES 205

be encouraged, as it was considered im- was appointed to report upon some method possible for any institution to build up a whereby law libraries could secure the de- complete collection of original editions. cisions more cheaply. The National legislative reference ser- The death on May 11, 1911, of Mr. A. vice, which was started in 1910, was not H. R. Praser was reported. Mr. Fraser continued during the current year on ac- was librarian of the Cornell University count of lack of sufficient subscribers. This Law School, and one of the leaders in the much-regretted discontinuance, it was law library profession. hoped, would be only temporary, and the It was reported with regret that Mr. joint Committee with the National asso- Gilson G. Glasier had resigned as editor ciation of state libraries was continued, of the Index. His self-sacrificing and ef- with instructions to do what was possible ficient editorship was commended by suit- to make the service permanent. able resolutions. There were other papers and reports on The following officers were elected for the following subjects: the coming year:

I-aw and legislative library conditions President, George S. Godard, state li- in Texas. brarian of Connecticut; 1st Vice-President, The use of Library of Congress cards Frederick W. Schenk, law librarian. Uni- by law libraries. versity of Chicago; 2d Vice-President, The training of law librarians in library Miss Gertrude E. Woodard, law librarian, work. University of Michigan; Secretary, Frank- Bibliography of bar association pro- lin O. Poole, librarian of the Association ceedings, being the results of the study of the Bar of the City of New York; by Mr. Francis Rawle of Philadelphia, Treasurer, E. Lee Whitney, asst. librarian, who allowed the Committee to use the Vermont state library; Members of Execu- data which he had secured by careful tive Committee; Gilson G. Glasier, state investigation covering many years. librarian of Wisconsin; Ethelbert O. S. The Association made a protest against Scholefleld, legislative librarian of British the custom in the Federal courts of charg- Columbia; Thomas W. Robinson, librarian, ing fees for copies of opinions. A committee Los Angeles County law library. I

LEAGUE OF LIBRARY COMMISSIONS

Eighth Annual Meeting, Pasadena, May 19-22, J9J

FIRST SESSION 2. That a committee appointed to repre- sent the League instructed to push Friday, May 19. be the request at the coming session of Congress first session was a business meeting, The in December, and that it be empowered to held Friday, May 19, at 8:15 p. m. with the call on the various commissions to co-oper- president. Miss Clara F. Baldwin, in the ate with it in waging an active campaign chair. The secretarj' being absent, Miss in behalf of the measure. Guess Humphrey, of Nebraska, was asked 3. That the committee ask merely for to act as secretary. The report of the sec- an amendment to the present law by which retary-treasurer was read and approved. A library commissions and all public libra- report of the sectional meetings held in the ries may be placed on the list mentioned. winter of 1911 at Chicago and Boston was LOUIS R. WILSON, read. Mr. Milam, in the absence of Mr. Chairman. LOUIS R. WILSON, chairman of the com- In the absence of Mr. A. L. Bailey, chair- mittee on second class postal rates for man of the committee on a library post, Commission bulletins, read the following Dr. B. C. Steiner, chairman of the A. L. A. report: committee on federal relations, was called upon to report the present status of this REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON matter. Dr. Steiner presented a clear out- SECOND CLASS POSTAL RATES line of the problems involved In the ques- ON BULLETINS tion of a library post, book post or parcels post. A discussion followed in which the In behalf of the committee appointed to opinion seemed to prevail that a library secure second class postal rates for com- post was the most desirable, since it al- mission publications, I wish to report as lowed no special privileges to commercial follows: interests. A motion was made by Mr. 1. That under the existing laws It is Milam that the committee on postal rates held that commissions are not entitled to be Instructed to make a definite report to the privileges desired. members of the League within the next 2. That after correspondence with the two months, as to what is wanted in the Chairman of the Postal Committees of Con- way of postal rates. The motion carried. gress of 1910-19U, it became evident that On the motion of Mr. Dudgeon, it was voted no legislation favorable to commissions to retain the committee on library post and would be enacted. to instruct it to confer with the A. L. A. 3. That inasmuch as the Congress now committee as to the best method of bring- in session is assigned special duties, it will ing about a lower postal rate on library not be able to give the proposed matter loans. consideration. Mr. CHALMERS HADLEY presented the In view of the fact that no action has following been taken by Congress, the committee wishes to offer the following recommenda- REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LIBRA- tione: RIES IN FEDERAL PRISONS 1. That the League, in connection with the A. L. A., continue Its endeavor to have For nearly two years your special com- library commissions and public libraries mittee on libraries in the United States placed in the list of institutions entitled to penitentiaries has endeavored to Improve second class postal rates. the conditions in these libraries. It Is a 206 LIBRARY COMMISSIONS 207 cause of regret to the chairman that more er officials in charge, and ordinarily it will definite results have not been secured dur- not exceed the estimates sent by the De- ing that time, but he believes that the pre- partment of Justice for the support of peni- liminary work, which has been consider- tentiaries, nor would the committee on ap- able, win prove valuable In future action propriations recommend Increase of mis- which the League may take. cellaneous expenses in excess of that Without repeating at too much length, recommended by the Department of Justice members of the League may be reminded in the hope that It would be spent for li- that at the Bretton Woods Conference this braries when it might be spent for any- committee was empowered to investigate thing else. I would not say that it was conditions in the United States peniten- probable that you could accomplish any- tiary libraries and to take action for their thing now in this session on this subject improvement. Personal visits were paid to but would regard the most hopeful method the various penitentiary libraries by mem- of procedure to be for you to try and get bers of your committee and others. Dur- an estimate for the next year's bills directly ing the year 1910 various changes were for libraries in the penitentiaries." made in the Department of Justice in Other officials at Washington were ap- Washington, which Department has super- proached but all agreed that it was quite vision of the penitentiaries, including their futile to get a bill passed by the last Con- libraries. Much time was therefore con- gress at that particular time. The presi- sumed in getting new officials in Washing- dent of the League stopped in Washington ton informed as to the penitentiary libra- and inquired as to the possibilities for the ries. proposed legislation and with the chairman

It became evident a year ago, that the of the committee agreed that it would be Department of Justice seemed not to be im- unwise in the face of certain defeat to try pressed with the desirability of special at- to secure this legislation at this time. tention to the penitentiary libraries, other When it became evident, however, that than had been given them in the past. the co-operation of the Department of Jus- Therefore at the mid-winter meeting of the tice was so important, a final appeal was League held in Chicago last January, the made to the Department to which the reply chairman of your committee was empow- was received last January from the Acting ered to have a bill introduced in Congress Attorney-General which was In part as fol- providing for better financial support of lows: these penitentiary libraries, and it was "As I wrote you June 18, ISIO, the Attor- agreed that when this bill was introduced, ney-General, under whose authority this the co-operation of all library commis- appropriation is disbursed, is empowered sions in the country should be secured to to incur such expenses for library books as further the passing of the bill. Immediate- he deems proper and it is not thought that ly upon the adjournment of the League In any change is necessary or advisable. January, it was discovered that congress- Under this sub-appropriation the Attorney- men could not easily be persuaded to make General is authorized to purchase as many a special appropriation except through the books as in his judgment are required. Department of Justice, and that the Depart- Should the appropriation be found at any ment budget for 1911 was already made up. time insufficient for the purchase of an

Mr. Walter I. Smith, a member of the ample supply of books, the Department in Way and Means committee, was written to submitting its estimates of appropriations by your chairman and Mr. Smith replied to Congress would ask for an increase in as follows: this sub-appropriation. It has never been "I have your letter of January 9th. Con- found necessary or advisable as yet to ask

gress is, as a rule, unwilling to make any for any increase for this purpose, and I am appropriation for the support of Federal of the opinion that no increase is neces- Institutions not recommended by the prop- sary." 208 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Two librarians, Mr. Hopper of Tacoma, of the prisoners at the Federal penitenti- and Mr. Lucht of Leavenworth had. In the aries. meantime, visited the libraries at McNeil Up to the present time no special plan Island and Ft. Leavenworth respectively. has been adopted with regard to the pur- Mr. Hopper reported that the warden was chase of library books. Some time ago anxious to improve the library conditions the attention of Congress was called to the and gave him permission to withdraw and necessity of providing teachers for the destroy a number of undesirable books on prison schools, but Congress did not ac- the librarj- shelves in the penitentiary. cede to the request and we have at present Mr. Lucht reported that the Ft. Leaven- no school teachers in the penitentiaries, worth penitentiary seemed to be trying to other than the chaplain and now and then aid the prisoners through the library, but a guard who is more or less accomplished that the methods in vogue were obsolete in teaching. and that as two men occupy a cell together, The total amount expended for books for only the one in the upper berth could get the Federal penitentiaries during the past sufficient light from the electric bulb in the few years is extremely small. There have ceiling to do any reading. The warden at been contributions to the prison libraries Ft. Leavenworth hoped that later a reading on the part of people living generally in room could be opened when privilege can the neighborhood in which the institution be given to trusted men to make use of this is located, and these books have been room. There is no card catalog of the placed in the library for the general use of books and there is no fixed appropriation the prisoners. for the library. No new magazines are In reply to your direct inquiries, the fol- subscribed for, and no special efforts seem lowing information is given as to each in-

to be made to Induce the men to read or to stitution. 1 will first recite your question direct their reading. The chaplain who and then give the answer for each of the selects their books has none of our aids in three Federal prisons, using the abbrevia- book selection. tion "L" for Leavenworth, "A" for Atlanta Following this information from the two and "M" for McNeil Island.

librarians, the chairman of your committee 1. Does the one who purchases the then wrote to the Department of Justice books of the penitentiary libraries have and asked for information regarding cer- any special training or experience in this tain conditions in the penitentiary libra- work so as to guarantee financial economy ries, not for the information itself, but to in these purchases?

show the Department of Justice that the li- (L) All purchases that we are permit- brary conditions of the penitentiary libra- ted to make are by order of the Depart- ries were not in the excellent shape that the ment subject to the lowest bidder, other letter of January 12 written by the De- things being equal. partment would seem to indicate. These (M) Practically all books for the prison questions were replied to at length by the library are donated; few. If any, purchases Department on February 9 in part as have been made. follows: (A) No books have been purchased for As you have been heretofore informed, the library in this penitentiary. the Department does not need larger ap- 2. What are the principles of selection propriations from Congress merely for the on which the books purchased for the purchase of books for the prison libraries, penitentiary are based? for the reason that the item of books is (L) Educational, reformatory, and rec- included with other items in the general reational. appropriation, and therefore the Attorney- (A) We have made no selection further General can allow as much of this sum as than to cull from the books which have he thinks necessary for the purchase of been given us those which are suitable for such books as may be selected for the use use here. LIBRARY COMMISSIONS 209

(M) From the books donated any tliat librarian calls at each cell every evening, are thought objectionable are destroyed. distributes and exchanges books and maga-

3. Are the books in the library designed zines, and inquires of each prisoner if there to provide reading along any special lines, is not some reading matter he would like if so, what lines? supplied from the library. (L) We have a few books of a technical 8. Are special books provided tor pris- character, especially along the lines of car- oners who have a better reading knowl- pentry, plumbing, electricity, and farming. edge in some foreign language? (A) We have not yet formulated a de- (L) None. sign because in order to obtain any books (A) No, excepting text-books. we have been compelled to accept all that (M) No.

were suitable for our use. 9. Are the prisoners given any assist- (M) The books In the prison library are ance in their endeavors to progress along designed to provide entertaining and in- certain lines; along those lines which will structive reading. be of assistance in helping them to employ- 4. What ratio, if any, exists between the ment when they are released from prison? number of books of a recreational nature (L) This could not be done here to any and those of an educational nature? extent, as we have no school. (L) It is difficult to say. (A) Yes, such as our limited library (A) No fixed ratio for the reason stated and facilities will afford. in question 3. (M) Present facilities are meager for (M) About 93 per cent of the books In affording prisoners opportunity for study this library are fiction, 7 per cent educa- along given lines. tional. 10. Are dictionaries and other necessary 5. What per cent of the books circulated reference books provided for the use of are fiction? the prisoners? (L) About 65 per cent. (L) Yes. (A) As a large per cent of the books re- (A) Only such have been provided as ceived were fiction, a large proportion of have been received in the form of gifts from those read have been fiction, although we interested people on the outside. are unable to state the exact proportion. (M) Dictionaries and general reference (M) Practically 95 per cent of the pris- books are poorly and meagerly represented on library books circulated are fiction. in the prison library. 6. Is any ratio maintained between the 11. Is any attention given by the prison number of volumes in the library and the officials to see whether the books donated number of prisoners? to the libraries are objectionable in char- (L) No. acter? (A) As our library is the result of gifts (L) Yes. no ratio has been attempted. (A) Yes; no book is admitted to our (M) No ratio is maintained between the library until it has been read and approved number of volumes in the library and the by one of the prison chaplains. number of prisoners. (M) Yes. 7. Are any means taken to interest the 12. In what condition are books, and prisoners in the books, especially those pris- how often are they cleaned and repaired? oners who have not been in the habit of (L) In good condition for the most part, reading? though some are old and shelf worn. They (L) Only in a general way. are repaired whenever necessary and fre- (A) Yes. We have adopted various quently cleaned. means to create an interest in reading. (A) They are generally in a more or In addition to establishing a school for the less dilapidated condition when we receive purpose of teaching illiterates. them, and constant use does not improve (M) A library catalog in each cell. The their condition. We repair them as well as 210 PASADENA CONFERENCE

we can, but there are probably 5,000 vol- brary facilities for them. The keynote re- umes in our library which should be con- garding its position is found in the letter signed to the furnace because of their bad just read, namely, "Until Congress pro- condition. vides a system for the education of pris- (M) The books in the library are in oners, it is not seen how any successful good condition. They receive daily attention efforts can be made looking towards the as to cleaning and repairing. furnishing of a properly arranged library 13. Have the libraries in the peniten- for the prisoners." tiaries any particular place in the scheme Your chairman believes that while a for helping the men or are they merely library can be of greatest value in an incidental? educational system in the penitentiaries, (L) The latter. that its usefulness is in no wise dependent (A) Rule 57 provides that the chaplain on such a system; that the reading of

shall have charge of the penitentiary li- recreational and inspirational books alone brary and see that no improper or sen- would more than compensate the peniten- sational books or publications are admitted tiary for their cost; and that there are therein. This rule implies that a prison hundreds of prisoners of education who library is eventually intended, but thus are not dependent on a special system for far the government has not provided any the enjoyment of reading. The greatest books for the library. value of books will not be secured until (M) The intent of the prison library they are in charge of skilled persons who is to be of an elevating, instructive, and can select them most intelligently and entertaining help to each prisoner. make their contents accessible through 14. Is there any way to tell whether the modern library methods, but it is a dis- libraries have been of assistance to the grace that a wealthy nation should limit prisoners, or of knowing whether there has the reading, even of its prisoners, to books been development In the use of books? that frequently are filthy and In rags, and (L) Yes, the demand for reading mat- which are largely chance contributions by ter; the increased circulation; the call for visitors. books of reference, etc. The chairman of your committee recom- (A) The Department's letter of June mends that a bill be introduced into the 18, 1910, answers this question as to the next Congress for an annual appropriation Atlanta penitentiary. for books and their care in penitentiary (M) The records kept by the librarian libraries. Even if Congress adhere to the afford knowledge as to the development in rule that requests come through the super- the use of the prison library books, but vising department, it is believed that the there is little, if any, way of telling if the publicity which would be given through library has been of assistance to the pris- discussion would be of great value in Im- oners. proving penitentiary libraries. The Department fully appreciates the In resigning from the Committee the importance of providing a library along chairman recommends that the present modern, scientific lines, and any recom- Secretary of the A. L. A. be appointed mendations you may have to make upon on the committee with another member the subject will be given very careful con- who lives in or near Washington. sideration by the Department. CHALMERS HADLEY, Chairman. (Signed) Mr. Dudgeon moved that the committee J. A. FOWLED, on libraries In Federal prisons be continued Acting Attorney-General. and that steps be taken to co-operate with Your chairman believes that the Depart- other associations such as the National ment at Washington is concerned regard- Prison Association to push along the work ing the welfare of the prisoners and is along the lines suggested in Mr. Hadley's

friendly to suggestions for improving li- report. The motion carried. LIBRARY COMMISSIONS 211

Mr. Dudgeon read the report of the reasonable figure for such a piece of work. publications committee in the absence of The commissions had subscribed for four- the chairman, Mr. R. P. BLISS. The report teen hundred copies before it was issued. was as follows: The matter of study outlines was referred to this committee with power to appoint a REPORT OF THE PUBLICATIONS subcommittee to investigate and report COMMITTEE at mid-winter meetings. Following these At the Mackinac meeting several matters instructions Mr. M. S. Dudgeon of Wis- were referred to the committee for action consin, Miss Grace Betteridge, of New and these will be treated in order. York, and Miss Margaret Brown of Iowa, It was voted that the Publications Com- were appointed a subcommittee to consider mittee confer with the A. L. A. Publishing the matter. They reported in January that Board in regard to the relations of the two they were not ready to make a definite bodies. This was taken up immediately report but were inclined to recommend after the summer meeting. After some con- outlines based on the use of one book as ference it was decided that thePublications a text-book with only a few references to Committee of the League should be con- other books.. sidered as an advisory body by the Pub- In accordance with the action of the lishing Board. If it decides that a certain League at Mackinac, the Handbook was publication is needed it will recommend it prepared with the idea of its being used to the Board, which will issue it through for some time without reprinting. Here- the A. L. A. Headquarters. It was also after, the annual issues will contain only decided that the A. L. A. should take over statistics and new material. By this means, all of the publications of the League now it is hoped to reduce the cost of this in print and sell them with other library publication. publications at Headquarters. This will One matter which your committee has centralize the sale of all such things and been seriously considering is the possi- prevent any doubt as to where they will bility of preventing the duplication of effort be found. In accordance with this decision, and expense in preparing and printing lists the following pamphlets were sent to A. of books and other material. The situation L. A. Headquarters: List of magazines for as it exists to-day is illustrated by our small libraries. Anniversaries and holidays, experience with the Suggestive list of and the List of stories to read aloud, to- children's books. At the Mackinac meeting gether with a few unimportant items. the question of having this published by Hereafter, inquiries regarding these should the A. L. A. Publishing Board was pre- be addressed to the A. L. A. oflSce in sented to them and it was learned that they Chicago. were on the point of issuing a similar In this latter arrangement an exception list. While we were corresponding with was made of the Suggestive list of books various commissions to ascertain the num- for children. It transpired that the Pub- ber of copies of our list that they would lishing Board was issuing a somewhat sim- need, one secretary replied that they ilar list and it was feared that if they would not need any as they were about were sold together there might be con- to issue a list of their own. At the same fusion. Your committee therefore arranged time that the A. L. A. list made its ap- with the company which was printing it, pearance, its editor issued still another to attend to the sale of the Suggestive list. with the imprint of her library. Here we All communications regarding this should have four lists, similar in purpose, in prep- be addressed to the Democrat Printing Co., aration, all making their appearance at Madison, Wis. They have fixed the price at the same time. Would it not have been $15.00 per hundred copies, single copies better if these four persons had been at will be 25 cents. Those of you who have work on different problems instead of one? seen the list will agree that this is a very This is not an exceptional case but well 212 PASADENA CONFERENCE illustrates a condition which should be missions. As we could not see just what changed. There are problems enough for was desired it was decided to wait for all and there should be something done to more light before undertaking such a work. secure a wider distribution of effort. Recently it was learned that the Wis- With this in mind, we wrote to a number consin Commission was printing in the of commissions asking them to send us, current number of their Bulletin a list of on cards, in the form of subject entries, material on sociological topics which could titles of any material which might be of be secured at little or no cost. As the list help to others and which they can supply. was very good, the A. L. A. Publishing In reply to this request many cards have Board was asked to issue this for general been sent and there is at the office of the use. This has been arranged for and it is chairman of this committee the begin- advertised at three cents each for ten or ning of an index to such material as Is in more copies. Commissions will find this a print. At the same time we asked for sub- very useful list. jects on which pamphlets might be useful The Massachusetts Commission is issuing and received several answers. These will a revised edition of Miss Zaidee Brown's be gone over and if it seems wise will Directions for the librarian of the small be assigned to members of the League to library. This will not take the place of prepare for publication. Some of the sub- Miss Stearns' Essentials in library admin- jects are as follows: istration, but will give the main points in a Suggestive list of one thousand books, more concise statement and will probably revised annually. be more useful in many places. This has List of children's books to be kept up to also been reprinted by the Publishing date. Board. A discussion of the library budget. The need of a list of books for use in Reprint of Soule's Library rooms and penal institutions and hospitals for the in- buildings. sane has been considered, and Miss Carey, Plans for small library buildings costing of the Minnesota Commission, was asked less than $5,000.00. to undertake such a work. She has not List of books for penal institutions and completed the work as yet but is making hospitals for the insane. careful preparatory investigation. We feel List of books in elementary English for sure that when this list is published it use with immigrants. will be well worth while. It will probably be found that some of ROBERT P. BLISS, these topics are impracticable, but others Chairman. will be made use of. Your committee Mr. Dudgeon asked that the considera- would suggest that if commissions, or li- tion of the amendments to the Constitution brarians, feel the need of material on any be deferred until the next meeting. subject they write us and we may be able On the motion of Mr. Hadley, it was to tell them where they can find what they voted that Mr. D. C. Brown of Indiana be want, or it may be a hint to us to go to delegated to represent the League at the work and put something in print. National Conference of Charities. The Eastern section of the League at The president announced as a nominat- its meeting in Boston, requested this com- ing committee Miss Margaret Brown, Miss mittee to ascertain each year what lists Isom, and Miss Allin. The meeting then ad- the various commissions had published or journed. were preparing to publish. Nothing has been done with this as yet but it should SECOND SESSION be kept in mind and such information se- Saturday, May 20. cured. It was also suggested that the Com- mittee issue a circular containing news At the opening of the second session which might be of interest to the com- of the League, held May 20, at 8 p. m., LIBRARY COMMISSIONS 213

the president called to the chair Miss Miss Isom of Oregon. The Oregon Com- Cornelia Marvin, of Oregon, who conducted mission makes up programs and has pack- a round table on the relation of library age libraries to send out to grange meet- commissions to educational extension. Miss ings. The Massachusetts Commission made Marvin Introduced the subject briefly, up a brief list of good agricultural books dwelling on the importance of encouraging and gave them to public libraries to dis- the establishment of civic center and pub- tribute among farmers. In Iowa a traveling lic question clubs, especially in the west- library of agricultural books is placed in ern states, where the initiative and refer- each traveling exhibit sent out In special endum has placed larger responsibilities cars by the State Agricultural College. In on the people. Miss Marvin read a number Oregon an exhibit of books is always made of letters from Commissions not repre- "by the Commission during the short course sented, telling what they were doing in at the Agricultural College. The relation encouraging and directing educational ex- of the Commission to teachers' organiza- tension. tions was next discussed, and the impor- The first topic taken up was Plans for tance of teaching teachers something of definite work with organized agencies and the use of books and helping them In the Mr. Milam of Indiana opened the discus- matter of book selection was dwelt upon. In sion on civic centers and public question Oregon special help is given to High clubs. Mr. Milam thought that the Com- School graduates preparing commencement mission should help to organize such clubs essays. A suggestive list of commencement only in towns where there is no public essay topics is sent out by the Commission. library, and that it should do so only to At the close of the round table a business establish agencies through which to cir- meeting was held. Mr. Dudgeon reported culate books. Miss Marvin told of the plans for the committee on plans for study out- which they have for work in Oregon where lines as follows: they expect their field organizer to help In study group work there is seldom a in the organization of civic clubs. She will teacher. It would seem that it is necessary, work in co-operation with the state super- therefore, that the outline be prepared intendent largely through the county su- with reference to a single text-book, this perintendents who will really be the active text-book to be the unifying factor in the field workers. Public meetings will be study group work. The commission should planned, clubs organized, and programs recommend to the study groups that this and books will be furnished by the Com- text-book be purchased by every member mission. Miss Helen Kennedy told of the of the club. (In some subjects it may be plans to be carried out next year in Wis- found impossible to find a single book consin. A field visitor of the Commission covering the entire subject, and it will be will assist in organizing boys' clubs, civic necessary to base the outline on several.) leagues, etc., the work to be carried on In additon to the text-book, there should usually through the local library, with di- be made up a group of three to ten books, rection and encouragement from the Com- the best obtainable covering the subject mission. matter considered by the study group. Miss Brown of Iowa discussed the Com- These should be selected to serve the pur- mission's work with women's clubs. They pose of elaborating the text-book. The out- are becoming more or less public question line should contain references to all these clubs, since women are growing more and books. more interested in civic affairs. The Iowa The library should be supplemented by Commission assists clubs with outlines as many books suitable for collateral read- and lends them books from the open shelf ing as can be obtained. It is not contem- collection. They have no fixed study plated that these additional books should groups. The relation of the Library Com- be necessarily furnished, but it is thought mission and the grange was discussed by that in this way good use can be made 214 PASADENA CONFERENCE of books which are already the property by mutual agreement hold a sectional of the Commission. (This gives latitude meeting at such time and place as may be agreed upon. At such meeting such to those commissions which wish to send mat- ters shall be considered as shall be select- a larger number of books.) ed by the members there assembled or' The outline should be followed by a by the Executive Board. No vote taken at bibliography, a list of books and material such meeting shall be binding on the League, but shall be advisory only. valuable as collateral readings to be ob- The executive board and committees of the tained elsewhere than of the commission. League may ask for an advisory vote which This list should include fiction, pamphlets, may guide them in determining questions magazine articles, etc. arising in the prosecution of their work. On Mr. Milam's motion, the report was No such vote shall release the committee from its responsibility in any matter. accepted. It was voted that the publications It was voted to dispense with the amend- committee be instructed to appoint a com- ment to Article 7. mittee of three on study outlines, with It was moved to amend the proposed instructions to follow the recommendations amendment to Article 6 by adding after of the committee report, and to take steps the word "members" the following "and toward the publication of such outlines. president of the League" and by striking Mr. Dudgeon read the report of the com- out after the words "commission work" mittee on the revision of the constitution, the words "and in organization and equip- which was as follows: ment of libraries" and by striking out after The following amendments to the con- the words "who shall" the words "subject stitution of the League of Library Commis- to the approval of the president of the sions are proposed: League." Article 5. Executive Board. Omit the present second paragraph and insert the In the amendment to Article S, it was following: moved to strike out the following "5 (or The Executive Board shall appoint a other proper number)" and insert in lieu chairman for sectional meetings when thereof "3 or more" and to strike out the neither the president nor any vice-presi- dent can be in attendance. words "in the East, Middle-West, West, Article 6. Committees. First paragraph South, or other sections of the country" to read as follows: and to add after the words "mutual agree- There shall be a publications committee ment" the words "and with the approval of three members who shall co-operate with the publishing board of the A. L. A. of the executive board." Mr. Milam moved in securing suitable materia! required for that the amendments as amended, be commission work and in the organization adopted. The motion carried. and equipment of libraries, and who shall, The nominating committee presented the subject to the approval of tbe president of the League, arrange through co-operation following report: For president. Miss Cor- with such publishing board or otherwise nelia Marvin, of Oregon; for first vice- for the printing of such publications, and president, C. H. Milam, of Indiana; for sec- for the price at which they may be sold. ond vice-president, R. P. Bliss of Pennsyl- Article 7. It is proposed to reduce the vania: for secretary-treasurer. Miss Char- amount of the yearly membership fee now fixed at five dollars, to some smaller lotte Templeton of Nebraska; for mem- amount. (Two dollars, two dollars and bers of the publications committee, M. S. fifty cents, and three dollars have been Dudgeon, Wisconsin, chairman, Miss Zai- suggested as proper amounts.) dee Brown of Massachusetts, and Miss Article 8. Annual meeting. The annual meeting of the League shall be held at the Mary E. Downey, of Ohio. On Miss Tyler's time and place of the annual meeting of motion the report of the committee was the A. L. A. accepted and the secretary was instructed Sectional meetings. Any group of mem- to cast the ballot for the above named bers representing 5 (or other proper num- ber) states in the East, Middle-West, West. ofiicers. South, or other section of the country, may Adjourned. NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE LIBRARIES

Fourteenth Convention, Pasadena, California, May 22, 1911

The meeting was called to order by the should be made for their preservation and President, Demarchus C. Brown, of Indiana. classiflcation, and all public officials should

Mr. George S. Godard, of Connecticut, was be authorized to turn over to the state li- chosen acting secretary, and committees brary—when made the depository—all rec- on auditing, nominations and resolutions ords not in current use. were appointed. The president then read The merit system is a necessity in a state his annual address. library. Partisanship should not control appointments. In a library where train- PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS* ing, scholarship and love of books should State librarians, like all librarians, should bo the dominant influences, it is humiliat- be lovers of books, not their janitors. How ing to find the spoils system in control. well are state libraries leading their com- Where a library touches politics, even re- monwealths In the development of better motely, the merit system is the safest way citizenship, in the diffusion of knowledge, to insure permanency, in spite of all that in betterment of the conduct of govern- may be said against examinations. The ment and In the enactment of better laws? judgment of the librarian on personal qual- Are they the center of the readers of their ifications, etc., should count one-half. The states, and do the citizens look to them for system drives away the politicians in dis- expert advice? Are the history lovers of gust. the state grouped around its state library, The state library should be a university and does the library stand for proper care extension work-room, especially in political and organization of the public archives? science, sociology and history. There The state library should be the center should be close co-operation with colleges of the historical work of the state—espe- and universities. Their students may work cially of that on state history. Private his- in the state library and have some super- torical societies should be encouraged; but vision from the library staff. The legisla- a state society should keep its collections tive reference department can do much and records at the state library and hold that will be mutually profitable along this its meetings there. This would lend a line. The same co-operation can be ar- sense of security to their work which would ranged for the schools of the state, espe- result In more gifts of manuscripts, rare cially in debating. books, etc. It would also spread the study The legislative reference work should be of the history of the state among the peo- extended to cover municipal reference. ple, and the system would be more demo- Collections on municipal affairs should be cratic than that of a private society. formed and material freely loaned to cities The archives of the state are historical as they need it for light on municipal prob- and should be properly cared for and made lems. The state library and the state accessible. Officers do not like to give up museums should be closely connected; not their records; but a campaign of education necessarily in administration. Both are and the use of tact will avoid this difficulty. necessary to each other; they overlap. Many state records are stored in damp cel- The state libraries should at once arrange lars, the state officers know nothing of a system of inter-library loans, so that each them, and they are thus Inaccessible to state library can profit from the collections everyone and are decaying. Provision in which other state libraries have special- * Abstract. ized more fully. 216 PASADENA CONFERENCE

In the discussion wtiich followed, Mr. advantages the burden of proof is with Godard told of what Connecticut was doing those who are against its leadership rather

in archives work, and Mr. Hitt told of the than with those who are for it. Rather beginning which the state of Washington than create offshoots, hold to the original had made. Mr. Henry, of the University organization and investment and improve of Washington, emphasized the value of its management and expand as may be museums, and Mr. Scholefield, of British necessary. Columbia, described the close relationships of the provincial library and provincial Remarks on the paper were made by museum in that province. the president, Mr. Hitt, and Mr. Henry, of Mr. Gillis, of California, then read his Washington, Mr. Severance, of Missouri, paper on: Mr. Godard, of Connecticut, Miss Lee, of Kansas, Miss Downey, of Ohio, and others. THE STATE LIBRARY AS HEAD OF They commended the points made; but THE LIBRARY ACTIVITIES OF showed the practical difficulties in the way THE STATE* of carrying them out in some states where

The trend of modern ousiness methods the development of the state-supported li- is entirely toward unification of organiza- braries had not laid as steady a founda- tion. The numerous charities which have tion as it had in California. long been struggling to improve living con- Mr. Hitt, of Washington, then read his ditions have realized the waste of energy in paper on: duplication and are reorganizing under one management. An efficient management DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC DOCU- will quickly do away with needless machin- MENTS TO COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY, ery of organization, and bring all necessary AND PUBLIC LIBRARIES departments into close and vital connec- (No summary of this paper can be given, tion. This is also sound public policy and as no copy is as yet in the hands of the as applicable to library affairs as to in- secretary.) dustrial. The report of the secretary-treasurer If all the library activities of the state was then read. are under one control, extra organization is done away with. It means economy of SECRETARY-TREASURER'S REPORT administration and unity, continuity, and concentration of policy and effort. It will The financial report showed receipts of receive better financial support from the $359.30 and expenses of 1254.27, leaving a state than will several organizations, the balance of $105.03. The library members distinction between which may be difficult added during the year were the Tennessee for the legislator to realize. The same is state library and the Philadelphia free li- true of support by the citizens of the state. brary. The recommendation was made that If it is good business then to have all a summary only of proceedings be printed the library activities of a state under one In the A. L. A. proceedings and that pro- head, what shall that head be? In practi- ceedings in full be printed separately. This cally every state the state library has been would enable the association to get out Its the first expression of library service proceedings more promptly and would through a central medium. As It has de- have other advantages. veloped its organization and collection The auditing committee reported that the along various lines, it has laid a solid financial report was in good form and cor- foundation for other lines of activity if it rect. The recommendation referred to the should be called on to conduct them. Its executive committee with power to act. activities and recognized position will give The nominating committee reported and It assured financial support. With these recommended the following names: * .\bstract STATE LIBRARIES 217

President, Mr. Charles F. D. Belden, of ment of government which to be success- Massachusetts. ful requires not only personal adaptability, First vice-president, Mr. J. M. Hitt, of but also professional skill, which is greatly Washington. increased by years of experience; Second vice-president, Mr. E. J. Lien, of RESOLVED, That a copy of these reso- Minnesota. lutions be sent to Mr. Galbreath and to Secretary-treasurer, Mr. A. C. Tilton, of Governor Harmon. Connecticut. The resolutions passed unanimously. The report was accepted and after the Mr. Ranck, of Grand Rapids. Michigan, necessary formalities the persons recom- reported informally for the committee on mended were declared elected unani- the publication of a municipal year book, mously. a joint committee with the Special libra- The committee on resolutions presented ries association. The committee has inter- and recommended the passage of the fol- ested other organizations and individuals lowing resolution: who are active in municipal affairs, and WHEREAS, It is with great surprise and good progress is being made. regret that we have learned of the recent After discussion, the committee was in- removal "for political expediency" of C. B. structed to proceed with its work and to Galbreath as state librarian of Ohio, who co-operate with other committees. during a service of fifteen years has proven After other papers and committee re- himself to be a faithful, efficient, and com- ports were ordered printed, the meeting ad- petent public official, both in the affairs journed to meet at the call of the presi- of his own state and in his relations to dent, if a supplementary meeting before this association; the next A. L. A. conference seemed advis- RESOLVED, That we, the National as- able. sociation of state libraries, deplore this re- tThe Association will print its proceedings in full newed entrance of politics into a depart- in a separate pamphlet.]

SPECIAL LIBRARffiS ASSOCIATION

(Hotel Maryland, May 22, 1911, 8:15 p. m.) the proposed Municipal Year Book; that In the absence of the officers the meeting we endorse the work of this committee, was called to order by Mr. S. H. Ranck, recommend its continuance, and approve librarian public library, Grand Rapids. Mr. the suggestion that the work be pub-

A. J. Small, librarian of the Iowa State law lished and feel that details may safely be library was elected president pro tempore left to the committee in charge. We sug- and Mr. R. H. Johnston, librarian Bureau of gest, however, that in its first appearance railway economics, Washington, D. C, sec- the proposed Municipal Year Book be lim- cretary pro tempore. ited to such scope and detail as may en- Reading of the minutes was omitted. Mr. courage a publisher of standing to under- Ranck, as chairman of the committee on take the work of placing it on the market." the Municipal Year Book, which committee At the request of the president, Mr. F. W. co-operates with similar committees of Faxon, of the Boston Book Co., gave an other bodies, presented his report which interesting account of the work of the unofficial showed progress. It was resolved on motion special libraries in Boston and an Massa- of secretary, seconded by Mr. F. B. Graves, report of the winter meeting of the librarian Mercantile library, San Francis- chusetts special libraries. Mr. Purd B. public li- co, "That the Special Libraries Association Wright, librarian Kansas City special has heard with interest the report of Mr. brary, described the growth of a Ranck on the work of the Committee on collection of works relating to the packing 218 PASADENA CONFERENCE

industry at his former charge at St. Joseph. informal discussion it was moved by Mr. Mr. R. A. Campbell, legislative reference Campbell, seconded by Mr. Wright, that librarian, California state library, responded the officers of the Association be re-elected to a request for an account of the legisla- for the coming year. The officers of the tive reference work of the state library past year were as follows: President, J. C. and Mr. R. H. Johnston outlined the work Dana, Free public library, Newark, N. J.; and methods of the recently established vice-president, Robert H. Whitten, Public library of the Bureau of railway economics service commission. New York City; sec- at Washington, D. C. retary-treasurer, Guy E. Marion, 93 Broad On motion of Miss Grace M. White, of St., Boston; executive board, the president, the Los Angeles public library, it was voted the vice-president, the secretary-treasurer, that the association ask the editors of George W. Lee, care Stone & Webster, Bos- the Municipal Journal and Engineer to pub- ton, Herbert O. Brigham, State library.

lish separate copies of this Municipal in- Providence, R. L, John A. Lapp, State li- dex, for sale, preferably printed on one side brary, Indianapolis, Ind. The secretary only. was instructed to cast a ballot, after which After some interesting and instructive the meeting was declared adjourned.

CATALOG SECTION

FIRST SESSION ing her own work she must not omit any- thing which will take away from the ease of Saturday, May 20, 2:30 p. m. the use of the catalog. SYMPOSIUM ON CATALOGING FOR It is not necessary to spend much time SMALL LIBRARIES looking up full names, or dates. The object is to have names entered uniformly. It is Miss Jeannette E. McFadden, librarian ofttlmes more confusing to the public to public library, Santa Ana, California, pre- find a name entered in full, especially when sided, in the absence of Mr. Andrew Keogh. this name is somewhat different than the of Yale university, chairman. one by which the author is best known, After reading of the minutes. Miss AR- than to have the name entered without TEINA M. CHAPIN, librarian public library, sufficient fulness. It seems to me that the Redlands, California, opened the program best rule is to enter always the name with a paper on by which the author is most commonly known. It is excellent training at a library CATALOGING IN A SMALL CITY school to compel the student to look up real LIBRARY names and full names, but it is not so prac- Miss Chapin said in part: ticable to make use of all this training when The first rule is to make the catalog actually engaged in preparing a catalog simple. The second is to make the entries for the public. and imprints brief. They should be as brief Another way in which the cataloging and as simple as can be done without tak- may be shortened is in the imprint. The ing away from the clearness of the catalog. size, pages, illustrations and plates, may be The staff of a small city library is limited, omitted as a rule, except in books where and the cataloger must do other work, so it these might add value to the enquirer. It is a large item for her to economize time by your library is one in which there is much shortening the detail work of her cataloging. student work, or research work, of course Of course she must be sensible in this, and these items should be included, but in the must always keep before her the point of average public library no mention need be view of her public, and while she is lessen- made of illustrations or plates except in CATALOG SECTION 219 extra Illustrated books; and the size and to place all poetry written in the English number of pages never seem necessary. language, in one place in the classification, The publisher's name should be used rather and also all essays, dramas, miscellanies, than the place of publication. etc. When a book Is written in French or In fiction use only the author's name, the German, It should be classified with French title and date. As tor the classification, 1 and German literature, but if written in the am not fully persuaded that the custom of English language whether by a Frenchman, some libraries of omitting Cutter numbers a Swede or a Japanese, why shouldn't it be from fiction, is desirable. Of course no placed on the shelves with other books of classification number should be used, but a literature in the English language. Cutter number seems to me almost indis- Although the Library of Congress cards pensable. are in many ways a great help to the cata- It Is not necessary to carry out the clas loger, especially in suggesting subjects, sification number In non-fiction beyond two and in furnishing full names, yet the extra decimal points, except in rare cases. It is labor involved in sending for the cards, the better to make all American poetry 811, and liability of a delay in receiving them, the English poetry S21, without attempting to necessity for adding the call numbers, the subdivide into periods. Also, certain subject headings, and making certain extra periods of history are more confusing than cards, seem to be great enough to make the otherwise, when brought out under a long cataloger in the average public library subdivision, as, for instance, the many doubt the advisability of using them. The places provided tor in Dewey tor the civil fulness of entry is of course a great war period, or for more modern events in advantage, and one sufficiently large to United States history, or many European warrant purchasing these cards by many periods. librarians. The problems of a cataloger in the library There is one place where the cataloger of a large city are, of course, in many in the small library must use a large respects just the opposite to these, but the amount of wisdom, and also must consci- small library needs no such detail of long entiously and painstakingly force herself title and sub-title, editor, etc., for the use not to shirk, and that is in the analyticals. of its public. In tact, co-editors and co- Analyticals are Important in catalogs of authors, translators sometimes, need not any size, but in the catalog of the small be emphasized by a special added entry library where material on many subjects is card, in the catalog of the small library. apt to be scarce, they are most necessary.

I suppose all of us are anxiously awaiting In making analyticals, the subject analyt- the new Decimal Classification. Doubtless ical is for the most part the only form of there will be a definite place tor the many entry needed. I think it is the experience new subjects which have come into being of most libraries, large or small, that the and prominence since the last edition. It use of the card catalog by the public is seems to me some of the distinctions made limited to a select tew. The mere mention, in the classification are unnecessary for to the casual inquirer of a certain book, that the public library. For instance, I see he may find whether the library contains no reason why English and American it and if not what other books there are on poetry should be separated, or English and the same subject In the library by looking American essays, or dramas. The patron in the card catalog—I say the mere mention of a public library who asks to see the of this is sufficient to cause the casual In- books of poetry must be shown the shelves quirer to say, "Oh, I think I'll just look for American poetry and English poetry, along the shelves and see If I can't find and French and German poetry, unless he something else. I wasn't very particular has a certain writer in mind. Why would about it anyhow." it not be clearer for the public, easier for Probably every cataloger prides herself the cataloger and less contusing all around. on her ability to place herself In the atti- 220 PASADENA CONFERENCE

tude of the public, and having made cross- in the catalog of a large or reference references from every conceivable subject library. The question of growth must (and by the way, cross-references are a always be taken into consideration. most important factor in the cataloging of the small library) she feels that she at last has left no loophole whereby the searcher Miss FRANCES R. FOOTE, librarian of after knowledge could miss finding exactly Occidental college, Los Angeles, continued what he is after, provided it is in the library. the program with the following paper on But this feeling of complaisance rests only on the inexperienced cataloger, for the one CATALOGING FOR SMALL COLLEGE who has been through the ordeal knows that LIBRARIES only after many trials the desired result is After rashly promising approached. to write a paper on cataloging for small college libraries, The shelf-list card may be shortened to I began to wonder just what was meant by a mere entry of author and brief title. The that title and whether my own experience author's initials may be omitted in most could be considered representative of that cases, except where there might be a con- of the average librarian of the average fusion through similarity In name; the small library. A glance through the pages briefest title may be used which will indi- of the bulletin issued by the Bureau of Edu- cate the book, and in fiction, no date need cation entitled "Statistics of public, society be given. and school libraries" soon convinced me To sum It up: brevity, clearness, consist- that there were many small libraries where ency—these three are the essentials of cat- in all probability the conditions were very aloging in a small city library. The cat- similar to those with which I am best aloger who follows these rules cannot go acquainted, that Is, where the librarian far astray in her endeavors to give the serves as reference librarian, cataloger greatest satisfaction to the public, and to and even desk attendant with perhaps only make accessible every book in the library. one more or less experienced assistant, or In the discussion that followed. Miss possibly relies upon student help altogether. Hitchler deprecated the use of either class In either case, the cataloging becomes a or Cutter number in fiction, saying that problem which must be solved as quickly the contusion of arrangement on the and easily as possible, not only because the shelves, illustrated by Smiths and Steven- librarian and the college public need a cat- sons, was not so important as the saving alog, but because the efficiency of the assist- of time, and the better appearance of the ants or student attendants largely depends books. upon it. The suggestion that all poetry and other \\'hile in the past there has been much literature written in the English language discussion as to the choice between printed be given one place in the classification or card, dictionary, or classed catalogs, the aroused several dissenting voices. Miss small and especially the new college Babcock of Los Angeles thought the educa- library will in all probability decide upon tional value of a close shelf classification the dictionary card catalog as the one best important and did not think it involved an suited to its needs. appreciable saving of time. Another It must, I think, be apparent that the two speaker doubted the advisability of tamper- principal factors which enter Into the deter- ing with the classification, saying that it mination of the general policy to be fol- usually ended with a confusion of numbers. lowed in cataloging a library are first the That the cataloging for a small library size and general make-up of the library and should be done as accurately and carefully, second the purpose for which it exists. and with perhaps greater attention to ana- Considering first the constituent elements lytical entries, was conceded, although which enter Into the up-building of a college greater brevity was more desirable than library, we find that the very manner of its CATALOG SECTION 221 growth is generally conducive to irregular day will find it much easier to determine development, that is, some classes will upon the general lines to be followed than greatly exceed in size and value other the one beginning work even a few years classes of perhaps little it any less real ago, for the whole trend of practice today importance. is toward uniformity, and the longer one Those who use the catalog, and especially works with any of the codes of rules in those who do not use tie catalog, but rather general use today the more one realizes pursue their investigations through the that they are founded on sound common librarian, rarely have any idea of either the sense as well as scholarly research. These absolute necessity of a catalog or the work rules are so well established and formu- involved in making one. The college lated that this paper will make no attempt professor and member of a library com- to even touch upon the technique of cata- mittee who remarked one day when he loging, but instead will be confined to a few found me studying the "A.L.A. list of sub- mere suggestions of ways and means where- ject-headings," "How lucky you librarians by a small college library can be cataloged are, with time to read poetry" saw only the with the minimum expenditure of time and wide margins of the aforesaid book, and labor. his remark was quite natural considering I doubt if it is possible to find any reliable his probable state of ignorance concerning statistics of the cost of cataloging in the the details of library management. type of library with which this paper deals, Another thing discouraging to the college for much of the work is done at odd mo- library cataloger is the difficulty only with ments, subject to constant interruption, which the necessary books and tools can be but we can feel sure that the use of the obtained. I suppose and indeed have been Library of Congress catalog cards as told that this is common in public libraries largely as possible is not only the best but as well, but it is certainly too true that in indeed the only possible provision whereby school libraries the librarian's needs are the cataloging can be done at all; but my often subordinated to the needs of all other own experience makes me feel that unless departments. Fortunately it is true that cards can be obtained corresponding very many of the general reference works to be closely in edition and imprint to the book found in even a small college library will for which they are desired, it is better to supply much of the information which in a do all the work by hand than to try to make large library would be sought for in special many erasures or corrections. I under- cataloger's aids. stand than some libraries disregard differ- Enough has been said to make it evident ences in date, edition and publisher, in that under average conditions cataloging ordering cards, but the labor involved in becomes a task which can only be accom- making corrections must in many cases be plished by outlining a definite policy which greater than in doing the work first-hand. will admit of the adoption of such methods When we have been able to obtain the as will the most easily and economically proper Library of Congress cards, we need achieve the sought-for end, that of making pay no more attention to fulness of entry, available not only the visible contents of for that in minute detail is done for us. the library, but much that is hidden from but taking it for granted that the small ordinary sight. library will not find it possible to catalog Inasmuch as the librarian of the small books by hand or typewriter with all this library need have no fear of a catalog be- detail, we must come to some conclusion as coming too large or bulky to house, it will to what is essential information and be rather the lack of time which will deter- required in the case of author and subject mine the limits to which the work is carried entries, in the absence of printed cards. than the size of catalog which is either This will depend to some extent upon other possible or desirable. library records, for while we must have The cataloger who is beginning work to- somewhere enough memoranda to Identify '

222 PASADENA CONFERENCB each volume, yet it is not at all necessary To proceed to the short entries. Editor to duplicate all this information as much is and translator cards are as brief as possible done if the accession book is fully used and and a college library will find that com- if the cataloging is carried on with fulness paratively few title entries will be needed, of entry. While I have never quite wanted for so many of our books will have decid- to give up the use of the accession book edly undistinctive titles. In the case of entirely, my preference is to simplify this the masterpieces of literature with which record and supply to the public in the college libraries are well supplied, we will catalog the edition, date and publisher, use title references in many cases, rather which with author and title I take to be than duplicate title entries. the really essential knowledge needed of Now that the Library of Congress some- the average book. I can, however, see times enters under the pseudonyms a few that there might be conditions under which authors who are better known by their pen it would be more practicable to have these names than their real names, the library records made in the accession book with can feel that it Is no longer breaking a fulness than in the catalog. It is un- tradition if it adopts college phraseology in doubtedly true that an inexperienced this matter. Probably no college bulletin assistant would be able to keep the acces- ever announced a course in the "Nineteenth sion book records with accuracy when it century novelists" including Mary Ann would be absolutely impossible to entrust Evans Cross with Dickens, Thackeray, the same person with any of the cataloging. Jane Austen and Scott as the novelists If student help is plentiful, the small library studied. might reduce the work of cataloging very Everyone agrees that successful diction- considerably by thus keeping a full acces- ary cataloging calls for the most careful sion record, and in some cases, if not in and painstaking discrimination In the all, abbreviate the catalog entries by leav- choosing of subject headings, that each ing out everything except author, title and book should be entered under the word date. which most peculiarly and specifically In a college library there are of course describes the subject of the book, and In certain classes where such abbreviatior. order to gain this end the main subject- would be obviously inadvisable, for in- heading is often followed by sub-divisions stance in that of "Science," but in other which serve to qualify or modify it to some classes, particularly that of "Literature, extent. A tendency toward elaborate sub- it is possible in some cases to give only division is noticeable in the suggested author and title, leaving out edition, pub- subject-headings on the Library of Con- lisher, and even date, without injury to the gress cards. It is a practice which is of practical usefulness of the catalog. A course necessary in large libraries but I large proportion of this class is likely to believe easily overdone in small libraries, consist of cheap reprints, but Boswell's for it may mean the duplication of entries "Life of Johnson" is Boswell's "Life of for the same book under the same general Johnson," whoever the publisher and what- heading, but under different sub-divisions, ever the date. If our Boswell is the one and even when not carried to such an ex- edited by George Birkbeck Hill or some treme as that, there is still the danger that other particularly good edition, then wi.' in searching for books dealing with one should of course have a full entry, but an phase or aspect of a subject, books treat- unimportant edition requires no biblio- ing the same subject, but of a general graphic detail. character may be overlooked. For in-

I am aware that the foregoing suggestion stance, in our library we have three must have a distinctly heretical sound to books on Fungi, for all of which we were

some of you and, as I have stated, it is not able to get the Library of Congress cards. to my mind the preferable thing to do. but The suggested subject-headings on the it might be the practicable thing. cards for two of these books was simply CATALOG SECTION 228

"Fungi," but on the third the subdivision This practice will not only help the stu- "North America" was added. Again we dent, but by taking advantage of everything have only six boolis cataloged under the of this kind which has already been done by subject-heading "Gases," but had we fol- others, it makes it possible to accomplish lowed the suggested subdivisions three much other work which would otherwiso would have stood with the heading "Gases," be out of the question, for there will remain the fourth heading would have been "Gases- many books not already analyzed by such Analysis," the fifth, "Gases-Kinetic theory co-operative undertakings, which will weli of," the sixth, "Gases-Liquefaction of," repay in service for the time and effort and yet the scope of each book was spent in analytical cataloging. Now that plainly indicated by the title in each case. the Library of Congress cards contain a These examples have been given not in the table of contents in many cases, it is pos- way of criticism of what is undoubtedly a sible to analyze a volume of essays with necessary practice in the case of large very little work by following the directions libraries, but to show that such subdivisions in the Library of Congress handbook. of the subject headings are not for the Personally I like the use of the slantine small library. Sooner or later as the line drawn from the subject-heading to the library grows, and as the cards under the underscored chapter or essay in the table main subject-heading increase in number, of contents. It is a convenience to add thc- it will very likely be necessary in many inclusive pages, but it is sometimes a diffi- cases to add the sub-divisions, but this can cult matter to find room on the card for easily be done as the need arises. them, and they do not as a rule, attract the Given a typewriter with the bi-chrome notice of the ordinary user of the catalog. ribbon attachment, the use of red ink for When Library of Congress cards suitable subject-headings is, I think, most desirable. tor use as analyticals are not procurable, a This is particularly so when the library very simple and brief analytical form can is strong in biographical works and critical be followed so long as it has enough uni- essays on the authors studied in the literary formity with the Library of Congress cards courses. It is often quite confusing to any- to permit of easy filing and arrangement. one who is not accustomed to consulting Another phase of analytical work which card catalogs to distinguish between author cannot be too strongly insisted upon is that and subject entries when the same name of entering both bibliographies and maps. appears first as author and again as sub- Historical maps are always in demand, and ject. there are never enough atlases to supply ai; There is one respect in which even the the members of a class at the same time. small college library is quite likely to differ It is very noticeable in a college library very largely from the same sized public that the same subjects are called for over library, and that is in the use made of in and over again. This is true not only be- dexes and bibliographies. In many small cause whole classes are studying the same public libraries it is thought a mistake to subject at one time, but because the same encourage readers to use such books them- process is repeated each year. In some selves as the "A. L. A. index to general liter- cases therefore a bibliography of material ature," the "Poole's index," or the "Readers" in the library will take the place of too mi- guide," because of the discouragement like- nute analytical work. Such a bibliography ly to follow when it is learned how little of once prepared for a course given each year the material thus found can be supplied by may be used again and again by merely the library. But the college library can rewriting occasionally for the sake of in- justly feel that it is a part of the educative serting recently added material, and for the process to not only require the student to sake of convenience It should include the use these books, but to encourage him to be- references found by means of the co-opera- come acquainted with just as many books tive and printed Indexes. A carbon copy of of that character as possible. this list or bibliography furnished to the 224 PASADENA CONFERENCE

professor or instructor is a small attention City, and read by Miss A. L. Sawyer, libra- but one much appreciated. Such a bibliog- rian of Mills College, Cal. raphy also saves much time in getting books upon the reserved shelves, but it THE EXPANSIVE CLASSIFICATION should itself be entered in the catalog, else its existence may not be suspected some The Expansive Classification owes Its or- time when it is needed. igin to the study and labor of Charles Ammi There are many ways in which the prac- Cutter. It was designed primarily as a tical usefulness of a card catalog can be in- working classification for the library of the creased, which will occur to any one who is Boston AthenEBum, which at that time con- interested in the subect. Any material tined 100,000 volumes or more, to which once found perhaps by long searching can the members of the Athenaeum were al- be produced again at a moment's notice, if lowed free access. The original notation it is entered at once in the catalog. Not comprised some features which appeared long ago I saw a catalog which indexed a to stand in the way of its general accept- collection of newspaper clippings by sim- ance, and Uie author devised another nota- ply adding the words "See clippings" to the tion (not however changing the classifica- cards containing the subject-headings. Of tion), which was applied to the Gary Library course in this case no information was at Lexington, Mass. There were so many given to the catalog either as to the con- requests from persons interested in other tents or the character of the clippings; but libraries to have the Athenaeum classifi- for practical purposes it is enough to be di- cation, with the Lexington notation, adapt- rected to the clippings themselves and that ed to their needs, that Mr. Cutter was led can be done most easily by some such to prepare a scheme applicable to libraries simple means. of every size from the village library in its After all, cataloging for a small college earlier stages to the national library of a library is essentially the same process as million volumes. cataloging for a small public library or any The old "fixed location" of books in defi- other library for that matter, the only real nite places on definite shelves has almost and vital differences being the conditions universally given way to the "relative lo- under which the work is done and those cation," by which each book has its place which arise from the variation in the na- assigned, not to any fixed location in the ture of the demand to be met by the catalog. library, but to those other books to which it is related in subject. This grouping to- The Chairman appointed Artena M. Cha- gether of all books on the same or related pin, librarian of the Redlands, Cal., public subjects is of the utmost importance library, and Matthew H. Douglass, librarian wherever the public is allowed free access of the University of Oregon, as the nomi- to the shelves. Indeed, the "free access" nating committee of officers of the Section system is in large part made practicable by for the following year. systematic classification. Even where ac- cess to shelves is not granted, the time saved in getting and replacing books is SECOND SESSION more than enough to justify the adoption of some good classification. The rapid adop- Wednesday, May 24, 9:30 a. m. tion of various schemes by all classes and SYMPOSIUM ON CLASSIFICATION sizes of libraries Is one of the strongest ar- guments in favor of the practical nature of In the absence of Mr. Andrew Keogh, classification and of its adoption by those chairman. Miss M. M. Oakley, secretary, libraries which do not as yet have it. presided. The first paper presented was Inasmuch as a scheme of classification written by W. P. CUTTER, librarian of the once adopted can be discarded only with Engineering Societies library. New York considerable difficulty, it is Important that CATALOG SECTION 22i5 the system chosen should be both theoreti- used, the 3 and 5 are not easily distin- cally correct and practical in application, guished, and the 1 and 7 are often mistaken. it should arrange the books according to No single letter can mean more than one modern ideas and provide for books which thing, whereas, where figures are used for are in actual use. A good classification form, subject and geographical divisions, should be: (1) Easy to apply. Its flotation there is great danger of confusion. should be simple, Its classes easily distin- The call marks are short, even for the guishable, its call numbers as short as pos- most minute subjects. This is especially sible, its practical application easy for the noticeable in the minute divisions in sci- Inexperienced as well as the experienced ence. For example: "Economics of elec- cataloger. (2) It should be scientific and tric power plants" is TEO; "Emerson trans- logical so that the public consulting the mission dynamometer" is TPCP; "Arthros- shelves may be able to find books on re- traca" is OTG; "Comparative anatomy" OB; lated subjects grouped together. Its point "Electric currents" TE (in the Decimal, of view should be modem so that modern 621.313); "The Knights of Malta" is FTM. scientific works may be assigned to proper Especially should it be noted that the use positions. (3) It should be flexible, al- of the local list numbers from 11 to 99 re- lowing choice in special schemes for spe- sults in short marks for all books having cial libraries or collections. (4) It should local significance, especially in geography be expansive, providing simple schemes and history. for small libraries, and an elaborate The practical application is easy to the scheme for large libraries. Provision most inexperienced person. For many should also be made by which, as a small years I have had pupils in cataloging and library increases in size, the classification classification. They have had generally may be made more minute with a mini- only a high school education or its equiva- mum of additional work or change in the lent. Yet within a few weeks they have books already classified. been able to classify rightly a large percent- The notation of the Expansive Classifi- age of the books. Conversely, young girls cation is based on the use of the alphabet and boys have learned very quickly to find from A to Z for subjects, making subject the books on the shelves, without special subdivisions by the addition of second, third help, and without consulting the catalog. or fourth letters. Figures are used only The Expansive Classification is scientific either to indicate form subdivisions (where and logical. It groups, for instance, philol- the digits 1 to 9 are used), or geographical ogy and literature together. Language is subdivision (where the numbers 11-99 are X, literature Y; the same local list may be used). These subdivisions by numerals are applied to each. It places Architecture common to all classes, even the most mi- with the Fine Arts, and Building with Tech- nute, and cannot be mistaken for subject di- nology. It classes Mining and Metallurgy visions. The use of the letter notation re- together. The general development of the sults in simplicity. The single letters of classification is from the spiritual through the alphabet furnish 26 great subdivisions; the historical to the scientific, and thence to the addition of a second letter allows each the methods of recording thought. Through- of these to be again divided into 26 or 702 in out, a logical sequence has been followed. all; the third letter furnishes 26 divisions It is modern iu its science. The natural of each of these, or a grand total of 14,304; history, mathematics, astronomy, physics, finally, the fourth letter furnishes 367,280 technology, have all been compiled within total subdivisions. To allow of such minute the last few years. There is provision for subdivision on a decimal system requires modern discoveries in pure and applied sci- six figures. ence. There are places for aeroplanes, au- The classes are easily distinguished; tomobiles, radioactive substances, factory there is not the danger of mistaking a let- costs. It is no longer necessary to classify ter for another; while when figures are illuminating gas and smallpox in adjacent 226 PASADENA CONFERENCE classes. The great subjects of biology are of mammals and monkeys, but also books developed on the basis of the most modem which describe the animals of Africa, of knowledge and nomenclature; for example, Madagascar, of Borneo. So in the form the zoology is based on the last edition of class Literature the form divisions marked Bronn's "Klassungen und Ordnung des Tier- by letters are Fiction, Drama, Poetry, Orato- reichs." The arrangement of Aseomycetes ry and the like; the local divisions are Eng- follows that of Strasburger in 1908, the Bot- lish literature.French literature, German lit- any in genei-al the last edition of Engler erature. These differences in nature require und Prantl's "Pflanzenfamilien," abandon- a corresponding division on the shelves ing the antiquated nomenclature used in when there is material enough to divide. every other classification. Since the fiora of Africa is not the same as It is modern because it has not only been the flora of North America, the books on it made recently, but the most recent author- should not be in the same place in a botani- ities have been consulted. cal library. The history, laws, language Flexibility is secured by numerous cross- and literature of England are so diverse references to related or alternative places. from the history, laws, language and litera- Whole classes have alternative schemes; ture of France that no general library of there are two for philosophy, radically dif- size would for a moment hesitate to sepa- ferent, but so designed that a part of each rate them. This kind of subdivision it is de- may be used. A scheme is given for the sirable to mark in some different way from arrangement of the whole library or any the other, for two reasons: first, because It part of it on a geographical basis. Special is different, a division not by subject but schemes are worked out for special collec- by locality; and second, because it is suit- tions, especially in literature, e. g. those for able and convenient that the mark for each Goethe, Dante, Shakespeare. In the origi- country should be the same in all the dif- nal draft for the sciences, the letter notation ferent classes, and also that it should not allows of such great flexibility that in many be used for any other purpose. We cannot instances the classification has been entire- take letters for this purpose, for they are ly worked out before the notation has been already taken for subject marks; we there- applied. It would be manifestly impossible fore use figures. If for example, 45 is the for any such procedure to be followed using mark for England, and D is Church History, a decimal notation. then D45 is English Church History; F is The Expansive Classification provides History, F4r) English History; O is Zool- seven classifications of varying length, the ogy, 045 is English Zoology. Whenever one first containing ten classes, the second thir meets 45 one knows it means England, ty-one classes, and the final development and can he nothing else. the seventh classification, many thousand While nothing is sacrificed to mnemonics thus adapting it to use in the smallest li as letters themselves are more easily re- brary and at the same time provide for any memhcrcd than figures, constant use of possible amount of growth, with the small the letter notation will reveal many places est possible amount of additional labor in where the memory is assisted. For ex- changing book marks on the records of the ample, C has a connection with Christian- library. Abundant provision is made for ity, G with Geography, HM is Money, IC is further subdivision of classes and the intro- Criminal Classes, FC Chronology and so on. duction of omitted or overlooked subjects. Again, the alphabetical sub-arrangement Being practically unlimited by the notation, often suggested assists largely in this direc- additions and changes may be made with tion. The main countries in the local list, the utmost freedom. once their notation is memorized, are Subjects vary according as they relate to always the same. different countries. Thus in zoology, there In the seven years of my experience as are not only books which treat separately editor of the Expansive Classification, I of the Invertebrates and of the vertebrates. have never heard one word of fault or criti- CATALOG SECTION 227

clsm from those who use it. The only criti- Is there to be an index to the Expansive

cism has been from those who were impa- Classification? I can only say that a por-

tient because certain sections had not been tion of such an index is compiled. I esti- published. I have never lieard a suggestion mate that with the additions made neces- of the need of amendment, except where sary by the indexes to science such an rendered necessary by such non-appear- index would require more pages than the ance. The users are enthusiastic advocates whole Decimal Classification(three columns of its adoption. set close in the same type as the Decimal The only objection to the use of the Ex- Classification Index.) There are now 65,000 pansive Classification which has any legiti- entries in the index, and none of the four mate basis is that the "seventh is not fin- hundred pages of science are indexed. The ished." The delay has, I know, been very mere printing and composition would cost exasperating to some, especially in those thousands of dollars, enough to make the libraries having large sections in the nat- Expansive cost over twenty thousand dol- ural sciences, natural history and technol- lars from its inception. ogy. The seventh classification is complete and printed, except Chemistry and the man- In the absence of Miss MAY SEYMOUR, ufactures section of Technology. In the sci- reviser of the Decimal Classification, her ences, the following are ready for distribu- paper on that subject was read by Miss tion: Theresa Hitchler, head cataloger of the Mathematics 40 pages Brooklyn public library. Physics 40 Microscopy 16 " Meteorology, Mineralogy, Crystal- DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION lography, Geology 48 " Biology 19 For convenience Botany 29 D C is used for Decimal Classification Zoology 88 C D for Classification Decimale Anthropology and Ethnology 36 I I B for Institut International de Bibllog- 316 pages raphie. The following have been distributed: is undergoing Military and Naval 24 pages Scope of revision. The D C comprehensive revision and enlargement, Astronomy 18 of which the 7th edition is merely first in- Technology 64 a stallment. Changes proposed will be care- Since therefore I took charge in 1904, 414 fully studied and the few that promised pages have been compiled, edited and print- clearly to justify their cost will be made. ed. The whole Decimal Classification has But no change will be made merely to fit a 256 pp. of classification in the sixth edition. Some comparisons may be made without new theory, for theories are constantly invidiousness between the Decimal Clas- changing and a shifting classification is im- practicable for libraries. Private schemes sification and the Expansive as regards ex- for lectures or treatises be changed tensiveness. may D.C. E.C. with each season or edition to conform to Astronomy 6 pp. 18 pp. the latest theories; but for libraries the cost Physics 5 " 40 would be prohibitive of renumbering a Geology, etc 4 " 48 " whole subject every time a new discovery Biology & Anthropology 3 " 55 " showed a possible improvement in the Botany 7 " 29 " scheme, while the necessity of classifying light Zoology 5 •• 88 " not only new books written with new Agriculture % " 10 but also old books, all of which it is a li- Technology 14 " about 100 " brary's function to keep, demands of a li- 228 PASADENA CONFERENCE

brary classification a place for obsolete as (Sociology). Expression of opinion is spe- well as current topics. If a scheme brings cially desired on choice of subjects for earli- related subjects together, provides for ad- est revision. ding new topics, and enables books on the When demand warrants, important sub- same phase of the same subject always to jects as fast as finished will be printed for be classed together and readily found when the double purpose of accommodating users wanted, it is of comparatively little moment and of discovering faults by actual test be- whether exact sequence on shelves accords fore incorporation in the main work. with the latest theory. The Decimal Classi- Details of 7th edition. The most import- fication has now become so much the com- ant additions are in mon language of libraries and bibliogra- 020 Library economy, now carried phies in all countries, that it is clearly only through 025.29, but to be undesirable either to make frequent completed this summer for the changes or to ignore growth. Apparently new collection of the New York a revision about every quarter century state library school. would be the golden mean between the 070.1 —.9 Journalism: theories, organiza- costly and Impracticable changes of trying tion and business details. to keep up to date, and the opposite extreme 136.7 Child study. Though the basis which would in time make any scheme seem of methods in elementary educa- medieval. tion, the subject Itself is a ques- Plan. Besides subdivision of any subject tion of "mind and body." Those to any required extent, there will be an in- strongly preferring the material creasing number of compact notes giving with education may add the sub- dates, facts, distinctions between allied divisions of 136.7 to 372.1, which numbers and similar data, often saving clas- is left vacant for this purpose. sifiers long search and greatly enhancing 355-358 Military science, subdivided the value of the book for reference. closely enough for military col- The revised index, being in linotsTie, will lections even in large libraries, always be in a single alphabet, in which new but to be carried much farther entries will be inserted in their regular for military experts and special places instead of appended as heretofore in libraries. a supplement. The index aims to include 370 Education. Made with the facil- every subject that classifiers may need ities of the large New York state to number, and missing ones will be added library collection. as fast as brought to notice and their place 540 Chemistry. Revised from C D

in the scheme decided. by agreement with I I B and with Order of revision. The most imposing advice from .John Crerar and results (in both senses) in a given time Mass. Institute of Technology li- would be reached by revising the easiest braries and Concilium Uibliogra- subjects first. Instead, they are taken up phicum. Revision of 546 and 547 in order of greatest need, a policy which was postponed by common con- has placed some of the most difiicult first. sent. Those well under way for which farther 611-612 Anatomy and physiology, includ- criticism is needed are: 340 (I^aw), 570 ing embryology, histology and (Biology, including anthropology and evo- general physiology of organisms. lution), 581 (Physiologic botany), 660 In agreement with Concilium and (Chemic technology, including metallurgy), C D schemes are as they will be, the rest of 610 (Medicine), with an exten- except for a single minor item. sion of 132 (Mental derangements) closely 621 Mechanical engineering. Includ- allied to 616.8 (Diseases of nervous sys- ing electric engineering. Revised tem), and 620 (Engineering). Apparently in collaboration with University the next should be 200 (Religion) and 300 of Illinois, Mass. Institute of CATALOG SECTION 229

Technology and three practlcrl seeing notice of it in Library journal or engineers, with much minor crit- Public libraries may know that we lack icism. their correct addresses. 623 Military engineering, substan- Separates. In response to a large de- tially the same as C D. mand by engineers, mechanical and electri- 640 Domestic Economy. Revised cal engineering will be separately pub'ished from the tentative table pre- in a few weeks. Whenever demand will pared by the Lake Placid confer- cover expenses, any other revised subject ence on home economics and will be Issued separately with general ex-

published In New York state li- planation, 3 figure tables of other subjects brary Bibliography Bulletin 22, and index. 1901. Basis of revision. New subdivisions are 975.4&977 West Virginia, Ohio, Wisconsin, based on those made by the I I B in its Iowa and Missouri schemes greatly enlarged French translation La clas- made by New York state library sification d^cimale. The reason is this: for its local history collection. when in 1895 the new Institut Interna- Besides these, isolated new notes and tional de Bibllographie adopted the D C topics are scattered through the tables and as best adapted to its stupendous enterprise added to the index. The index is reset in of making a classed bibliography of all sub- linotype, consolidated into one alphabet, jects in all languages in all periods of the and enlarged from 196 to 305 pages not only world's history, its promoters urged the by heads from new tables but also by many author to expand the whole scheme Imme- new references to unrevised tables; e. g. diately. Ofiicial duties made It then equally automobiles and airships, 629. impossible either to make the extensions Of the 49 numbers in the list of chonges or to criticise adequately those drafted by only 18 are really changed and n'ost of the Institut, so that the Institut was those had been used either very little or authorized to publish Its tables and prom- not at all. Others are merely broadened, ised that the American revision would vacated, or varied by loss or addition of a adopt them with the least practicable single topic; and only 4 of the 49 are 3 change. figure numbers, while 2 of these 4 are only Existing differences between D C and C made more Inclusive. D are of two kinds: (1) those where C D New features are: Biscoe and Olln book abandons D C subdivisions and substitutes numbers appended after the Index tables, p. Its special signs, so that there is no conflict 789-91, and an Index to the IntroducUon, n or confusion; (2) those where the same 47-48. number has a different meaning In D C Use of new tables. Repeating the cau- and C D. These will soon disappear, as the tion and request Introducing the new edi- Institut has already accepted the D C mean- tion, classifiers are asked to use the new ing for some and it is the settled purpose tables critically and report defects of any of both Institute and Mr. Dewey to harmon- kind, witli proposed remedies and anv addi- ize the few remaining differences.

tional needed subdivisions; for, as the new Adoption by I I B of the D C has naturally schemes involve many new interrelations, given a great impetus to its use in foreign and extensive advance testing has been im- countries and led to its translation into the practicable. It Is expected that practical ap- leading European languages. It is the offi- plication will develop unnoticed faults. cial classification of Norwegian and Cana- Corrections and minor additions. A list dian public libraries.

of errors with corrections, minor additions I I B combination signs. These fascinate to tables and new index references applying a close classifier and multiply numbering to earlier editions will be made up and capacity with relatively few characters mailed this summer. Owners of the 5th and almost to infinity. They are explained in 6th editions who fall to receive the list after the prefatory note to the 7th edition, but are 230 PASADENA CONFERENCE not incorporated in the tables because be- tion of several main classes was still in lieved too complex for ordinary use. The progress (three being incomplete at this secretary general ot the Institute, M. Henri date), revision ot the substance had to be La Fontaine, assured us, however, when dispensed with for the time being and prep- at Lake Placid a few days ago, that the In- aration for printing was practically limited stitute clerks, who are public school boys to matters pertaining to the typographical and girls 16 or 17 years old, assign and ar- disposition and arrangement. range numbers containing these signs ac- A similar request was recently addressed curately and easily, so that our fear of them to the library by your chairman who is really groundless. thought that a statement concerning the Future of the Decimal classification. The Library of Congress scheme would prove decision to seek a golden mean between profitable and interesting to this meeting stagnation and instability by periodic re- of the Catalog Section. In offering the fol- vision (perhaps every 25 years) to fit un- lowing brief description in response to that foreseen needs, the permanence of the clas- request it may be noted that the scheme is sification shown by the few changes needed not and does not mean to be competitive. at the close of its first 35 years, the constant It is a scheme devised for the library's own enlargement of tables and index, the inher- collections. Its possible interest to theo- ent capacity of the scheme for unlimited rists and its possible applicability to other growth, its adaptability to any language, libraries is gladly recognized by furnishing the international nature of its notation, its copies of it and answering questions con- increasing industrial applications, its al- cerning it. But it is not offered as a model ready widespread and rapidly growing use scheme nor one compiled with a view to uni- by libraries and for international coopera- versality. In these respects it differs fun- tive bibliography, seem to justify the confi- damentally from both the Decimal and Ex- dent expectations of its European sponsors pansive classifications and in presenting It that it will become the standard classifica- in conjunction with them on the same pro- tion of the world. gram it is desired to disavow any intention of seeking to compete with them. As it stands, the statement is taken substantially CHARLES MARTEL, chief classifier of without modification from a paper prepared the Library of Congress, sent a paper con- by me for the New Zealand Library Con- cerning the "Library ot Congress Classifl ference, April 17-21, 1911, entitled "Classi- cation," which was read by Miss Harriet A. fication. A brief conspectus of present li- Wood, of the Portland, Ore., library asso- brary practice." ciation. In 1907 a descriptive pamphlet on "The Library of Congress and Its work" was is- the following may be LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICA- sued from which new of classification TION quoted: "The system is devised from a comparison of existing During several years past requests for schemes (Including the 'Decimal' and the information in regard to its classification 'Expansive') and a consideration of the were received by ihe Library of Congress in particular conditions in this library, the increasing number. The interior service character of its present and probable collec- of the library itself could not be supplied tions, and its probable use. It is assumed readily with the requisite number of copies that the departments of history, political of the schedules as the re-classification ad- and social science, and certain others will vanced. To satisfy administrative require- be unusually large. It Is assumed that in- ments and to meet more promptly and sat- vestigators will be freely admitted to the isfactorily requests from other libraries It shelves. The system devised has not was decided therefore to put the existing sought to follow strictly the scientific order schedules into print. As the re-classifica- of subjects. It has sought rather conven CATALOG SECTION 231

ient sequence of the various groups, con- if for instance the subarrangement of such sideriug them as groups of books, not as subjects as Money, Banking, and Insurance groups of mere subjects. It has sought to is examined in class HG. This does not pre- avoid technical, foreign, or unusual terms clude the introduction of more or less ex- in the designation of these groups. It has tended local lists under special subjects selected for the symbols to denote them: whenever that interest predominates, as is (1) for the classes, a capital letter or a often the case with questions of the day in double letter; (2) for the subclasses, these tue stage of discussion. The schedules also letters combined with a numeral in ordi- embrace a mass of technical detail in the nary sequence. Provision for the insertion way of tables of form divisions and similar of future groups is: (1) in intervening num- devices for the treatment and orderly ar- bers as yet unused; (2) in the use of deci- rangement of masses of material such as mals." official documents and the like. As a con- This notation secures for future develop- venient and reasonable compromise be- ment the greatest possible elasticity in pro- tween the chronological (or scientific) ar- viding for intercalation of new classes or rangement of single works which separates subclasses as well as for divisions and sub- editions of the same work, and the alpha- divisions under subjects. A third letter betical arrangement by author, which could be resorted to without inconvenience places side by side works belonging to dif- if desired, while the numbers for divisions ferent periods of development of a science, might be easily converted into decimals by period divisions with alphabetical subar- writing them in the form 0001 to 9999. rangement have been introduced; they are The advantage of a shorter mark for many fixed to correspond as nearly as may be to thousands of books was considered to the periods of development of the science outweigh the slight esthetic defect of In any given case. Pamphlets and similar a little less symmetry in appearance. material are, however, as a rule arranged This consideration was also one of the fac-. by date even within the period division. It tors which determined the incorpora- is hoped that such specifications in the tion of the local lists in the sched- schedules may be of service to others who ules themselves wherever a country or have occasion to deal with these minor other local subarrangement was desired problems. under a subject, at the loss (to a certain The general principle of arrangement degree only, however) of the mnemonic within the classes or under subjects is as value of a constant symbol for such divis- follows: (1) General form divisions: Period- ions when afBxed to the subject number as icals, Societies, Collections, Dictionaries, is the practice in the Expansive and the etc. The placing of this material at the Brussels schedules and less effectively in head of a class, or subject, has besides its the Dewey Decimal classification. 'The logical justification, the great practical other factor and the far more important advantage of marking on the shelf, visible one is that the Library of Congress arrange- even at a distance, the beginning of a new ment permits the grouping under a country subject. (2) Theory. Philosophy. (3) of all the subdivisions of a subject in logical History. (4) Treatises. General works. order which are immediately related among (5) Law. Regulation. State relations. (6) themselves and have jointly a more inti- Study and teaching. (7) Special subjects mate relation to the country than to the and subdivisions of subjects progressing general theoretical works on the subject, from the more general to the specific and while the mechanical application of a local as far as possible in logical order. When list under every subject and various subdi- among a considerable number of coordinate visions under it has the effect of scattering subdivisions of a subject a logical principle in many places material which belongs to- of order was not readily discernible, the al- gether. The value of the Library of Con- phabetical arrangement was preferred. The gress practice will be recognized, I believe, general principle has also, to a certain K

232 PASADENA CONFERENCE extent, governed the order of the main features of a classification besides its ideal classes, looking upon the group as a compre- unity, consistency or logical arrangement. hensive class; A Polygraphy; B Philosophy, One may say that any system, however con- Religion: C—G Historical sciences; H— sistent and philosophic, which does not suit Socio-political sciences. Law; L Education; the every-day needs of public librarieb M Music; N Arts; P Language and Litera- lo-day, has no chance of general adoption ture; Q Science; R—V Applied sciences, or of continued use. Libraries must move Technology, etc.; Z Bibliography, the Index with the time; they share In the bustle of to the whole. business to some extent and they must It is expected that in the course of the yield to its demand for organization; they year all the schedules will be printed. They are susceptible to the strife of competition have been applied in the classification of and must suit their practice to bring about over 1,000,000 volumes in the Library of quick and effective results. Information is Congress and when completed will have demanded to-day in compact and authentic been tested on twice that number. A num- form, and people must have it "right away." ber of other libraries, among them several Belated subjects are looked for near one highly specialized ones, are using this clas- another; the plan of classification is ex- sification and have expressed themselves pected to reflect the literature which it ar- well satisfied. Their experience in some ranges, not to break it up into arbitrary di- cases points to the conclusion that with the visions. So far as classification can accom- Library of Congress printed cards and clas- plish these ends and meet these demands sification a library may be more economi- it is bound to do so. Practical usefulness is cally cataloged and classified and with bet- the criterion by which a new system must ter results than by any other method at be selected; it is also the test by which ex- present available. isting systems will be tried in the future. There are a number of systems of classi- fication in the field, logically arranged

The next i)aper. written by WILLIAM and carefully worked out with reference STETSON MERRILL, chief classifier of to the practical needs of libraries. The the Newberry library, Chicago, was read librarian who is about to classify or by Miss Bertha Wakefield, head cataloger to reclassify his library may choose be- of the Seattle public library. tween them. Each has certain points of advantage and of disadvantage which must be weighed and considered with THE PROBLEMS OF CLASSIFICATION reference to the character and needs AND AN A. L. A. CODE of the library adopting it. Certain prime In American and English libraries and requisites may, however, be mentioned presumably to some extent in Continental which should be found in any system of libraries, the problems of classification are classification either now in use or intended becoming more and more practical in their for the use of American libraries, and with- scope. The makers of classifications to-day out these characteristics it is safe to say must work out their schemes with an eye rhat no system will continue to hold its own to practice and convenience as well as to in library science. theory. The classification of human knowl The first requirement of a classification edge, the true or ideal arrangement of the is that it shall be adapted to classify the sciences in orderly sequence, is a problem literature of the present time as well as of that has occupied thinkers from the past time; that is to say, in nomenclature time of Aristotle to our own. This and arrangement it must be either up to problem, Interesting in Itself, is of im- date or else capable of modification to portance to the librarian. But in adopt- make it so. The second requirement of a ing a classification for his own use, classification is that it shall be expansive or the librarian must bear in mind many other susceptible ff addition to accommodate new CATALOG SECTION 233 topics, new points of view, new sciences and practical purposes it is best attained by fol- new affiliations of old sciences. The word lowing a scheme of classification and not by expansive is used here In a wide sense. departing from it. The scheme Itself is sup- Any system that allows the insertion of posed to group a class where It will be most new headings in their proper places in useful; the practice of the classifier should the scheme, either by leaving gaps or by be to place under its class every book that allowing for an indefinitely expanded no- belongs there by its main content. tation, fulfils this requirement, whether The choice between two topics treated in the system is called expansive by its a book has two aspects. First, the arrange- author or not. This brings us to a third ment of the classification itself may sepa- feature of classification, namely, that its rate, for example, art from archaeology, notation shall not hamper its due ex politics from history, drama from theatre. pansion and growth, but shall serve as Or a question may arise from the dual con- a means of conserving its orderly ar- tent of the book itself, which may treat of rangement. Too often, it is to be feared, two things, two subjects, or the influence of a desirable change or the addition of a new one agency upon another. Shall a book on heading in a system of classification is de- the influence of Italian upon French litera- ferred because the notation does not allow ture go under the first or under the second for it. This is to invert the true function of literature? Where shall we class the con- a notation. troversy between F^nelon and Bossuet re- Such may be called the general problems garding Quietism, a matter both personal Shall biog- of the classifier. They form part of the law and theological? memoirs and of always in the class of his profession; let us turn now to its raphies individuals go practice. That there are serious problems biography or shall the classification be de- In the actual assignment of books to their termined by the amount of personal ele- appropriate classes has been brought home ment in the book? Books on "geography to every classifier of experience, and the and history," "music and morals," "evolu- longer he classifies the more numerous and tion and the fall of man" are problems serious seem these problems; at least such seemingly indifferent as to solution unless is my experience after sixteen years de- the classifier is guided by certain principles voted almost exclusively to this branch of of procedure; and unless he have a grasp of library service. Some of these problems principles, a classifier runs the risk of con- may be grouped as follows: (1) the deter- tinual inconsistency in his work. mination of the primary content of a book; The question of form versus content re- (2) choice between two or more topics in a lates to the proper classification of series, book, given equal or nearly equal weight; poetry, drama, ballads, historical fiction, (3) conflict of two classes facing, like periodicals and the like. Here classifiers Janus, two ways; (4) the treatment of indi- will differ as to following the subject of the viduals; (5) form versus content; (6) In- book or classing it by Its literary form. dexing. As these headings are somewhat Finally the bearing of an index of the abstract, let us consider them briefly in the classification upon the subject catalog of concrete. the library is one that demands careful con- The first principle of library classification sideration. The relation of the classifica- is, or in my opinion should be, to classify tion itself to the catalog and to reference a book according to what may be called its work is a broad subject, and all that may be primary content, or in scholastic terms, ac- said here is that duplication of work should cording to the "first intention" of its author. be avoided. The subject catalog should be "What is this book about?" should be in planned to bring out always some aspect, the mind of the classifier, not "Why is it grouping or bearing of a subject that is not written?" or "Where will It be useful?" brought out by the classification, and vice

Let it be noted that usefulness is, of course, versa. the main purpose of classification but for This most cursory survey of the field cer- 234 PASADENA CONFERENCE tainly reveals one significant feature of clas- WHEREAS, there has hitherto been no sification to-day, namely its lack of code of general code of practice for the use of li- procedure. Every classifier must learn brary classifiers, embodying the principles somehow or other to classify; he learns this of classifying books and codifying the gath- partly by instruction but more by experi- ered experience of expert classifiers; and ence. Yet the fruits of his experience are, WHEREAS, such a code may be of serv- as a rule, available to no one besides him- ice in connection with any recognized sys- self. Some libraries keep a record of im- tem of classification or notation, portant decisions regarding the classifying BE IT RESOLVE:d by the A. L. A. Cata- of books, such as series, memoirs, books of log section, in conference assembled, that dual content and the like. But it is doubt- the Executive board of the American li- ful if any library has set seriously to work brary association be advised and requested to reduce these decisions to a system of to appoint a Committee (1) to consider the principles applicable to various types of advisability, practicability and mode of books. Certainly classifiers of less experi- procedure of compiling an official code for ence get practically no assistance in this di- classifiers; (2) to report at an early date to rection from their better equipped col- the Executive board; and (3) to be empow- leagues. ered by the Executive board to take such The time has come, in my opinion, for the further steps as shall bo deemed best. A. L. A. to take in hand the compilation of a code of procedure for library classifica- The subject of the next paper was "In- tion. The task may well be undertaken by dexing and Indexes." by EMMA HELEN a committee acting along lines similar to BLAIR, of Madison, Wis., one of the edi- those followed by the committee on cata- tors of "The Philippines," and an expert log rules. The field is virgin soil; its capac- indexer. In the absence of Miss Blair her ities are as yet almost unknown. But I paper was read by Miss Oakley. am convinced that when we begin to culti- vate It the yield will be a surprise all INDEXING AND INDEXERS. round. The cataloger has had perhaps all the aid and attention that he needs for the Mr. W. F. Poole is quoted as saying that

present. Let us turn now to the classifier. 'indexing is a task that is only fit for prison

The course of procedure in classification convicts, but nevertheless it demrinds has been left either to the incidental direc- brains." It is often tedious, and much of it tions or expressions of opinion scattered is drudgery to even the most optimistic through the published schemes, or to the temperament; but it has some compensa- individual judgment of classifiers or teach- tions withal. There is a satisfaction in any ers in library schools. Procedure in the de- kind of work which reduces chaos to order, partment of classification is in the stage which erects an edifice from scattered piles that cataloging was before the publication of brick and lime and lumber, which cuts of Cutter's Rules. It Is a congeries of max- roads through the wilderness for travelers ims, opinions and local practices. Let us and explorers; and just such benefits as gather and sort these maxims, and when we these are conferred on the reading public have discerned the principles underlying hy good indexers. Most bonivs outside of them, let us formulate these principles into fiction and other light reading are used a code that may be as practical and as use- more for reference than for steady perusal, ful to the profession as our catalog code has and those who use them—from the high- proven to be. Such a work is timely, it school lad who wants material for his exer- looks practicable, and it is certainly worth cise in composition to the botanist who is the doing. listing all the mosses in the Lake Superior The following resolution sent by Mr. Mer- region—need guides to the information de- rill, was read and approved and ordered sired, even as a saving of time alone. And referred to the Executive board: this not only for historical works, and sci- CATALOG SECTION 235

entific monographs, and records of research nature are hard to index, except by a per- on special technical lines, but even more for son who has had training on such lines or at biographies, travels, books on education and least some acquaintance with the subject, literary criticism, etc.—wherein highly val- especially when they deal with the science uable and recent information is often hid- of thought; such books usually require at den away in odd corners where few would least the supervision of a scientific expert. think to search. An index is therefore a But when they are concerned with the sci- most helpful addition to a book which has ence of fact, they should be handled with- added anything of value to the general out serious difficulty by a person of clear, store of knowledge, in any line of thought systematic mind who has a wide range of or discovery. Both publishers and writers general knowledge and reading. Indeed, realize this fact more than they did a few this background of general knowledge is an decades ago, and most "worth while" books important factor of success in any quasi- now have indexes of some sort. literary work, as proof-reading, indexing, E.it there are indexes and indexes. Often and translating; in any of these there the reader encounters a mere finding-list of seems to be use for every scrap of knowl- names, personal and geographical, not un- edge that one has ever picked up. The old- frequently attached to a string of figures time printing office rule was, "Follow copy, without distinction or explanation. It talves if you follow it out of the window;" but it much enthusiasm to make him wade will not answer to take refuge behind this through 25 to 50 page-references, many of in some cases, even when the copy is type- which may prove to be mere mentions of written. At times, the responsibility falls the subject. Sometimes the indexer—es- on proof-reader, indexer, and translator of pecially if hp be the author of the book, and deciding what the copy or original ought to a novice in indexing—will add a sort of be, rather than what it is; they must have drapery to this framework of name- some understanding of what the author lists by giving similar strings of page- meant to say, or really thought, or ought to references for a few subjects in which he have stated, and make due correction or happens to be especially interested, and to query. such extent as he regards important. The Another field for indexing is that of mag- only really satisfactory style of index for a azines and newspapers, and the journals book is the analytical; bjit the extent and and transactions of learned societies; this closeness of the analysis will of course vary is usually an easier kind of work, since in with the nature and needs of the book in- most cases only the names of writers, the dexed. The important series of voyages, titles of papers, and the subjects of the lat- travels, and historical works published by ter, are required. Unfortunately, most the Hakluyt Society of England is a per- work in this field has been very poorly done fect treasure-house of information about all —so much so, that Mr. Poole in his invalu- the countries in the world and their peoples, able index of periodicals was compelled to and sadly needs an index; presumably one adopt the rule, for himself and his assist- for the first series (containing 100 volumes) ants, of not using the magazine indexes. is in process of making by the secretary, Occasionally a periodical devoted to some who announced this undertaking some five scientific or professional field will desire a years ago. Another series of great value fairly comprehensive index of that special is The Sacred Books of the East, in 49 vol- subject in its various aspects or connec- umes; the index to this has just been fin- tions. Some of the leading daily newspa- ished by Prof. M. Winternitz, who has pers in the large cities have had their files worked at it since 1894, and it is character- indexed; some others have attempted or ized as "an analytical index aiming to be a begun such indexes, but soon abandoned the scientific classification of religious phe- effort, because of its cost. This timidity, nomena." however, is short-sighted, if the proprietors Many books of scientific and technical can possibly spare the money; for each 236 PASADENA CONFERENCE year's neglect renders greater the difficulty the information therein contained." But of reference to the past flies, and the appa- the Indexer himself must first see those rent cost of the necessary work, while the things before he can show them to others; yearly cost of keeping It up is compara- nor can he safely halt at mere facts and tively small when once the previous files figures in the text. He must be able to see are indexed. An index of this sort requires the real meaning or import when it is only the best sort of work, and a person of expe- implied, the undercurrent of the author's rience, judgment, and knowledge of the thought or purpose, the tendencies of a world of affairs—especially an acquaint- nation's social life, the basis of its eco- ance with political matters, both general nomic conditions, or the gradual develop- and local. ment of a scientific theory. Next is needed Still other places where this sort of work what a well-known librarian calls 'the clas- is demanded (and it is a steadily increas- sified mind," which marshals all these facts ing demand) are state departments and and theories in orderly array, in systematic commissions, municipal offices, banks, in- connection, in logical sequence. There are surance and railway companies, law offices, three main plans of arrangement under the commercial firms and publishing houses. respective headings: the alphabetical, the In all these places the idea of indexing chronological, and the logical. Each of has arisen with the great increase of busi- these has special advantages for special ness the world over, in both extent and purposes; the nature of the matter indexed complexity; and it is simply a feature of must determine which should be chosen in the systematic and methodical organiza- each case. Always the aim should be to ren- tion which is everywhere rendered nec- der the information accessible to its readers essary by that increase. in terms as simple, clear, and accurate What sort of person is suited for doing as possible—to which end the indexer such work? The qualifications and equip- should not let himself be trammeled before- ment that it requires are more native than hand by any mere theory or cut-and-dried acquired, more in personality than in book- plan of work. It is as true in indexing as learning; yet these latter furnishings are of in cataloging and classification that any great value. The first-cla^s indexer is, like system must, to be really useful and valu- the poet, the critic, the translator, "born, able, have sufficient elasticity and flexibility not made;" yet we would all rejoice if there to adapt it to varying circumstances and were fewer vacancies in the ranks of the needs, and that "cast-iron" rules are often second class, in all those kinds of achieve- far more honored in the breach than in the ment. Indexing is not commonly classed observances. It would be folly to use the with the fine arts or the learned profes- same plan for indexing Prof. William sions; but let not him who practices it re- James's book on "Pragmatism" and Lieu- gard it as a trade. To him, at least, it tenant Shackleton's report of his Antarctic should be as an art and a profession; and, explorations. Each book shapes a system

If he so regards it, that feeling will be evi- for Itself, according to its purpose and dent in the quality and value of his work scope. Shall the analytical index be full or when done. It is only work of this sort that short? This requires a suitable sense of will bring the demand for more. It is cer- proportion: the subjects discussed within tainly as true in indexing as in all other one book may be of varying importance, employments that really successful work and sometimes but few of them need exten- must be the expression of high ideals in sive development, so that it would be waste standards and aims; and that, since such of time to treat them all alike. Nor is it ideals are all too rare among workers in well to supply much predlgested food for every line, there is "always room at the the reader; as long as he can reach it eas- top." ily, it is better that he do most of his own To "index" a book Is, according to the dic- cutting and chewing, unless the matter is tionary, "to point out, to render available unusually difficult or complicated. CATALOG SECTION 237

When the Indexer undertakes a piece of tionship, and following wherever practi- work, how can it be best performed? The cable, an alphabetical arrangement. Per-

prime requisite in method is economy of sonal names I place in one pile, alphabet-

labor and time, both of these being equiva- ically. If I want any card I can turn to it

lent terms for money—which neither pub- quickly, to add a new reference; nor do I

lishers nor authors, and still less commer- use as much time in this as I would spend in cial houses, are inclined to lavish upon such writing a new heading for another card;

work. Very few persons have any adequate moreover, I thus save the handling of an idea of the cost of making an index of any immense number of cards when I come to

sort. The other day I received a letter rela- the sorting and arranging after the first tive to "a card index for the Jour- cards are written. At the present time I nal (27 volumes). Kindly give an estimate have on my table about 5,000 cards, thus of the time this work would require, and classified, in 50 piles, representing the the probable charge for the same." As no work of indexing a series of over twenty other data were furnished for the estimate volumes; and most of them are all ready asked, it reminded me of the experience of for the printer. If each entry had been the prophet Daniel, when the king not only written on a separate card, I probably desired him to interpret his dream, but to would have on hand some 15,000 cards, at a relate the dream itself, which the king had low estimate. To do work in this way forgotten. requires considerable experience, with a Some printed instructions for indexing good memory, and what the phrenologists advise the student to make all his single call a good bump of locality; and many index cards, then verify and check each persons choose the more diffuse and cum- entry from the text, then arrange the slips bersome method rather than try to keep so in the desired order, and finish by copying many cards in mind. But, as it has been them all on clean sheets for the printer. I already stated, there is no iron rule for have known of a few indexes made in this this; each person should find out in what way, and consequently about twice as ex- way he can work most naturally and effect- pensive as they ought to be; but the em- ively, and follow it. ployers are not likely to follow this plan a The headings for cards should be selected second time, and no publisher or editor who with judgment, accuracy, and sense of knows anything about indexing is willing to their relative importance, and should be pay for such waste of time. A good in- worded very clearly and concisely; they dexer will make each entry correctly at the constitute the basis on which the index- start, and not need to verify it; he will matter will be classified in its compilation, write each card in a good legible hand and should be such as the reader of the book which can be used as it stands for printer's would most naturally look for. After all copy; and he will so plan the work as to are written, they are arranged in alphabeti- avoid copying or rewriting cards, whenever cal order, cards under one heading com- possible. If you will pardon the personal bined when necessary, and cross-references allusion, I will describe my own plan for inserted when these are desirable to con- economy of time and effort. As I make nect subjects related to each other; finally, each card with its subject-heading and first all are pasted on sheets, in due order, and reference thereto, I lay it on the table be- are ready for the printer. fore me, in its proper alphabetical place; A few suggestions may be made as to in- and for each new reference to that subject dexing the clippings, circulars, old maga-

I add simply the page-number to that card, zines, and other stray material that drifts until it is full, or the subject is no longer into a library or a professional man's study. mentioned; one card will thus contain from We all know how such flotsam accumulates 20 to 40 page-references. As the cards in- —often not worth classifying and catalog- crease, I place them in piles keeping t(j- ing, yet containing something one wishes gether those of a similar meaning or rela- to use and preserve. The daily newspapers 238 PASADENA CONFERENCE

contain much that is useful for reference and easily to any of them. This is only and for library bulletins, especially where one of the many ways in which the people, school children and study-clubs undertake especially the children, may be brought into to keep track of current events. The speci- closer contact with the world of affairs, the men or duplicate copies of magazines and great movement of human progress which illustrated weeklies, sometimes also book- never before in the world's history has been circulars, contain views, portraits, historic so rapid and broad.

scenes or buildings, fine engravings, col- I have not had leisure to ascertain to ored pictures of birds and flowers, which what extent indexing is taught in the

are worth saving. There is much material library schools; but 1 was told about three in magazines and newspapers describing years ago, by two of the most prominent the educational and philanthropic move- librarians in the country, that the demand ments of the day, that may be used to for such instruction was increasing and advantage by local welfare associations. that it ought to be given in the library The librarian may save much of the above- schools. It would seem a pity to load upon named material, and friends of the library most of their students much work addi- can be secured in almost every community tional to their present strenuous and in- who will aid her in similar ways. If pic- tense curriculum; but, where judicious tures, clippings, etc., are roughly classified, substitution can be made for some of their and placed in pamphlet cases, or card or work, or where some of it can be required envelope boxes, or large manila envelopes, before entrance, those schools would seem

they will occupy but little space and can to be a fit and proper agency for providing be easily found when required. For this instruction in both indexing and proof-read- purpose, each should have a corresponding ing. Room for this may be found in the index-card, on which is written the subject, probable changes which for some time have name of magazine or paper from which it been visible on the horizon, in the scope, was taken, and a reference to the box or conduct, and methods of the library schools envelope in which it is kept—the latter to of this coimtry—changes which will doubt- be designated by some word, letter, or num- less be hastened and shaped to a consider- ber, which is repeated on the card. As these able extent by the establishment of the cards are for merely occasional or tempo- proposed institute for library training in rary use, they may be written with a pencil New York City with a rich endowment by and require no elaboration in style; centi- Mr. Andrew Carnegie. This new institu- meter spacing, and red-ink headings, and tion may reasonably be expected to estab- canary cards are quite superfluous for this lish new and higher standards of training, use. When the club-woman wants informa- and to furnish advanced and more highly tion about open-air schools, or folk-dances, specialized courses of study, with new and or juvenile courts, the librarian is quite up-to-date methods; and those features likely to find in her boxes some information will naturally reflect their influence and on these subjects that is not in printed be to some extent repeated in the other books, but showing what is being actually schools. Definite results in the advance- done at this very time in Chicago or Ro- ment of library work and standards must chester or Boston. Or she can give the certainly result from the recent establish- school children a description of King ment of the A. L. A. section for matters George's coronation, or an account of the connected with professional library train- way In which Uncle Sam recently obtained ing. The outlook is very hopeful in all in Algeria, many new varieties of dates to directions. be planted in the hot deserts of Arizona, or the narrative of Dr. Grenfell's noble mission Mr. C. W. Andrews read the following work in Labrador— all beautifully Illus- letter from Miss Harriet W. Pierson, of the trated: and the simple index above de- catalog department of the Library of Con- scribed will enable her to turn very quickly gress: CATALOG SECTION 239

Mr. Andrew Keogh, May 13, 1911. ings and bodies. May not American libra- Yale University, rians very properly make a recommenda- New Haven, Conn. tion to the Office to the effect that they Dear Sir: secure from the various international or-

I wish that the question of the official ganizations which have English speaking English form of name for international delegates, an official form of the name in congresses and bodies might be discussed English, this to be printed in a new edition at the meeting of the American library of the Annuaire, or in the publications of association. The A. L. A. rule is as fol- the congresses, as is already done in a few lows (101): cases.

I understand that the committee to con- International meetings. Enter inter- national meetings, conferences, and con- sider the extension of the international gresses, of private persons, under their cataloging rules will probably have Its their publications English names provided headquarters in Brussels. If invited to do have appeared in English or that language so by the A. L. A. Catalog section, would is specified as one of the official languages this committee be able to arrange the of the conference. In other cases enter not under the name in the language in which matter with the Office central des institu- most of the publications have appeared, tions Internationales? or when this cannot be ascertained, under Very respectfully, the name by which the conference is best (Signed) HARRIET W. PIERSON. known. International congress of Orientalists, he heartily endorsed with references from Orientalists, Inter- Mr. Andrews said national congress of; Congr^s international her suggestion; that at The John Crerar des orientalistes; Internatlonaler oriental- library the French form is used, but he isten congress, etc., etc. would be glad to see an official form adopt- This seems, on the whole, to be the most ed. It was voted to refer the matter to satisfactory rule that could be framed. the Executive board. Experience has shown, however, that much Mr. Lane, librarian of Harvard univer- time is consumed in searching tor the Eng- sity, explained the system of classification lish form of name; if found, it is difficult to in use in the university library, and also choose one of several forms; if not found, gave much information in regard to the and entry Is printed in vernacular form, printing of catalog cards undertaken by

it frequently happens that the English name the library, the field covered, price of soon afterward appears, and the cards have cards, etc. to be reprinted, involving no little expense. After miscellaneous discussion the nomi- As is no doubt known to you, there exists nating committee reported as follows for at Brussels an institution called the "Office officers for 1912: central des institutions Internationales," For chairman. Miss Laura A. Thomp- which has published a work most useful son, cataloger. Library of Congress, Wash- to catalogers, entitled "Annuaire de la vie ington, D. C. Internationale. 1908-09." For secretary. Miss Mary Elizabeth Haw- It seems to be within the scope of the ley, asst. cataloger, John Crerar library, work of the Office to simplify and to make Chicago. These officers were elected. uniform the names of international meet- Adjourned. — —

CHILDREN'S LIBRARIANS' SECTION

FIRST SESSION The young fawns are playing with the shadows, Saturday afternoon, May 20. The young flowers are blowing towards The first session of the Children's libra- the west rians' section was a public meeting held In Dut the young, young children, O my broth- the Shakespeare club-house, under the aus- ers. pices of the Pasadena women's clubs. Mr. They are weeping bitterly! E. HENRY LEGLER, librarian of the Chi- They are weeping in the playtime of the cago public library, gave an address, illus- others, trated with slides, lantern on In the country of the free.

LIBRARY WORK WITH CHILDREN Do you question the young children in the sorrow, Not long since a man of genius took a Why their tears are falling so? lump of formless clay, and beneath the cun- The old man may weep for his to-morrow ning of his hand there grew a great sym- Which is lost in long ago; bol of life. He called it Earthbound. An The old tree is leafless in the forest. old man Is bowed beneath the sorrow of The old year is ending in the frost. the world. Under the weight of burdens The old wound, if stricken, is the sorest. that seemingly they cannot escape, a The old hope is hardest to be lost; younger man and his faithful mate stagger But the young, young children, O my broth- with bent forms. Between them is a little ers. child. Instead of a body supple and straight Do you ask them why they stand and instinct with freedom and vigor, the Weeping sore before the bosoms of their child's body yields to the weight of heredity mothers, and environment, whose crushing Influence In our happy Fatherland? press the shoulders down. « • * * * * In this striking group the artist pictures for us the world-old story of conditions Go out, children, from the mine and from which meet the young lives of one genera- the city. tion, and are transmitted to the next. It Sing out, children, as the little thrushes is a picture that was true a thousand years do. ago; it is a picture that is faithful of con- Pluck your handfuls of the meadow cow- ditions to-day. Perhaps its modern guise slips pretty, might be more aptly and perhaps no less Laugh aloud to feel your lingers let them strikingly shown, as it recently appeared through! in the form of a cartoon illustrating Mrs. Elizabeth Barrett Browning's verse: Only in recent years has there grown into fulness a conception of what the duty The Cry of the Children of society is towards the child. For near two Do ye hear the children weeping, O my thousand years it was a world of grown-ups brothers. for grown-ups. Children there have been Ere the sorrow comes with years? many millions of them—but they were They are leaning their young heads against merely Incidental to the scheme of things. their mothers. Society regarded them not as an asset, ex- And that cannot stop their tears. cept perhaps for purposes of selflsh ex- The young lambs are bleating In the mea- ploitation. If literature reflects contempo- dows. rary life with fidelity, we may well marvel The young birds are chiriiing in the nest. tliat for so many hundreds of years the CHILDREN'S LIBRARIANS' SECTION 241

boys and girls of their generation were so ively as the Elizabethan writers, silence as little regarded that they are rarely men- to the element of childhood is profound. In tioned in song or story. When they are, all the comedies and the tragedies of the we are afforded glimpses of a curious atti- greatest dramatist of all, children play but tude of aloofness or of harshness. No- minor parts. In none of them save in King where do we meet the artlessness of child- John, where historic necessity precludes hood. In a footnote here, in a marginal the absence of the princes In the Tower, gloss there, such references as appear point they might be wholly omitted without im- to torture and cruelty, to distress and pairment of the structure. In the Merry tears. In the early legends of the Chris- Wives of Windsor, Mistress Anne Page's tians, in the pagan ballads of the olden son is briefly introduced, and is there made time, what there is of child life but illus- the vehicle for conversation which in this trates the brutal selfishness of the elders. age might be regarded as gross suggestive- Certainly, no people understood as well ness. as did the Jews that the child is the True, that is a rarely tender passage in prophecy of the future, and that a nation the Winter's Tale wherein Hermione is kept alive not by memory but by hope. speaks with her beloved boy, and the pa- Childhood to them was "the sign of fulfill- thos of Arthur's plea as he asks Hubert ment of glorious promises; the burden of to spare his eyes is of course a master- psalm and prophecy was of a golden age ui piece of literature; these, however, the sum come, not of one that was in the dim past." total of the great dramatist's significant So in the greatest of all books we come references to childhood. frequently upon phrases displaying this at- In the great works on canvas, save where titude: the Christ-child is depicted, may be noted "There shall yet old men and old wouieu that same absence of the spirit of child- dwell in the streets of Jerusalem, and hood. Wealthy and royal patrons, indeed, every man with his staff in his hand for encouraged great artists to add favorite very age. And the streets of the city shall sons and daughters to the array of portraits be full of boys and girls playing in the in their family galleries. In time, the ar- streets thereof." tists gave to the progeny of the nobility "They shall remember me in far coun- and the aristocracy generally, such crea- tries; and they shall live with their chil- tions as to them seemed appropriate to dren." their years. These poses are but the cari- And most significant of all: "Suffer the cature of childhood. Morland, Gainsbor- little children to come unto me." ough, Sir Joshua Reynolds and other artists In the centuries intervening, up to a hun- of their day represented the children at dred years ago, the men of pen and the their wealthy patrons in attitudes which men of brush give us a few touches now savor somewhat of burlesque, though it and then suggestive of childhood. How- may have been intended quite seriously to ever, they are observers rather than inter- hedge them about with spontaneity. preters of childhood and its meaning. In It has been said that "a child's life finds the works of the great master painters, the its chief expression in play, and that in dominant note is that of maternity, or the play its social instincts are developed." If motive is devotional purely. Milton's great this be true, we find in some contemporary ode on the Nativity bears no message other canvases of this English school a curious than this. In the graphic tale that Chaucer reproduction of the favorite pastimes of tells about Hugh of Lincoln, race hatred is children. One is called "bird-nesting," the the underlying sentiment, and the Inno- title descriptive of the favorite diversion cence of the unfortunate widow's son ap- thus depicted. Another bears the legend pears merely to heighten the evil of his "Snow-balling," and with no apparent dis- captors and not as typical of boyhood. approval save on the part of the little vic- Of the goodly company known collect- tims, shows a group of larger children ruth- ; —

242 PASADEXA CONFERENCE lessly snow-balllng some smaller ones who tive as the case may be, to such centers of have sought shelter in the portico of a human hiving as the House of Blazes and church. Some distance down the street the Chicken-foot Alley, in Providence; Hell's form of an aged woman suggests another Kitchen in New York; the Bad Lands in victim of youthful playfulness. Milwaukee; Tin Can Alley, Bubbly Creek A century and a half ago there was boni. and Whiskey Row back of the stockyards frail at first but with constant growth, a in Chicago. In these regions and in others perception that the great moving forces of like them darkness and filth hold forth to- life contain elements hitherto disregarded. gether where the macaroni are drying; Rousseau sounded his thesis, Pestalozzl be- broken pipes discharge sewage in the base- gan to teach, and but a little later on, Froe- ment living quarters where the bananas bel expounded his tenets. We need not be are ripening; darkness and filth dwell to- concerned as to the controversial disputa- gether in the tenement cellars where the tion of rival schools of pedagogues whose garment-worker sews the buttons on for claims for one ignore the merits of the the sweat-shop taskmaster; goats live ami- other. A new thought came into being, and ably with human kids in the cob-webbed both Pestalozzl and Froebel contributed to basements where little hands are twisting its diffusion—whether in the form of Pes- stems for flowers; in the unlovely stable talozzi's ideal, "I must do good to the child," lofts where dwell a dozen persons in a or Proebel's, "I must do good through the place never intended for one; in window- child," or perhaps a measurable merging less attics of tall tenements where frail of the two. lives grow frailer day by day. Responsive to the note of life and thought around them, the great authors of prose Lisabetta, Marianna, Piametta, Teresina, and verse began to inject the new expres- They are winding stems of roses, one by sion of feeling into what they wrote. Per- one, one by one haps best reflected, as indeed it proved I^ittle children who have never learned to most potent in molding public opinion, this play thought entered into the novels of Charles Teresina softly crying that her fingers ache Dickens. These, in the development of to-day. child life as a social force, not only re- Tiny Flametta nodding when the twilight corded history; they made history, and the slips in, gray. virile pencils of Leech and Phiz and Cruik- High above the clattering street, ambulance shank aided what became a movement. and flre-gong beat; For the first time in literature, with sym- They sit, curling crimson petals, one by pathetic insight, there was laid bare the one, one by one. misery of childhood among the lowly and Lisabetta, Marianna, Flametta, Teresina, unfortunate, and the pathos of unhappy They have never seen a rosebush nor a childhood was pictured with all its tragic dewdrop in the sun. consequences to society as a whole. In They will dream of the vendetta, Teresina, the story of Poor .loe. the street-crossing Flametta, sweeper, who was always told to move on, we read the stories of thousands of the Of a Black Hand and a Face behind a grat- boys of to-day. His brief tenantry of Tom- ing; all-Alones shows us the prototype of many They will dream of cotton petals, endless, thousands of living places in the slums of crimson, suffocating. our own time. Conditions which environ Never of a wild rose thicket, nor the sing- growing boys and girls—not only thousands ing of a cricket; of men, but many millions—in the con- But the ambulance will bellow through the gested cities of the Anglo-Saxon world, are wanness of their dreams. well suggested by the names which have And their tired lids will flutter with the been given in derision, or brutally descrip- street's hysteric screams. CHILDREIX'S LIBRARIANS' SECTION 243

Lisabetta, Marianna, Fiametta, Teresina, the missionaries of the book take the dis- They are winding stems o£ roses, one by regarded bits of life about them and weave one. one by one; them into a human element of power. The Let them have a long, long playtime. Lord children's rooms in the library and what of Toil, when toil is done; they imply in the life of the people, are of Fill their baby hands with roses, joyous such recent origin and growth that the roses of the sun. complete force of their present-day worK will not be fully apparent for a quarter Reverting to Poor Tom, well may the century. What they hope to do, the in- words of Dickens in Bleak House serve as struments they purpose to use, are given a text for to-day: "There is not an atom succinctly in the pronouncement of one of of Tom's shrine, not a cubic inch of any our most progressive libraries. pestilential gas in which he lives, nor an OBJECTS OP UHR.4RY WORK WITH CHILDREN obscurity or degradation about him. nor an To make good books available to all childri of ignorance, nor a wickedness, nor a bru- lity. To traJn boys and girls to use with discrimination tality of his committing, but shall work its the adult library. retribution, through every order of society To reinforce and supplement the class work of the city schools (public, private, parochial and "Sun- up to the proudest of the proud and the day" schools). highest of the high." To co-operate with institutions for civic and social betterment, such as playgrounds, settlements, mis- Whatever of permanence the ideal de- sions, boys' ajid girls' clubs; and with commercial institutions employing boys and girls, such as fac- mocracy which underlies our institutions tories, postoffice special delivery division, telegraph and telephone agencies and department stores. may achieve, it will not be the survival of And fir^t and last to build character and develop conditions such as these, but the fruition of literarv- taste through the medium of books and the influence of the children's librarian. their betterment. Recognition of the sinis- ter elements involved determines the mod- Pursuing these purposes, endeavoring to ern type of library work with children. meet these tests, library work with chil- That work rests upon a knowledge of the dren will make for better citizenship. It background which has been pictured, upon will take account not only of the children the use of methods that shall reach sanely of the poor, but of the children of the and effectively the contributing causes, well-to-do, who may need that influence upon correlation of all the social forces even more. In the cities, which now over- that can be brought to bear unitedly. shadow our national life, there are no Recognition of conditions and causation longer homes; there are flats, where the gives power to, and justifies the modern boys and girls are tolerated—perhaps. trend of, library work with children as the "Our problem is not the bad boy, but most ijnportant and far-reaching of all its rather the modern city," says Prof. Allen great work. Of thirty million men and Hoben. "The normal boy has come hon- women, and their children, who have come estly by his love of adventure, his motor from over-seas in two generations, 83 per propensities and his gang instincts. It is cent were dwellers along the rim of the when you take this healthy biological prod- Mediterranean. Largely from that source uct and set him down in the midst of city have our towns grown overnight into restrictions that serious trouble ensues. swarming cities. Their children of to-day For the city has been built for economic will be the men and women who in a gen convenience, and with little thought for eration will make or unmake the RepuDiic human welfare. Industrial aim is evidenced Ignorance and greed, rather than necessity to every sense. You smell industrialism in breed the chief menace in our national life the far-reaching odors of the stockyards.

Alone, as a detached social force, the li You hear it in the roar of the elevated brary cannot hope to combat these, but in hard by the windows of the poor. You see correlation with other forces may serve as it in a water front that people cannot use, one of the most potent agencies. In the and you touch it in the fleck of soot that is children's rooms and in kindred places. usually on your nose. The proof of Indus- 244 PASADENA CONFERENCE

trial aggression ceases to be humorous, but an initial stage—a bit of tent shelter however, when It shows itself In the small for distribution of books to children gath- living quarters of many a city flat where ered at the sand pile. In some Instances boys are supposed to find the equivalent of co-operation has joined the work of park the old-time house. Constituted as he Is, breathing centers and library organiza- the boy cannot but be a nuisance In the tions. This has reached completed form In flat community. And because the flat the placement of branch libraries as part dweller moves frequently, he will be with- of the park equipment, either quarters out those real neighbors of long standing within a general building, or a separate whose leniency formerly robbed the law of little building adjacent to or on the ath- its victims. Furthermore, he has no par- letic field. ticular quarters of his own where he may But whether in place of high or low de- satisfy his sense of proprietorship and save gree; whether in rented store or memorial up the numerous things he collects with a building of monumental type; whether in view to using them In construction. The the rooms of a school building or a corner flat dwellers will not permit the noise or in a factory; whether by this method or litter Incident to such building as a boy by that, the children's librarian employs liltes; and he has little if any part In the the printed page to serve as Instrument to labor of conducting the house. He loses these ends: dignity as a helpful and necessary member The building of character, making for of the family, he loses that loyalty which the best in citizenship. attaches to the old familiar places of boy- The enlargement of narrow lives, bring- hood experience and strengthens many a ing the joy and savour and beauty of life man to-day, making him more kind and to the individual. consistent In his living by virtue of home- The opening of opportunity to all alike, stead memories." which is the essence of democracy. So the boy is driven to the street as his And in the doing, an incidental and a domain. It is his playground. And here great contribution is made to society as a he encounters the policeman. Of 717 chil- whole. For, as the story hour unfolds a dren arrested in one month In New York new world to the listener whose life has City, more than half were arrested for been bounded by a litter-covered alley and playing games. Parenthetically, the fact three bare walls, or whose look into the may be quoted that in this children's chief outside world has been perhaps a roof of playground in a period of ten months 67 tar and gravel and a yawning chasm be- children were killed and 196 injured. yond, so the development of the imagina- Unerringly, these facts point to a union tion through the right sort of books shall of social forces—the children's library and make possible the fullest development of the children's playground, a realization of the individual boy and girl. In many a that clear comprehension which the ancient life there has been a supreme moment Greeks had of the unity between the body when some circumstance, some stimulus

and the mind. Quoting Plato: "If children has changed that life for good or ill. For are trained to submit to laws in their plays, want of that stimulus, the dormant power the love of law enters their souls with the of many a man has gone to waste. Half music accompanying their games, never the derelicts of humanity who are but out- leaves them, and helps them in their devel- casts of the night had In them the making opment." of good men—perhaps some of them of Having in thought physical recreation as great men, in science or In art. There is a Btlmulus to mental development. In com- no waste that Is greater than lost oppor- bination bringing home the joyousness of tunity; there Is no loss so great as undis- life, an ideal union of forces is being ef- covered resource. Speaking of imagina- fected in some of the larger cities. In tion in work, Mr. Hamilton Wright Mabie some places, the movement has assumed points out that: CHILDREN'S LIBRARIANS' SECTION 245

"So long as the uses of the Imagination the profession whose presence here pre- In creative work are so little comprehended cludes the mention of their names.

by the great majority of men, it can hardly So, too, I would have liked to give the be expected that its practical uses will be result, statistically, of an inquiry, which the understood. There is a general if some- helpful kindness of Miss Faith E. Smith, what vague recognition of the force and chairman of this section, has enabled me to beauty of its achievements as illustrated make. It must suffice here to limit the in the work of Dante, Raphael, Rembrandt statement to a brief summary that shows and Wagner; but very few people perceive less what has been accomplished than what the play of this supreme architectural and remains to be attempted: structural faculty in the great works of en- There are in the United States to-day gineering, or in the sublime guesses at approximately 1,500 public libraries con- truth which science sometimes makes when taining each more than 5,000 volumes. The she comes to the end of the solid road of number reporting children's work is 525, fact along which she has traveled. The with a total of 676 rooms having an ag- scientist, the engineer, the constructive gregate seating capacity of 21,821, and an man in every department of work, uses the available combined supply of 1,771,161 vol- imagination quite as much as the artist; umes on open shelves. The number of li- for the imagination is not a decorator and braries in which story hours are held is embellisher, as so many appear to think; 152, and 304 report work with schools. Of it is a creator and constructor. Wherever course, this work is pitifully meager as to work is done on great lines or life is lived many libraries. The number of children in fields of constant fertility, the imagina- who come more or less under the direct tion is always the central and shaping influence of children's librarians is gener- power." ously estimated as 1,035,195 (103 libraries, I would have liked in this over-lengthy, including all the large systems reporting). but yet fragmentary survey of the field There are in the United States of children from the viewpoint of the library, to say from 6 to 16 years of age, approximately something of the mistakes which have per- thirty-three millions. haps been made, and which may still be Behind the work of the children's libra- made unguardedly by reason of over-zeal, rians there is a fine spirit of optimism—not whereby the relationship of the work to blind to difliculties, but courageous, ardent other things may be ignored or misunder- and hopeful. stood; of the danger that over-strong con- Disregarding ridicule, which is but a sciousness as to possession of high ideals cheap substitute for wit; regardful of criti- may dictate too urgent use of books that cism, which is often provocative or promo- may have literary style, but do not reach tive of improvement, inspired with the dig- the heart of the boy—driving him to the nity of their high calling, and with a fine comic supplement and to the dregs of print vision that projects itself Into the future, for his reading hours. These, and other the librarians engaged in the work with comments must be left for another occa- children willingly give thereto the finest sion. and the best of personality that they pos- I would also have liked to say something sess. Descriptive of their spirit, we may of the history of work with children in libra- aptly paraphrase the words of a great hu- ries, hut Miss Josephine Rathbone has told manitarian of our own generation: the story fully and well. In that history, "Some there are, the builders of human- when it shall be written a quarter century ity's temples, who are laboring to give a hence. It will be fitting to give full meed vast heritage to the children of all the of honor to Samuel Swett Greene, Edwin world. They build patiently, for they have H. Anderson, Mrs. H. L. Elmendorf, Miss faith in their work. Frances J. Olcott, Miss Linda A. Eastman "And this is their faith—that the power and some of the other splendid women of of the world springs from the common 246 PASADEXA CONFERENCE

labor and strife and conquest of the count- confined herself to the practical details and less ages of human life and struggle; that mechanical routine of playground library not for a few was that labor and that work. She said in part: struggle, but for all. And the common The library in a summer playground labor of the race for the common good and serves a double purpose; It supplys books the common joy will bring that fulness of in a district not otherwise reached by the life which sordid greed and blighting ig- library and it acts as a lure to the use of norance would make impossible." the main library. If the books are attract- And you have the faith of the builders. ive, the children will follow them to the library and thus become permanent bor- SECOND SESSION rowers. So it is plain that the books we place in our summer playgrounds must be Monday evening, May 22. of the most popular type. Easy books, pic- The second session consisted of a round ture books, fairy tales, stories, histories, table discussion, conducted by the chair- books of travel, and books on games and man, Miss Faith E. Smith, director of train- manual arts are the ones in most demand. ing class, Chicago public library. The first A knowledge of the district in v/hich the topic was Intermediate work and the dis- playground is located is also necessary. If cussion was led by Mr. W. L. Brown, libra- the children have a school library and are rian of the Buffalo public library. Mr. accustomed to reading, the books sent to Brown had with him a most interesting list the playground will differ from the kind of the books included in the intermediate sent to one in a foreign district where little department by the Buffalo public library. reading has been done. These books, he said, are at present As the library room is invariably used for shelved in one corner of the children's other work on other days, the books must room, but their use could be increased by be locked up. A satisfactory solution of putting them on separate shelves in the this is a built-in bookcase with adjustable open shelf room and placing an assistant doors which may easily be lifted from their in immediate charge of this work. The sockets and set aside when access to the concensus of the opinions brought out by books is desired, and may be replaced and the discussion showed that the best use of padlocked when the day's work is done. the books was made when they were near The arrangement of the room and the the adult collection, but in charge of a spe- charging desk should always be made so cial assistant. that the exit can be very carefully super- Mr. R. R. Bowker, editor of the I^ibrary vised. journal, spoke to the section concerning In order to conserve our time so that we

Mrs. Minerva Sanders, for many years li- may have leisure to give attention to indi- brarian at Pawtucket, Rhode Island, who vidual children, we must arrange to have thirty years ago was doing work with chil- the mechanical part of the work as system- dren. It was voted that a telegram of con- atic as possible. Playground library work gratulations for her years of service, and is a life of stress and strain. Everything good wishes for the years to come, be sent comes in rushes. There is always a mad to Mrs. Sanders, who was affectionately dash for the door as soon as the library is known to the older members of the Asso- opened, for each child is sure that unless ciation as "Mawtucket." Mr. Bowker and he is the first he will miss the good book

Mr. Peacock of Westerly, R. I., were ap- that he is convinced is there. This rusti pointed a committee to send this telegram. of course makes it difficult to discharge the The next discussion was on the ques- books, slip them, shelve them, and at the tion of Library work in summer play- same time charge the ones the children grounds, led by Miss Gertrude Andrus. su- have selected, to say nothing of helping the perintendent of the children's department children in their choice. We have there- of the Seattle public library. Miss Andrus fore found it best to collect the books be- CHILDREN'S LIBRARIANS' SECTION 247 forehand, discharge them and distribute friends with the children in a most effect- the cards among the children before open- ive way, and at the same time relieve the ing the library doors. When the Newark playground instructor of a duty which is system is used, however, and a child has sometimes found irksome. drawn two books, this may result in con- She must remember that she Is an in- siderable confusion, for the books may be tegral part of that playground, not a weekly separated and one may not be sure that visitor, and she must throw herself into both charges on the card should be can- the interests and activities of the children celled. When our first playground library with all the enthusiasm at her command. in Seattle opened, we used the Browne sys- tem of charging and this proved so satis- factory that we have continued to use it In the discussion which followed, Mr. A. in the others. According to this method, Zelenko, special correspondent of the Mos- each borrower receives two cards. When cow newspapers, told of the "graphic a book is borrowed, the book slip is drawn hours" held in a settlement house in Moa- and put with one of the borrower's cards cow and resembling the story hours held in a small envelope. It is readily seen how in American libraries. Paper, crayons, and easy it is to avoid complications when the water colors are furnished the children who books are gathered before the opening of then draw any story they choose. The the library, for the slip of each one is with drawings are submitted to a committee who the borrower's card, and if the borrower choose the best for exhibition. Mr. John returns no book, no card is given him. F. Phelan, of the Chicago public library, After the books are discharged and shelved gave a brief description of the public play- and the cards distributed, the children are grounds of Chicago and the way in which admitted. In this way much of the con- the library co-operates. In the small parks, fusion incident to opening is eliminated where emphasis is placed on work with and more time is secured to help the chil- children, story hours are held once or twice dren make their choice. a week, and there is an organized library In order that the care of the books may league for the purpose of teaching the chil- not interfere with the children's play, we dren to use the books carefully. Miss Jane have devised a checking system by means Conard, supervisor of playground libraries, of which the children may leave their Pittsburgh, told of the work there and the books In charge of the librarian until they eagerness with which the libraries were are ready to go home. This not only allows welcomed by the playground authorities. the children freedom in play but obviates the possibility of loss of books through and swings. their being left on benches Miss HARRIET A. WOOD, supervisor of is place of freedom and The playground a work with schools. Library Association of fun and good fellowship, and the library's Portland, Oregon, read a paper on rules should be made as inconspicuous as possible. PROBLEMS OF WORK WITH SCHOOLS The librarian should be not only willing, but anxious to enter into the life of the The first problem in organizing the work playground as far as her duties permit. with the schools Is the relation of the One way in which she will be able to make school department to other lines of library herself popular not only with the children activity. Shall it be attached to one of the but with the instructors is by means of regular departments of the library or have story telling. Joseph Lee says that story a separate organization? In Portland the telling is the only passive occupation per- latter course has been taken for the fol- missible on a playground and the librarian lowing reasons: thus finds her work ready to her hand. \ school department is intended to serve She is able to advertise her books, make all thf^ teaching force in the community. 248 PASADENA CONFERENCE private and public, secular and religious, tion between these educational institu- from kindergarten to college. As its chief tions. I fear that generally throughout the function is to bring all teachers to a full city not enough stress has been laid upon conception of their library privileges, this the value and necessity for a library edu- can be best accomplished if the school de- cation. It is not enough that material partment makes its work tributary to every should be furnished the boys and girls by other department. the library; it is essential that the pupils In serving the grade teacher the school should come into personal contact with the department must be familiar with the juve- library, its methods and facilities. I believe nile books; in helping the high school and that it Is as essential for the pupils from college teacher, it must know the resources the early grades to acquire a knowledge of of the adult circulating and reference col- the library and the methods of obtaining lections. To care properly for the libraries its benefits, as it is for them to study the already in schools and temporary collec- various subjects In the several grades. Is tions it must work hand in hand with the it not true that as a supplement to the reg- catalog department; while a clear concep- ular work in the school, the public library tion of relations with all other forms of system is of inestimable value and that as extension work such as branches and sta- an assurance of a continued education after tions is imperative. leaving the public schools, no matter what

The second fundamental problem is the are the circumstances of the parents, it is real attitude of school authorities toward of vital importance that the public library library work as related to schools. Dr. habit should be formed by all our pupils?

Herbert Putnam in May Public Libraries I suggest that principals and teachers in- expresses "the doubt whether the zeal for form themselves as to the material to be 'extension work' is not inducing librarians found in the library nearest their buildings, to activities outside of their proper prov- and then with the co-operation of the li- ince or feasible abilities; and incidentally brarian in charge urge upon the pupils the tending to enfeeble the sense of responsi- value and necessity of the systematic use bility on the part of other agencies, par- of that institution." ticularly the schools." To test the truth of In another part of his report he says: this statement a number of school reports "The school system which does not each were consulted. Do school boards, super- year demand more of every teacher has al- intendents and principals have sufficient ready begun to decline. As members of belief and interest in the work to give it the board of school directors, we must ever definite and hearty support? Shall the li- bear In mind that our obligation is first to brarian be left to persuade each Individual the children." teacher of the value of a library card and The superintendent of Oakland writes: familiarity with books? In short, what "It Is the duty of the school to train the shall be the functions of the teacher and children in the proper use of the means af- what the functions of the librarian? The forded by the city for educational develop- president of one school board (Milwaukee) ment." puts himself on record in the following The superintendent of Indianapolis words: states: "Art museums, public libraries, "We cannot flatter ourselves that all public parks and buildings, factories, learning is obtained in the school-house. banks, etc., in short, the whole city, is Closely allied to our school system by vir- becoming a part of the schoolroom." tue of the character of Its work Is the pub- In the report of the superintendent of lic library. Newark we read: "Teachers should be suf- "Realizing and appreciating the valuable ficiently at home in the great world of assistance which our schools have received prose literature dealing with real things to from the public library in the past, still 1 select suitable material, and professionally feel called upon to urge a greater co-opera- trained to place It before their classes In a CHILDREN'S LIBRARIANS' SECTION 249

way to stimulate their activity and liking." books as necessary to his progress and The practice of omitting important classes happiness and become a permanent user of of literature such as biography is explained the library. "As the faulty application of a principle of When the active support of the school education, namely, that the interests of the board and school superintendent has been children are determining factors in the gained, the teacher will receive definite in- choice of books. This principle has been structions as to her part in the problem to interpreted to mean a laissez faire attitude be worked out, and the librarian will be on the part of the teachers, a passive wait- solicited to make suggestions when courses ing to see whether the child likes the piece of study are being planned. Is this not and if not—that settles the question." In due both teacher and librarian? the course of study issued by this same Speaking concretely, the experience of school system occur the following suggest- one year's work in Portland bears testi- ive directions: mony to the value of a system of library "The teacher should frequently read from work with schools in which the schools

a library book and comment on it for the carry a large share of responsibility. purpose of directing the pupils to the Free When School District No. 1, Multnomah public library." County, was approached by the Library "Pupils should be taught to consult ref- Association of Portland, it was found not erence books and others for information. only quite ready to appropriate $20,000 for One-half of education consists in knowing the purchase of books, but also to care for where to find knowledge. Pupils should be classroom libraries according to the rules encouraged to use the Free public library." already in force throughout the library sys- "Topics for research in history, science tem and to deliver the books to the build- and literature should be assigned as train- ing. The library on its part agreed to em- ing in the use of reference books." Under ploy the librarians, to select and prepare the headings, "Physiology" and "Civics," is the books for circulation, and to take gen- the excellent advice: "See book list pre- eral charge of the work. pared by Free public library." Thus from the beginning the teachers as The fact that most of the reports ex- a whole were sure that the school authori-

amined made no mention at all of the li- ties believed in the library. The faithful brary, while others spoke of it in compli- teacher was relieved of the burden of car- mentary but unrelated terms and only a rying books back and forth from the chil- few seemed conscious of unused resources dren's room, and the indifferent teacher leads librarians seriously to consider their was aware that the children's interests present relations with the schools in their were first in the minds of the board. So immediate fields. There is a great diver- far, the teaching side of work with schools sity of opinion among librarians as to the has not received much attention, but in best way to work with children. Some say planning for next year it is the Intention that the classroom library is bad in its ef- to organize the instruction of teachers and fects, making the pupils and teachers con- pupils only with the full support of the tent with a meager collection of books; school authorities. A joint committee of that the children should be served from school and library board takes up all mat-

children's rooms in central and branch li- ters of common interest. Therefore this braries; while others would do away with body must first be convinced of the im- children's rooms except as laboratories and portance of any radical measure. While reach the children through the teachers. there will always be necessity for work All librarians are agreed, however, that with individual teachers and pupils, we are every child should be reached, so that he convinced that greater progress will be shall read the best books at the right age, made if we attack our problem at the other that he shall understand how to use a book end of the line. as a tool, that he shall come to look upon Miss .TESSIE H. MILLARD, children's li- 250 PASADENA CONFERENCE brarian of the Library Association of Port- first seem to be due to lack of funds, lack land, talked on "Reference work with chil- of room, lack of help, lack of time. But dren." Miss Millard said in part: a second thought will show us that the only "Reference work with children reaches real limitations the work may have, will further than with ailults, In that it includes be those of the librarian herself. not only the finding of the material wanted, Let us consider a few things that the but also the instruction and training In the very busy librarian can do. She can create use of that material. The aim of our chil- a library atmosphere in that small room dren's department is to give the child a or corner. She can teach children who knowledge of the use of books for a defi- never saw a library before and who have nite purpose—not only is he to gain infor- never been taught to enter a room in any mation in looking up a subject, but he is but the noisiest and roughest way, how to to learn the use of books in general. enter that little library room with hats off It seems almost unnecessary to say that —to leave giggling outside, to step gently, the fewer books your department contains, to care for the comfort of others, to treat the better returns must those few be forced the books with respect. to yield. Our catalog is extremely analyti- She can very quietly and unobtrusively cal and contains references to all subjects create a taste in these children for the re- that are used by school children. A chap- fined and best in pictures, by making a ter or a few pages on certain subjects often start with the very best, if only one is prove sufficient. Many books, if carefully added at a time. She can keep from mak- analyzed will answer the questions brought ing her room a hodge-podge of interior pic- every day by the children, and amply re- tures and exhibits, under the plea that It pay for the time and trouble taken to makes the room look "homey." Once in a analyze them. while the picture-bulletin can be used with While a general effort has always been poster effect, but from the first she should made to Instruct the children individually try to keep Ideals before the child rather in the use of the library, only this year than the realities, no matter how funny or have we done class work and one of the Interesting the latter may be. most interesting phases of our work is tne She can steadily lead the children to the visit to the library in a class of the eighth best In literature by supplying only the and ninth grades. best. As her limit in funds will be small, In April, 260 children were given instruc- her choice of books can be made more care- tion in the use of the library. First, a fully and her one or two hundred books short talk was given on the development represent the very choice of children's lit- of the book, and the various parts of a book erature. were explained, the title-page, table of con- If the room Is too small to admit of very tents. Index, preface. Then the children many children, and if an increase In at- were told how to use the dictionary, ency- tendance will In any way discommode the clopedia and the card catalog, and how to larger reading-room patrons, then she must find a book on the shelf from the numbers take her library to the children and with on the card. Whatever we tell them in the the co-operation of the siiperintendent of way of instruction is always supplemented schools arrangements can be made to send by practice. A set of test questions is books to the schools. This will be an in- given at the end of the talk. novation In many small places, but it will Mrs. ALICE G. WHITBP^CK, librarian of soon appeal to the teachers, and If the ex- the public library, Richmond, California, periment is tried in a small way and proves spoke very briefly on "Work with children successful, it will become known in the in small libraries." right places and more funds will be given She said in part: for another year. In considering the work with children in Owing to the lateness of the hour the a small library, the limitations might at discussion was not vigorous and when the COLLEGE AND REFERENCE SECTION 251 business meeting was called only a tew supervisor of work with schools, Carnegie faitliful friends responded. Miss Andrus Library, Pittsburgh, was elected chairman, of Seattle, fillerl the position of secretary and Miss Adeline Zachert, director of chil- left vacant by the resignation of Miss Mary dren's work, Louisville free public library, Douglas of St. Louis. After the reading of secretary. the minutes, the secretary read the report An exhibit of books prepared for the of Miss Esther Strauss of Cincinnati, who Section by the children's department of the had been appointed the previous year to Carnegie library of Pittsburgh was very investigate the organization of other sec- helpful. It consisted of three parts: tions, to see if an Executive board were Exhibit A: Mediocre and harmful books necessary, and to provide for a succession for children. in office. Miss Strauss recommended one Included under this head were the Nickel of the following methods: Libraries, Alger, Castlemon, the Elsie 1. Creation of the office of vice-chairman. books. Optic, Outcault, and others. 2. Creation of standing committees. Exhibit B: Some good popular books An amendment to the constitution was which may take the place of mediocre and voted, providing for the election of a vice- harmful fiction. chairman. The committee on nominations Exhibit C: Editions of some classic and reported and Miss Mary de Bure McCurdy, standard books for children.

COLLEGE AND REFERENCE SECTION

The College and reference section was any two libraries will have a uniform called to order by Mr. J. C. Rowell, libra- method of assigning book numbers, still rian of the l_!ni versify of California. Miss the fundamental points can be compared. Julia Stetfa, librarian of Pomona college As a basis for such comparison the scheme library, was appointed secretary. of book numbering, as used in the Uni- The first paper on "Some problems in versity of California library, will be book numbers" by H. RALPH MEAD, of briefly explained. the University of California library, was The system of classification in use in read by Mr. G. T. Little of Bowdoin college the library of tlie University of California library. is one devised by the librarian, Mr. J. C. Rowell; the scheme assigns numbers to SOME PROBLEMS IN BOOK NUMBERS the main divisions and numbers followed Book numbers are used to differen- by one or more letters to the subdivisions, tiate individual books of the same class. e. g., 305=Education, 305d=History of Ed- The class number indicates the subject. ucation, 305dv=:History of Education in Copy numbers are usually added to dis- the United States. The books are arranged tinguish duplicates and volume numbers to alphabetically under the class number by distinguish volumes of the same work. The means of the Cutter author number; this combination of class number and book number is carried to three places in classes number forms the call number for a of any considerable size, while two places specific book. To be of practical use in suffice for the smaller classes, such as procuring books from the shelves and in subject bibliography. The simplest form manipulating library records, the call of book number is like 305-B9S6 for But- number needs to be as concise and simple ler's Meaning of Education. Books by the as possible. The book number depends same author, in the same class, are dis- a great deal upon the system of classi- tinguished by using the initial letter of fication and the minuteness of classifica- first word of the title, that is not an tion. So, although it is not likely that article, of the original language; transla- 262 PASADENA CONFERENCE tions are designated by initial letter of the class number, and reading room books language of the translation followed by by prefixing the capital R. initial letter of translator's name, e. g., As regards a few points in particular. 305-R864-eEw=Rousseau's Emlle trans- Shall a library hold rigidly to the Cutter lated into English by Worthington. This author number? It does not seem nec- mark might be called the work-mark to essary in a small library nor in a large distinguish it from the author number. library with very close classification. Copy numbers, dates of editions, and vol- When two or more books by the same ume number are included in the book author fall in the same class, give each as number and any hook requiring all that a book number the letter followed by three information has a long and unwieldy call figures, of which only one number would number, e. g., 19 F848 g 1900 v.3 cop.2= be the true Cutter number. This is equiva- Volume 3 of the second copy, second lent to letting the first two figures repre- edition, of Frazer's Golden bough. sent the author number and the third Some authors, like Shakespeare and figure the work-mark. That would sim- Cicero, have a special scheme of classifi- plify the number and ordinarily be satis- cation, so that the book number is com- factory, but. In some cases, it might make paratively simple. Biography is arranged complications in assigning future members. by the Cutter number of the person who Some librarians have adopted this to a Is the subject of the biography followed certain extent and if they are represented by the Cutter number of the biographer, here we would like to hear from them. e. g., 278-G543-M86r=Morley's Life of Size symbols seem quite desirable as an Gladstone. Several classes are devoted aid in locating oversize books, q to indi- to biography alone, here the initial letter cate all books between twenty-five and of the biographer, instead of the Cutter thirty centimeters and f all books over number, is used, e. g., 305z-P719-m^Mon- thirty centimeters high. If desired, the roe's Thomas Platter. Local United States symbols q and f need not be used In letter- history is arranged by Cutter number of ing the backs of the books, but appear the place described followed by Cutter only on the catalog records and on the number of author, e. g., 176t-L77-Cl=:Cal- bookplate, prefixed to the author number. houn's Litchfield County Sketches. The It would thus form a part of the call num- literature of educational institutions is ber and apparently serve every purpose kept together by the Cutter number for intended. the name of the institution. Some libraries arrange books by first Sometimes a special scheme is required, letter of title regardless of language, in- for Instance, many government publica- stead of by initial letter of original lan- tions are classed with their subject and as guage, thus doing away with the capital all have the Cutter number U 58, it often letter to represent language and letter for complicates the book number consider- translator's name. This would seem quite ably, as one can judge when class 626 desirable in all classes with the exception

(Minor army tactics) contains publica- of those for texts of literature where It Is tions of seven different departments, one very desirable and helpful to have the of which, the War department, has twenty- texts of one work all grouped side by side. five different titles or publications with Dates for editions can ordinarily be

various editions of some. To simplify omitted by using the figures 2, 3, etc., this, the U 58 is followed by initial letter after the work-mark for the second and of the department issuing the publication, third edition, e.g., Preston's Theory of e. g., U 58n keeps together all the Navy Heat, 2 ed, would be 376 P 941t2 instead department publications and a subletter of 376 P941 t 1904. '^'here there are likely is used as a work-mark for each publica- to be over nine editions of a work It is tion of that department. Manuscripts are better to use dates. Indicated by prefixing capital M to the As regards the position of the lower COLLEGE AND REFERENCE SECTION

case letter, which represents initial letter arranged alphabetically, and they provide of title, some libraries it place on the same for sixty different titles; 1 to 8 added as line directly after the Cutter number, as a third figure provides for eight editions D55s, others place it underneath on an- of any one title; 9 added as a third figure other line, as D 55. The second arrange- is reserved for translations, and with s many ment provides for placing additional figures translations a fourth figure corresponding after the Cutter number if necessary, bal- to the language figure as given above is ances the call number more evenly when added. As a guide to alphabetical loca- mark for translation or editions has to be tion, use the table for the division of the added, and makes it more easily put on a alphabet into ten parts, as devised by Mr. thin book. Has any one had experience Cutter. (L.J. 3:250.) The number 9 in using initial letter of binder's title, of stands for biography and criticism ar- a catch-title, or of a prominent word of the ranged alphabetically by author. One title instead of first word of title as it figure (0-9) after the 9 provides for ten appears on the title page? titles and two figures for one hundred; It seems desirable that a number scheme the same table as heretofore mentioned be used for book numbers so as to avoid will assist in alphabetical location. The the use of all letters except the letter for following are samples of the numbers as the author's name. It seems especially applied to the works of Adam Smith:

desirable when the class number con- 315 ) c ^jo ..o - Works, 3d edition, tains a letter or letters, or when there are o o4,i.ld J both capital and lower case letters in the 315 ) c /.^ooo - Works, German translation. call number; for it is hardly to be ex- O D4Z.JJ i pected that the average person will very 315 ] Inquiry into the wealth of na- often copy such a call number correct in S 642.522 j tions, 2d edition. all details. The following scheme of 315 j Inquiry into the wealth of na- work-marks for the writings of any author S 642.5292 j tions, French translation. is designed for use in conjunction with the 315 )

Cutter author number of two or three fig- S 642.937 ( Hirst's Adam Smith. ures. The work-mark may be separated As all the numbers are used as decimals, from the Cutter number by a period or a the scheme permits of practically indefinite dash, but the simplest way is to let it expansion, as the addition of one figure in- follow as one number; since by using the creases the capacity tenfold. In many shelf list in assigning future numbers, one cases the use of only one figure after the can readily distinguish the author number Cutter number is sufficient. The scheme from the work-mark. shows the possibilities of numbers which The scheme has four main divisions for are more legible and more accurately collected works, translations of collected copied than any combination containing works, single works and translations, and many letters. biography and criticism. 1 stands for The second paper was by J. E. GOOD- editions of collected works, arranged WIN, Leland Stanford Jr. university li- chronologically, and 11 to 19 provides for brary, on nine editions; 19 may be reserved for NECESSARY RED TAPE selections. 2 stands for translations of collected works, arranged by language, Red Tape, as used in this paper, will 22=French, 23=German, 24=Italian, 25= mean to the librarian the ordinary meth- Spanish, and 26 to 29:=other languages. ods for promoting regularity of practice in Thus the second figure always denotes the various departments of the library; language of translation and the addition unfortunately, to the impatient professor, of a third figure provides for nine trans- or member of the student body it too fre- lations under any one language. The quently means a succession of hurdles to numbers 30 to 89 stand for single works be negotiated with all possible speed. 254 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Practices, which may seem entirely ob- same time add to the cost of the books; vious from the standpoint of the librarian, for an express or mall package costs more are often regarded with suspicion by fac- than a single item in a freight shipment. ulty and students; and if perchance the Again, it is reasonably expected that the method in question replaces one which has professor will furnish a list of the books he the local stamp of time upon it, the libra- wants to buy for his department; a list rian may hear that the old system was sufficiently legible so that it can be read much simpler and easier to understand. without spending hours in the process and The time element is very essential in the exhausting the ingenuity and patience of process of procuring books for a library, the librarian. and especially is this true in the case of A friend of mine, who had labored in libraries that are situated outside the great vain to unravel items on one of these lists, centers of population, and consequently finally appealed to the writer of the list away from the large book supply houses. who, after puzzling over the offending en- This time element often looms up as an tries said, "Well, it is now some time since annoyance to the professor. I wrote that, and I guess I will have to take

Books, needed at once, are often either in it with me and see if I can remember what

Europe or at distances varying from the it w-as I intended to order." The professor neighboring city to the width of the conti- is evidently still puzzling, at least those nent; and the professor who plans his cards have never been returned. course during the summer, or perchance We will assume that there is a definite during his sabbatical leave, and makes no and limited amount of money to be spent provision for the checking of the resources for books each year, and that the money in his home library until time for the open- is apportioned on a basis to meet equably, ing of college and the meeting of his class- if not adequately, the needs of the several es, will sometimes find that his plans for departments. a semester are greatly disarranged, be- Most faculty men easily spend all their cause the material he wishes his classes yearly allowance; indeed their problem is to use is not at hand. The desired authors purely one of selection, for two books are may not be represented at all, or what commonly wanted where one can be pur- more frequently happens, stress is placed chased; an occasional man will have no upon references which the library has in idea in regard to what proportion of his inadequate numbers. i fund he has used, and he would cheerfully The buying of supplies for a university, continue to send in order cards, if he were including the books for the library, is now not informed that his funds were all gone. commonly managed through one office, so More rarely the man appears who for that it becomes impracticable, even if it certain reasons is not interested in spend- might at times be desirable, for the libra- ing his annual allotment, and if there be a rian to take a professor's single order and regulation providing that the fund be not send it to the publisher by next mail. allowed to accumulate until the next year, Faculty men occasionally discover books other members of the department will which they wish the librarian to buy for doubtless put in a plea for the privilege them on the counters of department stores. of siiending the money rather than have it Their orders for these books may or may revert to the general library fund. How- not have been sent in from the library to the ever these details of apportionment and regular agent, but it becomes necessary expenditure may be managed, the librarian to explain why their orders should not at must have his book account so readily ac- once be filled from the stock at the neigh- cessible that there will be no danger of boring shop, and the order, if it has been allowances being exceeded. placed with the regular dealer, cancelled. In the whole list of library processes, This practice could tend only to confusion classification presents more reasonable and in business records, while it would at the indeed more fruitful grounds for difference COLLEGE AND REFERENCE SECTION 255 of opinion between the librarian and the log; for as soon as the librarian has made reader than any other. the classification to square up with the "Why is this book placed here?" ideas of a particular man, he is almost sure "This book ought to be classified In the to have placed it on a bias with the ideas group I use in connection with this course of another, and the latter may have the in engineering." greater capacity for saying unpleasant "Really now, no one would ever think of things. looking for that book in any other con- However, the card catalog is seldom con- nection than this." sulted by the faculty man except when the These sentiments may be expressed In book wanted is not found on the shelves various ways and will depend for their where his preconceived notion would place force upon the temperament of the man it. And I conceive that in this point lies whose sense of Intellectual relationships Lue foundation for the feeling In occasional has been offended by the grouping of the men that the catalog and classiacauon may books. He may simply say, "Oh!" He ordinarily be depended upon to be a few may look at you with a superior and know- points out of true. ing smile and say nothing. This may mean There is trouble between the classifica- that he is willing to concede your location tion and the mind of the professor before for the book, or that the point will not. In he appeals to the index at all, so when this his opinion, lend itself to discussion. guide points in an unexpected direction, We do feel, however, that the man who he questions its accuracy. He is used to is working on church history, and finds, for piloting himself about the stack and giving example, that he must collect his Luther no special thought to the classincatlon so material from three apparently equally im- long as he finds the books where he ex- porant sections, before he goes into sub- pects; ordinarily, he has no use for the sidiary sources at all, has just grotmds for catalog. Hence, it follows that a really complaint. The classes 920, 838, and 270, excellent catalog and good classification so far as they apply to Luther, might well are made to appear very unsatisfactory to be united; for then the man who uses the him, because in the large proportion of catalog would be directed to the proper cases in which he uses the catalog he gets section, the man whose instinct directs him unexpected results. to the section used would find the bulk of When we have our books placed so that the material available, and the man who their positions are perfectly defendable, found nothing in the place where he ex- then we are justified, with a feeling of all pected to find the material would undoubt- the composure that is allowed us, to let our edly be led to investigate; while if he mental bias govern the situation. The found one of three or more equally import- work we do in changing records seems out ant sections, he might conclude that any of all proportion to what should be war- one of these represented the bulk of the ranted; it takes more time to change the library's resources on Luther. classification, cataloging and marking than But, whatever course Is followed, the it does to accomplish the processes In the classifier will receive a protest sooner or first place. Perhaps the conditions for later; for the history student who finds necessity of change in the records arise that Luther's works have an entirely lit- because we are too often led to classify erary environment, and the student in lit- for a special or temporary purpose when erature who must go to church history for the book might better be given a number his Luther, are going to make known their it could hold for all time. displeasure. Having said this, I do not wish to appear We can see but one solution for the diffi- to be advocating the upholding of mistakes culty so fas as the professor is concerned, that may have been made, but simply to and that solution lies in his making a maintain that when classification is good, friend and confidant out of the card cata- it must be shown that it can be made much 256 PASADENA CONFERENCE better before changes in the records in- the department to the main collection. volved are justifiable. Nevertheless, there are desires which are The practice of classifying copies of the effectively and forever quashed by the re- same book in different sections of the li- port that a book is in a department library. brary seems to me to defeat its own pur- This condition may be set down as repre- pose, which purpose may be conceded to be senting a deplorable state of indifference to get the resources of the library into the on the part of the student; but looked upon hands of the reader in the shortest possible in the most favorable light, the fact that time and with a minimum expenditure of the book is not at hand is an obstacle, es- work. The assistant who handles a book pecially to the student who is not Inter- which carries a copy number at once ested in the department where the book is knows that he should be able to locate at lodged. least one more copy when the second call One of the most fruitful sources of an- for the book comes; but if he has handed noyance for the student, and a real obsta- out a book with no copy number on it, and cle in his access to the books, is the pro- practice allows the regular classification fessor who keeps just far enough ahead of of books in more than one place, he must his class, in preparing his lectures, to draw appeal to the catalog for a check upon his out the books on his personal account, be- work, otherwise he cannot be sure of his fore assignments for reading are an- ground. The general practice of placing nounced or syllabus sheets distributed. all copies of the same work in one place in We can always look with a degree of the classification thus simplifies the sympathy upon the young instructor who amount of pure memory work required of has to build up his lectures from week to the library assistant, and gets the book into week as he carries his class along; he has the hands of the student more quickly, not really found himself, as yet, in the while it places upon the users of the li- realm of the professor, and has accumulated brary who have access to the stack a but a fraction of his authorities in his pri- greater part of this necessity of supple- vate library. Yet, however sympathetic menting their own efforts in locating books we may feel for this instructor, and know- with help from the catalog. ing full well that he cannot support him- A general plan of department libraries, self, and buy all the books he needs on unless it is conducted on a system of du- a thousand dollars a year, the fact yet re- plicating copies of books before they are mains that students are often put days transferred to departments, tends to re- behind in their reading and the librarian move from the main library many of our left to turn away call after call, on the purely technical books and serial sets cov- part of these students, while he diplomati- ering the fields represented. This system cally suggests to the instructor that he has leaves for the main library the antiquated in his possession some books to which he and obvious books in these subjects, but has referred his students and for which does not leave a really scholarly collection. there is constant clamor on the far side of Many of these sets of books are brought the loan desk. to to the attention of the main library only at This condition Is not always limited the times when a volume is returned from instructors; there is an occasional profes- the bindery, and sent over to be placed with sor who manages his classes In the same the rest of the set; and many of the single way. The annoyance from this source volumes are so purely in the specialist's manifests itself in varying degrees; It province that they are not called for from takes on a semi-tragic aspect when there one year's end to the other. However, is a single copy of the book, or when the there are many cases where one copy time of accounting on the part of the stu- of books of the book is really all that is neces- dents draws near and the supply sary tor the library to own, and the to meet the demand is short. books can be temporarily transferred from It sometimes happens that the student COLLEGE AND REFERENCE SECTION 257 really has no use for the book and a mere at you in surprise when he is told that the glance inside it would satisfy him; but information he is furnishing tells abso- the fact that the Instructor considers the lutely nothing from which we can identify book of sufficient importance to occupy his the book wanted. Of course the student, in attention makes the student feel that it a case like this, has perversely selected the must contain the basic principles of the strictly non-essential part of the entry and whole subject; and so the conscientious excluded the essentials—namely the author student is troubled until he has a chance and title. Or the student may ask for to see for himself what there is in the book. "Jones," or for "The Inquisition," and, if With many instructors, the annoyance there is no author of this name especially from this source is purely a negligible in the limelight at the given time, or if quantity and the librarian finds not only no particular edition of "The Inquisition" that the materials for class use are in their is being commonly used, the attendant places when the demand for them com- must insist that the request be made more mences, but he is often notified that certain specific. material will be needed at a given time. You may now be ready to raise the When the librarian is not warned by the query as to why call numbers are not al- well-timed syllabus, or a word from the ways required, and this is as good a place professor, the students wno get their read- as any for its discussion. An assistant ing done early, of whom there are always who must depend upon call numbers is a few, may withdraw the important books of very little use when it comes to the from the library; and when the big de- hour of stress, when he has a hand full mand comes, we must wait upon a postal of cards for books which he must collect or telephone message before we can get and knows that the number of demands the books into active use again. awaiting his attention, in a short time, will There is another source of friction for be limited only by his ability to handle the library when books, which are not rep- them. If he does not know the classifica- resented in the catalog and which upon in- tion and outward appearance of the books, vestigation are found never to have been it will take him at least a third longer to in the library, are referred to or appear collect them. But having familiarized him- upon syllabus sheets. This condition self with the books that are used through- of affairs obtains when a professor has out the year and those used at the same been arranging a new course or working relative time in succeeding years, the at- over an old one, and neglects to check his tendant is still forced to call upon the sources in the home catalog for citations student to use the catalog and procure call gathered in other libraries. numbers for part of his books. References sometimes appear, which to Many students will go without a book the student mean absolutely nothing, and before they will make this small effort to which, to the librarian, mean that someone help themselves; or they will get around has blundered. These come about in one the difficulty by holding the card in ques- of several ways—the reference may be to tion until a more experienced attendant an analytic which the assistant will not comes to the desk, when they will present recognize on sight, as he has failed to fix the card to him and see, it by chance, they in his memory all the entries in the card can get the book. When possible these catalog together with references in Poole, students should be made to produce the and other periodical indexes. Sometimes numbers. Theoretically, every call slip an elaborate syllabus is handed to the stu- presented at the desk for a book should dents In which publishers, dates and prices carry the call number; practically, this is of books are given; then we get such call entirely superfluous, and both the library slips as this presented: "Heath and Co., and the student lose time if it is insisted 1898." The student will then probably look upon. The problem then is to keep the —

258 PASADENA CONFERENCE student in a frame of mind where he will THE ACADEMIC STANDING OF COL- produce numbers cheerfully, when they are LEGE LIBRARY ASSISTANTS AND needed, and not burden him with them THEIR RELATION TO THE CAR- when they are not. NEGIE FOUNDATION Finally: How can we impose a system of penalties for infringement of rules. In taking up this topic for consideration without spending too much time in the pro- we must realize that w'e are dealing with ceases involved? Some system of regula- a new profession in educational work, that tion Is imperative, and whatever the sys- this profession is an outgrowth of new tem may be, it will sometimes present un- conceptions in educational materials and pleasant personal features in its adminis- processes and that the terms and condi- tration; these we must expect. tions are fixed by these materials and Suppose we have instituted a system of processes. We must, therefore, treat fines. Can we reduce the process of col- briefly certain origins before coming spe- lecting them to a simpler basis than the cifically to the apparent topic. one outlined in the following plan? This new relationship expressed in the Each student, when he presents himself words "college library assistant" came at the library wishing to withdraw a book upon us unawares as a part of recent evo- signs a guarantee card. This card states lution in the conceptions of education that the student agrees to abide by the new conceptions of studentship and schol- rules of the library, and make good fines arship. and losses incurred by him. These cards This new learning of less than fifty are renewed each year on the return of years is characterized by broad scope, the student to college, and are filed alpha- searching investigation, infinite detail, betically. When a fine is incurred a state- first hand authority and such variety as ment is sent to the student, the guarantee would have been bewildering a few years card is taken from the file and the facts earlier. The old learning wrote the natu- Involved noted on the back with the amount ral history of the world from Adam; the of the fine due. When the fine is paid, its new learning writes volumes on bacteriol- receipt is entered on the back of the guar- ogy, and the new library is as unlike the antee card, and the card refiled in its place old as the books they contain. They pre- in the guarantee register. This gives data sent jirecisely the same differences. on students who are regular offenders, and The type of student that uses books and enables the library readily to tell whether in turn produces them is less than half a there has been a response to its statement. century old. The mass of books that con- Where no system of readers' cards for stitute the working collection of most drawing books from the library is in use, American college libraries have been writ- the penalty of depriving an offender of the ten since the American library association privileges of the library cannot be im- held its first session in 1876. The "new posed, since there is sure to be an obliging learning" covers the half century after '"friend" who will secure the books, and, 18G0. In 1S7G there were but three college save for causing a little inconvenience, libraries in America that contained more the penalty proves a farce. than 45,000 volumes each; only one pos- The whole penalty system should be sessed more than 100.000 volumes. Very conducted so that the offender is made to few professors placed Ph.D. after their square accounts, and the discipline secured names in the college catalog, and this is sufficient to compensate for the time growth of these two facts since then may and effort expended. be traced side by side as interchanging cause and effect—a new studentship and a W. E. HENRY, librarian of the Uni- new library. The new learning demanded versity of Washington library, read the detailed information "ready to serve hot," last paper of the session, on the subject therefore a new well-organized library. COLLEGE AND REFERENCE SECTION 259

The new library is a hundred times more must know the book resources as well as varied than the old. The more varied li- the combined faculty knows them. It has brary has the greater variety of function been said that the girl who can measure and demands more perfect organization as ribbon over the counter at three dollars in all forms of organic life. This higher per week can hand out books at the same type and more complex organization origi- price. My own belief is that the readiest nates the demand for the modern library and best informed mind as well as the best assistant, and fixes the condition in educa- business head in the staff is none too good tion and training. for the loan desk, and the work of other In the old college library there were departments could be shown relatively as relatively few subjects, few authors, important in the particular fields. few investigations, few readers, few de- The member of the faculty obtains his mands of any ijind. The new learning rank in part because of his academic prep- fixed the standards for the new profession. aration, and in part because he has to do Breadth of scholarship, detail of informa- with directing the education of others. His tion, cosmopolitan and comprehensive, work in the education of others is some- were demanded, and all of it ready on call. times in the actual processes of teaching. Compare the college curriculum of 1876 —the hearing of recitations, lecturing, di- with that of the present. The librarian recting the reading, or it may be largely in in the old college library becomes the staff mere administrative work. This rank, in the new; one becomes many, and the so far as it depends upon academic prepa- college library assistant comes into being. ration is usually indicated by a degree In the older pedagogy the teacher did granted from some institution. This de- mere textbook recitation work or occa- gree means that he has completed a cer- sionally did worse by lecturing, but there tain course of instruction but does not in- was almost no thought of bibliographical dicate that he can do any particular kind work in connection with the recitation as- or grade of service. In short, his rank is signments. He needed no library service, evidence of scholarly relationship. Meas-

hence no library nor librarian. The new ured by these tests, which I believe to be

pedagogy values the work done in the li- fair, the members of the library staff bear brary as quite as vital and more informing a very similar relation to educational ac-

than that of the class room. No subject tivities. We do not think of a college li- is well treated now until a fair bibliog- brary assistant coming to his position on raphy of the subject is mastered. Here the the staff on any other basis than one of librarian is quite as necessary as the general scholarship, and not usually with- teacher and quite as helpful. Neither out some special training for the work he could do his work without the other. Co- assumes, either in a library training schoov operation has become a necessity, and the or valuable experience in a well-managed preparation of the two is essentially simi- library. The professor has not usually a lar, in slightly different directions, but training for his work as a teacher, how- complementary. The library staff must be ever much he may have in scholarship. the equals in scholarship and preparation The library assistant is not usually a of the faculty of any one academic depart- teacher in the sense of a hearer of recita- ment, and if it is not so the library will fall tions or a formal lecturer, yet anyone who short of the work that ought to be done in knows his real work must admit that it is cooperative education. frequently as personal and quite as scho- The reference librarian must needs pos- lastically helpful as that done by the sess a larger grasp of information than is teacher. If this equality does not exist expected of any professor, for this member then the staff should be revised. With of the staff must know in general all that such preparation and such relationship to

all the faculty knows in detail. The lend- the educational processes 1 shall claim ing librarian, if she does her whole duty. that the library staff must rank with the 360 PASADENA CONFERENCE

faculty or teaching staff ol any depart- suaded that each is vitally essential to the ment. The librarian or head of the staff work of the professorship of books and should have the rank and pay of a pro- reading. The person who selects the book,

fessor; the assistant librarian, it such a the one who catalogs it. Is just as vitally, title for a distinct position exists, should though less directly, helping the student as be accorded the ranlc and pay of an asso- is the one who hands him the book with ciate professor; and the other members of the page designated. the staff that of assistant professor or in- Then, In the department of books and structor, this to be determined by the reading we have precisely the relationship nature of the work, the preparation and and must demand the scholarship and spe- particular ability required; and those not cific training as Is demanded in the depart- fitted to so rank should not be members ments of history, English, German, or en- of the staff but some other name should gineering. The library staff must rank be adopted. with the teaching staff of a given depart-

I am sure that this doctrine will sound ment, for the instructor and guide in meth- a bit revolutionary and somewhat like the od of scholarship boars the same vital re- closed shop to persons who have been ac- lation to the education of the student as customed to think of the library staff does the guide In matters of scliolarship. along with janitors and scrubwomen, but For comparative relations the term "Pro- to me librarianship is a learned profession fessor of books and reading" is much more and in college must rank with the teaching significant than "Librarian," tor the latter

profession. As before defined, I do not in- term has brought with it the suggestion of clude in the library staff mere student as- the inactive police relation of a keeper of sistants uneducated and untrained persons books, while the former has in it the impli- in the most subordinate position. The staff cation of active help—of progressive edu- must be respected as educators by the fac- cational purpose. I do not mean that it ulty, not merely for the satisfaction of the would be wise to change the name of this

staff but for the good of the library in Its office In the college catalog, but I use it

power for efficiency. here with the hope that I may make the It would have been infinitely more fort- relationship clearer and thereby place the unate for colleges in their library adminis- library staff where I tliink it belongs in ed- tration if instead of the word "librarian" ucational economy. the title Professor of books and reading Whatever may be said of individual per- had been substituted as suggested in the sons or positions as to requirement It is "Special report on public libraries" In 1876. clear that so far there exists no uniform- Mr. Perkins in that report emphasizes the ity of appreciation or organization within doctrine that the office of librarian shall the college library staff. We are not be "a professorship teaching method," not agreed among ourselves as to how many subject; how to discover, not what to dis- and what departments naturally and logi- cover. Mr. Matthews in the same report, cally exist, and the term "Head of the bore upon the thesis that the college Department" has a great variety of Indefi- should provide "a professor to assist the nite meanings. There is likewise no de- student." These men back In the early fined notion as to the essential require- age of modern libi-arianship outlined pre- ments for heads of certain departments,

cisely the duty of a modern college li- there is neither uniformity nor consistency brary staff—to assist the student In the of names for college library assistants; method of discovery. Each member of a and finally there is no fixed conception as well organized staff holds a professorship to just what constitutes a library staff. or an Instructorshlp in the department of Does staff Include only heads of depart- books and reading. ments with the librarian, or does It include

As I have thought over the peculiar mis- assistants in the departments as well as

sion of each member of the staff I am per- student assistants or even pages? These COLLEGE AND REFERENCE SECTION 261 questions must be answered and the no- sentative institutions in all parts of the menclature fixed before the questions of country. this paper can be fully and satisfactorily Whatever reasons may have prevailed answered. We shall not be ranked out- for admitting teachers in any college or side of the staff until we rank within it. university faculty to retiring allowances

If, however, we desire and expect the li- from the Carnegie Foundation are equally brary staff to rank with the teaching staff valid when applied to the library staff, not of a department we must demand acade- perhaps as it is now constituted in many mic and professional preparation and a cases, but as above defined. If present af- kind and quality of work that will com- fluence be the measure then I am sure the mand respect from the faculty and from librarian has equal claim with the profes- others having knowledge of college rank sor. If the insufficiency of salary either in and standing. Their work must be pro- fact or in prospect be taken in evidence fessional and educational. then I am sure no professor could urge a

Admission to the staff of a college li- stronger claim than can the library assist- brary must demand at least the bachelor's ant. If a long and faithful service be a degree and added thereto should be the condition, then the library staff must stand training of a library school preferably cul- side by side with the professor inviting the minating in a professional degree; or, in generosity of the Foundation. If single- lieu of school training, such experience ness of purpose and devoted service be the in library work as shall leave no question test then the library assistant admits no of capacity or efficiency. superior. If scholarly requirements and It is true that in a large staff there is extensive preparation are to be considered much petty detail that, for economic rea- evidence of fitness there is no difference. sons, well prepared people cannot afford As valiant and efficient helpers in the pro- to perform. A considerable per cent of cess and progress of higher education I any large staff will be composed of lower know of no claim that will admit one to grade relatively untrained persons who the privileges of the Foundation and deny cannot and ought not attain to faculty the same to the other. rank. These I should not consider as From any point of view I cannot see a members of the staff but should provide single argument that will admit the assist- some other title such as helper or attend- ant professor and the instructor to par- ant, and let that title become definite and ticipate in the foundation that will deny fixed. the library assistant when the library staff Let us make our staff a very specific and shall be composed on as high standards of very exclusive body clearly defined in the efficiency as the teaching staff. It then minds of all having official relation to the becomes the business of the college libra- institution. Let the line be distinctly rians to define carefully, through the exec- drawn but not snobbishly maintained. Let utive authorities of the colleges, the library us classify closely on the basis of prepa- staff and the qualifications demanded, and ration and demonstrated efficiency and to see to it that only such persons are ad- then be exacting in our nomenclature. I mitted. have pointed out upon purely historical What conditions now prevail in college and theoretical grounds what should be libraries? In preparing this paper I tried the academic rank of the college library to collect facts from college and univer- assistant. I shall briefly state the theory sity libraries covering the entire country of this same assistant's relation to the Car- form east to west, including both state and negie Foundation for the Advancement of endowed institutions. From seventeen in-

Teaching and follow up this theoretical quiries I had sixteen replies for which I statement with a few facts as to what con- sincerely thank the responding libraries. ditions do actually prevail with regard to Only about 43 per cent of those persons both of these questions in a dozen repre- now holding positions as college library as- 262 PASADENA CONFERENCE

sistants hold even baccalaureate degrees. provides for librarians participating in the About 20 per cent have had some library retiring allowance reads as follows: "Li- school training, a considerable proportion brarians, registrars, recorders, and admin- of these hold the B. L. S. degree. istrative officers of long tenure whose sal- As to faculty rank it appears that the aries may be classed with those of profes- librarian usually has the rank of a pro- sors are considered eligible to the benefits fessor. Below the librarian all sorts of of a retiring allowance." Now, whether conditions prevail. In one instance all librarian means head of the staff only, or members of the staff are considered mem- whether it means a number of persons bers of the faculty, yet less than half of doing the higher quality of library work them have any degree. The reference li- may be questioned since some assistants brarian ranks as instructor, and all below in libraries have been granted allowances. him rank with the lowest grade of the Yet in a letter from the secretary of the teaching force. I do not find what that Foundation under date of April 1, 1911, rank is. Below the librarian and a first this sentence occurs, "Ordinarily we have assistant there seems to be no faculty rank not considered that assistant librarians in most cases. With the above figures as might count their service toward a retir- to preparation it is not at all surprising ing allowance," yet later in the same letter that most assistants have no rank. this writer makes the possible exception As to the relation to the Carnegie Foun- of such large libraries as Columbia and dation, usually the librarian and assistant Harvard. seem to be eligible to a retiring allowance, The Harvard rules for retiring allow- as these usually have some professional ances specify that "librarians and assist- rank. However, the term "assistant libra- ant librarians" are covered by the provis- rian" is used without discrimination. In ion. Assistant librarian at Harvard is not some instances it means a specific rank a specific single position but applies to next the head of the staff, but in quite a two persons of equal rank. number of cases it seems to apply to The Columbia university trustees on almost any person working in the library. February 6 of this year provided as fol- The library assistant Is so far scarcely lows: "The librarian shall have the rank considered. of professor, the assistant librarian that of For reasons of internal organization and associate professor and the supervisors external respect and proper standing, I (with grade of assistant librarian) shall am convinced we must standardize our rank as assistant professors and bibliogra- college libraries just as the colleges and phers as instructors." The action of these universities are being standardized under two great leading universities is so specific the guiding and commanding influence of and well defined and apparently so just I the Carnegie Foundation. I wish that quote from them as a guide which the rest some one would recommend that a com- of us may follow if even at some distance. mittee from this organization might be appointed to take up the work of standard- On motion of Mr. Lane it was voted that izing the college library force, and make separates of Mr. Henry's paper be printed recommendations as to staff organizations, by the Secretary of the A. L. A. and sent qualifications of members of the staff and to all of the college and university libra- nomenclature that some time in the fu- ries in the United States. ture we may have a common language. Mr. W. C. Lane spoke of the meeting three England libra- I can bring to you at this time of the Association of New guiding facts for our future action; the ries, held at Wellesley recently, where the ruling of the Foundation itself and the question of inter-library loans was dis- action of two of our leading universities cussed. He spoke of the time and labor —Columbia and Harvard. That portion of involved in sending out books and in check- rule five of the Carnegie Foundation which ing up lists for books both in the bibrary PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR LIBRARIANSHIP 263 and those not in the library. The advis- library loans. Discussion by Messrs. An- ability of charging a small fee was con- drews, Henry, Lane, Leupp and Miss M. sidered, the fee being not for the use of L. Jones. the book but simply to cover in some de- On motion of Mr. Andrews it was voted gree the cost of the extra labor involved. that the matter of the purposes, principles The payment of a fee would perhaps in- and methods of inter-library loans be re- sure greater freedom in asking for inter- ferred to the Committee on Co-ordination.

SECTION ON PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR LIBRARIANSHIP

The annual meeting of the Professional "adopted as possibly affording a solution" training section was held on Wednesday, of the difficulty arising from the too fa- May 24, and was largely attended. In the miliar combination of low funds and an absence of the chairman, P. L. Windsor, overburdened staff.

Chalmers Hadley of the Denver public li- So successful did the experiment prove brary presided, and Miss Charlotte Eliza- that other classes followed in quick suc- beth Wallace of the Seattle public library cession. At first no formal class work was acted as secretary. given, the pupils gaining their knowledge The program for the meeting was as fol- from their work in the various depart- lows: ments. Beginning, however, with the third Library training in California—Mary L. class, June, 1S92, a regular course of in- Sutlift, California state library. struction was given. Discussion—L. W. Ripley, Sacramento This course of study was outlined in the public library and W. R. Watson, San Library journal, v. 17, and afterward ampli- Francisco public library. fied by Miss Hasse in her articles on "The The theory of the training school in the training of library employees" (Lib. jour. large library system—Faith E. Smith, Chi- 20). After the lapse of twenty years one cago public library. reads with admiration the description of Discussion—Arthur E. Bostwick and this thorough, systematic and well-planned Paul Blackwelder, St. Louis public library. course. Undoubtedly much of the future Miss MARY L. SUTLIFF opened the success of the training class was due to the program with a paper on excellent foundation laid by Miss Kelso and Miss Hasse. One feature of the training of these early LIBRARY TRAINING IN CALIFORNIA classes seems especially worthy of con-

The first library training in California of sideration to-day. Pupils passing an ex- which we have any record was that given amination at the end of the first six months in the training class of the Los Angeles were given employment in the library on public library. The first class of six mem- partial time while their training was con- bers began work under the direction of tinued for another six months, the more Miss Kelso, the librarian, in November, difficult technical points being taken up. 1S91. The pupils were required to pass an A final successful examination was followed entrance examination and agreed to give by employment on full time. Somewhat to the library three hours service daily for too much of examination here perhaps, and six months, at the end of which time they the added six months must have imposed were, upon passing an examination, placed a heavy burden upon the teaching staff, but upon the substitute list of the library. The there can be no doubt of the benefit to the board of library directors announced frank- class of this prolonged period of instruc- ly that the class was an experiment. tion. 264 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Through all the vicissitudes of the Los instruction was the most thorough and Angeles public library the training class systematic that has yet been given. The has persisted. During the incumbency of Sacramento public library gave generous Miss Jones in particular, careful, thorough aid, both by sending members of its staff work was done. In 1904 Mr. Lupimis add- to give special lectures and by supervising ed a physical examination to the list of practice work at the loan desk. For the entrance requirements and raised the last two weeks of the course four of standard of the examinations. The aver- the pupils went with Miss Kumli to Auburn age number of students in each class has to classify and catalog the public library been about ten, and in all over a hundred there—a most valuable bit of practical ex- pupils have been graduated. perience. In all eleven apprentices have There can be no doubt that to the in- completed the training in the state library, fluence of this training class more than to and all have been given employment there. any other single agency is due the high There have been apprentices in the coun- quality of library service in Southern Cali- ty library work, under the direction of Miss fornia. Mr. Lummis in his report for 1906 Huntington of the Yolo County library. after calling attention to the fact that the Miss Humphreys of Merced and Miss Field Los Angeles public library was the first in of Oxnard, and Mrs. Linn of Santa Barbara. America "to introduce the training class Aside from the regular classes, most of which has been copied throughout the the important libraries of the state have country," says, "This library stands some- served in some measure as training schools what in relation of Alma Mater to other to the novices who have been connected libraries of Southern California. Most of with them. The substitutes in the San them have as librarians the graduates of Francisco public library, for example, are our training class or of our service. The given instruction in the various depart- librarians of Los Angeles public schools, ments before receiving regular employ- the Los Angeles high school, the Los An- ment. geles state normal school, the public li- Leaving now the training classes in the braries of Long Beach, Pomona, and other individual libraries, we find that the next communities are daughters of this institu- effort toward library training in the state tion and it feels proud of them." was the summer school. Three sessions of While the Los Angeles public library has six weeks each have so far been held, all at been thus steadily casting its beams other Berkeley in connection with the regular lesser candles have been lighted here and summer school of the State University, there. Apprentices have been received in with J. C. Rowell in charge. Only libra- the public libraries of Long Beach, Pomona, rians or persons under an appointment to Redlands, Oxnard, Stockton, Oakland, San- a library position were admitted to the ta Rosa, and perhaps others which have classes. not come t6 the writer's knowledge. The first session in 1902 was under the Moving northward we find that apprenti- direction of Miss Mary Floyd Williams, as- ces were first appointed in the California sisted by Miss Florence Whittler. Twenty- state library in 1906. The instrutlon given four students were admitted, sixteen of to the two students who entered during the whom were given certificates. There were year was largely individual, but in 1909 72 lectures. when a class of five was admitted regular Miss Mary L. Jones, assisted by Miss class room work was offered. Several of Helen Sheldon, was the director of the sec- the younger members of the staff were ond and third sessions, held in 1906 and given the privilege of attending the classes 1907. The second class consisted of 21 and of doing the practice work. students, to whom a total of 82 lectures

Nov. 1, 1910, seven apprentices were re- were presented in the six weeks. Mrs. Alice ceived. This class was under the imme- G. Whitbeck gave the instruction in chil- diate supervision of Miss Kumli and the dren's work. In the third class of 24 stu- PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR LIBRARIANSHIP 265 dents Miss Kumll and Miss Prentiss each normal school, Aug. 31-Sept. 12, 1908. In- gave two weeks' time for class work and struction was given in only two subjects, for the consideration of individual prob- cataloging and reference work. The next lems. class, at Colton, Oct. 5-17, 1908, had also All three sessions of the summer school twelve students, drawn from the southern were highly successful from every point part of the state. The public library at of view except the financial one. Owing to Colton was being organized while the class the deficit for the last two classes, the Uni- was in session, thus affording the students versity did not feel justified in continuing a most valuable opportunity for object les- the course. sons and practice work. In 1908, then, as there was no means of The last class began Nov. 2 and was held securing another summer school, and as in Red Bluff. As this was in a more sparse- the desire for further instruction on the ly settled part of the state, only five libra- part of the librarians of the state was still rians were in attendance. It was felt, how- insistent, the California library association, ever, that it was in just such scattered under the leadership of its president, J. L. communities that the classes were of the Gillis, decided to furnish at least a crumb greatest benefit. of the loaf it would have liked to give, and The annual meeting of the California offered an institute of two and a half days library association at Long Beach in 1910 immediately preceding the annual meeting was preceded, April 11-23, by another li- at San Jose. This institute was under the brary institute of two weeks. Two parallel charge of the state library organizers. Miss courses were offered, one in reference work Prentiss and Miss Kumli. Talks were and book selection by Miss Beckley and given on the use of the Library of Con- Miss Darlow of the Los Angeles public li- gress cards, How to get the most out of brary and the other in cataloging and class- books. Book repairing, and Librarians' re- ification by Miss Kumli, Miss Sutliff and ports and business methods. Only a few Miss Oddie of the state library. Nearly students were expected, but to the sur- fifty students were in attendance at this prise of all concerned, over 60 attended the institute. As a rule only one of the courses various sessions, listened to the talks and was taken by each pupil and there was a took part in the lively discussions. corresponding gain in the thoroughness of The interest aroused by this institute was the work. so great that the state library decided to At the annual meeting of the California hold later in the year three classes in li- state board of education held in San Jos6, brary methods. These classes, each of two April 8, 1910, State Librarian Gillis and weeks' duration, were popularly known as Miss Susan T. Smith of the state library institutes and were under the direction of presented the results of an investigation Miss Kumli and Miss Prentiss. The stu- made by them on library training in normal dents were all library workers, chiefly from schools. A suggestive course of study was the small libraries of the state. As the also presented and Mr. Gillis urged that numbers were small, it was possible to give such instruction be given in the normal a good deal of individual instruction in ad- schools of the state. As a result of this dition to the class room work. The classes meeting, there has just been started, April. were intended to take the place, to some 1911, in the Chico state normal school, a extent, of individual visits of the organizers course of ten lessons in library economy to various communities, and were in some under the direction of the librarian. Miss ways more valuable than individual visits, Margaret Dold. In view of the possible de- as the librarians from isolated towns were velopment of the county library work, it is able to enjoy the privilege of personal con- felt that this instruction to the future tact with their fellow workers. teachers of the state Is of the greatest im- The first class, consisting of twelve mem- portance. bers, was held in the San Francisco state It must not be supposed that the libra- 266 PASADENA CONFERENCE

rians of California have thought during all the proper place for it. Mr. Gillis wrote these years that the various agencies for accordingly, April 27, 1909, to President library training that we have been enumer- Wheeler urging him to establish a library ating were adequate and all-sufficient. The school and assuring him of the co-opera- efforts made were in each case the best tion of both the state library and the possible under the existing circumstances, California library association. President but particularly in recent years it has been Wheeler replied briefly that while there felt more and more that the great need of might some time be a library school, there the profession in this state is a permanent was no immediate prospect of one. So school. this hope also vanished. In 1908, the California library association ArVhen the legislature met in 1911, the appointed a committee on library training state library asked for an increased appro- consisting of J. L. Gillis, J. C. Rowell, G. T. priation, with the understanding that if the Clark, C. S. Greene and W. R. Watson. increase were granted, the library would As a result of the work of this committee, conduct a library class on more liberal a bill was introduced into the legislature lines than Its former apprentice classes, of 1909 providing for the setting aside from though not aspiring to the dignity of a the funds received by the secretary of state library school. But in the unsettled con- the sum of $700 monthly for the establish- dition of the state's finances, it was not ment of a school for library training under possible to secure the increase. the direction of the state library. Many Having completed our survey of the past, of the prominent librarians of the state per- let us glance at the situation as It is at sonally urged the passage of this act, but present. Lying on the western edge of the

although it passed the assembly, it died in continent, remote from the great library a senate committee. centers, California has, nevertheless, in- According to the terms of the bill, the tense library activities within her borders. school was to be under the control of the Her field of work is continually broadening Board of trustees of the state library. In and taking on new aspects. Her youth, her case the measure had been successful, comparative isolation and her magnificent however, it was the intention to establish distances, make her problems in some ways the school in the San Francisco public li- difficult of solution and tljere is the greater brary, the trustees of this library having need of expert workers. Her harvest fields offered suitable quarters. It was felt that are white, the workers are zealous, but with its public library and branches, with where can they learn how so to whet and two great university libraries within easy swing their scythes that their work will be reach and many small libraries in its imme- most efficient? The nearest library school diate vicinity, San Francisco was in many is so far away that attendance is possible ways an ideal place for a library school. only for a few. Moreover, the peculiar con- While the question of a school was be- ditions in the state require special instruc- fore the legislature the San Francisco Call tion. expressed in an editorial the opinion that It is true that experience has been the any intelligent person could learn in six teacher in the past and that those who have weeks all that was necessary to flt him for trodden her devious and thorny paths have work in a library and there was some sur- arrived as surely as those who entered by prise on the part of the legislators that way of the schools. But we have dis- special training should be considered neces- covered that the efficiency of a brick-layer sary for a librarian, but on the whole the can be doubled by proper instruction, and measure met with very little active oppo- the day has gone by for questioning the sition. value of preliminary training in a work Many of the legislators thought, however, that requires the best that can be had in that if instruction in library matters was to the way of mental equipment. be given at all, the State University was Of the desire for library training, there PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR LIBRARIANSHIP 267 can be no doubt. Over and over again the direction of its librarian, Joseph F. Daniels. inquiry comes, "How can I fit myself for Such a school, if established, would un- library work?" Only those who have had doubtedly be useful and do good work, but some part in scattering whatever crumbs it might be hampered by lack of funds and of opportunity have been given in the past, equipment. can realize how eagerly they have been Some at least of our training classes will seized. be continued and we will keep on doing At the close of her second summer school the best that we can with the means at our session, Miss Jones wrote: "When it is command, notwithstanding the fact that considered that twenty-four women, no one our best is so far from our ideals. Some of whom receives more than $50 a month, day we shall have our school of our hopes are willing to devote their entire vacations and when it conies, we can truthfully say: and surrender their salaries in addition for "None can be glad as we are glad from three to six weeks, as vacations vary, Unless they have waited as long." for the purpose of increasing their effici- ency in library work, the demand for a The discussion of Miss Sutliff's paper course in library methods seems unques- was opened by Lauren W. Ripley of the tionably a legitimate one." (News notes, Sacramento public library. He said if a 2:298.) library school is to be opened in California What California needs is a library school it should be located in or near San Fran- with adequate funds, good equipment and a cisco. "For the present and for some time trained faculty, that can offer at least a such a school had best concern itself with year's course of study and that in addition preliminary and elementary instruction, to giving the general training can fit her leaving the higher grade of work to be pupils for work in her own field. taught by the schools already in opera- Probably there will always be individuals tion," Mr. Ripley declared. In the state who prefer to get their library Miss Sutliff stated that she did not agree training in the East and this is to be de- with Mr. Ripley's point that elementary sired. There are always certain students training was needed, but believed the most who go to Harvard and Wellesley, but this proficient and best training was essential. does not prove that the State University In his discussion of the question, William and Stanford are superfluous. When a R. Watson of the San Francisco public good library school is established here, it library said, "There are several reasons will doubtless draw a few students from not necessarily valid elsewhere, which the East and the mutual exchange will be make it desirable, almost imperative in for the benefit of all concerned. fact, that we should have a school for li- Of our prospects, not much can be said brary training established on this coast. because we know so little of what the fu- Time after time the question has been ture may bring. As far as the state library asked, 'Where can I get library training?' is concerned, little or nothing can be done And when the reply is given 'Not this side for the next two years. The attitude of the of the Mississippi' the inquirer often gives legislature and of the governor during the up in despair, for the distance from home session just closed, however, was most and the expense make it impossible for friendly. The idea of an appropriation for many to consider the step farther. The providing library instruction created no establishment of a school here would do surprise or criticism. So much at least much to raise the grade of work which is had been accomplished by the efforts of being done in our western libraries by pro- 1909. If the present tangle in the finances viding a larger proportion of thoroughly of the state can be straightened out, we competent people. The employment of hope for good things in 1913. more trained assistants would react on The Riverside public library is consider- those who have not had such advantages, ing establishing a library school under the and would raise the standard of proficiency 268 PASADENA CONFERENCE

to a point more nearly in accord with our ditions, and moreover no person or commit- needs and opportunities. A good school tee of persons in the library would have would create public opinion in favor of the authority to act as censor for the work of employment of trained workers, and would other libraries than his own. demonstrate the importance of such ser- But as we have agreed that the library vice and would raise the standing of the profession should meet certain standards ))rofession in the eyes of the public. It is of excellence, so we may be justified in undoubtedly an advantage to have a large discussing the theories for the local train- proportion of trained help on a staff, not ing of those who shall have a part in this alone for the better quality of service service.

which such help renders, but because it Primarily the training class Is for the stimulates the untrained local assistants purpose of training assistants of the first to greater efforts and imbues them with grade of service. They may later rise to ambition. All these advantages we greatly higher positions, after development by ex- need on this coast and the establishment of perience and further study, but our first a thoroughly equipped school would do concern is with the first positions.

more to improve library conditions than Loath as we are to admit it, the en- any other undertaking." trance requirements must be influenced by Miss M. E. Ahern deplored the lack of the salaries offered to the students after library school facilities in California and finishing the course of training. We would urged the librarians of that state to work like "to paint or sing or carve the thing we unitedly for the establishment of a library love, though the body starve," and we school. might urge others to do so, if it were for The second topic discussed was present- their good and for the good of the library. ed by Miss FAITH E. SMITH on We expect high standards of living to be maintained by those of whom we require THE THEORY OF THE TRAINING high standards for entrance. We expect CLASS IN THE LARGE LIBRARY them to keep their self-respect, to realize

The training class in the large library is the importance of their vocation, and in a

an evolution from the apprentice class. It material way we must help them to do this. signifies more formal and extended instruc- As we Increase the salaries so may we tion than did the apprentice class, and is raise the entrance requirements. supposed to be a necessity in libraries But whatever the salaries may be, we where the staff Is sufficiently large to make can choose the best material from that a number of recruits a probability each which is available. We can advertise the year. class in high schools, academies, and col- Not even In the minor positions in a leges, in our own city; we can maintain so large system can we use untrained help high a grade of instruction and such a

without detriment to the work of the li- spirit of enthusiasm in the class, that it will brary. Our library schools cannot supply become its own best advertisement.

the demands for people to fill even the The library is a civic institution; Its higher positions, neither are libraries will- work is social as well as educational and ing to pay the salaries for minor positions candidates chosen for the class must be which library school graduates have a those who can perform this service. We right to demand. want young women who can recognize the It therefore devolves upon the library to civic idea, the fact that they are serving do its own training, at least for some sul)- a government, not as political grafters, but ordinate positions. No general standards as men in battle serve their country. We of admission or of instruction may be set want the young women with broad sym- for training classes as for library schools, pathies and broad education (this by the because each class serves one library only, way may be the college young woman or and there must be adaptation to local con- may not be), young women of culture, who PROFESSIONAL TRAINING FOR LIBRARIANSHIP 269 have enthusiasm, book lovers of course. tural studies will not be necessary. The As a rule they should have at least a high curriculum should Include technical studies school course and not be over thirty-Jive such as order routine, cataloging, classifi- years of age. At that age one's brain paths cation, business methods, etc., studies in have been formed, and it is difficult to book selection and distribution, and lec- make new ones. A woman cannot then tures on and investigation of civic affairs, easily be trained in technical work, and ex- with emphasis on book selection and civic cept in cases of unusual personality, she affairs. cannot enjoy being directed by members of Fortunately the library profession is com- the staff who are younger than she, nor ing to recognize the fact that while knowl- can she adapt herself to the freaks and edge of technical library work is necessary foibles of the public whom she must serve it by no means constitutes all the equip- with graciousness. ment of a library assistant. From those candidates who may present A large number of the assistants in a themselves we may select the best by large library system are concerned in work means of systematic marking based on a with the public, and in whatever depart- written test and on personality and edu- ment they are engaged they must keep in cation. mind the fact that all the work of the li- The written examination is by no means brary is for the people, whether it be di- a test of a person's fitness to do library rect or indirect, and to work intelligently work, but it is a safeguard, not so much for for them, there must be an understanding the purpose of admitting some, as to keep of their interests and the conditions under others out. A failure to pass a written ex- which they live. amination will be the only reason accepted More important than a knowledge of by some candidates for not being allowed Watts' Bibliography is a study of the peo- to enter a training class. It should be ple of a city, their nationalities, their in- marked not so much on accuracy of state- terests, their habits and conditions of living, ment as on the general intelligence shown a knowledge of the city government and in- in the manner of answering, and the ex- stitutions, what the city is doing for its aminations should count as only a part, people in open air schools, special schools possibly a half, of the mark of admission. for the blind and deaf, playgrounds, hos- With this should be averaged a mark for pitals, free lectures, juvenile court. There personality and general fitness. should be a study of the social settlements, The size of the class must depend upon religious organizations and their charitable the probable number of necessary addi- work, the work of the United Charities, tions to the staff at the end of the course, business houses conducting social welfare plus a certain percentage allowed for drop- work, and all organizations that are aim- ping out, say 25 per cent. Until we can ing for social betterment. offer higher salaries we are not warranted The courses in book selection should be in asking a tuition fee. If tuition is given considerable time. The library as- charged the class is at liberty to go to sistants should know their stock in trade other libraries for positions; there is no as a merchant knows his wares, cultivating obligation to the library giving the training. the ability to understand what will best The course must then be broadened to that satisfy the needs of their patrons. of a library school, including instruction in Technical courses in a training class methods of libraries other than the one need not be as extensive as in a library concerned. school, because a certain definite library In planning the curriculum, we must con- with certain fixed methods is to be served. sider the mental equipment of the students Increased knowledge necessary to rise to upon entrance and the kind of work for higher positions may come with experience which they are to be prepared. Entrance and individual study. requirement should be such that purely cul- Instruction should be given by those ac- 270 PASADENA CONFERENCE tually engaged in the work to be taught; vanced classes, hours of practice work, I otherwise the instruction may be theoretic- have not considered. They are governed al and not practical. For example, it is by local conditions and needs, but are sub- difficult for one not doing reference work jects which may properly be brought for- to know new reference books and new ward in the discussion to follow. problems. A part of the director's work should be In opening the discussion of Miss Smith's to correlate these studies, to learn by fre- paper, Arthur E. Bostwick spoke of objec- quent quizzes whether the students are tions to training classes on the ground that digesting what they have been taught, and such classes were not exhaustively trained. how comprehensive and thorough the in- He said, "Knowledge to fit needs is very struction has been. She should be able al- useful and need not necessarily be super- ways to supplement the instruction with ficial. What we need to do is to make sure what may be lacking. She alone, knowing that assistants understand that the course all the courses given to the students, can means partial and not complete knowl- understand what each Instructor has edge." omitted on the supposition that it may Paul Blackwelder emphasized the need have been included by another instructor. for some lectures on cultural subjects be- Another important work of the director fore the trainin.g classes.

is Informal individual instruction and ad- Henry E. Legler said the recruits to tie vice, a word here and there, given at the library through the training class was a moment the need occurs. It is for her to valuable stimulus to the entire staff. impart the right attitude towards the work Miss Anna McC. Beckley of the Los An for which the students are being prepared, geles public library and W. F. Clowdsley to give them joy and enthusiasm in their of the Stockton public library told of the labor, and to help them to keep in mind instruction and methods of obtaining as-

the meaning of it all. sistants in their respective libraries. Practice work in the different depart- In reply to a question as to the impor- ments of the library should be an important tance that personality and general fitness part of the training, it properly overseen should play in examinations to training and conducted. There should be drills in classes, Miss Smith said she believed the all kinds of library work which the students written examination should count 75 per are capable of performing without detri- cent and personality 25 per cent. ment to the service, and there should be By vote of the Section, the By-law on sufficient repetition so that the methods active membership was amended to read as will not soon be forgotten. As their follows: courses of lectures advance, more difficult "There shall be two kinds of member- work should be given them, and such as ship, active and associate. All persons be- will test their ability to assimilate their in- longing to the faculties of library schools, struction. But they should not be required including summer schools, or who are to do such drudgery work as the library lecturers for regular courses of three or needs to have done, long after they have more lectures in such schools, or who are li-

learned all there is to learn concerning it, brary school graduates in charge of training when there are still other worlds to con- classes, or librarians of normal schools who quer. are conducting classes in library economy, To get the most out of the practice work, are eligible for active membership, includ- there must be co-operation of the heads of ing participation in the business of the departments, an appreciation on their part section." that this is just as much their work as their Officers for the ensuing year were elected regular routine, and there must be a will- as follows: Chairman, Matthew S. Dud- ingness to give their time to its direction. goon, Wisconsin free library commission;

Details regarding length of courses, ad- Vice-Chairman. Miss Frances .1. Olcott, TRUSTEES' SECTION 271

Carnegie library, Pittsburgh; Secretary, Paul Blackwelder, St. Louis public library. Miss Faith E. Smith, Chicago public li- Program Committee: Miss Mary W. Plum- brary. Membership Committee: Miss mer. New York library school, chairman; Josephine A. Rathbone, Pratt Institute li- Miss Mary E. Hazeltine, Wisconsin library brary school, chairman; Miss June R. school; Frank K. Walter, New York State Donnelly, Drexel Institute library school; library school.

TRUSTEES' SECTION

(Hotel Maryland, May 20, 1911, 8:15 p. m.) their board they had had much more at- In the absence of the officers of the sec- tention and interest from the city authori- tion. Judge M. T. Owens, of Whlttier, Cali- ties than before. fornia, was elected temporary chairman Mr. Greene of Oakland, Cal., told of the and Miss M. E. Ahern, temporary secre- confusion at present arising out of the tary. commission form of government. Trustees A. E. Bostwick of St. Louis outlined the were formerly elected and the board was customs of trustees in various parts of the usually used as a kindergarten for those country. He showed plainly that trustees who wished to enter politics. He was op- and librarians have certain duties in com- posed to small boards, since they usually mon which each is to perform to obtain resolved themselves into a one-man power. certain results. The trustees should decide S. H. Ranck of Grand Rapids spoke of the general policy of the library and re- the success of their elective board. They quire the executive officer to do the work, had no failure for lack of quorum and the leaving all details of management and ad- election of trustees aroused general inter- ministration in his hands. A large board est in the library. In unwieldy; it is hard to obtain a quorum, Judge Owens of Whittier cited a remark- and in most cases a few members perform able instance where no politics entered in- all the work, so it is better to have a small to any branch of the city government. This board of three, or five persons at the most. year the library tax is 75 cents per capita M. S. Dudgeon outlined conditions in of the inhabitants; next year it will be ?1. Wisconsin, where the law provides five Henry E. Legler of Chicago advocated a trustees, one from the school authorities, board of nine for large libraries, as it gave one from the council and three appointed more material from which to form commit- by the mayor. R. R. Bowker told of a tees and made it unnecessary to burden board of 50 members in the Brooklyn in- any one member with all the work. stitute of natural science, where a few Mr. Newmark, president of the Los An- people did all the work and the rest gave geles board, told of the five trustees ap- consent. The Brooklyn public library has pointed by the mayor. They had recently a board of seven managers, which in Mr. taken their library out from under munici- Bowker's opinion, is the ideal number. pal civil service. Judge Rochester, trustee of the Seattle P. B. Wright outlined the civil service public library, told of their board of seven scheme of the Los Angeles library, where trustees appointed for the special purpose the librarian and the staff are exempt from of looking after the interests of the library. municipal civil service. Mr. Giffen, trustee It is an interested board. He expressed of the Los Angeles public library, pointed himself as opposed to elective officers act- out the new hope for better things in Los ing as members, as it is likely to bring in Angeles and spoke of the good qualities of either politics or friction with the Council. the present board, which was likely to re- Miss Meeker of Pasadena found that main for some time. Los Angeles has four since the mayor has been a member of cents on the dollar for library purposes. 272 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Judge Rochester of Seattle spoke of the told of the efficiency records in the Chicago tremendous improvement that had been public library and was quite positive in the made in the service of the Seattle public good results that were coming from the library since the library has been exempted use of these. The meeting was not large, from municipal civil service. Mr. Legler but full of interest.

PUBLIC DOCUMENTS ROUND TABLE

The Public Documents Round Table was That provision should be made whereby the called to order by George S. Godard, state Superintendent of Documents can issue a librarian of Connecticut, chairman of the bulletin daily, or at least three times a Committee on public documents, at 8:35 week, showing all the new publications of p. m., Friday, May 19, in the private din- the departments of government, especially ing-room of the Hotel Maryland. Samuel during a session of Congress, which bulle- H. Ranck, librarian of the Grand Rapids tin would be promptly and regularly sent public library, also a member of the Com- to the larger libraries in order that libra- mittee on public documents, was chosen rians may know what has been officially secretary. published and endeavor to secure such as The prevailing interest in public docu- they require either from the Superinten- ments was made very evident by the large dent of Documents or through their rep- number of librarians present. resentatives in Congress. Such a list The secretary read a letter from the Su- would enable our librarians to secure perintendent of Documents, Mr. August needed documents very shortly after men- Donath, expressing his regret at not being tion had been made of them in the daily able to be present to participate in the press. The publication of such a list is proceedings, as he believed it would bet- very much needed and would without ter serve the interests of the office of Su doubt do much in simplifying the whole perintendent of Documents and the libra- document question. ries in whose behalf this office was origi- On motion of Mr. J. M. Hitt, state libra- nally created if this representative of the rian of Washington, which was discussed government could meet with the librarians by Mrs. H. P. Davison, librarian of the San and talk over the needs and hopes of the Diego public library and by Mr. Elias J. library world. Lien, state librarian of Minnesota, the rec- As Mr. Donath's paper concerning the ommendation of Mr. Bruncken was en- Public Documents situation from the stand- dorsed by the meeting unanimously. point of the Superintendent of Documents, The Committee on public documents with accompanying suggestions, had not summarized this recommendation and the been received, the attention of the meet- debate on the same in the following reso- ing was devoted to some of the letters lution, which it reported to the council, which have been received by the com- where it was adopted. mittee and the questions asked by those As many librarians are seriously handi- present. capped in their reference work through lack The first letter read was from Mr. Ernest of definite information as to what publica- Bruncken, assistant register of copyrights tions have been issued by the several de- and a member of the Committee on public partments at Washington, until the receipt documents, who was unable to be present. of the Monthly catalogue of government In this letter Mr. Bruncken repeated his publications, which is not published until suggestions made at the Public Documents several weeks after the period covered by Round Table at Mackinac Island, viz.: each issue. PUBLIC DOCUMENTS ROUND TABLE 273

RESOLVED, that the Superintendent of Congress cards can be made directly from Documents be respectfully urged to pub- the documents themselves. lish, if possible, a daily or weekly check- A roll-call by states was taken in which list of all such government publications it that large of states issued by the several departments at Wash- was shown a number ington. Tlirough such a check-list libra- were represented. In every case the per- rians will be informed concerning the son answering from a state promised to do documents reports called many and now his utmost to assist in making the Monthly for, having been mentioned in the daily list of state publications as complete as press. We believe that this early infor- mation should be regularly supplied to de- possible so far as his particular state was pository libraries also. concerned. The secretary then read a letter from The last letter read by the secretary was Mr. J. David Thompson, chief of the Divi- from Mr. Lawrence J. Burpee, librarian of sion of documents in the Library of Con- the Carnegie library, Ottawa, Canada, in gress, another member of the Committee which he proposed and advocated an ex- on public documents, expressing his regret tension of the distribution of United States that he was unable to be present at the public documents so as to include various meeting. Mr. Thompson called attention libraries in the Dominion, and the exten- to the fact that the Monthly list of state sion of the distribution of Canadian public publications with its several subject in- documents so as to include various libra- dexes had involved a great deal more labor ries in the United States. than was anticipated, as several of the On motion of Mr. Hitt, of Washington, states have been rendering but very little it was unanimously voted to endorse the assistance. Mr. Thompson stated that al- following resolution, which was later though this Monthly list is now well adopted by the Council. started, largely through his constant per- At a time when the advantages of reci- sonal attention, its continuance is likely to procity in trade have been recognized by depend on the extent to which state libra- the United States and Canada, it is appro- rians assist the Library of Congress by priate that steps should be taken to bring seeing that the Library of Congress re- about something in the nature of reci- ceives all of the material issued by their procity in public documents, as the Gov- respective state governments. This closer ernment of the United States issues an- co-operation by the states is all the more nually a large number of public documents necessary now that the preparation of the that would be of service to Canadian pub- Monthly list must soon become a part of lic libraries; and similarly the Government the routine work of the office. of the Dominion of Canada issues many On motion of Mr. Adam J. Strohm, libra- publications that would be of value in the rian of the public library, Trenton, N. J., United States: it was voted unanimously that we express RESOLVED, that representations be our appreciation to the Librarian of Con- made to the two governments looking to- gress and the chief of Division of docu- ward the adoption of some plan by which ments for the preparation and publication the Superintendent of Documents at Wash- of the Monthly list of state publications ington, or some other official, could be and that we express the hope that the sev- made an agent for the distribution of Ca- eral states will send their documents nadian public documents to American li- promptly to the Librarian of Congress so braries, and the King's Printer at Ottawa that all the official documents Issued by an agent for the distribution of United each state will be promptly included in States public documents to Canadian libra- the Monthly list of state publications, and ries. also in order that the necessary Library of Adjourned. ATTENDANCE SUMMARIES

By Position and Sex

Men Women Total Trustees 18 9 Commissioners 4 Chief Librarians 58 Assistants 23 Library Schools Commercial Agents .... 8 Others 29

Total HO ATTENDANCE REGISTER

: prefixed to : indicates Cripple Creek trip; y, Yosemite Valley trip.

Abbreviations: F., Free; P., Public; L., Barraby, Miss M., county dept., F. L.. Oak- Library; In.. Librarian; asst., Assistant; land, Cal.

trus., Trustee; ref.. Reference; catlgr., Barnes, Cornelia S., asst. P. L., Denver, Cataloger; Br., Branch; Sch., School. Col. Barnett, Margaret Adelle, In. P. P. L. Aberdein, Ethel, asst. P. L., Riverside, Cal Santa Rosa, Cal. y Adams, Amy W., asst. Br. Dept., P. L., Barnwell, W. J. E., asst. In. P. L., Cincin Boston, Mass. nati, O. Adams, Edna C, asst. Wis. State Hist. See. Barton, Edmund M., In. emeritus. Am. An L., Madison, Wis. tiquarian Soc. L., Worcester, Mass. Adams, Jean, Anaheim, Cal. Barton, F. S., Long Beach, Cal. Ahern, Mary Eileen, Editor "Public Libra- Bass, Harriet E., Philander Smith Coll ries," Chicago, III. Little Rock, Ark. Albers, Elise, training class P. L., Los Bates, Mrs. Blanche, In. P. L., Modesto, Cal Angeles, Cal. y Beale, Emily A., child. In. Homewood Br. y Allen, Marina D., asst. P. L., Grand Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Rapids, Mich. Bean, Mary R., training class P. L., Los Allin, Eugenia, oi'ganizer Illinois L. Exten- Angeles, Cal.

sion Commission, Decatur, 111. Beckley, Anna McC, prin. ref. dept., P. L. Allison, Harriet C, asst. catlgr. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal.

Seattle, Wash. Beckley, Stella, prin. child, dept., P. L., Anderson, John R., bookseller, 67 Fifth Los Angeles, Cal. Ave., New York City. Dedinger, Sarah E., In. Beale Memorial L. Andrews, Clement W.. In. The John Crerar Bakersfield, Cal. L., Chicago, 111. Bell, Anna M., asst. P. L., Corona, Cal. Andrews, Jesselyn, asst. priu. catlg. dept., Bell, Charles W., ex-officio trus. State L, P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Pasadena, Cal.

Andrus, Gertrude E., supt. child, dept., P. Best, Charlotte S., asst. schools div., P. L, L,. Seattle, Wash. Seattle, Wash.

c y Antony, Grace, 27 E. 46th St., New York Bevans, Mary M., 1232 S. Bonnie Brae St, City. Los Angeles, Cal. Armstrong, Miss J., Hollywood, Cal. Bigley, Winifred H., asst. Univ. of Call Arries, Leo W., In. East Pasadena Br., P. fornia L., Berkeley, Cal.

L., Pasadena, Cal. Birdsall, Mary J., In. Dean Hobbs Blanch c y Auerbach, Mrs. A. M., Brooklyn, N. Y. ard Memorial L., Santa Paula, Cal. c y Auerbach, Elsa L., asst. Montague Br.. Blackwelder, Paul, asst. In. P. L., St. Louis, P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Mo. Babcock, Julia G., Los Angeles Academy. Blanchard, Mrs. Anne L.. shelf lister. State Los Angeles, Cal. L., Sacramento, Cal. Babcock, Nina, Pasadena, Cal. Blanchard, M. Gertrude, child. In. Law Bailey, Zita G., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. renceville Br., Carnegie L., Pittsburgh Baldwin, Clara F., sec'y Minnesota P. L. Pa. Commission, St. Paul, Minn. Blanchard, Sarah E.. Santa Paula, Cal. Bankson, Georgetta, asst. P. L.. Los An- Connett, Marguerite, ref. dept., Carnegie geles, Cal. L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Barker, Beatrice J., catlgr. Univ. of Oregon Bostwick, Arthur E., In. P. L., St. Louis, L., Eugene, Ore. Mo. 275 276 PASADENA CONFERENCE y Bowker, R. R., editor "Library Journal," Canright, Grace M., asst. P. L., Pasadena, New York City. Cal. y Bowker, Mrs. R. R., New York City. Carnahan, H. L., trus. P. L., Riverside, Cal. Brittain, Caroline M., asst. P. L., Los An- Carr, Eunice, training class P. L., Los An- geles, Cal. geles, Cal.

Broad, Mrs. Florence S., training class P. Carr, Henry J., In. P. L., Scranton, Pa.

L., Los Angeles, Cal. Carr, Mrs. Henry J., Scranton, Pa. Brooks, L. May, asst. In. Leland Stanford Carroll, Ethel, In. P. L., Oxnard. Cal. Jr. Univ. L., Stanford University, Cal. Carson, Jessie M., child. In. P. L., Tacoma. y Brown, Alice Harris, In. 125th St. Br., P. Wash. L., New York City. Carson. Mildred, Los Angeles, Cal. Brown, Charles H., asst. In. P. L., Brook- Carter, Mrs. C. W., trus., Grinnell, la. lyn, N. Y. Carter, Nano, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Brown, Charlotte M., In. Univ. of Southern Cartter, Mabel G.. training class P. L., California L., Los Angeles, Cal. Monrovia, Cal. Brown, Demarchus C, In. State L.. Indian- Caruthers. Eleanor \V., asst. ref. dept. P. apolis, Ind. L., Los Angeles, Cal. c y Brown, Gertrude L., asst. P. L.. Evans- Carwyle, Eloise. asst. P. L., Los Angeles,

ton, 111. Cal.

Brown, Henry J., member firm B. F. Casey, Charlotte. In. City School L., Los Stevens & Brown, London, Eng. Angeles, Cal. Brown, Margaret \V., In. Traveling L. Iowa Caswell, Leona, asst. P. L., Pasadena, Cal. L. Commission, Des Moines, la. Chamberlain, Arthur Henry, Professor Brown, May, asst. P. L., Long Beach, Cal. University of California, Berkeley, Cal. Brown, Walter L., In. P. L., Buffalo, N. Y. Chapin, Artena M., In. A. K. Smiley P. L., Brown, Willie Elise, Chariton, la. Redlands, Cal.

Brown, Zaidee M., agent F. P. ^J. Com- Chapin, Emma M., In. P. L., Geneseo, 111. mission, Boston, Mass. Chapman, Lila May, In. P. L., Birmingham,

Browne, Miss Florence E., child. In. F. L , Ala. Oakland, Cal. Chivers, Cedric, bookbinder, 911-1.'5 Atlantic Browne, Francis F.. editor "The Dial." Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Chicago, 111. Clancey, Elma A., asst. P. L., Tacoma, Brownson, Gladys, In. Throop Polytechnic Wash. Inst. L., Pasadena, Cal. Clark, A Loretta, asst. prin. catlg. dept. Branson, Ella C, asst. P. L.. Los Angeles, P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Cal. Clark, George T., In. Leland Stanford Jr. Buell, Frederick F., Troy, N. Y. Univ. L., Stanford University, Cal. Bumstead, Frank M., in charge Binding Clegg, Lola, asst. San Pedro Br., P. L., Los Dept., Univ. of California L., Berkeley, Angeles, Cal. Cal. Cloud, Josephine P., supt. of Circulation, Burgess, Lizzie, P. L., Riverside, Cal. P. L., Minneapolis, Minn. Burns, Agnes T., Monrovia, Cal. Clowdsley. William F., In. P. L., Stockton. Burns, Anna R., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Cal. Cobb, Edith H., asst. F. P. L., New Bedford,

Burpee, Lawrence .1., In. Carnegie L., Mass. Ottawa, Ont. Cole, Agnes M., ex-In., De Kalb, III. Burrell, Norma, In. P. L., Hanford, Cal. Coleman, Shirley M., asst. P. L., Los An- Cadmus, Laura, asst. P. L., Long Beach, geles, Cal. Cal. c y Collins, Angela W., In. Memorial L., Cady, Anna B., ex-ln., Los Angeles, Cal. Rockland, Mass. Campbell, Robert A., head leg. and munici- Compton, Charles H., ref. In. P. L., Seattle, pal ref. dept., State L., Sacramento. Cal. Wash. ATTENDANCE

Conard, Jane, supervisor Carnegie Play- Doan, Jean, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. ground L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Dorman, Fannie B., asst. P. L., Los An- Conger, Dr. E. L., Pasadena, Cal. geles, Cal. Cook, Flora C, Redlands, Cal. c y Dorsett, Ella C, Johnson, S. C. Cooley, Laura C, asst. prln. catlg. dept., Doty, Eilleen D., asst. P. L., Pasadena, Cal. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Douglas, Jessie M., asst. P. L., Pasadena, Cooper, Agnes B., Miami Univ. L., Oxford, Cal. Ohio. Douglass, Matthew H., In. Univ. of Oregon Cooper, Everett, In. P. L., Escondido, Cal. L., Eugene, Ore. Cooper, May, In. P. L., San Rafael, Cal. Douglass, Mrs. Matthew H., Eugene, Ore. Cordes, Hilda, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. c y Downey, Mary E., organizer Ohio L. Cory, Mabel W., asst. prin. fiction dept., Commission, Columbus, O. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Dowse, George J., managing director, Edw. Coulter, Edith M., head periodical dept., G. Allen & Son, Ltd., London, Eng. Leland Stanford Jr. Univ. L., Stanford Doyle, L. Gertrude, In. P. L., Vallejo, Cal. University, Cal. Dudgeon, Matthew S., sec'y Wisconsin F. Courtright, Helen, asst. P. L., Long Beach, L. Commission, Madison, Wis. Cal. Dudgeon, Mrs. Matthew S., Madison, Wis. Craig, Agnes S., In. North Pasadena B., Dudley, Charles R., P. L., Denver, Col. P. L., Pasadena, Cal. Dudley, Mary E., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Craig, Anna M., asst. Kern Br., Beale Me- Cal. morial L., Bakersfield, Cal. Duncan, .Jessie L., Columbus, Ga. Criswell, Lois, Tacoma, Wash. Dunn, Mabel S., In. Manual Arts High Sch. Culver, Essae M., In. P. L., Salem, Ore. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Curtis, Teresa, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Durst, Pearl, asst. L. Assoc, Portland, Ore. Gushing, Aileen, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Eager, Sarah M., Pomona, Cal. Cal. c y Eastman, Linda A., vice-In. P. L., Cleve- Danford, Alma J., Glendale, Cal. land, O. Daniels, Joseph F., In. P. L., Riverside, Cal. Eastman, Margaret, head order dept.. State Darlow, Gertrude, prin. lit. dept., P. L., Los L., Sacramento, Cal. Angeles, Cal. Eaton, Harriet L., In. State Normal Sch. Davis, Georgia S., asst. P. L., Grand Rapids, L., Superior, Wis. Mich. Eddy, Harriet G., organizer State L., Sac- Davison, Mrs. Hannah P., In. P. L., San ramento, Cal. Diego, Cal. y Ekman, Ingegerd, Pratt Inst. L., Brook- Degenhart, Bessie C, child. In. A. K. lyn, N. Y. Smiley P. L., Redlands, Cal. Ellis, Myrtle M., asst. P. L., Pasadena, Cal. Deming, Margaret, catlgr. P. L., Pasadena, Ellis, Victoria, In. P. L., Long Beach, Cal. Cal. Enright, Anna, In. P. L., Colton, Cal. DeMotte, Mary, ref. In. P. L., Pasadena, Evans, Mrs. Alice G., In. F. P. L., Decatur,

Cal. 111. Dick, Jennie M., playground attendant, P. Evans, Helen, first asst. P. L., Riverside, L., Los Angeles, Cal. Cal. Dickinson, Asa Don, In. State Coll. L., Pull- y Ewing, M. Belle, trus. F. P. L., Decatur,

man, Wash. 111. Dickson, Lillian, Hemet, Cal. Fagge, Ethelwyn H., Los Angeles, Cal. y Dill, Minnie A., catlgr. F. P. L., Decatur, Fairbank, Georgia M., Joshua Rhoads

111. Mem. L., Jacksonville, 111. Dills, Clara B., asst. P. L., Pomona, Cal. Fargo, EHizabeth H., In. State Normal Sch. Dixon, Prof. James M., chrmn. lib. com., L., Los Angeles, Cal. Univ. of Southern California, Los An- Faulder, Mrs. Henrietta M., In. P. L., geles, Cal. Covina, Cal. 278 PASADENA CONFERENCE c y Faxon, Mrs. Augusta C, Boston, Mass. Goodrich, Helen P., 474 Green St., Brook- c y Faxon, Frederick W., manager L. dept. lyn, N. y. Boston Book Co., Boston, Mass. y Goodrich, Nathaniel L., In. Univ. of Texas y Faxon, Mrs. Frederick W., Boston, Mass. L., Austin, Tex. Fenton, Miss J. M., catlgr. F. L., Oakland, y Goodrich, Mrs. N. L., Austin, Tex. Cal. Goodwin, J. E., asst. In. Leland Stanford

Ferguson, Milton J., asst. In. State L., Sac- Jr. University L., Stanford University ramento, Cal. Cal. Ferris, Katherine Post, 1327 Manhattan Goss, Edna L., asst. Univ. of California L. Place, Los Angeles, Cal. Berkeley, Cal. Field, Clara C, In. Madera County F. L., Graff, U., University of California, Berke Madera, Cal. ley, Cal. Field, Kirke H., trus. A. K. Smiley P. L., Grant. Mary, In. State Normal Sch. L Redlands, Cal. Winona, Minn. Fifield, Winnifred F., 2355 W. 20th St., Los Graves, Francis B., In. Mechanics-Mer- Angeles, Cal. cantile L., San Francisco, Cal. Foote, Frances R., In. Occidental Coll. L., c y Green, Samuel Swett, In. emeritus F. P Los Angeles, Cal. L., Worcester, Mass. Forman, Phoebe H., P. L., Azusa, Cal. Greene, Charles S., In. F. L., Oakland, Cal Forst, Clara S., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Gresham, Mrs. Violet M., asst. P. L., Long Cal. Beach, Cal. c Forsyth, Walter G., ref. asst. P. L., Bos- Guiwlts, Nettle M., training class P. L., Los ton, Mass. Angeles, Cal. c y Foss, Calvin W., ref In. P. L., Brooklyn, Gulliver. Mrs. C. T., trus. P. L., Redondo N. Y. Beach, Cal. Foster, Katherine, asst. Carnegie L., Pitts- Gunthorp, Pauline, head catlgr. Univ. of burgh, Pa. California L., Berkeley, Cal. Fox, Rev. D. F., D. D., Pasadena, Cal. Gwynn, William M., asst. Univ. of Cali- Foye, Bessie M., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, fornia L., Berkeley, Cal. Cal. Hackett, Irene A., In. F. P. L., New Castle, Freeman, Florence M., Pasadena, Cal. Pa. c y Gardner, Mrs. C. B., Watertown, Mass. Hadden, Anne, In. P. L.. Palo Alto, Cal. Gatch, Ruth G., South Pasadena, Cal. Hadden, Elizabeth, asst. Leland Stanford Giffen, George M., trus. P. L., Los Angeles, Jr. University L.. Stanford University, Cal. Cal. Gilbert, Edith M., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Hadley, Chalmers, In. P. L., Denver, Col. Cal. Hagey, E. Joanna, In. P. L., Cedar Rapids, Gilbert, Lucy B., asst. P. L., Minneapolis, la. Minn. Haines, Alice J., head documents dept. Gillis, J. L., In. State L., Sacramento, Cal. State L., Sacramento, Cal. Glass, Rev. Joseph, trus. P. L., Los Angeles, Haines, Elizabeth C, asst. extension dept. Cal. State L., Sacramento, Cal. Gleason, Celia, asst. In. P. L., Los Angeles, Haines, Helen E., ex-editor "Library Jour- Cal. nal," Pasadena, Cal. Gleason, Pearl, prin. fiction dept., P. L., Haines, Jessie M., In. Solar Observatory L Los Angeles, Cal. Mt. Wilson, Pasadena, Cal. Godard, George S.. In. State L., Hartford. Haines, Mabel R., managing editor "Li Conn. brary Journal," New York City. Goddard, Edward M., member Vt. Board L. Hall, Anna G.„ asst. catlgr. Leland Stan- Commissioners, Montpelier, Vt. ford Jr. Univ. L., Stanford University, Goodell, Helen, training class P. L., Ix)s Cal. Angeles, Cal. Halliday, A. S., South Vallejo, Cal. ATTENDANCE 279

Hamilton, Eleanor F., asst. P. L., Los An- y Hume, Jessie F., In. Queens Borough P. L, geles, Cal. Jamaica, N. Y. Hart, Mary G., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Humphrey, Guess, In. Neb. P. L. Commis- Hart, Veva L., training class P. L., Los sion, Lincoln, Neb. Angeles, Cal. Humphrey, Jane, asst. P. L., Santa Ana, Hasbrouck, Marj' K., P. L., Ogclensburg. Cal. N. Y. Humphreys, Antoinette M., In. Merced Hawley, Mary E., asst. catlgr. The John County F. L., Merced, Cal.

Crerar L., Chicago, 111. Hunt, Katherine E., asst. L., Assn., Port- Haynes, Faye R., asst. P. L., Monrovia, Cal. land, Ore. Heald, Mrs. B. M., P. L., Azusa, Cal. Hunt, M. Louise, asst. In. L. Assoc, Port- Hearne, Hazel B., asst. P. L., Long Beach, land, Ore. Cal. Hunt, May, In. Path. Lab., Whittier, Cal. Hedrick, S. Blanche, In. Agric. Dept., Uni- Huntley, Mabel G., asst. P L., Sacramento, versity of Missouri L., Columbia, Mo. Cal. Hemans, Ida M., ref. dept, Carnegie L., Hutton, Dorothy F., asst. P. L., Santa Pittsburgh, Pa. Monica, Cal. Henry, W. E., In. Univ. of Washington L., Hyde. Mary B., head catlg. dept., P. L., Seattle, Wash. San Francisco, Cal. Henry, Mrs. W. E., Seattle, Wash. Hyer, Louise, State Normal Sch.. Los An- Herrman, Jennie, In. Tulare County F. L., geles, Cal.

Visalia, Cal. Imhoft, Harriet J., In. P. L., Fargo, N. D. Hibbard, Ethel M., asst. Margaret Carnegie Ingersoll, Helen F., asst. P. L., Denver, Col. L., Mills College, Cal. Ingrum, Roberta, asst. In. Occidental Coll. Hieber, Mary, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Hill, Ellyn T., In. P. L., Monrovia, Cal. Isom, Mary Frances, In. L. Assoc, Portland, y Hill, Frank P., In. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Ore. y Hill, Mrs. Frank P., Beech St., Richmond Jackson, Mrs. Emilie, asst. P. L., Los An- Hill, N. Y. geles, Cal. Hill, Mary L., training class P. L., Pasa- Jacobson, Mrs. Karen M., In. Ore. State dena, Cal. Normal Sch. L., Monmouth, Ore. Hillkovvitz, Anna, child. In. P. L., Denver, Jacobus, S. M., In. P L., Pomona, Cal. Col. James, Dr. George Wharton, author, Pasa- Hilton, Katherine M., asst. P. L., Los An- dena, Cal. geles, Cal. Janes, Dr. John Ely, Pasadena, Cal. Hirst. Mary J., catlgr. P. L., Cincinnati, O. Janes, Mrs. John Ely, Pasadena, Cal. Hitchler, Theresa, Supt. of cataloging, P. Jansen, C, trus. P. L., Beatrice, Nebr. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Jedofsky, Josephine, asst. P. L., Los An- Hitt, J. M., In. State L., Olympia, Wash. geles, Cal. Holmblad, Gertrude E., asst. San Pedro Jennings, Anna V., In. State Normal Sch. Br., P. L., Los Angeles, Cal. L., Kearney, Neb. Hopper, Franklin F., In. P. L., Tacoma, Jennings, Judson T., In. P. L., Seattle, Wash. Wash. Horgan, Georgia, asst. P. L., Los Angeles. Joeckel, Carleton B., asst. ref. In. Univ. of Cal. California L., Berkeley. Cal. y Howard, Clara E., In. Wylie Ave. Br., Car- Johns, Nan V., Van Wert, O. negie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Johnson. Hiram W., Governor of California, c y Hubach, Charlotte J., asst. Bay Ridge Sacramento, Cal. Br., P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Johnson, Mary A., asst. P. L., Los Angeles. c y Hubbard, Anna G., order In. P. L., Cleve- Cal. land, O. Johnston. R. H., In. Bureau of Railway Hubbell, Jane P., In. P. L.. Rockford, 111. Economics L.. Washington, D. C. 280 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Jones, Eleanor B., In. Hollywood Br. P. L., Larken, Edgar L., Mt. Lowe Observatory, Los Angeles, Cal. Pasadena, Cal. Jones, Elizabeth D.. catlgr. P. L., Pasadena, Lauman, Caroline, asst. Mt. Washington Cal. Br., Carnegie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Jones, Elizabeth S., In. P. L., Pacific Grove, Law, Marie H., asst. child, dept. Carnegie Cal. L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Jones, Florence L., asst. P. L., Indianapolis, Leeds, Florence, P. L., Riverside, Cal. Ind. Leeper, Rosa M., In. P. L., Dallas, Tex. Jones, Miss K. D., asst. F. L., Oakland, Cal. Lefler, Grace, catlgr. Univ. of Missouri L., Jones, Mabel, Champaign, 111. Columbia, Mo.

Jones, Mary L., In. Bryn Mawr Coll. L., Legler, Henry E., In. P. L., Chicago, 111. Bryn Mawr, Pa. Leighton, Edna M., asst. P. L., Long Beach, Jordan, Lois M., head order dept., P. L., Cal. Minneapolis, Minn. Leupp, Harold L., assoc. In. Univ. of Cali- Judson. Katharine, asst. P. L., Seattle. fornia L., Berkeley, Cal.

. Wash. Levy, Kate, M.D., Los Angeles, Cal. Katz, Louise W., catlgr. Univ. of California Lien, Elias J., In. State L., St. Paul, Minn. L., Berkeley, Cal. Linn, Mrs. Frances B., In. P. L., Santa Keith, Nellie E., In. P. L., South Pasadena, Barbara, Cal. Cal. Little, George T., In. Bowdoin Coll. L., Kelley, Elizabeth, asst. P. L., San Jose, Cal. Brunswick, Me.

Kelley, Grace, In. 111. State Labratory of Little, Marjorie, Whittier, Cal.

Natural History, Urbana, 111. Long, Harriet C, County L. Dept., P. L., Kennedy. Helen P., inst. Wisconsin L. Sch., Santa Barbara, Cal. Madison, Wis. Lothrop, Alice B., periodical dept. Carne- Kennedy. John P., rep. Silver, Burdett & gie L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Co., San Francisco, Cal. Louderback. Caroline K., head circulating Kennedy, Mrs. John P., San Francisco, Cal. dept, F. L., Oakland, Cal. Kidder, Mrs. Ida A., In. Ore. Agric. Coll. L.. Louderbough, Ida A., training class P. L., Corvallis, Ore. Monrovia, Cal. Kimball, William P., Long Beach, Cal. Loveland, Bernice, asst. P. L., Riverside. Kingsbury, David L., In. State Hist. Soc. L., Cal. St. Paul, Minn, Lowry, Annie, asst. State L., Sacramento, Kirkman, Lavina B., asst. P. L., Pomona, Cal. Cal. c Lucht, Julius, In. F. P. L., Leavenworth, Klrkpatrick, Velma, asst. P. L., Riverside, Kan. Cal. Lumly, Marie, asst. Hollywood Br. P. L., Kitching, Mrs. Ethelene, asst. P. L., Long Los Angeles, Cal. Beach, Cal. Lummis, Charles F., Los Angeles, Cal.

Knoch, Ulrich, printer, 218-20 Boyd St., Lyser, Alice I., asst. Univ. of California L., Los Angeles, Cal. Berkeley, Cal. Krause, Florence, training class P. L., Los McCaine, Mrs. H. J., In. P. L., St. Paul, Angeles, Cal. Minn. Kumli, Bertha, organizer State L., Sacra- McCardle, Sarah E., In. P. L., Fresno, Cal. mento, Cal. McCulloch, Maria R., In. High Sch. L., Ful- Lahee, E. H., trus. P. L., Covlna, Cal. lerton, Cal. Landon, Bessie K., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, McDermont, Anna, trus. P. L., Fullerton, Cal. Cal. Lane, Grace, asst. P. L., Minneapolis, Minn. McDonald, Alice, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Lane, William C, In. Harvard University Cal. L., Cambridge, Mass. McDonnell, Pearl, periodical In. Washing- Lane, Mrs. William C, Cambridge, Mass. ton State Univ. L., Seattle, Wash. ATTENDANCE 281 y McDowell, Grace E., In. Brownsville Br. Milam, Carl H., sec'y Ind. P. L. Commis- P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. sion, Indianapolis, Ind.

McEwer, Mrs. Mary J., In. P. L., Visalia. Millard, Jessie H., child. In. L. Assoc, Port- Cal. land, Ore. McFadden, Jeannette E., In. P. L., Santa Miller, Kathleen M., asst. P. L., Los An- Ana, Cal. geles, Cal. McParland, Andrea, asst. A. K. Smiley P. Minier, Sara B., Pomona, Cal. L., Redlands, Cal. Mitchell, Sydney B., head order dept. Le- McFarland, Isabel, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, land Stanford Jr. Univ. L,, Stanford Cal. University, Cal. McGinley, Nell, In. F. P. L., San Jose, Cal. Melons', Margaret V., asst. P. L., Los An- McKinley, Mary L.. In. P. L., Redondo geles, Cal. Beach, Cal. Monfort, Jessie M., in charge Bureau of in- MacLachlan, Margaret, head circulating formation, Pasadena, Cal. dept., L. Assn., Portland, Ore. Monroe, Miss K. A., In. P. L., Ontario. Cal.

McMillan, Adella, asst. P. L., Pasadena, Montgomery. Jessie, Decatur, 111. Cal. Moody, Katharine T., ref. In. P. L., St. McMillan, Agnes, asst. In. P. L., Alhambra. Louis, Mo. Cal. Morford, Alice M., In. Carnegie L., Phoenix. McPherson, Margaret, asst. P. L., Vallejo, Ariz. Cal. Morgan, Ella S., In. High Sch. L., Los An- Macpherson, Maud R., In. P. U, Hoquiam, geles, Cal. Wash. Mosse, Elfie A.. In. P. L., Santa Monica, Madison, Anne, In. Angelus University L., Cal. Los Angeles, Cal. y Moulton, John G., In. P. L., Haverhill, Marshall, Mrs. C. D., Lincoln, Neb. Mass. Marvin, Cornelia, sec'y Oregon L. Com- Moyle, Katharine, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, mission, Salem, Ore. Cal. Mason, Dora L., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Munsou, Ida G.. catlgr. P. L., Sacramento. Cal. Cal. Mast, Maude L., asst. P. L., Pomona, Cal. Naismith. Mary A., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, y Matthews, Harriet L.. In. P. L., Lynn, Cal. Mass. Nerney, May C, asst. State L., Sacramento, Maxwell, Minnie, In. P. L., Fullerton, Cal. Cal. Maynard, Clyde, asst. In. Pomona Coll. L., Newell, Ray N., Atlantic City, N. J. Claremont, Cal. Newmark, Henry M., trus. P. L., Los An- Mecum, Frances, asst. Univ. of California geles, Cal. L., Berkeley, Cal. Nutting, George E., In. P. L., Fitchburg,

Meeker. Anna L., trus. P. L.. Pasadena, Cal Mass. Meissner, Josephine O., circulation In Nutting, Mrs. George E., Fitchburg, Mass. Univ. of Washington L., Seattle, Wash. Oakley, Minnie M., asst. In. P. L., Los Mel, Clara F., asst. catlgr. P. L., San Fran Angeles, Cal. Cisco, Cal. O'Donnell, James L., trus. P. L., Joliet, 111. Melzer, Margaret, prin. fiction dept. P. L. c y Ogden, Lucy, asst. L. of Congress. Los Angeles, Cal. Washington, D. C. cy Merrill, Bertha H., book buyer P. L. of Olcott, Frances J., director Training Sch. Calumet & Hecla Mining Co., Boston, for Children's Librarians, Carnegie L., Mass. Pittsburgh, Pa. c y Merrill, Mrs. Emily A., 12 Ashburton Oldaker, Eva P.. asst. P. L., San Ber- Place, Boston, Mass. nardino, Cal. Metz, Cortnne A., In. Brumback L.. Van Orendorff, Ida M., child. In. P. L., Whittier, Wert, O. Cal. 282 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Osborne, Ruth B., catlgr. P. L., Pasadena. Reeves, Mrs. Kate K., asst. In. 111. State

Cal. L., Springfield, 111. on, Mabel, asst. In. A. K. Smiley P. L., c y Remann, Henry C, In. Lincoln L.,

Redlands, Cal. Springfield, 111. Ott, Susanna C, asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Reynolds, Lillian V. O., asst. P. L., Los Cal. Angeles, Cal. Owens, M. T., trus. P. L., Whittier, Cal. Richardson. Rev. C. F., trus. P. L., Azusa. Paddock, Alice M., In. P. L., .Jamestown. Cal. N. D. Ripley, Lauren W., In. P. L.. Sacramento. Parsons, Mildred F., 1430 W. 27th St., Los Cal.

Angeles, Cal. Roberts, Jeanette, In. P. L., Champaign, 111. c y Patten, Frank C, In. Rosenberg L., Gal- Robinson, Charlotte G., In. State Normal veston, Tex. Sch. L., San Diego, Cal. Peacock, Joseph L., In. Memorial and L. Robinson, Mabel F., asst. Osterhout F. L., Assn., Westerly, R. L Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Peoples, W. T.. In. Mercantile L.. New Rochester. G. A. C, trus. P. L., Seattle, York City. Wash. Peoples, Mrs. W. T., New York City. Ross, Jean F., asst. State L., Sacramento, Perry, Elizabeth, asst. P. L.. Los Angeles, Cal. Cal. Rowell, Clara M., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Peter, Ida, P. L., Riverside, Cal. Cal. Phelan, John F., Supt. of branches, P. L., Rowell, J. C, In. Univ. of California L.,

Chicago, 111. Berkeley, Cal. Phelps. Edith Allen. In. Carnegie L., Ok- Rowell, Mrs. J. C, Oakland, Cal. lahoma City, Okla. Royce, Lena M., In. San Pedro Br. P. L., Phillips, jDlive M., asst. P. L., Pasadena, Los Angeles, Cal. Cal. c y Ruckteshler, N. Ixjuise, In. Guernsey Pierce, Mrs. Edward T., trus. P. L., Sierra Mem. L., Norwich, N. Y. Madre, Cal. Russ, Nellie M., In. P. L., Pasadena, Cal. Pinney, Grace E., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Russell, Alma M., catlgr. Provincial L., Cal. Victoria, B. C. Pollard, Ruth L., training class P. L., Mon- Sawyer, Anna L., In. Margaret Carnegie rovia, Cal. L., Mills College, Cal. Poole, Franklin O., In. Assn. of the Bar L., Scales, Katherlne, asst. P. L., Long Beach, New York City. Cal. Potter, H. J., trus. P. L., Sierra Madre, Cal. Scherer, J. A. B., President Throop Poly Proctor, Alvara R., asst. P. L., Seattle, technic Institute, Pasadena, Cal. Wash. Scheuble, Alma B., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, y Prouty, Louise, custodian West End Br. Cal. P. L., Boston, Mass. Scholefield, Ethelbert O. S., In. Provincial Provines, Cornelia D., P. L., San Luis L., Victoria, B. C. Obispo, Cal. Seegmiller, F. M., Whittier, Cal. Pugsley, Maud M., In. P. L., Little Rock, Seely, Blanche M., In. Pillsbury Br. P. L., Ark. Minneapolis, Minn. Quayle, Charles, trus. F. L., Oakland, Cal. Severance, Henry O., In. Univ. of Missouri Ranck, Samuel H., In. P. L., Grand Rapids, L., Columbia, Mo. Mich, Severance, Mrs. Henry O., Columbia, Mo. y Rathbone, Josephine A., asst. director Shaw, Theodore L., rep. Houghton, Mifflin Pratt Inst. L. Sch., Brooklyn, N. Y. & Co., Boston, Mass. Reagan, Ida M., In. P. L., San Mateo, Cal. Sheldon, Mrs. C. G., Berkeley, Cal. Reed, Lois A., asst. In. Univ. of Rochester Sheldon, Helen G., asst. Univ. of California L., Rochester, N. Y. L., Berkeley, Cal. ATTENDANCE 283

Sherwood. Mrs. G. W., trus. P. L., Fuller- y Steiner, Bernard C, In. Enoch Pratt F. L., ton, Cal. Baltimore, Md. c y Silsbee, Mrs. Alice M., Watertown. Stilson, S. Ethel, asst. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Mass. Strang, Mary L., In. McClelland P. L., Simms, Clara A., asst. sec'y A. L. A.. Chi- Pueblo, Col.

cago, 111. Stroh, B. F., In. Academy of the New c y Skinner, ETlizabeth M., In. Bay Ridge Br. Church L., Bryn Athyn, Pa. P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Strohm, Adam J., In. P. L., Trenton, N. J. Skinner, Winifred E., In. Throop Acad. L., Strother, Nell, asst. P. L., Fresno, Cal. Pasadena, Cal. Sutliff, Helen B., head catlgi-. Leland Stan- Slade, Mrs. Louise F.. Los Angeles. Cal. ford Jr. Univ. L., Stanford University,

Small, A. J., law In. Iowa State L.. Des Cal. Moines, la. Sutliff, Mary L., head catlg. dept. State L.,

Small, Mrs. A. J., Des Moines, la. Sacramento, Cal. Smith, Arthur B., Univ. of California L., Swan. H. E., trus. P. L., Ontario, Cal. Berkeley, Cal. Taber, Grace M., In. P. L., Corona, Cal. Smith, Charles Wesley, Jr., asst. In. Univ. y Taber, Josephine, Supt. of Branches, P. of Washington L., Seattle, Wash. L., Seattle, Wash. Smith, Faith E., director training class, P. Taylor, Annie M.. In. P. L., Azusa, Cal.

L., Chicago, 111. c y Taylor, Grace A., asst. Carroll Park Br. Smith, Florence S., head circulation dept., P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. P. L., Omaha, Neb. Taylor. Mary E., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Smith, Mrs. M. F., 5401 Ingleside Ave., Chi- Cal.

cago, 111. Taylor, Nancy E., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, Smith, Mary E., Los Angeles, Cal. Cal. Smith, Mrs. Mary P., In. P. L., Alhanibra, Thomas, Alta N., Los Angeles, Cal.

Cal. Thompson, Adelaide J., In. P. L., Jeffer- Smith, Maud M., asst. catlgr. P. L., St. son City, Mo. Paul, Minn. Thompson, Laura A., asst. L. of Congress, Smith, Susan T., asst. State L., Sacra- Washington, D. C. mento, Cal. Thornburg, Florence, asst. P. L., Los Ange- Smith, Van Tyne. asst. P. L., Los Angeles, les, Cal. Cal. Thum, William, Mayor of Pasadena, Pasa- Snipes, Mayme C, In. P. L., Plainfield, Ind, dena, Cal. Solis-Cohen, Leon M., In. Brownsville Br. Tolhurst, Mrs. Shelley, trus. P. L., Los P. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. Angeles, Cal. Speck, Mrs. Laura, asst. P. L., St. Louis, Tollefson, Marie, Berkeley, Cal. Mo. Tower, M. B., Hollywood, Cal. Spencer, Helen H., asst. Hollywood Br. P. Tristram, Elizabeth, Lorain, O.

L., Los Angeles, Cal. Trovillion, Madge M., asst. 111. State L.,

Stansbury, Alta L., In. P. L.. Spokane, Springfield, 111. Wash. Tucker, lone, child. In. P. L.. Berkeley, Cal.

Stearns, Minnie, In. P. L., Santa Maria. Tyler, Alice S., sec'y Iowa L. Commission, Cal. Des Moines, la. y Stechert, Mrs. Emma, 170 Mt. Prospect Ulen, Esther C, asst. P. L.. Los Angeles, Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. Cal. Steffa, Julia, In. Pomona Coll, L., Clare y Underhill. Caroline M., In. P. L., Utica, mont, Cal. N. Y. Steffens, Laura, 2d asst. State L., Sacra- Utiey, George B., sec'y American Library

mento, Cal. Association, Chicago, III. Steftens, Lincoln, magazine editor. River- UtIey, Mrs. George B., 5750 Madison Ave.,

side, Cal. Chicago, III. 284 PASADENA CONFERENCE

Utley, Henry M., In. P. L., Detroit, Mich. Whitcomb, Adah F., In. Lincoln Center Br Utley, Mrs. Henry M., Detroit, Mich. P. L., Chicago, III. Van Deusen, Marjorie, asst. In. State Nor- White, Grace M., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, mal Sch. L., Los Angeles, Cal. Cal. Van Zolenburg, Minnie, asst. P. L., River- Whitney, E. Lee, asst. In. State L., Mont side, Cal. pelier, Vt. Waddell, Nina T., In. L. Assn., La Jolla, Cal. Whitten, Kate L., asst. P. L., Sacramento, Wade, Edith S., head catlg. dept., P. L., Cal. Troy, N. Y. Whyte, Florence, asst. State L., Sacra- Wagner, Lila R., asst. P. L., Pasadena, Cal. mento, Cal. Wakefield, Bertha, head catlgr. P. L., Wier, L. Louise, asst. P. L., Pasadena, Cal Seattle, Wash. Willard, EHisa M., ref. In. Carnegie L. Wakefield, M. Ethelyn, In. High Sch. L., Pittsburgh, Pa. Pasadena, Cal. Williams, A. H., Vallejo, Cal. Walker, Ella K., asst. L. of Congress, Williams, Mrs. A. H., Vallejo, Cal. Washington, D. C. Williams, Edgar, Redlands, Cal. Walker, Mrs. Jennie A., Washington, D. C. Williams, Lizzie A., In. P. L., Maiden, Mass. y Wallace, Charlotte E., Supt. of circula- Williams. Mary F.. Oakland, Cal. tion, P. L., Seattle, Wash. Williamson, Dawn, Pasadena, Cal. y Wallace, H. L., Seattle, Wash. Wilsey, Delia, asst. P. L., Pomona, Cal. Ward, Mary, Westtown, Pa. Wilson, Harry G., sec'y P. L., Chicago, 111. Washburn, Sherman, trus. P. L., Pasadena, Wilson. Mrs. Harry G., Chicago, 111. Cal. Wilson, Ralph H., bookseller, 30 Church Waters, Carrie S., in. P. L., San Bernar- St., New York City. dino, Cal. Wjnch, Elizabeth M., ex-ln.. Canton, Mass. Watson, William R., In. P. L., San Fran- Witham, Mrs. Ella C, trus. P. L., Glendale, cisco, Cal. Cal. Watson, Mrs. W. R., San Francisco, Cal. Wolter, Peter, manager L. Dept.. A. C. Mc- Wescoat, Margaret L., auditor P. L., St. Clurg & Co.. Chicago, 111. Louis, Mo. Wood, Harriet A., supervisor work with West, Lucy K.. asst. P. L., Los Angeles, children, L. Assoc, Portland, Ore. Cal. Wood. .lohn W., trus. P. L.. Pasadena, Cal. West, Mabel C. In. State Normal Sch. Val- y Woodin, Gertrude L., head catlgr. U. S. ley City, N. D. Bureau of Education L., Washington, Wheat, Edith M., asst. P. L., Los Angeles, D. C. Cal. Woods, Charles F.. Univ. of California, Wheatley. Florence B., In. P. L., Sierra Berkeley, Cal. Madre, Cal. Woodward. Ora, asst. P. L.. Los Angeles, Wheeler, Benjamin Ide, President Univer- Cal. sity of California, Berkeley. Cal. Wright, Purd B., In. P. L., Kansas City, Mo. c Wheeler, Susan W., Rockland. Mass. Wright, Purd B., 2d., Kansas City, Mo. Whelan, Katherine M., asst. P. L., Santa Wright, Mrs. Purd B., Kansas City, Mo. Monica, Cal. Wright, Willard Huntington, literary edi- Whitaker, Alfred E., Denver, Col. tor, Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles, Cal. Whitbeck, Mrs. Alice G., In. P. L., Rich- Zelenko, A., settlement worker, Moscow, mond, Cal. Russia. ;

INDEX

Academic standing of college library A. L. A. Executive board, rpt. of, president League of library com 192-3. missions, 214. aseiatants and their relation to the " Carnegie foundation (Henry), 258- A. L. A. headquarters (rpt. of the Book numbers, *' Some problems of 62. secretary), 65-71. (Mead), 251-3. Affiliation of state library associa- A, L. A. membership (rpt. of sec- Book selection. "The Eternal 'Or' tions with A. L. A., resolutions retary, 67-8. of the librarian" (Browne), 112-19. respecting, 193. A. L. A. necrolog>', 1910-11 (rpt. of Bookbinding, rpt. of com. on (Bailey), Agricultural libraries section, created, the secretary), 70-1. 76-77; materials and methods in 194. A. L. A. pre-conference and post- bookbinding (Chivers) . 1 64-78 Ahern, Mary Eileen, rpt. com. on co- conference trips. 197-203. com. on, 192. operation with National education A. L. A. Professional training for Bookbuying, statement by Chairman association, 75-6; seconds vote of librariansbip section, proceedings, ofcom.on(Brown).90;com.on.l92. greeting to Helen E. Haines, 188; 263-71. Books and the efficient life (ScheSr), proposes amendment to constitu- A. L. A. publishing board, rpt. of 179-85. tion and discusses same, 188-91; (Legler). 83-9; policy of, 83-5; Bostwick, Arthur E., "Exploitation member com. on co-operation new publications, 85; sales. 89; ap- of the public library," 60-5; repre- with N. E. A., 192; discusses li- pointment of members, 192. sents A. L. A. at Arkansas library- brary training in California, 268; A. L. A. representatives at other con- conference, 69; presides at fourth secretary' pro tempore Trustees' ferences (rpt. of secretary), 68-9. general session. 164-185; member section, 271. A. L. A. Trustees' section, proceed- com. on library training, 192; dis- Allin, Eugenia, member nominating mgs, 271-2. cusses training classes. 270; ad- com. League of library commis- Anderson. Edwin H., member finance dresses Trustees' section, 271. sions, 212. com., 192; member special com. on Bowker, R. R., member com. on in- American association of law libraries, printed cards, 193. ternational relations, 192; special proceedings, 204-5. Andrews. Clement W.. rpt. of Finance com. Children's librarians' sec- American Library Association, presi- com., 90; presides second general tion, 246; addresses Trustees' sec- dent's address (Wyer), 55-9; sec- session, 91-129; discusses proposed tion. 271. retar>-'s rpt. (Utley), 65-71; rpt. of amendment to constitution, 1S9- Branch librarian's initiative. Limita- trustees of Carnegie and Endow- 90; member finance com., 192; tions of the (Brown). 105-9. ment fund, 80-1; rpt. of treasurer, member a|pecial com. on conditions Branch library and its relation to the Jan. 1 to Apr. 30, 1911, 82; rpt. of of affiliation, 193; member special district (Howard). 109-12. Executive board. 192-3; rpt. of com. on printed cards, 193; mem- Brigham, Herbert O., member Exe- Council, 193-4; election of officers, ber Executive board, 195; discus- cutive board special libraries asso- 195; attendance summaries and ses inter-library loans, 263. ciation, 218. register, 274-34. Andrus, Gertrude E., discusses li- Brigham, Johnson, member public A. L. A. booklist, rpt. of Publishing brary work in summer play- documents com., 192. board on, 86-7. grounds. 246; secretary' pro tem- Brown, Charles H., "Limitations of A. L. A. Catalog section, proceedings, pore Children's librarians* section, the branch librarian's initiative," 218-39. 251. 105-9. A. L. A. Changes in officers and com- Appleton, W. W., trustee of endow- Brown, Demarchus C. , discusses mittees (rpt. of secretary), 69-70. ment fund, 195. civil ser\'ice, 129; member com. on A. L. A. Children's librarians' sec- Apprentice classes (rpt. of com. on resolutions, 187; appointed by tion, proceedings, 240-51. librar>- administration). 96. League delegate to National con- A. L. A. College and reference sec- Askew, Sarah B., member of Council, ference of charities. 212; presi- tion, proceedings, 251-63. 195. dent's address (abstract) Nat. A. L. A. committees on Attendance summaries and register. assn. state libraries, 215. blind. See Bhnd. see American librarj- association. Brown. Margaret W., member com. bookbinding. See Bookbinding, Bailey. Arthur L., rpt. com. on book- on bookbinding. 192; member bookbuying. See Bookbu>'ing. binding. 76-7; member com. on nominating com. League of library Brussels congresses. See Brussels bookbinding, 192. commissions. 212; discussion, 213. congresses, Baillie. Herbert. 91. Brown, Walter L., statement as chair- co-operation with N. E. A. See Baker. George H., died. 70. man com. on bookbuying, 90; National education association, Baldwin. Clara F.. presides third gen- member bookbuying com., 192; co-ordmation. See Co-ordination, eral session. 130-54; member of discusses intermediate work. Chil- co-ordination of college libraries. Council. 194; presides League of dren's librarians' section, 246. See Co-ordination of college li- librar^• commissions. 206-14. Brown, Zaidee M.. member publica- braries, Bascom. Elva L., rpt. on A. L. A. tions com. League of library com- federal and state relations. See booklist. 86-7. missions, 214. Federal and state relations, Beckley, Anna McC, •discusses train- Browne, Francis E., "Eternal 'Or' of finance. See Finance international ing classes, 270. the librarian." 112-19. relations. See International rela- Belden, C. F. D., member com. on Bruncken, Ernest, member public tions. federal and state relations, 192; documents com., 192; letter read librar>' administration. See Li- president Nat. as.'in. of state li- from. 272. brary* administration. braries, 217. Brussels congresses, rpt. of com. on !ibrar>' training. See Library Billings, Dr. John S.. telegram to. (Hodges), 79. training, 187; member com. on international Burdette, Rev. Robert J., letter from, program, appointments, 192. relations. 192. 52. public documents. See Public Blackwelder, Paul, discusses pro- Burpee, Lawrence J., seconds minute documents, posed amendment to constitution, on Pres. Wyer's absence, 54; mem- resolutions. See Resolutions, 191; discusses training classes, 270; ber public documents com.. 192; travel, appointment of, 192. membership com. Professional advocates distribution of U. S. work with the blind. See Blind. training section, 271. gov. documents in Canada, 273. A. L. A. conference in California in Blair, Emma H., "Indexing and in- California, Co-ordination in library- 1891 (Green), 51-2. dexera," 234-8. work in (Gillis), 72-5; county free A. L. A. Council, amendment to Blind, rpt. of com. on work with the libraries (Eddv), 138-44; what the constitution relative to election of (Delfino). 97-S; com. on, 192. world of literature owes to (James), (Sut- members to. proposed (Ahern). Bliss, Robert P., rpt. of publications 186-7; library training in 188-91; rpl. of, 193-4. com. of League, 211-12; 2d vice- HfF), 263-7. 2S5 INDEX

Campbell, Robert A., describes legis- Davison, Mrs. H. P.. addresses public Index to legal periodicals, 205; lative reference work in California documents round table. 272. member Executive com. Am. assn. state library, 218. Dawlev. F. F., member finance com.. of law libraries. 205. Cards, Printed catalog, recent de- 192." Godard, George S., rpt. com. on velopment of, and com. to co- Delfino, Emma R., rpt. of com. on public documents. 90-1; rpt. com. operate in, 193. work with blind. 97-8; member on resolutions. 187; member public Carnegie foundation, The academic com. on work with blind, 192. documents com.. 192; president standing of college Ubrarj' assist- Dickinson, Asa D., resigns from com. Am. assn. of law libraries. 205; ants and their relation to the on work with blind. 69. acting sec. Nat. assn. state libra- (Henry), 25S-62. Donath. August, letter read from, ries, 215; discusses archives work Carr. Henry J., presides third general in Connecticut, 216; presides public session, 130. 154-64; discusses pro- Donnelly. June R.. membership com. documents round table. 272. posed amendment to constitution, Professional training section. 271. Goodrich, N. L.. member com. on 189. Douglass. Matthew H.. member bookbinding. 192. Cataloging, see A. L. A. Catalog sec- nominating com. Catalog section, Goodwin. J. E., "Necessary red tion. tape," 253-8. Censorship, "Is library c. desirable?" Downey. Mary E., member publica- Gould, Charles H.. rpt. com. on co- (Wright), 59-60. tions committee League of library ordination, 71 ; member com. on Chamberlain, Arthur H., "Increasing commissions, 214; discusses paper co-ordination. 192. the efficiency of the library as an by Gillis, 216. Granges in relation to library com- educational factor, 154-63. Dudgeon, Matthew S., "Administra- missions. 213. Chapin, Artena M., "Cataloging in a tive units in library extension." Graves. F. B.. 217. small city librarj-." 218-20; mem- 130-8; reads rpt. publications com. Green, Samuel S.. response to ad- ber nommating com. Catalog sec- League of library commissions. 211; dresses of welcome, 51. tion. 224. rpt. of com. on plans for study out- Greene, Charles S., addresses Trus- Chicago, A. L. A. headquarters in. lines. 213; rpt. of com. on revision tees' section, 271. See A. L. A. headquarters. of constitution. League of library Hadley. Chalmers, resigns secretary Children's books. Exhibit of, by Car- commissions, 214; member of pub- A. L. A.. 65; attends state library negie library of Pittsburgh. 251. lications com. League of library* conferences. North Dakota, Min- Kansas. Children's hbrarians' section. See commissions, 214 ; chairman Pro- nesota, Illinois, Iowa, 69; A. L. A. fessional training section. 270; ad- member of Council. 195; rpt. com. Chivers, Ccdric, " Materials and dresses Trustees' section. 271. on libraries in federal prisons. 206- methods in bookbinding" (illus- Duplicates, Exchange of (Hodges), 10: presides professional training trated), 164-78. 71-2. section. 263-71. Civic clubs. 213. Eastman, Linda A., member Exe- Haines, Helen E., minute of regret at Civil service. "Municipal, as aflfect- cutive board. 195. absence of. 188. ing libraries" (Jennings), 119-26, Eddy, Harriet G., "California county Hall. Edward W., died. 71. 163: (Hume). 127-9. free libraries," 138-44. Hamilton. John Judson, discusses Classification, resolution respecting Efficient life, Books and the (Scherer), commission plan. 105. code for, 192-3; Expansive classi- 179-85. Hanson, J. C. M.. member special fication (Cutter), 224-7; Decimal Election of officers. See American com. on printed cards. 193. Hasse. Adelaide R., member public (Seymour) , 227-30 ; Library of library association. Congress (Martcll), 230-2; prob- Elmendorf, Mrs. H. L., represents documents com., 192. lems of, and an A. L. A. code (Mer- A. L. A. at Michigan library con- Hastings. C. H., member special com. rill), 232^. ference, 69; resigns as non-official on printed cards, 193. Clowdsley, W. F., discusses training member executive board. 69; mem- Hawley. Mary E., secretary Catalog classes. 270. ber program com., 192; president section. 239, College and reference section. See A. L. A.. 195. Hazeltine, Mary E., program com. A. L. A. Exploitation of the public library Professional training section, 271. College libraries, rpt. of com. on co- (Boatwick). 60-5. Henrj', W. E., emphasizes value of ordination of (Lane). 75. Extension, library, see Library ex- museums, 216; discusses paper by Commission plan of city government. Gillis. 216; "Academic standing of Effect of. on public libraries Faxon, Frederick W.. member travel college library assistants and their (Tv.er). 98-103; (Wood). 103-4; com., 192; describes special li- relation to the Carnegie founda- (Gil'is). 104; (Hamilton). 105. braries in Boston, 217. tion." 258-02; discusses inter-li- Commlunity and the librar>'. "What Feazel. E. A., paper on Ohio reports, brary loans, 263. the community owes the library" 204. Higginson. Thomas W., died. 71. (Wyer). 55-9. Federal and state relations, rpt. of Hill. Frank P., presides first general Conard. Jane, describes librar>' work com. on (Steiner). 79; com. on. 192. session. 53-91; discus-ses civil ser- in Pittsburgh playgrounds, 247. Ferguson, M. J., teller of election, 195. vice. 129; statement behalf of Conger. E. L.. 51. Field, O. J., historj' and functions of com. to confer with publishers on Constitution, amendment to, pro- the Dep't of Justice. 204; rpt. of deterioration of newspaper paper. com. on bibliog. of Latin-American 179; submits minute of greeting to f>08ed (Ahern), 188; debated and ost. 189-91. laws, 204. Helen E. Haines. 188. Co-ordination. Rpt. of com. on Finance, rpt. of com. on (Andrews), Hitchler, Theresa, member com. on (Gould. Hodges, Gillis). 71-5; 90; com. on. 192. catalog rules for small libraries, com. on, 192. Foote. Frances R.. "Cataloging for 192: reads paper by May Seymour, Co-ordination among college libraries, small college libraries," 220-4. 227. Rpt. of com. on (Lane). 75; com. Foss. Sam Walter, died. 70. Hitt. J. M.. discusses archives work on. 192. Fox. D. F., address of welcome, 51. in state of Waahinaton. 216; dis- County libraries. California p. free Fraser, A. H. R.. died. 205. tribution of public documents to respect- university, and public li- I. (Eddy). 138-44; c. 1. in Oregon Galbreath. C. B.. resolution college, (Isom). 144-6; an Ohio c. library ing removal of. 217. braries. 216; 1st vice-president (Metz). 146-8. Giffen, George M., addresses Trus- Nat. assn. of state libraries, 217; Cragin. Emma F., member com. on tees' section, 271. addresses public documents round catalog rules for small libraries, Gillis, James L., member com. on table, 272. 273. 192. work with blind. 69. 102; rpt. com. Hodges, Nathaniel D. C, rpt. of com. Craver, Harrison W.. rpt. of com. on on co-ordination. 72-5; presents on co-ordination, 7L-2; rpt. of com. library administration, 91-7; mem- rpt. of com. on work with blind, on Brussels congresses, 79: member ber com. on librarj' administration, 97; discusses commission plan, com. on co-ordination. 192. 192. 104; member com. on federal and Holidays (rpt. of com. on library ad- Cutter. W. P., "The Expansive state relations. 192; member com. ministration). 95. Classification." 224-7. on co-ordination, 192; member of Hopper. Franklin F., "Basis of sup- Dana. J. C. member com. on co- Council. 194: the state library as port of organizations for public li- operation with N. E. A., 192; head of the libran.- activities of the orarj' work," 148-54. president Special libraries associa- state (abstract). 216. Hours of labor (rpt. of com. on li- Glasier, Gilson G.. resigns editorship brarj- administration), 95. ;

INDEX

Howard, Clara E., "Branch librarj- tica,a.ng the eflBciency of the National association of state libraries, and its relation to the district," (Chamberlain). 154-63. proceedings, 215-7. 109-12. Library assistants. "The academic National education association, Rpt. Hume. Jessie F., "Humors and hor- standing of college library assist- of com. on co-operation with rors of municipal civil service," ants and their relation to the Car- (Ahem), 75-6; com. on. 192. 127-9. negie foundation" (Henry). 258- Necrology. See A. L. A. Humphrey, Guess, acting secretary- New Zealand, libraries association League of librarj' commissions, 206. Library extension, administrative of, greetings from, 91. Hutchins, Frank A., member com. units in (Dudgeon), 130-S; Cali- Newmark, Henry M., addresses on library training, 192. fornia county free libraries (Eddy), Trustees' section, 271. Indexing and indexers (Blair). 234- 138-44; county libraries in Oregon Oakley, Minnie M., member of S. (IsomJ, 144-6; an Ohio county li- Council, 195; presides second ses- Inter-library loans, 262-3. brary (Metz), 146-8. sion Catalog section, 224-39. International congress of librarians Library support. "Basis of support Ohio county hbrary (Metz), 146-8. at Brussels, See Brussels. of organizations for public library Olcott, Frances J., vice-chairman International relations, no rpt. from work" (Hopper), 148-54. Professional training section, 270, com. on. 91; com. on. 192. Library training, rpt. of com. on Oregon, County libraries in (Isom) laom, Mary F., "County libraries in (Root), 78-9; com. on, 192; in Cal- 144-6. Oregon," 144-6; member com. on ifornia (Sutliff), 263-7: theory of Ottawa, invitation accepted for 191

resolutions, 187 ; member special the training class in the large li- conference. 192. com. on conditions of affiliation, brary (Smith). 268-70. Owen, Thomas M., member public 193; member nominating com. Library work with schools. Increas- documents com., 192. League of Ubrarj' commissions, ing the efficiency of the library as Owens, M. T., presides Trustees' 212; discussion, 213. an educational factor (Chamber- section, 271. James, George Wharton, addresses lain), 154-63; problems of work Peacock, Joseph L. . special com conference, 186. with schools (Wood), 247-9. Children's librarians' section, 246 Jennings, Judson T., "Municipal Libraries in federal prisons, rpt. of Pereles, James M., died. 70. civil service as affecting libraries," com. on (Hadley). 206-10. Pbelan, John F., teller of election, 119-26. Lien, E. J., 2d vice-president Nat. 195; describes library work in Chi Johnson, Hiram W.. gov. of Califor- assn. of state libraries, 217; ad- cago playgrounds, 247. nia, addresses conference, 186. dresses public documents round Pierson, Harriet W., letter from Johnston, R. H., secretarj' pro tem- table, 272. relative to English form of nam< pore Special libraries association, Lighting and ventilation of libraries for international congresses. 239. 217; outlines work of library of (Ranck), 193-4. Playgrounds. Library work in sum Bureau of railway economics, 218. Little, G. T., reads paper by Mead, mer (Andrus). 246-7; (Phelan) Jones, Marj' L., discusses inter-li- 251. 247; (Conard).247. brary loans, 263. Locke, George H., member com. on Plummer, Mary W., member com Kennedy Helen P., discussion, 213. co-operation with N. E. A., 192; on library training, 192; 2d vice Koch. Theodore W., member public member of Council. 194. president A. L. A., 195; program documents com., 192; member Lydenberg, H. M., member com. on com. Professional training section, com. on co-ordination, 192. library administration, 192. 271. Lane, William C, reads Pres. Wyer's McCoIlough, Ethel F., member com. Poole. Franklin O., secretary Am, address. 55; rpt. com. on co-or- on library administration, 192. assn. of law libraries, 205. dination among college libraries, McCurdy, Mary de B., chairman Postal rates on bulletins, rpt. of com, 75; discusses proposed amendment Children's librarians' section, 251. on (Wilson), 206. to constitution, 190-1; member McFadden. Jeannette E., presides Preston, C. A., died, 70. com. on international relations, first .session catalog section, 218- Prisons, Libraries in federal, rpt. of 192; member com. on co-ordina- com. on (Hadley), 206-10. tion, 192; member special com. on Mcllwaine, H. R., member com. on Professional training for librarian- printed cards, 193; explains system federal and state relations, 192. ship section. See A. L. A. of classification at Harvard. 239; Macrum, Mary F., died, 71. Public documents, rpt. of com. on speaks of meeting of association of Mann, Margaret, member com. on (Godard), 90-1; com. on, 192; ex- New England librarians at Welles- catalog rules for small libraries, change and distribution of, 194, ley, 262. 192. 272-3. Lapp, John A., member Executive Marion, Guy E.. secretar>'-trea surer Public documents round table, pro- board Special libraries association, Special libraries association, 21S. ceedings of, 272-3. 218. Martel, Charles, "Library of Con- Public question clubs. 213. Latin-American laws, rpt. of com. on gress classification," 23C)-2. Publications, Suggested, desirable to bibliog. of, 204. Marvin, Cornelia, member com; on be compiled for use of library Law libraries, see American associa- library training, 192; conducts workers, 212. tion of law libraries. round table League of library com- Publications committee of League of League of library commissions, pro- missions, 213-14; president League library commissions, rpt. of (Bliss), ceedings, 206-14; amendments to of library commissions, 214. 211-12. constitution, 214. Mead. H. Ralph, "Some problems in Publishing board. See A. L. A. Lee. Miss, discusses paper by Gillis, book numbers," 251-3. Publishing board. 216. Mealey, Edward W., died. 71. Putnam, Herbert, member com. on Lee, George W., member Executive Meeker, Anna L., address of wel- international relations, 192; mem- board Special libraries association. come, 53; addresses Trustees' sec- ber com. on co-ordination, 1 92 218. tion, 271. member special com. on conditions Legler, Henry E., calls conference to Merrill, William Stetson, "Problems of affiliation, 193. order, 53; represents A. L. A. at of classification and an A. L. A. Ranck, Samuel H., discusses pro- state library conferences, Illinois, code," 232^. posed amendment to constitution, Nebraska. Georgia, 69; rpt. A. L. Metz, Corinne A., "An Ohio county 189-90; member public documents A. publishing board, 83-9; discus- library." 146-8. com., 192; lighting and ventilation ses proposed amendment to con- Milam, Cari H., reads rpt. of com. of libraries, 193-1; calls to order stitution, 1H9-90; member Pub- on second class postal rates, 206; Special libraries association, 217; lishing board, 192; member pro- discusses civic centers and public rpt. of com. on Municipal year- gram com., 192; 1st vice-president question clubs, 213; 1st vice-presi- book, 217; addresses Trustees' sec- A. L. A., 195; "Library work with dent League of library commis- tion, 271; secretary public docu- children," 240-6; diseu.ssea train- sions. 214. ments round table, 272. ing classes, 270; addresses trustees' Millard. Jessie H., "Reference work Rathbone, Josephine A., member- section, 272. with children." 250. ship com. Professional training sec- Leupp, Harold L., discusses inter- Montgomery, T. L., member com. tion, 271. library loans. 203. on federal and state relations, 192. Reading. "Books and the efficient Library administration, rpt. of com. Municipal civil service, see Civil ser- life" (Scherer), 179-85. on (Graver), 91-7; com. on. 192. Reference work, see A. L. A. College Library as an educational factor, In- Mu :ipal year-book, 194, 217. and reference section. 28S INDEX

UcpurU, aunuut (rpt. of com. on li- as affiliated organiiatiuu, 193; pro- I'tley, Henry M., presents minute rr- brary aduiiaistration), 00. ceedings, 217-18. garding absence of President Resolutions, rpt. of com. on (God- Spoils system in librarianahip, resolu- Wyer. 54. ard). 1S7. tion of protest against, 194; 217. \'acations (rpt. of com. on library Uichardson, Cass, died, 70. Staff meeting (rpt. of com. on li- administrations), 96. liichardsuu. E. C, member com. on Ventilation of libraries (Ranck), 193- international relationa. 192. 4. Ripley. L. W., address of welcome. of. See National association of Vinton, Alexander H., died. 71. 51; seconds minute on Pres. Wyer's state libraries. Wakefield, Bertha, reads paper by absence, 54; presides fifth eencrnl State lihrorv. functions of (Brown). Merrill, Catalog section. 232. session, 185-95; discusses library 215; (Gillis), 216. Wallace. Charlotte Elisabeth, sec- training in California, 267. State relations, com. on federal and retary pro tempore Professional Robinson, Thomas W., member state relations. See Federal and trainmg section, 263. Executive com. Am. aaan. of law state relations. Walter, Frank K., program com. libraries. 205. Steffa, Julia, secretary pro tempore Professional training section, Rochester. G. A. C. addresses Tru?^- College and reference section, 251- 271. tees' section, 271. 63. Walton, Genevieve M., member Roden, Carl B., rpt. of treasurer. 82; Steffens. Lincoln, addr confer- com. on co-operation with N. E. A., rpt. of treasurer of A. L. A. Publish- encp, 186. 192. ing board, 88. Steincr, Bernard C, rpt. of com. on Warren. Irene, member com. on co- Root, Asariab S., rpt. com. on li- federal and state relations. 79; dis- operation with N. E. A.. 192. brary training, 78-9; member com. cusses civil service, 129; member Watson, William R.. discusses li- on library training, 192; member com. on federal and state relations. brary training in California, of Council. 195. 192; reports on present status of li- 267. Rose. Grace D., member of Council, brary post. 200. Wellman. Hilier C, member Pub- 194. Stout, James H., died, 71. lishing board, 192. Rowell, J. C, presides College and Strauss, Esther, rpt. to Children's Whitbeck. Mrs. Ajice G.. "Work reference section, 251-63. librarians' section, 251. with children in small libraries," Russ, Nellie M., resolution of regret Strohra, Adam J., member com. on 250. on illness of, 53. library training, 192; addresses White. Grace M.. 218. Sabin. Daisy B., member com. on li- public documents round table, 273. Whitney. K. Lee. treasurer Am. assn. brary training, 192. Study outlines, rpt. of com. on plans of law libraries, 204. Salaries of librarian and assistants Whitney, Henrj- M., died, 70. (rpt. of com. on library adminis- Whitney, James L., died, 70. tration). 94-5. iDK in California," 263-7. Whitten, Robert H., \ice-p resident Sanders, Mrs. Minerva, greetings Taxation for library support. " Basis Special libraries association, 218. sent to, 246. of support of organisations for pub- Willard, Mrs. Agnes Fairbanks, died, Sawyer, Anna L., reads paper by lic librarj' work" (Hopper), 148-54. 70. Cutter. 224. Taylor, Mary W., died, 70. Wilson, Louis R., rpt. of com. on Schenk, Frederick W., 1st vice-presi- Teilera of election, rpt. of, 195. second class postal rates on bul- dent. Am. assn. of law libraries, Templeton, Charlotte, secretar>-- letins. 206. 205. treasurer. League of library com- Wire. Dr. G. E.. vaseline treatment Scherer, J. A. B., "Books and the missions, 214. of leather bindings, 204. efficient life," 179-S5. Texas library association and library Wood. Harriet Ann, discusses effect Scholcfield, E. O. S.. member of commission, greetings from, 91. of commission plan of city govern- Council, 194; member Executive Thompson, Frank J., died. 70. ment on public libraries. 103-4; com. Am. assn. of law libraries, Thompson. J. David, letter read reads paper by Martel. Catalog 205; discusses relations of library from, 273. section, 230: "Problems of work and museum, 216. Thompson, Laura A., chairman with schools," 247-9. Schools, nee Librarj* work with Catalog section, 239. Wood, J. W.. address of welcome, 51. schools. Tilton, A. C, secretary-treasurer Woodard. Gertrude E.. 2d vice-presi- Schwab, J. C, member com. on co- Nat. assn. of state libraries, 217. dent Am. assn. of law libraries. ordination. 192. Titcomb, Mary L., member of Coun- 205. Selection of books, see Book selection. cil. 195. Wright. Purd B., describes special Severance, Henry O., discusses paper Training class in the large librarj-, collection of books relating to pack- by Gillis. 216. Theory of the (Smith). 268-70. ing industry. 217-18; addresses Seymour, Mav. "Decimal classifica- Travel side of the conference. 197- Trustees' section. 271. tion." 227-30. 203. Wright, Willard H.. "Is libran,- cen- Sick leave (rpt. of com. on library Trustees* section, see A. L. A. Trus- sorship desirable?". 59-60. administration), 96. tees' section. Wyer, James I.. Jr.. minute of regret Small. A. J., president pro tempore Tyler. Alice S.. elected to Executive at absence of. 54; letter of greeting Special libraries association, 217. board, 69, 192; "Effect of the com- from. 55; "What the community Smith, Faith E., presides round table, mission plan of city government on owes the library" (president's ad- Children's librarians' section. 246; public libraries," 98-103; presides dress), 55-9; represents A. L. A. at theory of the training class in the fifth general session, 185-95. Atlantic City meeting. 69; tele- larRc library, 268-70; secretary Underbill, Caroline M., member com. gram from. 130; memhiT public Professional training section, 271. on library training. 192. documents com.. 192. Smith, Laura, member com. on work Utley, George B., rpt. of secretary, Zachert, Adeline B.. secrctarj* Chil- with blind, 192. 65-71; represents A. L. A. at Wis- dren's librarians' section. 251. Social side of the conference, 195-7. consin library conference, 69; mem- Zelenko. A., speaks on settlement Special libraries association, received ber of com. on program, 69, 192. work in Moscow, 247. BULLETIN

OF THE AMEEiCAN Library Association

Entered na Kecond-olasB matter December 27, 1909. at the PoBt-OflBce at Chicago, III. Under Act ot Congress, July 16, 1894.

VoT.. 5, No. 4. CHICAGO, ILL. Jm.y, 1911

CONTENTS: Papers and Proceedings of the Pasadena Conference

OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION :

PRESIDENT

James I. Wyer, Jr. - - - - New York State Library

FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT

Mrs. H. L. Ei.mendori' - - - Buffalo Public Libj-ary

SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT

W. Dawson Johnston - - Columbia University Library

TREASURER Carl B. Roden Chicago Public Library

SECRETARY

George B. Utley - - - - A. L. A. Executive Office

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