Demonstration of the Bzura River Restoration Using Diatom Indices

Home , Bzura, Pilica (river), Rudawa (river), Skawinka, Vistula

Biologia 66/3: 411—417, 2011 Section Botany DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0032-3

Demonstration of the Bzura River restoration using diatom indices

Barbara Rakowska & Ewelina Szczepocka

Algology Laboratory, Department of Algology and Mycology, University ofLód´ z, 12/16 Banacha Str. PL-20-237 Lód´ z, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: The quality of running waters is reflected in the composition of benthic diatom assemblages. The biological assessment of changes in the composition, and thus of changes in water quality, was carried out in the lowland mid-sized Bzura River, Central Poland, over the period of 30 years. The benthic diatom material consisted of samples collected in two investigation periods, in 1972 and in 2003–2004. The methods applied were three diatom indices, IPS – Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index, GDI – Genetic Diatom Index and TDI –Trophic Diatom Index, and the OMNIDIA computer program, which are commonly used in Europe. The aim of the study was demonstrating the process of restoration that occurred in the river. The Bzura was included to the most polluted ones in Poland till 1996. Since 1998 a gradual improvement in water quality has been observed, which is caused by a number of biological-technical measures, mostly a proper organization of sewage management in most cites located on the river. In 1972 the IPS classified Bzura water into Water Quality Class IV-V, while in 2003–2004 it reached much higher values, i.e. Class III-IV. On the basis of the GDI Class III was determined in the whole river in 2003–2004, while its values indicated Class III-IV in 1972. The trophic index, TDI attributed Bzura water to the eutrophic to hypereutrophic zone in 2003–2004, and to one degree better water, i.e. from the mesoeutrophic to eutrophic zone, in 1972. From the carried out research it follows that the IPS is the best index, which may be commonly applied to assess saprobic pollution of running waters in Poland. It indicated an improvement in water that occurred in the Bzura over 30 years and took into account the impact of pollution sources and tributaries in given river sections. Key words: Bacillariophyceae; biological assessment of water quality; indicator species

Introduction and phytobentos, benthic invertebrate fauna, and fish fauna, play the main indicator role in biological water To comply with WFD (Framework Water Directive assessment. Analyses of phytobenthos have been lim- 2000/60/EC) requirements assessment of water quality ited to diatoms only. On the basis of diatom indicator should be carried out using indicator organisms, which values diatom indices used in the biological assessment supply precise information on conditions occurring in of running water quality have been developed; these the environment. Till recently the assessment of water indices are such as DES – Descy’s (1979) Index, EPI- quality was carried out mainly on the basis of physico- D – Eutrophication/Pollution Index based on Diatoms chemical analysis, which determined water quality on (Dell‘Uomo 1996), IBD – Indice Biologique Diatomeé the very moment of the measurement. This measure- (Lenoir & Coste 1996), IDAP – Indice Diatomique ment was incomplete and much biased, because wa- Artois-Picardie (Prygiel et al. 1996), GDI – Generic Di- ter quality experiences short-term quality fluctuations, atom Index (Coste & Ayphassorho 1991), IPS – Specific for example when pollutants are being released to it. Pollution Sensitivity Index (CEMAGREF 1982), LMI – In contrast, water organism inhabiting an investigated Leclercq & Maquet’s (1987) Index, SLA – Sládečka’s ecosystem are continuously affected by specific physico- Index (1986), TDI – Trophic Diatom Index (Kelly & chemical conditions ensuing from the type and degree Whitton 1995). of pollutants, hence their composition enables the re- Numerous investigations of diatom indices carried searcher a more objective determination of water qual- on in the world aim at selecting the index group that ity. precisely and objectively assess water quality. The in- Since the 1st May 2004 Poland has been a full dices of this group would be widely used in applied sci- right member of the European Union and, consequently, ences and serve scientific and management centers to has been obliged to implement Framework Water Di- assess the biological quality of water. rective 2000/60/EC (WFD). The WFD was voted by Large-scale investigations using diatom indices, in- the European Parliament and the Council of the Eu- cluding monitoring studies, are carried on in France ropean Union in 2000; it deals with ecology and water (Prygiel & Coste 1999; Prygiel 2002), Great Britain protection problems. According to WFD assumptions, (Kelly et al. 1995; Kelly 1998; Kelly 2003; Kelly et al. four groups of organisms, phytoplankton, macrophytes 2008) and Finland (Eloranta & Soininen 2002). Diatom

c 2011 Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences 412 B. Rakowska &E.Szczepocka indices were also successfully applied outside Europe, in sis of three diatom indices: IPS, GDI, TDI. The assess- Africa for example (Harding et al. 2005; Rey et al. 2004; ment was carried out for two sampling periods, in 1972 Taylor et al. 2007). (Rakowska 1977), when the rivers was most polluted, In Poland, investigations on diatom indices were and in 2003–2004 (Szczepocka 2008), when an improve- carried out by Kwadrans et al. (1999), Bogaczewicz- ment in water quality was observed in physico-chemical Adamczak & Ko´zlarska (1999), Rakowska (2001), analyses. This assessment enabled demonstrating the Bogaczewicz-Adamczak et al. (2001), Bogaczewicz- process of the Bzura River restoration, which began Adamczak & Dziengo (2003), Zgrundo & Bogaczewicz- with proper organizing of sewage management along Adamczak (2004), Zelazowski˙ et al. (2004). Till today, the river course. respective investigations concerned mostly the application of three indices, IPS – Specific Pollution Sensitiv- Study area ity Index (CEMAGREF 1982), GDI – Generic Diatom Index (Coste & Ayphassorho 1991), TDI – Trophic Di- The Bzura is a left tributary of the Vistula River, emptying atom Index (Kelly & Whitton 1995) for the assessment to the latter at 587.3 km from the sources; its mean dis- of water quality in the rivers of southern Poland (Odra, charge at the outlet is 28.6 m3/s. If flows across two large Wisla, Raba) and in northern Poland (water of the Bay administrative regions of Central Poland, theLód´ zandthe Mazovian Voivodeships. The length of the river is 166.2 km, of Gdańsk). 2 In the present paper these three indices were ap- and the area of its catchment 7,787.5 km . In the 60s and 70s of the 20th c. the Bzura River per- plied for the assessment of water quality in central formed the function of a typical sewage canal, to which huge Poland using the Bzura, one of the largest rivers of the amounts of industrial and communal waste-water were re- Lód´ z Region, as an example. leased. All this caused the Bzura River to be included to the The aim of the present study was the biological as- most polluted rivers in Poland till 1966. In the 90s of the sessment of water quality in the Bzura River on the ba- 20th c., owing to the liquidation of much industry, mainly

Table 1. Chemical water parameters of the Bzura River in 1972 and in 2004.

Site Dissolved oxygen BOD5 Ammonia nitrogen Phosphates mg O2/L mg O2/L mg N/L mg PO4/L

1972 2004 1972 2004 1972 2004 1972 2004

1nodate

2 average 7.7 average 10.15 min 2.8 min 1.9 min 0.19 min no detected min 0.18 min 0.12 max 14.0 max 4.4 max 10.3 max 0.45 max 0.94 max 0.43 average 8.4 average 2.6 average 10.49 average 0.2 average 0.56 average 0.24

3 not detected average 8.167 min 100.0 min 3.0 min 1.0 min 0.17 min 0.66 min 0.13 max 520.0 max 8.4 max 33.0 max 0.6 max 6.0 max 1.62 average 310.0 average 5.03 average 17.0 average 0.36 average 3.33 average 0.57

4 not detected average 10.09 min 40.0 min 3.0 min 1.0 min 0.71 min 0.42 min 0.15 max 280.0 max 6.7 max 48.5 max 1.85 max 12.5 max 0.57 average 160.0 average 5.0 average 24.75 average 1.17 average 6.46 average 0.35

5 not detected no data min 70.0 min 0.5 min 5.0 min 0.01 min 0.32 min 0.01 max 300.0 max 24.0 max 23.4 max 1.51 max 5.5 max 0.68 average 185.0 average 4.05 average 14.2 average 0.62 average 2.91 average 0.28

6 not detected no data min 30.0 min 1.0 min 1.0 min 0.02 min 0.56 min no detected max 300.0 max 11.6 max 19.0 max 5.48 max 23.0 max 4.26 average 165.0 average 3.14 average 10.0 average 1.32 average 11.78 average 0.6

7 average 4.5 average 9.0 min 16.0 min 2.0 min 1.0 min 0.15 min 0.19 min 0.1 max 96.0 max 5.6 max 12.9 max 0.73 max 1.0 max 0.58 average 56.0 average 2.7 average 6.95 average 0.39 average 0.6 average 0.36

8 average 4.4 average 9.14 min 6.4 min 2.0 min 0.3 min 0.22 no data min 0.19 max 48.6 max 6.5 max 2.2 max 0.74 max 0.92 average 27.5 average 2.8 average 1.25 average 0.46 average 0.61

9 average 3.4 average 9.57 min 6.8 min 2.0 min 0.26 min 0.25 no data min 0.21 max 24.5 max 8.7 max 3.25 max 1.32 max 0.89 average 15.65 average 3.3 average 1.76 average 0.51 average 0.57 Demonstration of the Bzura River restoration using diatom indices 413

Table 2. Ranges of IPS, GDI, TDI, and their respective Water Quality Classes, and ecological status (after Dumnicka et al. 2006, modiﬁed).

Class of Water Quality IPS GDI Status TDI Troph

I >17 >17 High <35 oligotroph II 15–17 14–17 Good 35–50 olig-mesotrophy III 12–15 11–14 Moderate 50–60 mesotrophy IV 8–12 8–11 Poor 60–75 eutrophy V <8 <8Bad >75 hypertrophy

* Congruent with the Decree of the Minister of the Environment from 20 Sept 2008 (Anonymous 2008)

textile one in the towns ofLód´ z, Zgierz and Ozorków, and Wyszogród City also owing to the construction of several dozen water purification plants (mostly the Zgierz Joint Enterprise Water Vistula River Purification Plant) water quality in the Bzura started grad- ually, but continuously improving. Improvements in the values of oxygen-demand and nutrient indices calculated for Sochaczew T. this river, which were observed in recent years, testifies to Orłów the beginning of a self-purification process in the river (Ta- ble 1). Łowicz T. The Bzura and its tributaries have been partially cov- Łęczyca T. ered by renaturization programs. One of the first rena- Bzura River turization projects in Poland is the one realized in the Ozorków T. Sokolówka River (left Bzura’s tributary) (Wagner et al. 2008). Other realized or planned projects concern partic- Zgierz T. ularly fragments of the Bzura selected for the NATURA Aniołów 2000 program, which are particularly threatened by human Łódź City activity. Within this framework, dredging of a section of the lower Bzura, renaturazation of theLasica Canal and purification of the Utrata River together with creation of the Fig. 1. Sampling sites on the Bzura River. Kampinon-Teresin Reservoir is intended. Nine sites on the Bzura were selected for sampling: 1–Lód´z-Arturówek, 2 – Zgierz-Krzywie (upsteam of the ZgierzTown),3–Aniolów (downstream of the Zgierz then percentages of given taxa within each were calculated Town), 4 – Parzyce (downstream of the Ozorków Town), (Cholnoky 1968). 5 – Witaszewice (downstream of theL˛ eczyca Town), 6 – The biological assessment of water quality in the Bzura Orlów, 7 –Lowicz (upstream of the town), 8 – Sochaczew was carried out using the OMNIDIA computer software (upstream of the town), 9 – Wyszogród (Fig. 1). The sites (version 4.1). The input data were diatom taxa whose abun- were the same in both sampling periods. dance percentages were higher than 0.75% (no less than three frustules). To assess the biological water quality in Material and methods the investigated sites, three diatom indices were used: IPS – Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index (CEMAGREF 1982), Samples were collected in 2003–2004 from the river bottom. GDI – Genetic Diatom Index (Coste & Ayphassorho 1991) They were benthos occurring on sandy, epipsammon, and and TDI – Trophic Diatom Index (Kelly & Whitton 1995). on muddy, epipelon, sediments. Each site was the coastal, These indices have already been used in Poland for estimat- 100 m long section of the river. Benthos was collected from ing the water quality of running waters and gave positive mid-speed water flow places (i.e. those with no current results. and pools). Algological material was collected using a glass The IPS and GDI are scaled 1 through 20, a higher pipette to 100 ml containers, not disturbing the sediment. value of an index indicating better water quality. The TDI, 4% formalin was used for sample preservation (PN-EN ISO the trophic index, is scaled 1 through 100 and presents 5667–3 (2003)). A total of 121 microbenthos samples were a reversed dependence: the higher the value of the index collected. In 1972 samples were taken from the same sites as the worse the water quality. Ranges of the indices were at- in 2003–2004 and they also consisted of benthos occurring tributed to respective Water Quality Classes, determined on muddy substrate collected with a pipette. on the basis of precise criteria of water quality, which are A mixture of sulfuric and chromic acids was used to established according to the Decree of the Minister of the obtain diatom slides, by the removal of protoplast from Environment from 20 Sept 2008 (Anonymous 2008) about diatom cells and leaving only silica frustules. From such the classification of surface waters; each of these classes is burned material permanent slides in the artificial Naphrax also attributed a respective ecological status. The range of resin were made, which served to identify diatom taxa. Also, the TDI informs about trophy (Table 2). permanent slides made in 1972 (from diatoms collected by Relationships between diatom indices used for the as- Rakowska 1977) were included; these were inspeted again sessment of water quality (IPS, GDI, TDI) and physical to carry out a taxonomic verification congruent with the and chemical variables determining the water environment presently valid diatomological literature. Qualitative evalu- were estimated with the Kendall correlation coefficient (Zar ation was based on methods developed by Rakowska (2001). 1984). The respective analysis was carried out for five en- Frustules were counted to obtain 400 specimen datasets, and vironmental parameters (water temperature, dissolved oxy- 414 B. Rakowska &E.Szczepocka

16 Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing, Gomphonema parvu- 1972 14 2003-2004 lum var. parvulum (Kützing) Kützing,Naviculagre- garia Donkin, Navicula lanceolata (Agardh) Ehren- 12 berg, Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith, Stephan- 10 odiscus hantzschii Grunow in Cleve & Grunow,Ulnaria ulna (Nitzsch) Compere. These taxa are characteristic 8 for polluted waters, which testify to a high pollution 6 degree of the Bzura both in the 70s and in 2003–2004.

4 In 2003–2004 more sensitive species dominated in the diatom assemblages of the Bzura than in 1972; 2 these were: Achnanthidium minutissimum (Kützing) 0 Czarnecki, Cocconeis placentula var.lineata(Ehren- St. 1 St. 2 St. 3 St. 4 St. 5 St. 6 St. 7 St. 8 St. 9 berg) Van Heurck, Gomphonema olivaceum (Horne- Fig. 2. IPS ranges in the Bzura River in 1972 and in 2003–2004. mann) Brébisson, Melosira varians Agardh,Merid- ion circulare (Greville) Agardh, Planothidium rostra- tum (Oestrup) Lange-Bertalot, Rhoicosphenia abbreviata (Agardh) Lange-Bertalot. The appearance of these 16 diatom species testifies to an improvement in water in 1972 14 2003-2004 the river. An improvement in the quality of the Bzura water 12 was also confirmed in the biological assessment carried

10 out on the basis of diatom indices (IPS, GDI, TDI). The IPS indicated Class IV (except the outﬂow section 8 where Class V was recorded) along the whole course

6 of the river in 1972, whereas Class III-IV in 2003–2004 (Fig. 4). The highest value of the IPS in 2003–2004 was 4 16.2 in site 8 (Sochaczew), while the lowest, 7.1, in site 7

2 (Lowicz). In 1972 its highest value was 13.3, while the lowest 4.2. The mean IPS values were also decidedly 0 higher in 2003–2004 (Fig. 2). St. 1 St. 2 St. 3 St. 4 St. 5 St. 6 St. 7 St. 8 St. 9 On the basis of the GDI, Class III-IV was recorded Fig. 3. GDI ranges in the Bzura River in 1972 and in 2003–2004. in 1972. In 2003–2004 the index indicated Class III along the whole river course (Figs 3, 4). Due to the very strong pollution in the 70s of the 20th c. the indi- gen, BOD5, ammonia nitrogen, phosphates) and 59 samples cated quality classes are decidedly overestimated, while originating from 2003–2004. Chemical variables were log- the values of the GDI in 2003–2004 did not show any transformed to improve the normality of their distributions. differences of the water along the whole course. The trophic TDI in 1972 classified the river water Results to the mesosaprobic to eutrophic zone, and in 2003– 2004 to the eutrophic to hypereutrophic zone (Table 3, A total of 121 microbenthos samples were collected in Fig. 4). the nine selected sites, and 290 diatom taxa were iden- Analysis of the relationship between diatom indices tified (Bacillariophyceae). While analysing the struc- and environmental variables carried out with the non- ture of benthic diatom assemblages over the 30 be- parametric Kendall correlation (Zar 1984) indicated the tween research years it was determined that both occurrence of significant relationships between the anal- study periods were dominated by the same species: ysed variables (Table 4). Indices related to saprobic wa-

Table 3. TDI ranges in the Bzura River in 1972 and in 2003–2004.

1972 2002–2004

St. 1.Lód´ z-Arturówek 66.2–84.1 eutrophy 54.4–88.6 eutrophy St. 2. Zgierz-Krzywie 64.3–77.4 eutrophy 60.5–84.0 eutrophy St.3.Aniolów 71.5–97.2 hypertrophy St. 4. Parzyce 55.4–64.3 mesotrophy 64.2–80.8 eutrophy St. 5. Witaszewice 49.8–73.0 mesotrophy 64.7–81.3 eutrophy St.6.Orlów 51.0–63.3 mesotrophy 60.8–86.6 eutrophy St. 7.Lowicz 63.9–74.5 eutrophy 64.5–88.2 hypertrophy St. 8. Sochaczew 70.3–79.8 eutrophy 66.0–85.5 hypertrophy St. 9. Wyszogród 65.7–77.2 eutrophy 56.3–84.3 hypertrophy Demonstration of the Bzura River restoration using diatom indices 415 1972 2003-2004

IPS

Class I

Class II

Class III

Class IV

GDI Class V

Fig. 4. Water Quality Classes of the Bzura River determined on the basis of the IPS and GDI in 1972 and 2003–2004. ter pollution (IPS, GDI) significantly negatively corre- lum var. parvulum (Kützing) Kützing,Naviculagre- lated with temperature and phosphates, while signifi- garia Donkin, Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith, cantly positively with dissolved oxygen. The TDI index Stephanodiscus hantzschii Grunow in Cleve & Grunow displayed opposite relationships, i.e. it positively corre- are frequently noted in other polluted rivers in Poland, lated with temperature and phosphates, and negatively for example in numerous tributaries of the upper sec- with dissolved oxygen. tion of the Vistula River (L˛aczański Canal; the Rudawa, Skawinka, Rudno Rivers) (Kwadrans et al. 1999), in Discussion polluted outlow sections of rivers emptying to the Puck Bay (Bogacewicz-Adamczak & Dziengo 2003), and to The Bzura River was investigated by Rakowska (1972, the Bay of Gdańsk (Bogacewicz-Adamczak & Ko´zlarska 1974, 1976, 1977) during its highest pollution (BOD5 1999, Zgrundo & Bogacewicz-Adamczak 2004), the approached then 300 mg/L in theL˛ eczyca site). The Ner River (Kosobudzka 2007) and the Jeziorska River process of restoration in the river has been demon- (Ochman 2003). In rivers with better water quality strated in the present study by comparing the composi- (Class III), such as the Pilica for example, sensitive tion of diatom assemblages occurring in the microben- and tolerant species dominate, among others: Achnan- thos in 1972 and in 2003–2004. Changes in the structure thidium minutissimum (Kützing) Czarnecki, Cocconeis of benthic diatom assemblages that occurred in the pe- neodiminuta Krammer, Cocconeis placentula Ehren- riod of 30 years are an expression of improvement of berg, Geissleria decussis (Øestrup) Lange-Bertalot et the water quality of the river. Metzeltin, Melosira varians Agardh, Navicula reichard- Diatoms dominating in assemblages, included to tiana Lange-Bertalot, Planothidium frequentissimum species that are resistant to water pollution, such as (Lange-Bertalot) Lange-Bertalot, Psuedostaurosira bre- Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing, Gomphonema parvu- vistriata (Grunow) Williams & Round, Rhoicosphenia 416 B. Rakowska &E.Szczepocka

Table 4. Kendall correlation coeﬃcient values between diatom indices and selected environmental variables. Signiﬁcant correlations are in bold font.

Kendall correlation coeﬃcient p < 0.05; n =59 Variables IPS GDI TDI

Temperature –0.260381 –0.149735 0.210782 Dissolved oxygen (mg O2/L) 0.295536 0.145657 –0.266705 BOD5 –0.088902 –0.034287 0.010251 Ammonia nitrogen (mg N/L−1) 0.082381 0.107234 –0.136893 −1 Phosphates (mg PO4/L ) –0.294525 –0.195633 0.263816

abbreviata (Agardh) Lange-Bertalot, Staurosira pinnata significant correlations were proved between BOD5 and Ehrenberg (Szczepocka & Szulc 2009). ammonia nitrogen and any of the three diatom indices. In the present study, diatom indices that are most The IPS was most significantly, and negatively, cor- frequently applied in biological assessment of running related with phosphates, while positively with dissolved waters (IPS, GDI and TDI) were used. The IPS and oxygen. No significant relationship between IPS and GDI, which are based on the highest, practically 100% BOD5 and ammonia nitrogen was displayed. Similar participation of diatom taxa input to the OMNIDIA relationships were noted in rivers of southern Poland, software, were selected for the saprobic evaluation of i.e. no correlation between IPS and BOD5 and ni- the Bzura River water. In turn the TDI, determining trates (Kwandrans et al. 1999). In contrast, the IPS trophy, is a commonly used index in Europe and Poland positively correlated with nitrates in rivers of north- (Kelly et al. 1995, Kelly 1998, Kelly 1993, Kelly et al. ern Poland emptying to the Bay of Gdańsk (Zgrundo 2008). The IPS and GDI were applied to the evaluation & Bogaczewicz-Adamczak 2004). The GDI, similarly of water quality in the rivers of southern Poland: Odra, as IPS, negatively correlated with phosphates, but no Vistula and Raba. These indices seem suitable for the correlation with other environmental variables was ob- assessment of the quality of freshwaters (Kawecka et al. tained. In rivers of southern Poland, the GDI negatively 1999, Kwadrans et al. 1999). Besides, the IPS and GDI correlated with BOD5. The TDI negatively correlated indices occurred in the group of indices proposed for with dissolved oxygen and positively with phosphates. the estimation of water quality of the Bay of Gdańsk Identical relationships were obtained for rivers of south- (Bogaczewicz-Adamczak & Dziengo 2003). ern Poland (Kwandrans et al. 1999). From the carried out investigations if follows that Based on our results we can conclude that changes the IPS is the best index, which may be commonly ap- in the structure of benthic diatoms that occurred in 30 plied in Poland for the assessment of the quality of years manifest the process of restoration of the Bzura saprobic pollution of running waters. Its universality River that occurred owing to decreasing amounts of ensues from considering the highest number of taxa industrial sewage input to the river and owing to the (about 2500) (Prygiel et al. 1999). The obtained re- construction of several dozen sewage purification plants sults indicate a high diversity of water quality in given along its whole course. This was also confirmed by sections of the Bzura Rivers. The index precisely takes physico-chemical investigations of water carried on by into account the impact of pollution sources in a river the Voivodeship Inspectorates of Environmental Pro- and its tributaries. IPS values indicate an improvement tection inLód´ z and Warsaw (Anonymous 2005). of water quality in the river. The Class changed from The biological analysis using the indicator values IV–V in 1972 to III–IV in 2003–2004. of benthic diatoms, which constitute the basis for cal- The GDI did not differentiate water quality in the culating indices determining the saprobity and trophy Bzura in the two investigation periods, simultaneously of running waters seems to be a satisfactorily precise overestimating the water quality classes in the river and objective method. Besides the Bzura, the biologi- both in 2003–2004 and in 1972. cal assessment was carried out in other rivers of Central The TDI raised most doubts, mainly because it Poland, which are variously organically polluted, e.g. does not take into account centric diatoms, which in the Ner River (Kosobudzka 2007), Widawka (Gazda the Bzura are dominants; it may perhaps perform well 2008), and Pilica (Szczepocka & Szulc 2009). in rivers of low species richness of the Centrales order. The choice of the diatom index for the assessment The TDI-UK is commonly used in Great Britain of water quality should be customized to specific hy- and Wales for assessing the degree of trophy (Kelly et drological and geological conditions occurring in given al. 1995, Kelly 1998, Kelly et al. 2008). Also in Finland rivers, and thus should be different for mountainous and it is included to the group of indices that best indicate lowland, as well as small and large ones. changes in water quality (Eloranta & Kwadrans 1996, Eloranta & Soininen 2002). Kendall nonparametric correlation analysis dis- References played significant relationships between the environmental variables of temperature, dissolved oxygen, and Anonymous a 2005. Raport WIOS´ Lód´z 2005. Raport o stanie phosphates and all diatom indices (IPS, GDI, TDI). No ´srodowiska w województwie lódzkim w 2004 roku. Demonstration of the Bzura River restoration using diatom indices 417

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