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HIV/AIDS in News – Journalists As Catalysts

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HIV/AIDS in News – Journalists As Catalysts Population Foundation of India HIV/AIDS in News – Journalists as Catalysts Population Foundation of India POPULATION FOUNDATION OF INDIA B-28, Qutub Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 016 email: [email protected] Phone: 91-11-52899770 Support Team Usha Rai Rimjhim Jain Swapna Majumdar © United Nations Development Programme 2005. All rights are reserved. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, quoted, reproduced or trans- lated, in part or in full, provided the source is acknowledged. The document may not be sold or used in conjunction with commercial purposes without prior written approval from UNDP. The analysis and policy recommendations of this report do not necessarily represent the views of the United Nations Development Programme. Designed & Printed by Dharana, Tel.: +91-11-24317735, 24318328 email: [email protected] Cover photograph by The Servants of the People Society, Chandigarh Contents Foreword VII SECTION 1 – The Media Study HIV/AIDS in News ■ An Overview 3 ■ Karnataka 17 ■ Punjab 28 ■ Uttar Pradesh 36 ■ Review of TV News Coverage 46 SECTION 2 – The Many Dimensions of HIV/AIDS Tracking Changes in the HIV/AIDS Epidemic 53 Removing the HIV Stigma 54 India’s Response to the HIV Epidemic 61 The Cost of the HIV Epidemic 69 Time For Women to be Seen and Heard 77 Finding the Way out of the Needle Maze 86 Children Show the Way 88 Seeking the Right Prescription 95 Standing Up for Their Rights 103 Positive Voices 110 SECTION 3 – Useful Information Do’s and Don’ts – the Ethics of Reporting on HIV/AIDS 123 Media Guidelines from Consultations 129 Quiz 131 Facts & Myths 133 Frequently Asked Questions 139 Appropriate Terminology 150 List of Contacts/Websites 151 Helpline Assistance 155 Newspaper Clippings 158 Media Workshop Structure 162 Message To fight the HIV/AIDS epidemic which has become a major health issue in the country a larger alliance encompassing all sections of society is needed. No one can afford to just sit back, everyone has to be proactive. The media is an important partner in cre- ating awareness about the infection and its management. With the HIV/AIDS epidemic now spreading into remote corners of the country and affecting all sections of society, the fourth estate has to be at the forefront of the fight against the infection and has a special responsibility in informing the public. I compliment the Population Foundation of India for undertaking a media survey of HIV/AIDS stories in newspapers and TV channels and analysing its impact on stigma and discrimination of those affected. It will help the government and our national and interna- tional partners in working better with the media in the fight against the epidemic. Despite India’s deeply religious moorings and a culture that believes that sexuality is a sacred relationship enshrined by wedlock, we now know that it does break the barrier in certain cases. A large number of those infected are extremely young and in the most productive years of their lives. The awareness generated by media goes beyond the normal official publicity on health issues. Therefore, this endeavour and the manual, is of special value. Prasanna Hota Secretary, Health and Family Welfare Government of India Message The United Nations Development Programme is committed to supporting the national response to the HIV epidemic. The focus of our approach is on supporting Government in advocating for policies that are inclusive and address HIV/AIDS as a development issue. India We believe that HIV/AIDS is not just a health issue; it is a development issue as it affects the economic and social fabric of our society. It is therefore important to build a multistakeholder partnership to address the issue and UNDP plays a lead role in sup- porting efforts to mainstream HIV into development work of various stakeholders. The media is an influential and far reaching stakeholder. Not only is it a powerful medi- um of communication and awareness generation, but it is also a key behaviour change medium as it can influence people’s opinions. Journalists can stimulate open and vibrant public debate about issues that underpin the HIV/AIDS pandemic, such as unequal gender relations, social inequalities, stigma and cultural norms, and they are uniquely placed to help break the silence. To facilitate responsible media reporting with a view to reducing Stigma and Discrimination within societies UNDP has supported the development of researchbased manuals with a state level focus. These manuals build upon the analysis of HIV/AIDS reportage in the print and electronic media in six select states. The aim is to use these manuals to strengthen media capacity on HIV/AIDS. Two com- plementary manuals have been developed in partnership with the Population Foundation of India & FAITH Health care Private Ltd with support from UNDP. The Resource book includes information on the various dimensions of HIV/AIDS; the ethics of reporting, appropriate language and guidelines for responsible reporting. The Training Manual is a hands on guide for training journalists. I would like to thank everyone who has contributed to the development of the resource book and the training manual. I hope that these manuals will be used effectively for media advocacy. Maxine Olson Resident Representative UNDP vii Foreword Would the number of HIV positive people in India have increased from just one in 1986 to 5.1 million in 2005 if the media had played a more pro-active role in the early years of the infection? The media, like others monitoring the epidemic, underestimat- ed its gravity and seriousness. Would HIV positive people have been thrown into isolation wards as happened with Dominic D’Souza in Goa in 1989 and ten years later with Dhiren Sarkar of West Bengal if the media had presented a more realistic picture of the infection? When Dhiren’s wife and family discovered he was HIV positive they walked out on him. Some villagers even bolted the door to his house and tried to set him on fire. The police rescued him and moved him to a hospital in Katwa where he was left in an abandoned room. He was then transfered to Burdwan district hospital. Sarkar died a couple of days later in a dark little corner of the hospital unwanted, deprived of his basic rights as a human being. Afraid of stigma and discrimination, even today a large number of infected people commit suicide. In most parts of the country there is still an ominous silence around HIV/AIDS. At the intel- lectual level there is still a debate on why so much money and importance is given to this comparatively new infection as against tuberculosis, malaria and a spate of other ailments. In May 2005 under a UNDP-funded project, the Population Foundation of India appoint- ed veteran journalist Usha Rai to examine the role of the media in relation to stigma and discrimination faced by HIV affected people. She was supported by journalists Rimjhim Jain and Swapna Majumdar. Research was conducted on media coverage of HIV/AIDS in newspapers in Karnataka, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh and in seven national television news channels. The six-month survey shows that there is a big gap in what the media has been writing on HIV/AIDS and the expectations of HIV positive people on what they perceive should be the media’s role in reporting on the issue. Though there is considerable coverage of HIV/AIDS most of it is often superficial – reporting of events or statements by celebrities. This manual is an attempt to bridge the communication gap between the media, posi- tive people, NGOs working on the issue and the State AIDS Control Societies. A R Nanda Executive Director, Population Foundation of India Section I The Media Study An Overview 3 HIV/AIDS in News: An Overview The news media is a powerful agent of social and political change and in a country like India where 50% of the population is illiterate or neo-literate, the printed word is taken as gospel truth and the images on television can excite viewers. Both leave a lasting impression. Even an innocuous news story can mould public perceptions and sensibilities. While the media has This is particularly so while addressing a health concern like HIV/AIDS that is com- started taking active paratively new despite the epidemic being in its 25th year. It is a virus that has many dimensions and inbuilt prejudices associated with it. Its mode of transmission note of the issue and the makes it susceptible to be associated with deviant behaviors that have negative visibility of HIV/AIDS perceptions in the public mind. Thus, reporting on HIV/AIDS issues needs to be stories has gone up, extremely responsible. Ill-informed reporting can cause repercussions including stig- ma and discrimination against people affected by HIV/AIDS. It can lead to people there was a general feel- losing jobs and being thrown out of homes. On the other hand, stories written with ing that reporting on it empathy can have them being feted as the champions of a brave new world. was often insensitive and caused further stigma Since this is an epidemic whose dynamics are constantly changing, those covering the issue need to keep themselves abreast of the latest developments. Changes associat- and discrimination ed with HIV/AIDS are happening not only in medical research but also in the spread of against affected persons the virus to every section of society. While the media has started taking active note of the issue and the visibility of HIV/AIDS stories has increased, there is a general feeling that reporting is often insensitive and causes further stigma and discrimination against affected persons.
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