CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH

CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH

Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS) International Labour Organization (ILO) Copyright © International Labour Organization 2019 First published 2019 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country.

FUNDAMENTALS Child labour monitoring in action in North-West Bangladesh / International Labour Organization, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS), Geneva: ILO, 2019. ISBN: 978-92-2-133041-7 (Print); 978-92-2-133042-4 (Web PDF) International Labour Organization. Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This publication was elaborated by Asha D’Souza, consultant, for FUNDAMENTALS and coordinated by Gurchaten Sandhu, Bobur Nazarmuhamedov and Ricardo Furman from FUNDAMENTALS Geneva Office. The report has been produced under the framework of the Project “Country Level Engagement and Assistance to Reduce Child Labour” (CLEAR) (GLO/13/22/USA). Funding for this publication is provided by the United States Department of Labor (USDOL) under cooperative agreement number IL-24943-13-75-K. One hundred per cent of the total costs of the project is financed for a total of $7,950,000. This material does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government.

The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: www.ilo.org/publns.

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Available only in PDF electronic version Cover photo © Md Abdul Jalil Photocomposed by Romy Kanashiro, Lima, Peru 4. ROOMFORIMPROVEMENT 3. INGREDIENTSOFSUCCESS 2. ZOOMINGINONTHEPROCESS TABLE OFCONTENTS 1. THEPOLITICALWILLTOELIMINATE...... CHILDLABOUR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...... ABBREVIATIONS...... 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.2 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 Data management. Upscaling fromlocaltonational ...... Workplace safety. Time constraint ...... Mapping ofservices Alternative beforewithdrawal...... Work toschool transition...... Enforcement withoutsanctions Safety netlinkage...... Young volunteer activists...... Sustained, large-scalelocalownership. Post-project...... sustainability Semi-urban vsruralareas...... Information capture Commitment tonochildlabourbyemployers...... 2.5.2 2.5.1 Remedial actionforchildrenandfamilies...... Monitoring workplaces Setting thestage. Well-grounded...... selection Expectations ofCLMS...... Community-based child labourmonitoring Community-based child Institutional commitment andcapacity. Institutional commitment ...... Economic transformation ...... Enrolment inStateschools Links tosafetynetprogrammes...... 27 23 30 29 29 29 28 27 23 25 25 24 24 21 21 20 20 18 16 13 11 10 vii 9 1 9 9 7 4 1 v

iii CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH iv CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH ANNEXES...... REFERENCES. 6. THEWAY FORWARD...... 5. RECOMMENDATIONS FORREPLICATION...... ANNEX 3HAZARDOUSPROCESSESANDACTIVITIES MONITORINGFORMS ANNEX 2:CHILDLABOUR ANNEX 1 CHILD LABOUR SURVEYFORM,RANGPUR ANNEX 1CHILDLABOUR 5.5 5.4 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.8 4.7 Recruitment ofmonitors...... andtraining Information managementsystem...... Coalition ofGovernmentandnon-governmentinstitutions Investigation oftheroot causesofchildlabour. Selection ofoperationalareas. Policy change...... Knowledge gaps...... 41 39 37 33 48 43 41 36 35 34 34 33 31 31 ABBREVIATIONS WFP WB VGD/VGF USDOL UIE ToT ROSC NPC NPA NGO NCLWC MOLE IPEC GOB ESDO EGP DIG DIFE DCRMF DCLWC CWSG CLEAR CLEAN CLMS BGMEA BDT BBS

The World Food Programme The World Bank Vulnerable GroupDevelopment/Feeding ofLabor United StatesDepartment Urban InformalEconomyProject, DhakaCity ChildrenProgrammeReaching Out-of-school National Programme Coordinator Non-governmental Organization National ChildLabourWelfare Council ofLabourandEmployment Ministry International Programme ontheEliminationofChildLabour Government ofthePeople’s Republic ofBangladesh DevelopmentOrganization, Bangladesh Eco-Social 100-day EmploymentGenerationProgramme Deputy InspectorGeneral,DIFE ofInspectionforFactoriesDepartment andEstablishments District ChildRightsMonitoringForum Divisional ChildLabourWelfare Council Community-based Workplace Group Surveillance LevelEngagementandAssistancetoReduce ChildLabor Country Child LabourEliminationActionNetwork,Bangladesh Child LabourMonitoringSystem(s) Association Bangladesh GarmentManufacturers’andExporters’ Bangladesh Taka Bangladesh BureauofStatistics Training of Trainers National PlanofActionfortheeliminationchildlabour

v CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH

SUMMARY EXECUTIVE difficult toprovide alternativesources of income tothe families of child labourers andaccessto to beneficiaries. Hence, it was was because the CLEAR project didnotincludedirect services the 2,016identifiedonly 300werewithdrawnfromworkandenrolledin state schools.This diseases were referred to doctors at community clinics.Of suffering from injuries or respiratory workers away from sources of heat, etc were introduced through dialogue with employers. Those such asprotective gear,In somecases,workplaceimprovements changeofrolestokeep young listed ashazardousbythegovernment. matter of grave concern that 44 percentof those identified were inone of the 38 occupations these, 58 per cent were above the minimum age of admission to employment (14 years). It is a automobile repairworkshops, bidi (cigarette)andbrickmanufacturing,domesticwork,etc. Of Altogether 2,016childlabourerswereidentifiedin teastallsandeateries,farmingfishing, in each case concerningwithdrawalfromworkorplaceimprovementstoreducehazards. identified child labourers in their communitiesandimplementedthe decisions of the CWSGs by48 young Kurigramactivists who andLalmonirhatDistricts.These groups were supported Groups(CWSG)wereformedin45ruralUnionsandthreesemi-urbantownsof Surveillance 2018, a total of 144 Community-based WorkplaceBetween October2016 and January thus achievingSustainableDevelopmentGoal8.7. the governmenttoeliminateworstformsofchildlabourby2021andall2025, to thedeclaredaimof hereshouldbereplicatedonalargescaletocontribute CLMS described ofLabor-funded CLEARproject.Withwest undertheUSDepartment the someimprovement, Bangladesh (GOB), childlabourmonitoringwas piloted inthe remote ruralareasof the North- ofILO’sAs part technicalcooperationwiththeGovernmentofPeople’s Republic of of childlabour. and adultworkersin theworkplacewhichdiscouragesuse helptopromoteanewculture during visitsbetweenmonitors,employers measure, asinteraction It alsoactsasapreventive measures forworkplaceimprovementthatreducethe risk thatyoungworkers areexposedto. thatrestoretheirrights.Alternatively,them toservices monitors canrecommend community and track childrenwho are at risk of exploitative workand refer inspectorate. CLMS can identify outofreachthelabour workplaces thatareoften in monitoring members involves community to eliminatechildlabour,as it labour inspection its worstforms.Itcomplements particularly the local level, in enforcing nationallegislationand implementing National Plans of Action The Child LabourMonitoringSystem(CLMS)developedbytheILO has proved effectiveat vii CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH viii CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH North-west Bangladesharerequired: North-west Prior improvementsinthemonitoringsystemthatwascarriedout toitsreplication, certain a periodofthreetofiveyears. by themcanbecomechildlabourfreein Theysaythatthevillagesandtownscovered support. CLMS withoutexternal have allocatedfundsfromtheirbudgetstocontinue and municipalities Feedingprogramme. AbouttenUnions programmeandthe100-dayEmploymentGeneration social safety net programmesof the government, notablythe Vulnerable GroupDevelopment/ woman-headed households, in accessing priority tofamilies of child labourers,particularly gave on this.Severallocalgovernments conditional the issueandrenewaloftradelicenses commitment bymaking in mobilisingthe business communitytomake a ‘no childlabour’ Women playeda lead roleintheseas they have easier accesstohomes. The project succeeded in CWSGs. representatives and elected members involving over2,000influentialcommunity of childlabourby widespread awarenessaboutthenegativeimpacts created The project was alsoaconstraint. schooling non-formal educationorskillstrainingintheoperationalarea. The cost of secondary 2025. It is essential that CLMS become a vital component inplansfor eradication of child labour by             national levelsandinfluencepolicy-making. Labour Welfare CouncilsandMOLE’s Child LabourUnittoallowupscalingfromlocal district, divisionalandnationallevels withChild information sharingatsub-district, arrangements fortheirwithdrawalmadeintimeadmissionintoschool,and of CLMS such that underage childlabourerscanbe identified and timing the start families canbereferred; and their towhichchildlabourers development andotherincomegenerationservices entrepreneurship mapping ofnon-formaleducation, skillstraining,micro-credit, more thoroughinformationcapturebothintheworkplaceandhome; risks; of occupational and reduction in identification and CWSGmembers training ofvolunteers children arewithdrawnfromwork; families ofchildlabourersmustbeprovidedwithalternativesourcesincomeBEFORE economic transformation mainly to social changes starting withtheempowerment ofwomen. economic transformationmainlytosocialchanges starting Bangladesh’s onGlobalEconomyandDevelopmentatCornellUniversityattributes An expert in 2015. statusonthe Worldenabled Bangladesh to reachthe lower middle-incomecountry Bankscale 1. Economic transformation 1.1 Economic Three factorsbringthisgoalwithinreach: allocation ofUSD35millionfromthenationalbudget. Child LabourheldinBuenosAires,Argentina.This commitment hassincebeenbacked bythe of Eradication GlobalConferenceontheSustained this pledgeinNovember2017atthefourth of child labourby2025.The Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh (GOB) made Development Goal 8.7 by eradicatinghazardousforms of child labourby2021and all forms Bangladesh hassetitselfanambitioustarget–achievingtheUnitedNationsSustainable 3 2 1 1,274, Developed CountriesintheUN classification, with aGrossNationalIncomepercapitaof USD ofLeast In 2018,the47thyearofitsexistence,Bangladeshhasmovedoutcategory and territoriesworldwide. andwas ranked 136outof 189 countries it enteredthemediumhumandevelopmentcategory development, movingupthreenotchesinayearon theHumanDevelopmentIndex.In2017, that Bangladesh also improved significantly in social only yardstick of progress. It is noteworthy country-notes/BGD.pdf – Bangladeshp.2http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/Update 2018 UNDP HumanDevelopmentIndicesand Indicators:Statistical The World BankinBangladeshhttps://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bangladesh/overview UN Deptof Economic andSocialAffairshttps://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/LDC_profile_Bangladesh.pdf       the experiencewithChildLabourMonitoringSystems(CLMS). institutions atnationalandlocallevels; the commitmentandimprovedcapacityof governmental andnon-governmental inrecentyears; the economictransformationofcountry ELIMINATE CHILDLABOUR THE POLITICALWILLTO 1 anincreaseof about 178.6 per centbetween1990and2017. This rapid growth 2 Given the high levels of inequality in South Asia, per capita income cannotbe the 3

(lastupdatedOctober8,2018)

1 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 2 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH for,to theWorld according poverty.progress inreducing hasmaderemarkable Bank,thecountry Poverty isstillrampantinBangladesh and isthemaincauseof child labour. Here too, there ishope, He says: 7 6 5 From: 4 LatestReports/Bangladesh_ZilaUpazila_pov_est_2010.pdf Source: BBS/WFP/WB.Zila/UpazilaPoverty Mapestimates2010.Available at:http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/ 2016/17. Power Parity from 44.2 per cent in 1991 to 14.8 per cent in (PPP), it reduced poverty lineof USD1.90 perpersonday at 2011 PurchasingBased onthe international poverty below poverty line. below poverty of the population corporations, have towns managed a slightlysmallerproportion by municipal described here is beingcarriedouthigher than the national average. The ‘sadars’, small in the (Upazilas) where districts (zilas)andsub-districts the CLMS The incidence of poverty of BangladeshisstillcalledtheMongaarea,anareavulnerabletofloodsandfamine. Kaliganj Lalmonirhat Sadar LALMONIRHAT ZILA Ulipur Rajarhat Kurigram Sadar KURIGRAM ZILA lower andupperpoverty lines,theformerdesignatesExtreme Poor andthelatterPoor provide 2,122 essential fooditemsthat KCalories perpersonday. To thisoneaddsalower and upper non-foodallowancetocalculatethe Bangladesh calculatespovertylinesbased ontheCostof Basic Needs. The Food Poverty Line corresponds tothecostof a bundleof eleven The World Bank,Dhaka,Poverty 2013, Bangladesh Assessment:Assessinga decadeofprogressinReducing Poverty 2000 – 2010, p. 6 The World BankinBangladeshopcit isBangladeshbooming?”. Available at:www.brookings.edu/opinions/why-is-bangladesh-booming/ “Why Basu, Kaushik, May1,2018,Op-ed about 6percentayearsince2000. at between 1991 and 2010, and the economy has grown poverty escaped from than 20 million Bangladeshis has been no famine since 1974, more sceptics: There silenced the has increasingly nation. Since then, the country world’s secondpoorest theashesofaWar from Bangladesh emerged ofIndependence in 1971asthe Bangladeshis’ averagelifeexpectancyisnow72years. inchildren’s healthtranslated and into improvements education, such that have These efforts voice, both in the household and the public sphere. a greater educating girls and giving women Bangladesh has made significant strides toward www.worldbank.org/en/programs/prosper-bangladesh 6 Zila /Upazila Therearehowever, levels.The North-West regionaldisparitiesinpoverty important 7

(Lower povertyline) % ExtremePoor 5 16.6% 15.1% 16.7% 46.2% 48.6% 40.5% 44.3% 4 (Upper povertyline) % Poor 35.3% 31.3% 34.5% 65.3% 65.3% 63.7% 58% of the richest quintile received some support fromsafetynetsinthe Mongaregion. of therichestquintilereceivedsomesupport behind with no access to any safety net programs. Moreover,households were left 27 per cent the extremepoorwasnearly44percent,implying that56percentof the extremelypoor The safetynetcoverageintheMongaareaswas around35percent.Thecoverageratefor 9 8 deprivation. seasonalfood line. Thesehavebeenfoundtobefragmentedand notwelltargetedtoavert Bangladesh has a widevarietyofsafetynet programmesforthoselivingbelowthepoverty The World Bank, 2013,BangladeshPoverty Assessment: opcit Hasan,“ABCDM. K. ofSocialProtection inBangladesh”, 2017p.26 8

THAKURGAON NAWABGANJ (West Bengal) PANCHAGARH INDIA MEHERPUR CHUADANGA RAJSHAHI DINAJPUR NAOGAON NILPHAMARI JOYPURHAT KUSHTIA NATORE JHENAIDAH LALMONIRHAT SATKHIRA RANGPUR JESSORE GAIBANDHA BOGRA PABNA MAGURA SIRAJGANJ CLMS Districts KHULNA RAJBARI BAY OFBENGAL NARAIL KURIGRAM BAGERHAT FARIDPUR JAMALPUR GOPALGANJ MANIKGANJ SHERPUR PEROJPUR TANGAIL MADARIPUR BARGUNA JHALOKATI DHAKA MYMENSHINGH MUNSHIGANJ SHARIATPUR PATUAKHALI p.xxiv GAZIPUR N. GANJ NARSHINGDI NETROKONA KISHOREGANJ LAXMIPUR BHOLA CHANDPUR B. BARIA COMILLA NOAKHALI (Assam) SUNAMGANJ INDIA HABIGANJ FENI MOULVIBAZAR CHITTAGANG KHAGRACHARI SYLHET COX’S BAZAR RANGAMATI BANDARBAN (Tripura) INDIA MYANMAR (Burma) 9

3 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 4 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH ILO. Itisstillinforce.CLMSrelevanttotwospecificoutputs: and workers’the organizations, including organizationsaswellnationalandinternational of relevant ministries,employers’ This policy isbeingimplementedwith the active participation National PlanofAction(NPA) in2012withtheaimsof: A comprehensiveChildLabourEliminationPolicy was adopted in2010andaccompaniedbya registered very littlechange,goingfrom1.3millionto1.2inthesameperiod. registered very reduced from 3.2 million in2003 to 1.7 million in2015. However, hazardous child labourhas of Statistics (BBS)indicatethatthenumberof child labourersinthe5to17age group was conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau the 1990s to combat it. National Child Labour Surveys the inceptionofILO’s Programme International fortheEliminationofChildLabour(IPEC)in education andskilllevelsof the population, the GOBhas been workingwiththeILO since that childlabourhasonhealth, vision ofdevelopment.Giventhenegativeimpact its long-term conditionforachieving The GOB recognizesthat investment inhumancapital is a necessary 1.2 11 10 equal. and that of employed adolescents is 68.7 per cent,the numbers of girls and boys being almost per centage of total adolescentsaged 15 to17engagedinhazardousworkis16.7 per cent ix. viii. vii. vi. v. iv. iii. ii. i. ILO World Report onChildLabour2015 pp45 and47 Policy,MOLE NationalPlanofActionforimplementing theNationalChildLabourElimination 2012-2016p6     Community-based mechanisms topreventchildlabourareestablishedandstrengthened. Community-based are strengthened,and sector and monitoringofchildlabourintheinformalsectoragricultural Inspection 11 programmes toeliminatevariousformsofchildlabour fromBangladeshby2015. medium-, andlong-termstrategies Planning andimplementingdifferentshort-, consequences ofchildlabour; Raising awareness amongst parents,people and civil societyabout the harmful capacityfortheir enforcement; Enacting pragmaticlawsandstrengtheninginstitutional the welfareofworkingchildren; Ensuring coordinationamongstthe concerned stakeholders andsectorsfunctioningfor them backtoacongenialenvironment; Providingto bring specialemphasisforindigenous andphysicallychallengedchildren river bankerosion, etc; drought,desertification, Extending specialattentiontochildrenwho are affected by floods, cyclones, tidalbores, childrenbacktoschool; Offering stipendsandgrantsinordertobringworking getting themoutoftheviciouscirclepoverty; Involving parents of working childreninincome-generatingactivitieswith a view to the worstformsofchildlabour; Withdrawinghazardous workand including from differentoccupations children working Institutional commitmentandcapacity

10 The representative atdivisionalanddistrictlevels. oftheILOthe implementingpartner forCLMSintheregion, hasbeennominatedastheNGO with the DCRMF. In Rangpur DevelopmentOrganization(ESDO) that Division,is the Eco-social among itsmembers.Thisisalsothecase governmental organization(NGO)representative as well as the DCRMF. The DCLWC is chaired by the Commissioner and includes a non- convenes theDivisionalChildLabour WelfareGeneral (DIG) Deputy Inspector (DCLWC) Council of the NCLWC,Furthermore, the DIFE Inspector Generalis the Member Secretary and the and reports. child labourintheirinspectionchecklist Establishments (DIFE)hassinceincluded (ToT) of Inspection for Factories for labour inspectors was organized and the Department and ofit,atrainingtrainers ofLabor(US-DOL).Asapart funded bytheUnitedStatesDepartment Level Engagement and Assistanceto Reduce Child Labor (CLEAR) project that is Country increased. ThishasbeenanachievementoftheILO’sof labourinspectors and thenumber Operating Procedure for inspections. The Inspectorate has also been upgraded to a Department of workplaces listedas the hazardous forchildren.Standard Child labournowformspart and was expandedin2017tocoverinformal enterprises The mandateoflabourinspectors rate ishighduetoextremepoverty, havebeenenrolledinthesecentres. learning centreshave been establishedand700,000children, from areas where the drop-out the‘Reaching Outof School Children(ROSC)’Project.started Sinceitsinception, about 22,000 oftheWorld andMassEducation ofPrimary In 2004,withthesupport Bank, theMinistry have beenestablishedtomonitoractivitiesconcerningchildlabour. to be14 a minimumageforadmissiontoemployment Bangladeshi legislationonchildlabourstipulates 14 13 12 hazardous forchildren. child labour. 38 activities and processes as being In 2013, the GOB issuedan order identifying Labour Lawprovidesforafineof BDT 5,000(USD58)tobeimposedonanyonewho engages Education. as well as coordination with the Ministries of Women and Mass andChildrenof Primary work on children’s rights in general, allowing links with the right to education, health and safety level, that, child laboureliminationisintegratedinto at District level. It isnoteworthy district with theChildLabourWelfareof theNPAand monitoringoftheimplementation Councils atthe Rights Monitoring Forum (DCRMF)was already functional,itwas entrusted with coordination Welfare Council (NCLWC), and its subsidiariesat the Divisional level. As the Child District NPA is monitoredat the national level by an apex body, plusNational Child Labour the tri-partite manner.in anintegratedandcoordinated and executed Furthermore,of the theimplementation are planned is responsible for ensuring that all child labourrelatedpoliciesand interventions of Labour andEmployment(MOLE) The Child LabourUnitformed in2009undertheMinistry district levelactivities forprotectingchildrenfromallsorts of vulnerabilities.” MOLE NPA op cit p.38 « See Annex3 Labour Act,2006 12 andprovidesprotectionfromhazardousworkforthoseinthe14to17agegroup.Its 14 At the Upazila or Sub-district level, UpazilaChildLabourMonitoringCommittees AttheUpazilaorSub-district A liaison between the child labour monitoringsystemof the NPA and thisForumfor protecting childrightswill strengthen 13

5 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 6 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH child labour free. They have proved to be committed and capable partners inthisfield. child labourfree.Theyhaveprovedtobecommittedandcapablepartners from the tobacco and stone crushing industries and has been able to make certain Unions and has been abletomakefrom thetobaccoandstonecrushingindustries certain other naturaldisasters.ESDOhasworked withtheILO previouslyonchildlabourelimination reliefforvictimsoffloodsand programmes. Besidesitsworkondevelopment,itundertakes other childlaboureradication and conducts foradolescents to healthservices provides access Electrical & Ship building to about 1,500 young men and women per year. In addition, it Electrical & Electronics work, Automobile mechanics, Knitting machine operation, Welding, for theruralpoor, Web Services, &Graphicsdesign, skillstrainingandplacementinITSupport development topromoteoff-farm self-employment it offersmicrofinanceandentrepreneurship of committed andqualifiedstaff. In LalmonirhatandKurigramin additiontoCLMS, Districts, with acadre 64districts development programmesin49ofthecountry’s community-based North-West Bangladesh is oneof them. It manages education andskillstraininginstitutes ESDO,services. the secretariat of the Child Labour Elimination ActionNetwork (CLEAN) in and largeNGOsthatfillthegapsingovernment Bangladesh isknownforitsinnovative,competent informal enterprises. making itdifficulttoeffectivelycoverbothformaland there isatpresentonlyoneperDistrict, been increased, has recently and jutemills.Although thenumberoflabourinspectors ceramics were withdrawnfromwork.In2018-19,the focus isonautomobileengineering,construction, of localcigarettescalledbidiswhich90 found 140childrenworkinginthemanufacture in 2017-18weretobacco, stone crushing,soap manufacturing andaluminium.Inspectors selected inherdivision organised undertheCLEAR project, saidthatthesectors inspectors on child labour. Ms. Soma Roy, DIG, Rangpur inthe Division,ToT who participated for labour In eachDivision, DIFE selectsfouroccupationalsectorsperyearinwhich inspections focus 15 Unions are the lowest administrative level in rural Bangladesh. They are administered by13electedmembers thatformtheUnionParishadUnions arethelowest administrativelevelinruralBangladesh. Theyareadministered 15

children receivedrehabilitationthrough education, stipends and skills training. workers had been identifiedandwithdrawnfromBGMEAmemberfactories;manyof these had been reducedfrom43percentin1995tolessthan 4 percent.Around27,000child child labour.reduce ofgarmentfactoriesusingchildlabour Bytheendof2000,proportion with the ILO Association(BGMEA)partnered Manufacturers’ and Exporters’ and UNICEF to withdraw or protect minorsworkinginthe garment industry. In 1995, the Bangladesh Garment in whichCLMSwasusedtoprevent childlabourand Bangladesh wasoneofthefirstcountries workplace whichdiscouragestheuseofchildlabour. visits betweenmonitors,employersandadultworkersin the helptopromoteanewculture that youngworkers areexposedto.during Italsoactsasapreventivemeasure,interaction the risk that reduce measures forworkplaceimprovement can recommend monitors community that restore their rights. Alternatively,are at risk of exploitative work and refer them to services children who andtrack outofreachthelabourinspectorate,CLMScanidentify are often who involving volunteersfromthelocalcommunityhavegoodaccesstotheseworkplacesthat farms,fishing zones, inhouseholds and sometimeseveninillicitactivities.By and services, most prevalent in the informal economy, in home-based workshops, street-based businesses and implementing NPAs to eliminate childlabour, itsworstforms. Child labour is particularly CLMS hasprovedeffective,atthelocallevel,inenforcingnationallegislationonchildlabour 1.3 18 17 16 45 Unions and 3 Municipalities of Lalmonirhat and Kurigram Districtsof North-West Bangladesh in context applied inDhakahasbeenadaptedtotherural process The childlabourmonitoring contributed todevelopingtheNPA andtheinstitutionalcapacityforitsimplementation. guardians. programme formorethan1,000eligibleparentsand from workwasbacked byamicro-credit under 14anddecentemploymentforthosein the 14to17agegroup.Theirwithdrawal Development Training programmesfollowed by mainstreaming into formal schools for children and Skill were enrolledinnon-formaleducation and almost3,000workingadolescents children Urban InformalEconomy(UIE)project.Morethan7,000working the Dutch-funded under the Dhaka City Corporation on a Child Labour Management and Monitoring Information System andcarriedoutbyESDO.industry From 2007to2011,theILO worked withtheMOLEand from2000 to2005targetingchildlabourinthetobacco wasundertaken CLMS initiative MOLE: NPA, opcitep.11 MOLE: FactILO-IPEC 2005 SheetChildLabourMonitoringintheGarmentIndustry Bangladesh, CLMSbrochure2005 ILO-IPEC afterwards to ensure that they have satisfactory alternatives.” thattheyhavesatisfactory toensure afterwards and tracking them verification that they have been removed to services, children of these exposed, referral and to determineriskswhichtheyare child labourers toidentify observations direct repeated “Its principalactivitiesincluderegularly Community-based childlabourmonitoring 18 Simultaneously, aswiththeCLEARprogramme,ILO’salso assistance technical 16 17 A second

7 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 8 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH continuation thereandreplicationelsewhere. are thequestionsthatwillbeaddressedinfollowingchapterswithaviewtofacilitatingits have? These In hindsight,what suggestionsforimprovementdotheparticipants post-project? have beensustained children intoschool?Whichactivities from hazardouswork,reintegrating leaders and volunteers? What constraints were faced in entering workplaces, protecting teenagers How did ESDOgo about it?WhatwastheroleofUnionParishad members,influentialcommunity programme. fromthe CLEAN network as one of the components of the CLEAR by ESDO and itspartners 2. support waswithdrawn. support The challenge from the outset was to demonstrate the sustainability of CLMS once project tobeneficiaries. CLEAR projectdidnotincludedirectservices continuity, Intheinterestof post-project and neededtobesourcedfromexistingservices. the of the project to childrenwithdrawnandtheirfamilies was not part delivery was that the service out inRangpurin DhakacityandtheCLMScarried A majordifferencebetweentheUIEproject The projectdocumentforBangladeshstipulatedtheoutcomeofCLMScomponentas: child labour. to families vulnerable to the worst formsof the NPA of safety net services and to the delivery labour, to the including itsworstforms”but,inpractice,italso implementation of contributed of “Improved enforcementof laws andpoliciesrelatedtochild was includedasasub-outcome the rootcausesofchildlabour.legislation onchildlabourtoapplyingpoliciesthataddress CLMS to reducechildlabour.of in andenforcement Itsscopewaswide,rangingfromimprovements The aimoftheCLEARprojectwastoincreasecapacitynationalandlocalstakeholders 2.1 well-established NGO,27 per could contribute itandothermembersoftheCLEAN network it. Beinga to eradicate the localcommunity and capableofmobilizing its staffwasdedicated functions asitssecretariat, had already worked withtheILO onchildlabourandprovedthat was the only one specifically formed in 2004 to eliminate child labour. Besides, ESDO, that forms ofchildlabour. Inthismongaregion, theCLEANnetwork,madeupof40localNGOs, bidimanufacturing, one of the worst numbers of children working in home- or factory-based the implementing partner. withlarge Rangpur division isoneof the poorest inthe country The National Programme Coordinator(NPC)of the CLEAR project had no hesitationinchoosing 2.2 Well-groundedselection continues operating at the end of the CLEAR country-level intervention”. continues operatingattheendofCLEARcountry-level formally areas infiveUpazilas in rural model replicated local-levelurbanCLMS “The ON THEPROCESS IN ZOOMING Expectations ofCLMS

9 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 10 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH As theModatiUnionChairmansaid: of the electedUnionParishaddynamism andcommitment Chairpersonanditswardmembers. the factorwas certainly three Municipalitiesthatwouldformtheoperationalarea. An important The ESDO focal persons of these Upazilas were consulted for the choice of the 45 Unions and The otherfourhaveasimilarincidenceofpoverty, Kaliganjwaschosen. has Lalmonirhat District only five Upazilas, Lalmonirhat Sadarbeingthe only semi-urbanone. Ulipur Upazilas were among the poorest and Kurigram Sadar was suggested as a small town. area. InKurigram‘sadars’ fromthislargelyrural Upazilas termed urban RajarhatDistrict, and toincludesomesemi- was to besetup. Since thiswas a pilot programme,itwas necessary line.ESDOwas asked tosuggestfive in themwhere Upazilas the poverty or sub-districts CLMS was somewhatbetteroff,District butstillhadathirdofitspopulation432,000livingbelow the World Food Programmeof Bangladesh. Lalmonirhat (WFP)asthepoorestof64districts the CLMS. Kurigramwith apopulationof 1.3 millionwas District an obviouschoice,ranked by forrollingout of poverty Bangladesh withahigh incidence of North-west selected twodistricts Poverty being a key driver of child labour in Bangladesh, the CLEAR Project SteeringCommittee this networkwasselectedastheimplementingpartner. the CLMSinRangpurto implement of thefundsrequired cent Division. For allthese reasons, with theILO wassigned. the Executive Directorof ESDO took the precaution of recruiting staff even before the contract durationoftheproject, 2018.Giventheshort 2016 toJanuary time ontheCLMSfromOctober Alam, ProjectCoordinator. TheProjectworkedand ateamofsixstaffmembers Coordinator full- of staff its experienced members, Mr. Nirmal Majumder, Senior CoordinatorandMr. Mir Ashiqur The success ofCLMSdependsonthechoice ofactors.ESDOdelegatedtheprogrammetotwo 2.3 development comes first, infrastructure developmentafter.”development comesfirst,infrastructure itismotivationthatcounts.Ibelieve that human “Money can’t doeverything, Setting thestage (CWSG). The elected representatives in based Workplace Groups Surveillance become membersof the Community- teachers, etc.–whocould beinvitedto freedom fighters,religiousleaders, influential communitymembers– of CLMS and obtain the names of ward memberstoexplaintheworkings Union Parishad Chairpersons and This team hadmeetingswiththe there arecasestudiesofsuccessinwithdrawalandreintegrationintoschoolnarratedhere. of ones successful could notbe extracted. Instead, on the number of visits and the proportion workplaces andhomes of the childrenidentifiedwerenotsystematicallyrecorded,hencedata conditionof the family.workplace orinthe socio-economic The results of repeated visitstothe withdrawal,changesinthe time ofidentification.the statusofchildafter Itdidnottrack The monitoring formusedwaslimitedtoinformationgatheredfromthe childandfamilyatthe theprojectclosed. after was analysedforthepurposesofthisreport was stored in an Excel spreadsheet and made public through the ESDO website in raw form. It database. Thedata onto acentral through theirmobilephonesdirectly form bythevolunteers mobile appcalledKoBo Collectthroughwhichinformationcouldbeuploadedina prescribed to thedatabase.Later,Technology anInformation a fromDhakawasengaged tocreate expert were keptcopies oftheserecords and handedovertoESDOstaffforuploading bythevolunteers families andworkingconditionsof the children foundintheworkplacesvisited.Atfirst,hard 19 child labourers. Thiswasthe members werenotthefirst onestogoworkplacesidentify the CLMSfunctioningin Rangpur andthisclassic formdevelopedbyIPECisthattheCWSG to eliminate the hazards to which young workers differencebetween are exposed. An important or propose workplace improvement to employers referral of the children to appropriate services childlabourersandarrangeforwithdrawal to identify who monitor workplaces community In theCLMSoriginallydesignedbyILO, CWSGsconsistofthree tofourmembersofthe workplaces 2.4 Monitoring tracked overalongperiod.Amonitoringform aspectof CLMS is data management as the working childrenidentified mustbe An important volunteers selectedwasgivenamobilephone and a monthly stipendof BDT 800(USD9.30). with a memberoftheCWSGtoselectvolunteer.the projectcoordinator Eachofthe48 Fromby wereconducted each Union, about five to sixapplicationswerereceived.Interviews on child labourers in their area and interact with the employers and parents of the children. out askingforapplicationsfromundergraduatestudentslivingintheUniontocollectdata In additionto the staff, ESDO recruited a student volunteer for each Union. A circular was sent the rootcausesofchildlabourintheirWards/Unions werediscussed. its negativeimpactsonthehealth, education andthefutureofchildreninvolvedaswell raising sessions”forstaffandCWSGmembersinwhichthenationallegislationonchildlabour, from the ILO,for CWSGs inBangla and, with technical support conducted several“awareness- pointed out, it is easier for women to enter homes. The CLEAN network preparedGuidelines of the female ward members chairseach CWSG, since, as the Executive Directorof ESDO the Union Parishad were instrumental in forming 144 CWSGs at Ward and Union levels. One See Annex1 19 wasdevelopedtogatherinformationonthe 11 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 12 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH complained ofdifficultyinbreathing. by the GOB. Children as young as 5 years were engaged in home-based bidi production and listed ashazardous per cent)ofthechildlabourersidentifiedwereinone38occupations an almostequivalentnumberinautomobilerepair.is that890(44 Amatterofgraveconcern in teastallsandsmalleateries,morethan10percentwereengagedfarmingfishing, and 13.7 percent were in the 5 to 11 age group. Almost 28 per centof minors were working were abovetheminimumageforadmissiontoemploymentof14years majority (58percent) percent of them being male. An analysisof the data concerning these children revealsthat the Fromwere identified,almost90 ApriltoNovember2017,atotalof2,016childlabourers had theadvantageofinvolvinglargenumbersinfluentialpersonsinreducingchildlabour. meetings. This meant muchresponsibilityanda heavy workload for the young volunteers but theirfindingstothe Wardtask of the volunteers who then reported levelCWSGsattheirmonthly have beenwithdrawnandenrolledinschools. difficult. Four intoweldingworkshopswasparticularly of those identifiedinthisUnion Entry in Ulipur. driving.Some were workinginthe bidi factory rickshaw pulling and auto-rickshaw of 13 to 16 years workingintea stalls, welding, brick making, saw mills, domestic work, In Dharanibari Union, Ulipur Upazila, the volunteer had identified 65 children inthe age group Analysis ofrawdataonchildlabourersidentifiedbyESDOfromApriltoNovember2017

A

M 100 150 200 250 50 0

W

T B Numbers inHazardousOccupations

C L

E would makeor to theworkplace repeatedvisits of theCWSG child fromwork.Oneortwo members parents ofthe need towithdrawtheir convince toaworkplaceorwasunable refused entry incaseswherethevolunteerwas intervening role, CWSG membershad a “fire-fighting”

B

G

M B

B B

C

S In DharanibariUnion, UlipurUpazila,Kurigram District,aladymemberoftheCWSGsaid: young ladysaid: past two years had been, a the biggestchange in the Upazila, when asked what in ModatiUnion, Kaliganj At the community meeting achievements of the CLMS. child labourisoneofthebig increased awarenessabout at public events. In fact, chatsandtalks courtyard through in thecommunity deal ofawareness-raising Instead, they did a great cases theycouldnotsolvetothelabourinspectorate. todialogueanddidnotreport their intervention Both volunteersandCWSGmembersrestricted before thechildcouldbewithdrawnandenrolledinschool. fighter (seated behindinthePanchgachi wardCWSGmeeting)saidhe visited a family 20times Both employers and parents were recalcitrant. One elderly CWSGmemberwho was a freedom the family to press for a solution that they considered wouldbe in the best interest of the child. put them at risk. She also recommended protective gear forworkersprotective put thematrisk.Shealso recommended engagedinweldingor 14, ortoputworkersemploy childrenunder inthe 14 to17agegrouponjobsthatdidnot or disease. She then interacted with the employer to convince him/her not to injury reported it wasoneofthe38occupations onthehazardousworklistofgovernment orifthechild and theeffectsontheirhealth. wages, Workthe riskofaccident wasclassifiedashazardousif was being done. She talked to the children workingthereabouttheirage, jobs, working hours, of goods said shevisitedteashops,smallworkshops,factories andhomesinwhichproduction were employed. All of them went about their workina similar manner. The volunteer inModati The volunteers belonged to the Union they covered and knew the workplaces where children 2.5 “I would like the words ‘Child Labour’ themselvestobeeliminated.” ‘Child Labour’ “I wouldlikethewords towork.” family isinformedthattheyshouldnotsendtheirchildren We didn’t“Child Labour waseverywhere. know, Now every and we didn’t intervene. Remedial action for childrenandfamilies 13 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 14 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH Dharanibari Union. Inaddition, ahealthworker visits. doeshouse-to-house Health Care centres.There are five to Communityclinics,theStatePrimary such clinics in diseases or injuries to eyes, ears or hands were referred Children who suffered from respiratory the workhadontheirchild.Thedecisiontowithdrawchildornotrestedwithparents. Chairman of the ModatiUnionsaid, the CWSG’s rolewastoinformparentsof the impactthat without the boost to family income that their child’s work provided. As the could not survive However, if access toalternativesourcesof saidthey income couldnotbegiven, parents often Those that couldbenefitfromgovernmentsafetynetprogrammesweremoreeasilyconvinced. school. If she met withresistanceshe asked oneof the CWSGmemberstotalk parents. wasmadetoconvinceparentswithdrawunderagechildrenandenrolthemin effort Every for drop-out from school, working hours, wages and occupational diseases wasrecorded. fromschool,workinghours,wagesandoccupational for drop-out could afford in a day. Detailed informationaboutthe working child, his/her schooling, reasons andthe meals they the family members,theiroccupationsandincome,livingquarters exposedtofire. She then visitedthe family of the childtocollectinformationabout otherwise 20 SeetheChildLabour SurveyforminAnnex1 20

0.06 to 0.08) for a pack of 25, but the families producing them are paid BDT 20(USD0.23) skilledandwages arelow.which childrenareparticularly BidisaresoldforBDT5 to7(USD in in thecaseofhome-based bidiproduction difficult into schoolwasparticularly children Parents also think that work isa better preparationfor adult life than schooling. Integrating of demand. 3.49). AstheILO DhakaChildLabourFocal Officerstated,childlabour issustainedbecause in Panchgachi) whereasanadultwouldnotworkforlessthanBDT200to300(USD2.33 at work.Besides,childlabourischeap(BDT60to80(USD0.70 0.93)perday children the regionwereemployedseasonallyinfarming and/orfishingandcouldnotreplacetheir of thesamefamily,with adult members child labourers theyrepliedthatalmostalladultsin that thechildrenearned.When CWSG memberswereasked aboutthepossibilityof replacing any alternative sourceof income to replace the BDT 80 to 100 (USD 0.93 to 1.16) per day to withdrawingthem.Mostdidnothave children andthattheymetwithmuchresistance that families were dependent on the income earnedby their working All the volunteers reported law, nooneunder18shouldbedoing suchwork. CWSG membermade a follow-up visit to his father to explain that, under Bangladeshi that such work is hazardous for children. Then a thisandtoldhis father The CLMS volunteerobserved developed blistersonhishands. exposedtotheheatof the stoveand was constantly out andworkwiththeirfatherintheteastall. RA to pay for his children’s schooling and RA had to drop Ratigram Adarsha Bazar. His incomewas insufficient KurigramHis fatherhasateastallin District. Moula Para, Biddananda Union, Rajarhat Upazila, RA is the eldest of three children of a poor family of exposed toburns No longer like tobecomeadoctorinfuture. now regularlystudyinginClassVIIIthere.He would he switched to the Dangarhat Dakhil Madrasa and is onemonth Dangarhat High School inClassVIII.After With thehelpofCWSG,RAwasfirstadmittedto His father agreed to have him enrolled inschool again. 15 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 16 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH one onlyifshe enrolledherchildrenin school. this. When approached byaladyforobtainingVGDcard,he told herthathe would give her school. The NPC expressed her appreciation for a ward member who spontaneously introduced In somecases,accessto safetynetprogrammeswasmadeconditionalon childrenattending her daughtercouldbeeducated. and anaemic.Yetadmitted totheMadrassa,wasundernourished shesaid wasgladthat work and girlwithdrawnfromdomestic obvious thatoneofthese,themothera13-year-old withdrawaloftheirchildrenfromwork.Itwas and werestrugglingtofeedtheirfamiliesafter the four parentsof child labourerswho were membersof the CWSG had not receivedthiscard ward had received a VGF card that would provide them with grain for two years. Surprisingly, thatalmost allfamiliesofchildlabourersintheir CWSGs inKurigram SadarUpazila reported and EGP(100-dayEmploymentGeneration)programmes. Oneof the Panchgachi UnionWard that vulnerability to child labourwas a criterion for selection of beneficiaries for the VGD, VGF in hisUnionarefamiliesofex-childlabourers.InDharanibari,UlipurUpazila,itwasreported According tothe Modati UnionChairman, 80 percent of beneficiaries of these programmes parishad ormunicipalcorporation. writing, itdependedonthe initiative of individual wardmembersor resolutions of the union adopted bytheauthoritiesatupazila, district, divisionalandnationallevels.Atthetimeof Vulnerabilityfor accesstotheseprogrammesisyetbeformally to childlabourasacriterion vulnerabletochildlabourcanbenefitfromit. headed householdsthatareparticularly difference inthedailywagepaidtomaleorfemaleworkers.that woman- Thisprovisionensures Furthermore, one-thirdof all beneficiariesof this programmemustbewomenandthereisno head is a manual labourerandwhich possess lessthan half an acreof land areeligible. guaranteed employment to the extreme poor during lean seasons. Households in which the Alternative income for families of child labourers is also available through the EGP that provides cash transfersor30kilosofgrainpermonth. Groups Development(VGD)orFeeding (VGF) programmes through which poor families receive maketo theVulnerablefor givingfamiliesaccess to childlabouroneofthecriteria vulnerability those most in need. By working with the members of the Union Parishad, CLMS was able to but,asmentionedearlier,Bangladesh hasanarrayofsuchservices, theydonotalways reach reductioninitiativesfor families vulnerable tothe worst formsof child labour.and poverty project was precisely toincreaseaccessexistingorimprovedsocialprotectionservices OneoftheoutcomeareasCLEAR family support. underage childrenfromworkrequire Forof childlabourandthewithdrawal line,theprevention familieslivingbelowthepoverty 2.5.1 school, Votmari shouldbeclosed. Union, KaliganjUpazilasaidthatthebidifactory Primary problems.TheHeadMistressofSrutidhar young bidiworkers complainofrespiratory are employedinabidifactory.for 1,000bidis.Somechildren Volunteers thatmany observed Links to safety net programmes Links tosafetynet to abrightfuture. gratefultothewardmemberforhisassistanceandlooksforward said thatsheisvery that helpedthemsupplementtheirincomesandBKisnowstudyinginClassVIII.She have their daughteradmittedinschool. Accordingly, BK’s family received a VGD card regularly. She spoke to her husband andthey decided to Union Parishad only if she sends her daughter toschool her family. Hetoldherthatshewillreceiveonefromthe in the Modati UnionParisad requestinga VGD cardfor Her mother approached the representative of her ward them sothatshe could becomea school teacheroneday. schoolandlongedtobelike school childrenplayingafter day,work indifferenthouses in the village. Every she saw send their daughter to school. Instead, she did domestic They Upazila, could notaffordto Lalmonirhat District. Shakhati (ShallowBazar)village,ModatiUnion, Kaliganj BK’sparentsaredaylabourersinTalukFifteen-year-old to theVGDprogramme Conditional access school regularly. the number of children in their unions that are going to child labouranditisbeingacceptedbymanytoincrease of UnionParishads toadoptthisstrategyfightagainst The CLMS project is encouraging the elected members are nowstudyinginClassVIandVII. agreed todoso.and Theboysstoppedworkingasdrivers VGD cardiftheysenttheirsonstoschoolregularly. They a his example.Thewardmemberofferedtheirparents driver.(three-wheeler auto-rickshaw) Hisbrotherfollowed drop outofschoolinClassVIandbecomeaVotvoti labourers. SCR was fond of fancy cars and decided to his younger brother(13).Theirparentsare agricultural Another exampleinthe same ward isthatof SCR (15) and 17 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 18 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH project. 2018 toallow enrolment before closure of the extended bythreemonthsuntilendJanuary Officer. Since admissionstoschoolsonlytake place inthe month of January, the project was cent) werewithdrawnandenrolledinschool with the help of the Education Upazila Primary forex-childlabourers.Ofthe2,016childlabourersidentified,only300(about7per services referral capacitytoeliminatechildlabour anddidnotinclude aimed toimprovein-country out It mustbenotedattheoutset,thatCLEARprojectunderwhichCLMSwascarried 2.5.2 studies. with her her familysothatshecould continue would provideanyhelp needed toherand Votmari UnionParishad Chairmanthathe expenses fromESDOandassurancethe material andBDT450(USD5,24)forother At asmallceremony, she receivededucational School. she wasadmittedintoClassVattheAfjalUddinGovernment Primary 2018 counselling, herfatheragreedtorelievefromwork inhisteastall.InJanuary basicneeds. family’s per day, asumthatbarelyallowedhimtomeethis His averagedailyincomewasBDT200(USD2.33) sites orintea stalls. day laboureronconstruction father hadnoregularwork.Heusedtoworkasa in SrutidharJamirbarivillage of Votmari Union. Her MK (12)liveswithherparentsandyoungerbrother to school Back Enrolment inStateschools made her aware of what she was losing in life. After made herawareof what she was losinginlife. After teastalland,togetherwithlocalCWSGmembers, father’s her working onCLMSintheareavisited The volunteer stall andgotMKtoworkinit. completely. his own tea some time, her father started After little timeforschool.Gradually, shedroppedoutofschool in ChowdhuriHaattoworkasahelper. her Herworkleft When MK was in Class V, her father took her to a tea stall employers tochangetheirroleslightandsafework. not be enrolled in a school or madrassa were not withdrawn. Instead, the CWSG worked with to privatetuition.recourse To avoidthephenomenonof‘nowherechildren’, childrenwhocould Teachers confirmedthattheex-childlabourerswerecopingwellwiththeirstudieswithout out ofschoolearlier.out. at theleveltheywereinwhendropped Theywerereintegrated who haddropped to children enrolment restricted coordinator the operationalarea,project Since non-formal education facilities, as a bridge to formal schooling, were not available in shops. enrolled nowcombineschoolandlightworkinteastallsorgrocery without alternativeincome generation possibilities.Infact, about 20percentof children The small number of those enrolled reflectsthe reluctance of parents to withdraw their children given BDT450(USD5.24)forexpenses.Henolonger goestothebrickfield. six exercisebooks,writingmaterials and VII andpresentedwithaschoolbagcontaining RwasadmittedbacktoClass consent, fee forhimifhecameback.With thefamily’s Master had been impressedbyR’s progress inschoolandoffered to reducethe tuition dropped outofschoolinClassVII. 200 (USD2.33)perday for doingback-breaking work. He and sentto work ina brick field where he earned BDT again.his fathergotmarried Rwastaken outofschool was inClassV, hismotherdiedsuddenly. Oneyearlater, poverty, wenttoschoolwithouta meal. When he R often his ownandworkedday labourer. asanagricultural Dueto keenly interestedinhisstudies.Hisfatherhadnoland of R, ateenagerfromRamsingh village,Rajarhat Union, was to learning From brick-making Rotigram High School whereRhadstudied.The Head of education. They approached the Head Master of themoftheimportance child labourandconvinced mother. They informed them about the laws against officer went with him to meet R’s father and step- by the ward member. The CLMS volunteer and project His plight was brought tothe attention of the CWSG 19 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 20 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 14. This was also what primary schoolteacherssaidinVotmari14. Thiswasalsowhatprimary Union. and free until the age of Dharanibari UnionCWSGwas that education should be compulsory girls andhas sponsored severalfromthe Union budget. A suggestion fromthe members of the schooling. Modati Union gives priority to 11.64) per month to cover the costs of secondary to findabout150sponsorsof ex-child labourerswho pay BDT500to1,000(USD5.82 have beenable linecannotafford. ESDO andothermembersoftheCLEANnetwork poverty 11.64) permonth,asumthatfamilieslivingbelowthe BDT 1,000(USD approximately costs schooling (Classes ItoV)isfree.AsbothESDOstaffandschoolteachersstated,secondary schooling A majorobstacletoenrolmentisthecostof schooling. InBangladesh, only primary information on the number of children of a certain age group or in a certain occupation. Asa agegrouporinacertain of acertain of children information onthenumber didnotarrange foritsanalysisandtheprojectteamwasunable toextract sheet. The IT expert – therawdatareceivedisloadedintoanExcel spread- limitation hasanimportant The software put intothedatabase.Thedeletionofduplicateentries hadalsotobedonemanually. the monitoring formwas in Bangla and data had to be translated intoEnglish before it could be network coverage and slow transmission. Besides this, the project coordinatorpointedoutthat on child labourers andtheirfamilies on-line. A generic probleminruralareas is, of course, weak toall 48 volunteers that would allow them touploadinformation ESDO providedsmartphones it immediately.and centralize informationcapture The KoBo CollectAppwasmeantto simplify capture 2.7 Information and theCWSGthereismobilisingTraders’ tothismeasure. Associationforsupport In DharanibariUnion, 100 trade licenses were issued with this clause in the last financial year has provedaneffectivemeasuretopreventchildlabour. not toemploychildreninhis/herestablishment.This is monitoredbytheUnionParishad and CLMS isbeingdoneareusingastampthatstatestheapplicantfortradelicensepledges there isnomentionof child labourprohibition intheprintedform,allUnionswhich and renewingtradelicenses.Since for issuing condition intheprocedure that theyhadthepowertoaddthis assured localgovernmentofficials insistence.She thanks totheNPC’s licenses. Thishastaken offin Rangpur for theissueoftrade conditionality of in Dhakawastheintroduction Part ofthelegacy the UIEproject 2.6 Commitment tonochildlabourbyemployers continue to engage the volunteer with a part ofit. continue toengagethevolunteerwithapart budget will be used for a stakeholder meeting on child laboursoon and the municipality will Officer hopes to increaseitBDT100,000 (USD1,184)inthenextfinancialyear. Part of this labour eliminationhas been increasedtoBDT50,000(USD582)this yearandthe Executive in issuingorrenewingtradelicensesandismonitoringitsimplementation. Thebudgetforchild clause depending ontheirneeds.The municipality has also introducedthe ‘No Child Labour’ withdraw theirchildrenwitha one-time payment of BDT 500 to1,500(USD5.82 to 17.46) has abiggerbudgetforchildlaboureliminationthatallowsthemtocompensatefamilies are meetingquarterly.of theproject theclosure which after level CWSGs also TheMunicipality a quarter. There isonlyonevolunteertocoverthewhole in theWardtown. She participates has child labouron its agenda. The Mayor is also a member of the DCRMF that meets once and all the Municipal Councillorsand month with the Heads of all departments meets every a Committeeof50memberswiththeMayorasPresident andtheExecutiveOfficerasSecretary Ward level CWSGs aremadeupof 14 memberswith a female Chairperson. At Municipalitylevel, (USD 3.49)aday. masks. Wages for child workers are higher than in rural areas - children earnaboutBDT300 a nearby bidifactory. bytheCWSG,allworkers therearenowwearing Thanks tointervention workerswere mainlyemployedasdomestic andboysinwelding.Bothgirlsworked at inthemunicipality,servant a civil for theprogramme.Hesaidthatgirls whoisresponsible slum areas of these towns. InKurigram Sadar, for example, it isthe Slum DevelopmentOfficer, islower.of poverty isthattheincidence urban Municipalities in the Childlabourisconcentrated out andthesemi- The maindifferencebetweentheUnionsinwhichCLMSisbeingcarried 2.8 the timeofwriting,itwasnotbeingusedtoguideactionbeyondUnionlevelorshape policy. of child labour.District and Divisional levels or with the periodic surveys BBS that undertakes At result, the data has not beenshared with the DIFE orwith the Councils andCommitteesat child’s futureandwould privilegeitiftheyhadachoice.Those who havewithdrawntheir towards childlabour.employers andparents for the Theyareawareofthevalue ofeducation It isevidentthatCLMShas leaders, changed the mindsetofelectedrepresentatives, community representatives andcommunityleaderstakingresponsibility forchildlaboureradication. end of the project.The thrust was therefore onlocalownershipof the CLMS with elected child labour,and preventing reducing the even after continuity that wouldensure capacity for local capacity of whichtheCLMSwasacomponent aimedtocreate The CLEARproject 2.9 Post-projectsustainability Semi-urban vsruralareas 21 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 22 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH labour from the whole country by2025. labour fromthewholecountry Much willdependonthe integrationof CLMS intotheroadmapfor theeliminationof child child labourinallsafetynetprogrammesoftheState. and protectionof children inthe workplace accompaniedby priority to families vulnerable to CLEAN network isstillactiveinthe region andwill continuetoadvocatefor withdrawal from keen tocontinueworkonCLMSbutwillneedberemuneratedforit.The The others arevery working onchildlabour elimination.selected tojointhestaffofESDObutarenotnecessarily upazila focalpersonsarenolongerintouchwith the volunteers.Afew volunteers have been ground inRangpur,to anotherprojectandthe the projectcoordinator ESDOhas transferred The continuity of CLMS is hampered by the transfer of team members to other projects. On the members oftheSchoolCommittee. that theyarekeepingthey arealso of progressinschoolthosewhowereenrolledsince track depends oncontinuedsponsorshipoftheirstudiesbyprivatesponsors.Ward memberssaid school into secondary The prospect oftheex-childlabourersenrolled inschoolscontinuing labourers stoppedwhentheprojectended. be returned to ESDO when the project ended. Hence, identification and referral of new child the record-keeping system are no longeravailable since the mobile phones provided had to quarter. Volunteers inthesemeetings.However, participate the linkwith ESDOstaff and with monthandatupazilalevel, every In allthe Unions visited,CWSGscontinuetomeetevery (USD 291)fromtheministry. MOLE in July2017askingforassistanceeliminatingchildlabourandreceivedBDT 25,000 withslogansagainstchildlabour.has madecoffeemugsforgifts Healsowrotetothe Secretary, has printed messages on child rights on the back of the house tax record cardsof the Union and earlier volunteer has now become a staff member of ESDO. In addition, the Modati Chairperson monitoring childlaboursincethe Modati Unionhasalsoengagedanewvolunteertocontinue computerskillstotheyouth. Lab, toimpart CLMS atthelastUnionParishad ofthisinaComputer meeting.They intend toinvestapart Dharanibari, a rural Union, has done even better, allocating BDT 200,000 (USD 2,328) to (USD 582)in2018-19outof a totalbudgetof BDT 5.75million(USD66,932)in2018-19. BDT 11,000(USD128)in2016-17to20,000233)2017-1850,000 cause. Kurigram Sadar, has increased itsallocationtochildlaboureliminationeach year from of their modestbudgetstothis Municipal Chief Some have Administrators. allocated a part of UnionParishadoperational area,dependinglargelyonthecommitment Chairpersonsand Sustainability of the monitoringandreferralaspectsof CLMS has been unevenoverthe preventive rolethatCLMSplaysisstrongandwillpersist. butwillnotgo back ontheirdecision. Hence, the children fromworkarestruggling to survive 3. having receivedanyremuneration fortheirwork. they were notcollecting data. They continue toworkonchildlaboureliminationwithoutever greaterbecause whom have busy schedules, was minimal and the impact of their interventions parents andoutreachtothe local school. Thus, the investment intimeforthe members, mostof about each child labourerandhis/her family,employers and individual visitstorecalcitrant roleoftheCWSGwasnotphysicalmonitoringworkplacesbutdecision-making The primary safety netprogrammesandthetradelicenseconditionality thatbroughtaboutthischange. policymeasureslike the linksto meeting andcertain community by CWSGmembersatevery yardgroupdiscussions,talks persuasion, campaign methods. court It was person-to-person child labourachievedinjustoverayear. Thiswasnotdonethroughposters orothertraditional The biggest successof the projectwasunanimouslyacclaimedasachange in attitudestowards at UnionParishad orMunicipalitylevel. and decisions taken policy decisions at ward level are discussed and form the basis for further ward-level andunion-levelCWSGmonthlymeetings.Informationgatheredbythevolunteers representatives of each ward, usually the Ward Volunteers participate. Councillors, attendboth Ward-levelare linked CWSGs toaUnionlevelone,chairedbytheChairpersoninwhich ended. theCLEARproject to dosoninemonthsafter of themcontinue month and80percent These groupsmeetoncea concerned. and employers,givingvoicetothosedirectly labourers members goforguidance.Ward-levelcommunity CWSGsalsoincludeparents of ex-child community are included – religious leaders, teachers, freedom fighters, etc. – people to whom inthemandeach one is chairedbya woman.participate Other influentialpeople in the Municipalities, involvingover2,000individualsonaregularbasis.Alltheelectedrepresentatives of 14memberseach. All together144of thesewerecreatedacross45Unionsandthree Unlike previousCLMSinitiatives,theoneinRangpurcreated largeCWSGs,composed Division 3.1 elsewhere. The CLMS roll out inRangpur was unique inmanyways and caninspiresimilarinitiatives OF SUCCESS INGREDIENTS Sustained, large-scalelocalownership 23 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 24 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH women getpriorityforworkintheleanseason. having abandoned hiswifeandmigratedelsewhere. As theEGPhas a quota for women, these thatthereare anincreasingnumberof woman-headed households, the husband It isreported pension that replaces to some extent the income that the breadwinner earned. from widow’s intotheworldof work. Heretoo, the UnionParishadentry ensuresthatthefamilybenefits fromschoolandpremature The death of a bread-winner isalso a common reasonfordrop-out for obtainingthem. of childreninschoolacondition to allotVGDcardshavemadeenrolment have been withdrawnfromwork.Inaddition, individual Ward Councillorswho have the power priority foraccesstoVGDorVGFbenefits100-dayEGPisgivenfamilieswhose children alleviationmeasures.InsomeUnions, thosewhoshouldbebeneficiariesofpoverty identify for thedevelopmentofregion. of highlymotivatedandcapableyoungpersonswillbeanasset for personsinneed.Thiscadre workplace. They with it also have close relationswiththelocalgovernmentandcanintercede changes inworkinghoursandsafetymeasuresthe of withdrawal fromworkorintroduce convince bothparentsandemployersof the needtoprotectchildrenandbearconsequences skills, having children andfamiliesconcerned.They had developed excellentcommunication to They gained anintimateknowledge of the rootcausesof child labouranditsimpactonthe tohelpfromanyofitsmembersifneeded. and couldresort as to ESDO. The volunteer was then responsible for executing the decision taken by the CWSG themselves as well as from their employers and parents and transmitted it to the CWSG as well stepping stone to a career insocialwork.They information fromthe collected child labourers littlepay.to onecase.Theirswasintenseworkwithvery Theyweretrainees,andthiswasa workplaces andhomeswithoutdifficulty. Oneofthemsaidshesometimesdevotedafullweek the community, they knew where children wereemployedand, in mostcases, could access childlabourers.Beingfrom Student volunteerswererecruitedtovisitworkplacesandidentify 3.2 21 developed by ESDO isoneoftherootcauseschildlabour.The lack ofsocialprotection The monitoring form 3.3 A translated version isreproducedinAnnex 1 Atranslatedversion Young volunteeractivists Safety netlinkage 21 gives a snapshot of the economic condition of the family that helps so thatthereisnoimpunityforemployerswhobreak thelaw. labour rightsdespitedialogue,CLMSmonitorsareduty-boundtoinformtheinspectorate violations of of allbut,inthecasepersistent isintheinterests Harmony inthecommunity whole societyrejectsit. the negative effects of child labour so that the tax revenue.It is bettertoraiseawareness about Parishad dependsforemploymentcreationand the business communityon which the Union Besides, punishing employers would alienate and should not be taken away from them. rests withtheparents to it.Thefinaldecision the lawandusespersuasionforthemtoadhere community, both employers and parents, about the community. The CWSG informs thewhole the trustthatCWSGhas established with on employerswouldbreak to imposesanctions tolabourinspectorswithpowers having recourse as explainedbytheModatiUnionChairman, normally beconsideredadrawback.However, collected isnot being sharedwith DIFE would managing a CLMS. The fact that information in withthelabourinspectorate partnership The ILO has always stressed the need for in preventingchildlabour. apply for a new trade licence or for annual renewal of a trade licence. This has proved effective to pledgethattheywillnotusechildlabourintheirestablishmentswhen they entrepreneurs for All the Unions and Municipalities inwhich CLMS operates have made it obligatory 3.4 are coping well with their studies without extra help or tuitions and have recovered from the and haverecovered are copingwellwiththeir studieswithoutextrahelportuitions schoolteachers,theex-child labourers share theirfoodwiththem. Accordingtotheprimary come to school without having eaten anything and encourage other children to children often can integrate thegroup.Teachersand theirclassmatessothat thenewcomers realisethat these different fromthem.Teachers ontheirbehalf, intervene both theex-childlabourers counselling to reintegrate school. At first, these children arerejected by theirpeersas they see them as The involvement of teachers intheCWSGshas made iteasierforchildrenwithdrawnfromwork 3.5 Enforcement withoutsanctions Work toschooltransition 25 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 26 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH to childrenwhohavedroppedoutofschoolisagoodstrategy. offered as a bridge to formal schooling. However, in the absence of this, restricting enrolment It islikely thatmorechildrencouldbewithdrawnandenrolledifnon-formaleducationwas track theirprogressregularly. health problemstheyhad.Theirmothersattendparent-teachermeetingsandwardmembers 4. 4.1 pertinent: The remarks about CLMS in Bangladesh in the final evaluation of the CLEAR project are over tothelocalauthoritiesnoritsusagefullydetermined.” has not yet been handed surveyed The use of the database of children and services. systems work listsand well-developed referral based on national laws and hazardous of childlabour simple, withoutincludingasystematicclassificationoftheforms in child labour appears to be very yet in operation and the identification of children system isnot referral thatacomprehensive limitationsofthemodelwere observed The for wider replication….. the model is ready education and other services, to in termsofdeveloping a menu of optionsforreferral “With somerefinement IMPROVEMENT FOR ROOM Alternative beforewithdrawal Mothers of children withdrawn from bidi production, Votmari bidiproduction, withdrawnfrom Mothers ofchildren Union 27 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 28 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH said that they struggled to survive onBDT600to800(USD6.989.31)permonth. said thattheystruggledtosurvive with amiddleman. Mothersof some ofthesechildrenwho had recentlybeenenrolled inschool bidi manufacturing.Thisispoorlypaidpieceworkwitheachfamilyhavingaseparatecontract middlemen. In Votmari Union, many of the childrenidentifiedwereengaged in home-based In thelongrun, workeron exploitative organizationisneededtobreakthedependence mitigate poverty. for youngworkers.the needforlivelihoodprogrammesto TheCWSGinDharanibaristressed workplace. Inthemeanwhile, work withemployerstoreduceexposurerisk,particularly BEFORE withdrawing childrenfromthe mustchange–ensurefamilysupport interventions intopoverty.further of income,familiessink sources but withoutalternative of Thesequence the elimination of child labour– it is a coping strategy, eliminating itis good in the long-term of the mothers, desperation on those of the fathers. This is precisely the argument used against income andsendtheirchildtoschool is visibleon the are struggling– faces undernourishment many cases,therewasnoanswer.to dowithoutthatextra Thosewhotooktheharddecision question – Volunteers and CWSG memberswho met with parents of child labourerswereasked just one and theircapacityatdifferent timestotake inmorereferrals. offered donor funding, such mappingmustbe dynamic, considering the duration of the services As theFundamentals dependon SpecialistinDelhipointsout,sincemanyoftheseservices availability ofservices. aswellthe of poverty - theincidence of Unionscouldhavebeenmadeontwocriteria for self-employment,interest-freeloanstofarmers andwomen’s empowerment.Thechoice entrepreneurship array ofprogrammesintheregionadditiontoskills training-micro-finance, probono. ESDO itselfhas an made of professionals who are willingtodelivertheseservices shouldhavebeenmappedandadirectory Priorthe operationalarea,existingservices to selecting but fewwereaccessiblefromtheoperationalareasofCLMS. GOB has 200 technical trainingcentresand ESDO itself has set up several in Rangpur Division, apprenticeshipswas required. The education accompaniedbyvocationaltrainingorsupervised above theminimumage for workengaged in oneoftheworstformschildlabour, non-formal was citedasthemainreasonforrefusaltowithdrawunderagechildrenfromwork.For those durationof the project. The lack of family support given theshort governmental institutions no scope for setting these up through the project or through other governmental or non- to education,access and healthcare.Therewas training bothformalandnon-formal,skills generation, –income Providingof services referral toanetwork requires suchfamilysupport 4.2 Mapping ofservices “What will replace the BDT 100 (USD1.16)a day that my child brings in?”. In will replace “What withdraw adolescents from work. This was a suggestion from the CWSG in Dharanibari Union. friendly couldhave been proposedandmonitoredfor implementation, thus reducing the need to Safety andHealth, Occupational workplace improvementstomakechild- theworkenvironment were abovetheminimumage for employmentbutwereinriskyjobs. With sometrainingin Many oftheyoungworkersand CWSGmembers enumerators identifiedbythevolunteer 4.4 Workplacesafety child laboureliminationprojectsandsigningMemorandaofUnderstandingwithgovernments. needtobeconsideredwhiledesigning 2017.Suchconstraints to missthedeadlineof January inOctobercausedthem and identificationbeforetheperiodof admissions toschool. The start July instead of October. six months for set up This would have given the implementing partner many moreex-childlabourerscouldhave been enrolledinschool if the CLMS had begun in The Executive Director of ESDO pointed outthat referral with adequate tracking afterwards. and actualidentification system, trainingallofthembeforestarting monitoring andtracking for forming CWSGs, recruiting staff and volunteers, puttingin place a computerized too short to makerequired monthswasfar child labourfree.Fifteen theareaundertheirjurisdiction The feedback fromthe Unions andMunicipalitieswas that a period of at least36 monthsis extensionofthreemonthstoallowforadmissionsintoschoolthataredoneinJanuary.a no-cost the CLEAR project was launched inBangladesh. The CLMS component had 2016, a year after For reasonsbeyondthecontrolofILO ortheCLEANnetwork,CLMSwaslaunchedinOctober 4.3 Timeconstraint for replication.can only be ThefeedbackobtainedfromtheUnion CWSGswasthatreplication Ten the project closure,CWSGmemberswereasked abouttheir recommendations monthsafter totheCLMS initiative. instructions toDIFEanddivisional officialstoprovidesupport and gave immediate of MOLE participated Honorable Labour Minister and Labour Secretary upazila heads,employers,workers andthemediaaswellESDOstaff beneficiaries. The a workshop organized bythe ILO thatbroughttogetherseniorgovernmentofficials, all the Stakeholders inRangpur Divisionwereinformedof the CLMS experience in2017through to presenttheCLMSexperience. labour. said she is willingtogive him/her the floor The DIG, DIFE who is the member Secretary in thesemeetings and has advocated for social safety net accessfor families vulnerable tochild on theDCRMFandDCLWC. thatESDOitselfhasadelegatewho participates Itisfortunate Presentingand DivisionallevelscanbedonethroughtheNGOdelegate theexperienceatDistrict at upazilalevel. levelanddiscussed Intense workhasbeendoneatUnionandMunicipality 4.5 Upscaling fromlocaltonational 29 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 30 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH the household heads. It isatpresentpostedonthe ESDO web-site andavailable for download raw dataisstoredinanExcel spreadsheetcontainingthenamesofchild labourersandof include thepossibilityof analysing theinformation, possibly duetothetimeconstraint.The and speedupdatacollection. However, thatwasdeveloped didnot theKoBo Collectsoftware on-line cansimplify Immediate digitalisationoftheinformationcollected, anditstransmission foraddressingtheworstforms of childlabour.assessment isnecessary and attheworkplace. Risk recruitment to whichthe childisexposedbothduring the risks one beingusedinsomeUnionsdoesnotpermit changes to betracked anddoesnotrecord management for CLMS. As it is, the monitoring form developed by ESDO as well as the modified with it could have improved information October 2014 and closed in March 2017, an interface children in the slum areas of Rangpur City and Thakurgaon town. in As this project started with theManusherJonoFoundation5,000 covering project a childlabourelimination under software tracking developed anotherbeneficiary in datamanagement.ESDOhadconcurrently The CLMS in Rangpur Divisiondidnotbenefitfromthe rich CLMS experience that the ILO has action proposedandimplemented. is abouttheworkplaceingeneral, the risks towhich child workers areexposedandthe remedial visits. The second form onsubsequent changes observed she isexposed.Thisformalsotracks the jobs assigned to him/her, the hazards to which he/ the conditions of work and particularly by IPEC when CLMS was launched. One containsdetailed information aboutthe child labourer, well asabouttheworkplace.Two comprehensivemonitoringforms very Ideally, information shouldbecollectedbothabouttheconditionsof work of the childlaboureras been replicated. Trackingwas to replicate the UIE CLMS in Dhaka, the Beneficiary Systemusedthere has not safety andhealthfactorstracksworkplaceimprovements.Although the CLMSinRangpur the latter highlights occupational requiredfor family support, indications of the type of services that used in the UIE project in Dhaka was workplace-based. While the former provides envisaged. The system usedinRangpur Divisionishousehold-baseddatacollection, whereas before such upscalingcanbe Major improvements ininformationmanagementare necessary management 4.6 Data and Districts. only bedoneinaphasedmanner, graduallymovingoutwardstoneighbouringUnions,Upazilas Hence, replication can as the heads of those that have not beencoveredwillparticipate. an Upazila and all the Upazilas in a District are covered discussionat these levels is not fruitful work (somesaidfourtofiveyears)reach.ItwasalsopointedoutthatunlessalltheUnionsin done once their Unions are child labour free, a goal that requires another two to three years of 22 See Annex 2 22 havebeendeveloped by DIFEinsteadofwardmembers. by employersto banchildlabour. onacommitment made conditional Thisshouldbemonitored should be On the demand side, the issue and renewal of trade licensesthroughout the country results. schoolfees for allstudentsirrespectiveof their examination to 14yearsandremovingsecondary schooling from10 the ageofcompulsory emphasised theneedforextending Many respondents schooling. dropout because of the cost of secondary school age often Children of secondary should beadoptedatnationallevelandmonitoredbysocialwelfareofficers. for accesstosocialsafetynetprogrammes to childlabouracriterion in makingvulnerability cited as the main causes. The initiative takenward members and Union Parishads by certain causes of child labour. education were often Poverty and difficulty in access to secondary The preventive aspectof CLMS shouldbereinforcedbypolicychanges that addressthe root 4.8 Policychange monitoring formatstoallowmorecomprehensivedatacollectionandtrackingofbeneficiaries. torevisitthe more intensetrainingtocontinuetheirwork.Thiswouldalsobeanopportunity for uploadingthe information they collected fromhouseholds. Many of them would welcome of light work, etc. The training of volunteers lasted only a day and was focused on using the App special safeguardsforyoungdomesticworkers, thelistofhazardousoccupations,definition members andthevolunteersarenotwellinformedaboutBangladeshilegislationonchildlabour, to bemorenuanced.BoththeCWSG about childlabourrequires The awarenesscreated gaps 4.7 Knowledge policymakingandprogrammedesign. in Bangladeshandcontributetofurther makers canbesharedwithdecision in thisreport web-site. Theanalysisofthisdatacontained without passwordprotection. To protect the privacy of the families, it should be taken off the 23 GLO1322_US Final Evaluation Report p.32 (and beyond) related toCLMSmodels. (and beyond)related available in the ILO globally not fullycapitalize on thewealth of technical expertise and implementation of effective[CLMS]modelsbutdid tothe refinement support financial provided of the evaluation is that the project The overall observation 23 31 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 32 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH ward/union/sadar. Verbal commitmentshouldbebacked by to eliminate all forms of child labourinthe three to five years, this being the duration necessary A third criterionis the of familiesandchildrenwhowillneedthem. andshouldhavethecapacitytocaterestimated number externalsupport on short-term for children.Intheinterestofsustainability,services shouldnotbedependent theseservices for underprivilegedfamiliesandeducationhealth programmes of poverty-alleviation income totheirfamilies.Hence,thechoiceofoperationalareasalsodependsonavailability ifchildrenarewithdrawnfromworkwithoutprovidingalternativesourcesof into poverty Bangladesh highlighted the dangers of plunging families further The experience inNorth-west quarter.on hazardousworkandnewadjoiningareaswillneedtobetaken upevery time-line setby the pledge of the government mentioned above, the focus of CLMS should be of variationsCLMSthataresuitabletourban, semi-urbanandruralareas.To keep tothe 5. Sadars were covered by the Dutch-funded UrbanInformal Economy (UIE) project and the Unions and wardsofDhakaCitythat moving toadjoiningareas.InBangladesh, these wouldbecertain focus atfirst,tobuildupontheexperienceandcreate‘ChildLabourFree’ zonesthere,before a phasedmanner. Ideally, the areasinwhichCLMSwasimplementedearliershouldbe CLMS requires intensiveinvolvementwith the local communityand can onlybe expanded in 5.1 24    Semi-urban localities administered by Municipal Corporationsarecalled administered by Semi-urbanlocalities    particularly women-headed households. particularly tofamilies of arrangements togive child labourers, priority accesstosocialsecurity labour fromtheapplicant’sestablishment;and willingness to make trade licenseissueand renewal conditionalon a pledge to ban child labour; allocation of funds from the annual budgetof the localgovernmentforeliminationof child 24 FOR REPLICATION RECOMMENDATIONS Selection ofoperationalareas inwhichCLMSwassetupundertheCLEAR project. This would allowdevelopment to carry forward CLMS for the next forward local government of the to commitment carry sadars 33 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 34 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH training andhealthservices. beneficiariesandthequalityofexistingeducation, skills social safetynetoutreachtodeserving based ongender,discrimination religionororigin.to obstacles can alsocover Suchinvestigation economic problems like low wages caused by lack of worker organization, or social problems of orient localdevelopmentplanstomitigateenvironmentalproblemslike droughtandflooding, and schools,involving guardians,employersandteachers.Thefindingsshould workplaces hazardouswork.Suchinvestigationmustbedoneinhomes, intowork,particularly and entry from school extent of child labour in the local area and that the lead circumstances to drop-out from one context to the other. to gauge the A well-conceived base-linestudyisnecessary willbedifferent poverty engender andperpetuate of thephenomenonbutfactorsthat action upstream.PovertyEradication ofchildlabourrequires as thedriver is generallyaccepted 5.2 District LabourInspectorate foraction. tothe budgets tobebasedonground realities.Recalcitrantalso bereported employers must forpoliciesand and theChildLabourUnit oftheMOLE. This bottom-uplinkageisnecessary Child Rights Monitoring Forum, the Divisional and National Child Labour Welfare Councils Furthermore, information gathered byCLMSmustbeanalysedandsharedwiththeDistrict should includebothStateandnon-Stateactors. a coordinated manner. Given the large-scale operationsof NGOs inBangladesh, and resources to address child labour in an area critical to child labour contributed itsexpertise protection, – onvulnerablechildrenandfamilies. Each government bodywithresponsibilityfor programmes relevantto child labour – education, alleviation, skills training, poverty social and of majorgovernment initiatives by USDOL.TheConvergencemodelinvolvedconcentration Labour Prevention andEliminationProjectof thecentury,in India,attheturn andwasalsofunded This bodyshouldfacilitate‘convergence’.strategywaseffectivelyusedbytheINDUSChild development programmesoftheStateorcivilsociety. entrepreneurshipdevelopment, women’s empowerment and other training, micro-credit, such NGOs to give them access to non-formal education,can help to encourage participating skills enhance the impact of the projects. Discussionon the needs of child labourersand their families without establishing links betweenthe projects they manage even though this wouldgreatly economic development.The outcome-based researchshowed that NGOstendtoworkinsilos and NGOsworkingonsocialissueslocal the labourinspectorate including departments government District of concerned level composedofrepresentatives Upazila local bodyat a to The local government should take the lead in implementing CLMS but should be 5.3 Investigation oftherootcauseschildlabour institu Coalition ofGovernmentandnon-government tions convergence accountable information according to criteria that allow evaluation of progress made and orient further information according tocriteriathat allow evaluation of progress made and orientfurther These should be entered ina The information gathered through the three phases will formbriefcasestudiesof each child. employer doesimproveoccupational healthandsafetyintheworkplace. there isnomovementfromoneworkplacetoanother morehiddenformof labour, and thatthe of thechild These interest changes requirefollow-uptoensurethatthey areinthebest skills trainingprogrammesforadolescents. necessary, non-formaleducationfollowedbyadmissionintoschoolforchildrenof school age or if services programmes. Thechildmustbereferredtohealthcareandpsychological support be madeforemploymentofadultmembersthe familyand/oraccesstoincomegeneration of the child of the need for the action recommended.Incase of withdrawal, arrangements must by CWSGmemberstoconvincetheemployerandguardians undertaken visits shouldbe Family services. andworkplace need forremediationorofwithdrawalandreferraltocertain Workplaceshould betaken Group(CWSG).Decisions oneachcaseaboutthe Surveillance group of influential members of the community who, in Rangpur, form the Community-based This information shouldthenbeuploadedintoacentraldatabase and discussedwitha oftheworkplace. concerning observation are foundworkinginoneestablishment,aseparateformshouldbefilled If severalchildren found workingduringaworkplacevisit.Itshouldinclude In the identification phase, information should be gathered about each child oradolescent Information gatheredthroughCLMSmustcoverthreephases: 5.4                     Safety equipmentprovided,etc. Hazards towhichtheyareexposed; Approximate numberofoverandunder- minimumagechildrenworkingthere; Sector andplaceofwork; Name andcontactdetailsoftheemployer; of work,wages,exposuretorisk,impactworkoneducationandhealth,etc. channel, employer, occupations,recruitment tasks involvedinmainandsubsidiary hours intolabour,entry contactdetails,etc. personal detailsofage, sex, education, livingsituation,of familyincome,circumstances Follow-up Remediation orReferral Identification Information managementsystem that condense the base thatallowseasyaccesstoreports data , that 35 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 36 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH deadline foreliminationofchildlaboursetbythe government. the paceofexpansionCLMStoreach local personsandincrease fortraining necessary the time The combination of professional monitors with local ones is expected to shorten Welfare officers. regularlyto Social monitoring formsand mobile phones to upload data and required to report Both thementorsandlocalmonitorsshouldberemuneratedadequately, equipped with and workplaceimprovementstoreducehazardswererare.To improveonthis,itissuggested: manychildlabourersthanksto theirknowledgeofthearea,referralswerefew able toidentify small remuneration. who by local students worked While they were full time on CLMS for a very labourers are well suited for the first role. In the case of Rangpur, the field work was carried out other professionalsfromthecommunity, progressiveemployersandparentsofformerchild representatives to the Union Parishad or Municipal Corporation, religious leaders, teachers and information. change.Theycannotbeexpectedtocollect Elected to facilitatethenecessary on actiontobetakenawareness-raising, decisions with guardians andemployers anddiscussion byCLMSinRangpur,As demonstrated influentialcommunitymembersinBangladeshengage in 5.5 public asthiswouldinfringeontheirrighttoprivacy. action.and theirfamiliesbemade shouldpersonaldetailsofchildren Undernocircumstances 4. 3. 2. 1. and long-termsolutionstotheproblemsencountered. with similarrootcausesofchildlabouraviewtoencouragingdesigninnovative To facilitate peer learning through exchange visits between Unions/Sadars and and remediationaswellfollow-uptotheCWSGmembersatWard orUnionlevels; To reduce the workload of the local monitorsto identification, leaving the tasks of referral monitors asmentors; and policyframeworkfollowedbyon-the-jobtrainingwiththehelpofprofessional Toon thelegal fromthecommunities for young monitors training organise introductory trained socialworkers orstaffofNGOsdeputedforthepurpose; and Divisonallevels.These and CouncilsaswelltoDIFEatUpazila, may be District Committees guide thelocalenumerators,analysedataandpresentittoconcerned To train a cadre of Recruitment andtrainingofmonitors professional monitorswho to can moveaboutthe Division orDistrict Upazilas

6. members concerningchild labour. Divisional andNationallevelscanbemobilized toadopta Code of District, Conduct fortheir at and Industry (Banik Samiti)atvillageandupazilalevels andtheChambersofCommerce generalized andDIFEmaderesponsibleformonitoring itsapplication. TheTraders’ Association clause for issue and renewal of trade licensescanbe quite easily The ’No child labour’ Unions andMunicipalitiescoveredatpresent their engagementshouldbesustained. on childlabourinthe activity Theyarethehubofcontinued andrecording. in datacollection is required forthe 48 volunteers to continue workon CLMS with improvements Modest support say: should befreeuptoHighSchoolwithprovisionofbooksandmid-daymeals.They education school regularly, regardless of their examination results.Several CWSG memberssuggested that schools should target childrenwithdrawnfrom child labourthat attend programme for secondary of threemonthsfollowedbyplacement.Thescholarship courses – ROSCthatoffersshort hazardous work canbe stepped up bylinkingitto the skills trainingprogrammeof the GOB The ESDO CLMSProject Coordinator suggested thatwithdrawalandreferralof teenagers in the DIFEatDivisionallevelestablished. level shouldalsobelinked withtheworkinRangpurwith Divisionandregular communication NPA andintegrateitintotheroadmapto2025.TheachievementsofCLEARatnational NCLWCthat CLMScanmake needtorecognizethe contribution totheimplementationof the its replication with some of the improvements suggested in the previous section. MOLE and the network, UnionParishad Chairpersonsandvolunteers toshare the experienceandencourage The Exit Strategy Workshop for the CLEAN under the CLEAR project was an opportunity a bottom-upapproachisessentialforsustainability. Such concerned. directly duty bearersandofemployersparents child labourbothofelected the NPA. The experience in Rangpur Divisionshows how effectiveitisinchangingattitudesto The CLMS into elimination of child labourby2025cannotbeachievedwithoutincorporating no developmentwithouteducation.” canbe “Education means consciousness and the ability to earn a livelihood. There FORWARD THE WAY 37 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 38 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH aged 11 to 14 particularly vulnerabletochildlabour.aged 11to14particularly schools which make thechildren renounce admissionchargesandfees for Statesecondary schoolingfromClassV(10years)to8(14and to raisetheageofcompulsory Most of all, as stated in the National Education Policy, 2010, the GOB mustamend the law allocation fromtheMOLE. gradually make from the ILO the area child labourfree with technical support and a budget Phased expansion from the existing targetarea of CLMS to adjoining Unions andUpazilas can REFERENCES …………….2005 ChildLabour MonitoringFact Sheet ………… 2005CLMS Brochure ILO-IPEC 2014ActionGuideonchildlabourmonitoring ILO-FUNDAMENTALS ConceptnoteBangladesh Country 2018IPEC+FlagshipstrategyDraft … 2011 UrbanInformalEconomyProject child labour Opening Doors -Howa hazardous … 2013DecentWork Profile, Bangladesh Country …. 2015World onChildLabour-Paving Report thewaytodecentworkforyoungpeople ILO 2017 Brief: Optimizing compliancewith child labourlegislationthrough strategic Hasan, M.K.2017 MOLE 2013 National Plan of ActionforImplementingtheNational Child Labour Elimination MOLE 2013ListofHazardousWork …….. 2018StatusofChildLabourActivitiesbyUnion 2016-17 ESDO 2017EcoSocialDevelopmentOrganizationAnnualReport CLEAN Network2016ChildLabourMonitoringSystemProject http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/LatestReports/ BBS, WFP, MapsofBangladesh WB2010Poverty project in Dhaka’s urban informal economy protects children and changes communities children in Dhaka’s urban informal economy protects project collaboration oflabourinspectionandchildmonitoringprogrammes Policy 2012-2016(ILO Dhaka) Bangladesh_ZilaUpazila_pov_est_2010.pdf ABCD of Social Protection inBangladesh ABCD ofSocialProtection 39 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 40 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH Zegers, M. & Bowen, R. Level 2018 IndependentJointFinal Evaluation of the Country …………………….. http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/prosper-bangladesh https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/bangladesh/overview ………………………The World BankinBangladesh The World Bank2013BangladeshPoverty Assessment:Assessingadecadeofprogressin https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/LDC_profile_ UN DeptofEconomicandSocialAffairs Miah M. A. H. & Reza, M. I. 2014 Exploring and the Processes Consequences of Child Labour 2013 ……………2015 BangladeshNationalChildLabourSurvey inBangladesh ……………2005 ChildLabourMonitoringintheGarmentIndustry Engagement andAssistancetoReduce ChildLaborProject. Reducing Poverty 2000–2010 Bangladesh.pdf Districts ofBangladesh in Building Resilience Poor: of theExtreme TheGenealogy ofChild Labour inNorthern ANNEXES ANNEX 1 CHILD LABOUR SURVEY FORM, RANGPUR

ECO-SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (ESDO) Country-Level Engagement and Assistance to Reduce Child Labor (GLO/12/22/USA) in Bangladesh Child Labour Survey Form (Translated from Bangla)

Household (HH) ID No.: ______Name of Head of HH (Earning member): ______Primary Information a. Name of respondent: ______b. Community ______c. Village: ______d. Ward: ______e. Upazila/Municipality: ______d. District: ______Family Information No. of days Daily Monthly Monthly unemployed Season when No. of meals Names of family members Relationship to HH Head Sex Age Current Profession Income Income Savings per month unemployed per day 41 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 42 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH

Socio-Economic Information Where does your family live? (Please check) a. Own house  b. Rented House  c. Someone else’s house  d. Temporary House  e. Own house on someone else’s land  f. Government Colony  Information about child labour Name of child ______Age: ______Sex: ______Whether admitted in school Yes/No If yes, whether regular  irregular  Class up to which he/she studied: ______Reasons for drop-out: ______Type of work in which the child is engaged at present: ______Name of workplace: ______Daily wage in Taka: ______Daily working hours: ______Period of work (months): ______Any occupational disease he/she suffers from: ______Name of child ______Age: ______Sex: ______Whether admitted in school Yes/No If yes, whether regular  irregular  Class up to which he/she studied: ______Reasons for drop-out: ______Type of work in which the child is engaged at present: ______Name of workplace: ______Daily wage in Taka: ______Daily working hours: ______Period of work (months): ______Any occupational disease he/she suffers from: ______

Name of data collector: ______Date of Survey: ______Name of Validator: ______FORMS MONITORING ANNEX 2:CHILDLABOUR 26 100c Whereborn: 100b Sex 100a Currentage: Name ofchild: 102a School/training 102. EDUCATION (Optional) 101b Childliveswith: 101a Wherechildlives 101. LIVINGSITUATION –Filloutbasedoninterviewquestions 202b. Payment: 102b Levelcompletedtodate 202c. Placeofwork: 202a. Employmentcontract? 202. CONDITIONSOFWORK(mainjob)–Filloutbasedoninterviewquestions 201b. Daysworked perweekinmain job 201a. Hoursworked perdayinmain job 201. HOURSOFWORK–Filloutbasedoninterviewquestions 200b Tasks involved: 200a. Mainoccupation/job: 200. TYPEOFWORK 202d. Employedby: GPS locationofemployer Address ofemployer Name &contactinformationofemployer ILO-IPEC ActionGuideonChildLabour Monitoring, ILO-IPEC 2014 26 SECTION II:WORKINFORMATION –Filloutbasedoninterviewquestions SECTION I:CHILDINFORMATION –Filloutbasedoninterviewquestions Never attended Parents/relative  (write address): Primary SAMPLE FORM1-PERCHILD by time at home self In thisplace F  Year born:   (level)…. ID number(assign#) M  Contact informationforparent/guardian: this job Days worked perweekin job Hours worked perdayinthis Tasks involved: Other occupation/job(s): Not attendingnow Employer  (level)... Secondary  TOTAL estimatedwork-related hoursincurrent week country In anotherpartofthis by piece Yes No shop/factory  parent    Attends sometimes Friends  Vocational (level)… in kind countryside  relative  Name ofparent(s)/guardian: doing chores Days perweek in chores Hours perdayspent Tasks involved: No  Household choresYes  In anothercountry day  Attends every Alone: level… course  Nonformal none  streets  other    43 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 44 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH Is ita‘Worst Form’ ofchildlabour? 300. CHILDISEXPOSEDTO: travel longdistancetoandfromwork prostitution travel throughareaswherethereisviolence,drugs,alcoholor work atnight,ortraveltofrominthedark do overtimework work inisolationorconfinedtothepremises use chemicals,poisons,toxicorcausticsubstances use poweredequipment,vehicles,machines carry, pushorpullheavyloads work atheights,intrees,onladders work underwater, inwater, indampareas work underground 301. CHILDISREQUIREDTO: beating, intimidation,threats sexual harassment,pornography drugs, alcohol,cigarettes violence, adultbehaviour, roughlanguage sickness, death,contaminatedmaterials,decomposingmatter dangerous animals,insects,snakes, fish flammable orexplosivematerials dirt orclutter sharp objects(tools,glass,spines) fumes, odors,smoke chemicals, poisons,toxicorcausticsubstances high pressure,fast-pacedordullandrepetitivetasks loud noiseorvibrations sun, rain,weather, cold,heat Conduct workthatisonthehazardouslist SECTION III:HAZARDS&RISKS–Filloutbasedondirectobservations 300 201 200a 200a 101b 100c SECTION IV: ANALYSIS BYMONITORS Yes, ifanyriskismarked indicatinghazardouschildlabour >40 hrs) Yes, iftotalhours(work,chores,transit)exceedthosesetintheHCLlist(e.g. Yes, iftheworkinvolvessexualexploitation,crimes,armedconflict Yes, iftheoccupationoractivityisonnationallistofhazardouschildlabour Maybe, ifchildisnotlivingwithher/hisfamily(increasedriskofabuse) Maybe, ifchildcomesfromanotherplace(possibletrafficking) box: correct Tick Suggested remedialaction: yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no employer: undertaken by remedial action Was sufficient 2nd visit: Filled outduring Monitor’s names Monitor’s For childrenofworkingage: For childrenofworkingage: Accompanied by: (name ofcontactperson) Child receivedby: (name ofinstitutionoragency) Child referredto: for sanctions: Name oflabourinspector(anddutystation)thatwascontacted FOR FOLLOW UPWITHLAW ENFORCERSANDSERVICEPROVIDERS: ofchildlabour? Is thechild‘atrisk’ Is itchildlabour? 202 102 101b 100b 300 102 101 ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION Yes, ifconditionsofwork(e.g. contract,payment,placeofwork)areinadequate Yes, ifchildisnotattendingschoolregularly Maybe, ifchildislivingwithemployer Maybe, iffemale Yes, ifanyriskismarked indicatinghazardouschildlabour Yes, iflengthandtimingofworkinterfereswithschool Maybe, ifthechildis<14(orlegalageofemployment) Date yes no sexual exploitation,criminalandillicitactivities) Is workingchildprotectedfromWFCLotherthanhazardouswork(i.e. Filled outduring2ndvisit: yes no Is workingchildprotectedfromworkhazards? Filled outduring2ndvisit: yes no assistance provided? Following referral,ischildbetteroffasaresultofprotectionand Filled outduring2ndvisit: Reception date: Referral date: yes no;Ifso,whatwerethey?.. Did labourinspectorimposesanctions? Filled outduring2ndvisit: Place ofinterview Comment 45 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 46 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH travel longdistancetoandfromwork or prostitution travel throughareaswherethereis violence, drugs,alcohol work atnight,ortraveltofrom inthedark do overtimework work inisolationorconfinedtothepremises use chemicals,poisons,toxicorcausticsubstances use poweredequipment,vehicles,machines carry, pushorpullheavyloads work atheights,intrees,onladders work underwater, inwater, indampareas work underground 301. CHILDISREQUIREDTO: beating, intimidation,threats sexual harassment,pornography drugs, alcohol,cigarettes violence, adultbehaviour, roughlanguage matter sickness, death,contaminatedmaterials,decomposing dangerous animals,insects,snakes, fish flammable orexplosivematerials dirt orclutter sharp objects(tools,glass,spines) fumes, odors,smoke chemicals, poisons,toxicorcausticsubstances high pressure,fast-pacedordullandrepetitivetasks loud noiseorvibrations sun, rain,weather, cold,heat conduct workthatisonthehazardouslist OBSERVED WORKHAZARDS: Type ofproduction/service:(Listagriculturalcroportypeproductservice) Type ofsector: Number ofknownchildrenworkingintheworkplace Number ofworkers undercontract GPS locationofemployer Address ofemployer Name &contactinformationofemployer SECTION II:HAZARDS&RISKS#OFCHILDRENINVOLVED –Filloutbasedondirectobservations Agriculture  SAMPLE FORM2–PERWORKPLACE SECTION I:GENERICINFORMATION involved: Number ofchildren

action: Suggested remedial Industry  yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no en byemployer: dial actionundertak Was sufficientreme visit: Filled outduring2 Services  nd

- - Was thereaWFCLotherthanhazardousworkobserved? 100c contacted forsanctions: Name oflabourinspector(anddutystation)thatwas FOR FOLLOW UPWITHLAW ENFORCERS Was therechildlabourbychildrenundertheminimumemploymentage? 202 102 101b 100b Are childrenatriskofchildlabourintheworkplace? 200a 101b Monitor’s names Monitor’s (possible trafficking) Maybe, ifoneormorechildrencomefromanotherplace work) areinadequate Yes, ifconditionsofwork(e.g. contract,payment,placeof Yes, ifoneormorechildrenarenotattendingschoolregularly Maybe, ifoneormorechildrenlivewithemployer Maybe, ifoneormorechildrenarefemale conflict Yes, iftheworkinvolvessexualexploitation,crimes,armed (increased riskofabuse) Maybe, ifoneormorechildrenarenotlivingwiththeirfamily SECTION III:FORMSOFCHILDLABOUROTHER THANHAZARDOUSWORK ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION Filled outduring2 Date yes no;Ifso,whatwerethey?..... Did labourinspectorimposesanctions? involved children Number of involved: children Number of nd visit: Suggested remedialaction: service providers: How manywerereferredto Suggested remedialaction: Place of monitoring Comment during 2 Filled out employer? undertaken by action remedial Was sufficient visit: yes no are betteroff: these children How manyof yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no yes no nd

47 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH 48 CHILD LABOUR MONITORING IN ACTION IN NORTH-WEST BANGLADESH ACTIVITIES ANNEX 3HAZARDOUSPROCESSESAND The disallowedjobsforchildlabourersareasfollows: 20 19. 18. Vulcanizing 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. limestone orchalkproducts ManufacturingofGISheetproductsor Metal Works Manufacturing ofleather footwear Ship breaking Dyeing orbleachingof textiles Welding worksorgasworker mechanic Tanning and dressingofleather painting Steel furnitureorcarmetal Manufacturing ofsoap or detergent Salt refining products Manufacturing ofplasticorrubber Manufacturing ofMatches products Manufacturing ofglass andglass machines Engineering Machinesincludinglathe breaking Brick orStone Manufacturing ofBidiandCigarette Recharging Battery Automobile Workshops Manufacturing ofAluminumproducts 38. 37. Blacksmith 36. Butcher 35. 34. Construction 33. 32. 31. 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25. Fireworks 24. 23. 22. 21. ships and Handling ofgoodsinthe ports Chemical factory Ceramic factory Biscuit Factory orbakery Electric Mechanic Weaving worker Bobbin factory Stainless steelmill,cutlery Truck or Tempo orBusHelper or goldsmith imitation ornamentsorbanglesfactory and Manufacturing ofjewellery iron andsteel andcastingof Iron andsteelfoundry Manufacturing ofpesticides Manufacturing ofJardaandQuivam alcohol orblendingspiritwith Rectifying

Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS)

International Labour Organization 4 route des Morillons CH-1211 Geneva 22 – Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0) 22 799 61 11 - Fax: +41 (0) 22 798 86 95 [email protected] – www.ilo.org/childlabour

@ILO_Childlabour ISBN 978-92-2-133041-7

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