8 Code Talkers 20 Ian Fleming 26 National Parks 32 Prohibition Using words Creator of Exceed The noble expectations ® as weapons James Bond experiment
SUMMER 2016 ASIA/PACIFIC – WINTER 2016 CONNECTING TO INDUSTRY Wake Up to Coffee! find out what it takes to satisfy one of the modern world’s most incurable cravings Uncommon ExcellenceTM
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10 20 32 KEYSTONE Pictures USA/ZUMAPRESS/Newscom Pictures KEYSTONE ©iStockphoto.com/sergio_kumer Collection/Newscom Everett
FEATURES DEPARTMENTS 10 WAKE UP TO COFFEE! 5 BUILDING CHARACTER Find out what it takes to satisfy one of the modern Doing Business Honorably world’s most incurable cravings. By Allen Abel 6 A CENTURY OF INNOVATION Highlights of Dixon’s 100 Years 20 SPY TALE SPINNER Ian Fleming, the creator of James Bond, drew on 8 PROFILE Native American Code Talkers his experiences in World War II intelligence to bring his agent 007 to life. 18 BY THE NUMBERS By David Holzel Coffee by the Numbers 26 NATURAL WONDERS 25 THE DIXON DRILLER Why a visit to one of the United States’ most popular national parks—Yellowstone, Great Smoky Mountains 36 HEALTH & FITNESS or Acadia—will exceed your wildest expectations. Better Bone Health By Claire Ricci 38 INVENTIONS 32 ‘THE NOBLE EXPERIMENT’ Pasteurization Though history would prove it a failure, Prohibition was launched with the best of intentions. By Eugene Finerman
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 3 SUMMER 2016 ASIA/PACIFIC – WINTER 2016
Publisher Dixon Valve & Coupling Company
Editor Sue De Pasquale
Editorial Board Richard L. Goodall, CEO, Dixon Bob Grace, President, Dixon Taylor Goodall, Vice President, Distribution, Dixon Scott Jones, Vice President, Sales & Marketing, Dixon Mark Vansant, Vice President, Dixon Hazen Arnold, US Marketing Director Joseph Dawson, Marketing Specialist Bill Harr, Global Marketing Director Karen R. Hurless, Art Director
Editorial & Design Mid-Atlantic Media
Director of Custom Media Jeni Mann
THE ROAD AHEAD Designers Cortney Geare It has been an exciting—yet challenging—year for Dixon. Our 100th anniversary Lindsey Bridwell has brought new energy and a bit of pride, but as with many other businesses, Please submit address changes and requests for new subscriptions to: the economic slowdown has been difficult. However, with challenge comes Dixon Valve & Coupling Company opportunity, and those of us who have been around awhile understand that Attn: Marketing Department 800 High Street today’s economic situation is not new. Chestertown, MD 21620 USA [email protected] A few years ago, a retired three-star Air Force general worked with us at 410.778.2000, ext. 1220 Fax: 800.283.4966 Dixon to help refine our planning process, especially focusing on our long-term BOSS is produced three times a year by Dixon strategic planning. He pointed out that many people only look at the hood of the Valve & Coupling Company and Mid-Atlantic car and ignore the road ahead. While it’s obvious that it’s important to know Custom Media. The acceptance of advertising does not constitute endorsement of the what is right in front of you, failing to look long term can kill you. Great products or services by Dixon Valve & Coupling Company. The publisher reserves the right to companies and smart leaders know this and work hard on current challenges reject any advertisement that is not in keeping with the standing or policies of Dixon Valve & while simultaneously focusing on the long term. Coupling Company. Copyright 2015, all rights reserved. Reproduction of any part of BOSS Here at Dixon, our focus—both long term and short term—is on you, the without written permission is prohibited. customer. We’re proud of our longevity, and by continuing to serve you, we hope Dixon Valve & Coupling Company to continue to delight you for many more years. 800 High Street Chestertown, MD 21620 Thanks for your business, and I hope you enjoy this edition of BOSS magazine. 877-963-4966 Fax: 800-283-4966 Thanks for reading, www.dixonvalve.com
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4 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 BUILDING CHARACTER/ Doing Business Honorably e “Standards of Business” excerpted here were articulated in the 1920s by the of their con dence. But more Rice Institute—an organization that Dixon founder Howard W. Goodall belonged than this; distributors to in the company’s early years. ese tenets of good character are timeless, and they who sell the goods of continue to inspire Dixon’s leadership today. such a manufacturer strengthen their > “ e character of a good man inspires the highest standard has an inspiring own reputation for
faith in him. His example shines like a in uence upon all who know him. It handling dependable ©iStockphoto.com/Classix lantern guiding the footsteps of those is, therefore, clearly to be seen that merchandise. e who would walk in the path of honor when more people know of such a bene cial e ect is and fair dealing. e standard set by manufacturer the business world in extended to the such a man is an inspiration to all general is bene ted. consumer—he has who know him. As knowledge of him “It is true that through wider the consciousness increases, his circle of in uence widens knowledge of the character and of using a product and bene ts to others multiply. reputation of a worthy manufacturer designed for his pro t, “ e same principle is applicable he bene ts individually. Careful buyers health, happiness to business. A manufacturer whose naturally place their orders with and comfort.” character and reputation measure to a manufacturer known to be deserving
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API couplers_2016.indd 1 4/14/2016 2:30:30 PM WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 5 1916 2016 A CENTURY OF INNOVATION It’s a momentous milestone few privately owned companies ever reach: In 2016, Dixon celebrates its 100th anniversary.
PENNSYLVANIA 1934 The Dixon Driller, Philadelphia launched in 1918, is the longest continually running corporate advertising publication in the United States. ca. 1900s 1916 Dixon is founded by Product catalog for the Howard W. Goodall. Goodall Rubber Company
1983 Dixon product 1994 catalog cover Brothers Douglas (Vice 1993 President) and R.L. (President) become the third generation Dixon purchases Perfecting to lead Dixon. Service Company, now Dixon Quick Coupling.
2001 1999 Louis Farina Jr. becomes the Dixon purchases company’s fourth president. American Couplings Company (now Dixon Brass) and Bayco Industries.
2000 2004 Dixon purchases Dixon Fire Bradford Fittings, is created. now Dixon Sanitary.
6 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 1940 Dixon purchases the Mulconroy Co. and incorporates its products into the Dixon line. 1939 Dixon product catalog cover
ca. 1940s Distribution trucks prepare ca. 1940s to head out from the Mulconroy Co. Philadelphia warehouse. product catalog cover
1976 1950 Dixon moves its company The Buck Foundry headquarters to 1966 Chestertown, Maryland. The Dixon Driller marks the company’s golden anniversary.
1951 Richard B. Goodall becomes the company’s second president.
2012 Dixon acquires 2010 Eagle America (now Dixon Eagle). Bob Grace becomes the company’s fi fth president. 2016 Dixon product catalog cover
SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 7 PROFILE/BY MARIA BLACKBURN Words as Weapons During the world wars, Native American code talkers helped win battles and save countless lives
> ough they were the rst Americans, Native Americans have had little voice for much of their time in the United States. Historically, there were 500 distinct Native American languages spoken in North America. Beginning in the late 1800s, Native American children educated in government- or church-run boarding schools were forbidden to speak their native tongue and punished if they did. Native Americans were not considered U.S. citizens until 1924, and many were unable to vote until the late 1950s. Collection/Newscom Everett But during World War I and Native American Marines George Kirk and John Goodluck, pictured here at their shelter on World War II, their words served a Guam hillside, circa summer 1944, were both with a Navajo code talker communications unit and were veterans of combat with the Japanese. as weapons. Hundreds of Native Americans joined the U.S. military and used their native languages and the give,” President George W. Bush said commanding ocer realized that the codes they developed to transmit secret during the July 2001 ceremony in language, which has 26 dialects, would tactical messages. ese code talkers which 21 Navajo code talkers were be undecipherable by the enemy. helped the United States and its allies presented with Congressional Gold “I’ve got an idea that just might get win battles and save countless lives. Medals, the nation’s highest civilian those [Germans] o our backs,” the Yet for years, their contributions honor, for their service in World War II. commander was said to reply, referring went unrecognized. “In war, using their native language, to the fact that his battalion was “In a desperate hour, [they] gave they relayed secret messages that turned practically surrounded by Germans, their country a service only they could the course of battle. At home, they who had successfully “broken” the carried for decades the secret of Americans’ radio codes and tapped their own heroism.” their phone lines. U.S. Marine code talkers during a 2001 visit to Washington, D.C., e rst e commander wrote out a where they received Congressional gold medals. Native Americans message in English and asked Pvt. Bobb to transmit codes to deliver it via phone in Choctaw. during wartime Another soldier received the message served in World and translated it into English. Within a War I. In October few hours, the eight Choctaw speakers 1918, near the end Louis identi ed were reassigned as code of the war in talkers. Ten more Choctaw speakers Chardeny, France, were found and assigned. Louis was Solomon Bond posted at headquarters, where he could Louis and Pvt. receive messages from the front. Mitchell Bobb were Not long aer the Choctaw code overheard speaking talkers began their work of transmitting REX/Newscom Choctaw. eir key messages in their native tongue, the
8 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 tide of the battle shi ed, with the words for planes, ships, weapons and father to children—and we listen, we Germans retreating and the Allies on other military terms. Other tribes, hear, we learn to remember everything.” full attack. A er a month or so, the war including the Comanches, also A er the war, the code talkers ended, their code unbroken. developed codes. returned home without o cial e commanding o cers of the By the end of the war, hundreds of recognition. A er the Navajo code men praised them and told them their Native Americans from more than a talkers program was declassi ed by the work would be recognized. However, dozen tribes had worked as code talkers, U.S. military in 1968, more people decades passed without anyone even helping win key battles in the Paci c, learned of the critical contributions learning of their contributions. Europe and Africa. Native Americans made during the In 1942, during World War II, Asked how Native Americans two world wars. Philip Johnston, a World War I vet were able to memorize such complex In 2001, Navajo code talkers were familiar with the success of the Choctaw codes so quickly, code talker Carl at last honored for using their native code talkers, suggested to the Marine Gorman explained in Power of a tongue to save lives and serve their Corps that the Native American soldiers Navajo: Carl Gorman, the Man and country. ey received Congressional could be helpful in the war. His Life by Henry and Georgia Gold Metals at a ceremony led by Within two weeks, the Marines Greenberg: “For us, everything is President George W. Bush. On each of recruited 29 Navajo soldiers to develop memory, it’s part of our heritage. We the medals there was inscribed a a code using their language. ey have no written language. Our songs, statement in Navajo. It read, “With the assigned a Navajo word for each letter our prayers, our stories, they’re all Navajo language they defeated of the English alphabet and created new handed down from grandfather to the enemy.”
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HTE series_2016.indd 1 6/1/2016 4:23:23 PM WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 9 ©iStockphoto.com/Yasonya 10 find out find what it takes to satisfy of one the
BOSS ©iStockphoto.com\pixelliebe modern modern world’s most cravings incurable
4
mer e mm u s > >
2016 to Coffee! Wake Up BY ABEL ALLEN A Luxury You Can Afford “It much quickens the Spirits and The world’s most precious makes the heart Lightsome, it will hill of beans fills a warehouse in New Jersey from prevent Drowsiness, and make one t for Business,” declared a broadside the pallet to the penthouse. It’s your morning for the rst co eehouse in London, circa 1652. “You are not to drink of it coffee—40,000 jute-fiber sacks of unroasted aer Supper, unless you intend to be watchful, for it will hinder sleep for “green” coffee beans, about halfway along their 3 or 4 hours.” Nearly four centuries later, long and fascinating journey from snip to ship to sip. the essence of the experience has hardly changed. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > In the United States, where one- half of the nation’s adults drink at least one cup of co ee a day, one-third of all the tap water drawn for human e beans in this hangar, and at the trucked to the nearest harbor and consumption is used to brew co ee. In warehouses of hundreds of other freighted across the sea. Italy, tiny cups of espresso are served in wholesale importers and distributors Still to come is the “cupping”—the more than 200,000 shops and stands. in the world’s busiest ports, are the analysis by experts of the speci c avor, Yet more co ee per person is downed in produce and the pride of some of aroma and body of each individual Holland than in any other nation, large the planet’s poorest nations. eir bag—and then the wholesaling, or small. Northern Europeans are the origins are as far- ung as Rwanda retailing, roasting, grinding, blending world champions of co ee drinking; the and Honduras, Brazil and Burundi, and brewing of the beans, be it at home colder the climate and the longer the ©iStockphoto.com/LeventKonuk ©iStockphoto.com/LeventKonuk Costa Rica and Colombia, Ethiopia or at a trendy café (see sidebar, “From winter nights, apparently, the greater and Indonesia, Peru and Panama and Crop to Cup” on pages 14 and 15). the demand for a jolt of steaming joe. Papua New Guinea. But the beans will e result is a beverage whose “It’s 99 cents for a plain cup of be enjoyed by people in some of the history encompasses centuries of co ee,” says David Planer, director “Sack of Coffee” world’s richest nations. ingenuity and invention, slavery of marketing and education Here in South Plain eld, New Jersey, and colonialism, marketing and
the sacks are imprinted with the exotic merchandising—all to satisfy one of
names of provinces and plantations the modern world’s most incurable thousands of nautical miles from the cravings: a steaming mug of stimulation teeming American docks—Papua for the mind and body, packing a New Guinea Kimel Estate Peaberry, powerful jolt of ca eine and a Organic Java Taman Dadar, Guatemalan taste that, if everything has gone Huehuetenango Limonar. Each sack according to plan along the weighs between 60 and 70 kilograms, voyage from crop to or about 145 pounds. At 10 beans per cup, is truly good to the gram, there are approximately 650,000 last drop. beans in each bag. Do the math, and that’s a total of 26 billion co ee beans in this one building alone. Every single bean—they form as twins inside a rm, > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > red, edible “cherry”—already has been plucked by hand from its carefully cultivated shrub at what the planter deems to be the peak of ripeness. en it’s been washed to soen and remove the outer pulp and sticky “mucilage” and “parchment,” sun-dried, bagged,
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 11 for Royal Coffee New York Inc. “But it’s call it a route out of dire poverty. only a few dollars more for a cup that Environmentalists and human rights HARD TO DIGEST distills one farmer’s years and years of activists see the chance to leverage the experience into a cup that is not just beverage’s popularity into increased Some 25 percent acceptable but perfect. Good coffee is a concern for indigenous workers, of American coffee luxury—a luxury you can afford every degraded landscapes and nesting birds. drinkers now favor day. You can get the best coffee in the Dozens of nations—coffee is grown an organically world, roasted by the best roaster in in 80 countries—see it as a major grown brew. the world, served in the best café in the export and the means to the favorable But only a very few world by the best barista in the world “branding” of an entire country on the elitists demand the for only $15, maximum. You certainly basis of a dime-sized bean. liquefied essence of can’t do that with wine. It’s incredible, On commodity exchanges, coffee is beans that have but people take it for granted.” the world’s second most valuable export been fermented in “Coffee has become the by total dollar volume, trailing only the digestive systems of the quintessential item to establish oil. Its price can fluctuate dramatically small, squirrel-like Asian yourself as a tasteful person,” says according to each sack’s country mammals known as palm civets, professor Denise Gigante, who teaches and region of origin, the speculative stuffed down the hatch and a course in the history of coffee and whims of investors who purchase retrieved when they come out European coffeehouses at Stanford and hedge futures contracts months the other end. Elephant dung University in California. “I think it’s in advance, and the unpredictable coffee from Thailand is coming because it has been mass-marketed so vagaries of weather on three continents. on market too—for just well. If you want to make your place (Predictions of a rare frost in the $500 dollars a pound. Passage as an art connoisseur, it’s going to take Brazilian uplands can have an especially through Jumbo’s stomach is serious money. But anybody can buy unsettling effect on the markets.) Yet said to sweeten flavor and a cup of coffee.” many of the world’s biggest countries— lessen bitterness. Gigante calls coffee “an acquired China, Russia, India, the United States, taste and a manufactured product Canada, Japan, Australia, Western associated with culture.” Millions of Europe—produce only a minuscule field hands in developing nations fraction of the global supply. The Coffea tree thrives in the zone between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn and, nearest the Equator, does best at altitudes from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Two principal varieties are grown—arabica, the higher-priced and more delicately flavored bean preferred by gourmets, and robusta, which gives its gusto
BOSS PRODUCTS USED IN COFFEE MANUFACTURING: • Sanitary ball valves • Cam and groove couplings • Washdown nozzles • Hot and cold washdown stations • Sanitary fittings ©iStockphoto.com/dolphinphoto
12 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2016 Costa Rica coffee plantation ©iStockphoto.com/OliverJW ©iStockphoto.com/OliverJW
to pure Italian espresso and, being caffeine. (Vietnam is the No. 2 exporter, less expensive, is the main ingredient most of it robusta.) Millions of trees in in many mass-produced instants, locations as scattered as Martinique, freeze-dried granules and discount Timor, Madagascar, Jamaica, Hawaii’s Big supermarket brands. Island and Bali all are said to trace their > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > Coffee has become the quintessential item to establish yourself as a tasteful person. If you want to make your place as an art connoisseur, it’s going to take serious money. But anybody can buy a cup of coffee.
Unlike other fruit-bearing trees, such ancestry to a single sapling that as apples, peaches or pears, some coffee was smuggled to the Caribbean trees can simultaneously bear flowers, aboard a French naval vessel unripe fruits and ripe cherries, making in 1720 by a clever salt named mechanical harvesting impractical and Gabriel de Clieu. necessitating careful, manual picking But it all began—at least in every day for six months or more. legend—with a goat. One-third of the world’s coffee is A pleasant and persistent Hadyniak ©iStockphoto.com\Bartosz shipped from Brazil, where huge swaths myth maintains that, 1,000 of tropical forest were cut down early years or more ago, an Ethiopian in the 18th century to make way for goatherd named Kaldi spied his coffee plantations, and where legions of usually listless flock chewing on slaves labored in appalling conditions to little red berries and cavorting satisfy the world’s growing craving for (Continued on page 16)
www.dixonva lve.co m s u mm e r 2016 4 BOSS 13 2. 1. 3. 9.
8. 10.
Coffee shrubs are cultivated on plantations that circle 1. the globe, mostly between latitudes 25 degrees north and south. FROM CROP TO Clusters of red “cherries” are harvested, usually by hand, 2. at the peak of ripeness.
The cherries are dried in the sun until the outer husks 3. shrivel. Then the inner beans are separated from the husks by hand or by machine; OR The cherries are washed and left to ferment for 18 to 35 hours, then rinsed, dried in the sun or in ovens, and mechanically hulled, a process that removes the glutinous mucilage and the thin outer parchment.
The beans are sorted on conveyor belts for consistency 4. and size.
“Coffee Plantation” ©iStockphoto.com/Pedarilhos; “Ripe Coffee Cherries” ©iStockphoto.com/DustyPixel; “Coffee beans drying” ©iStockphoto.com/BruceBlock; “Sorting coffee beans” A2955 Wolfgang Kumm DeutschCUP Presse Agentur/Newscom; “Filling Sack” PAULO WHITAKER/REUTERS/Newscom; “Coffee sacks” ©iStockphoto.com/Paolo_Toffanin; “Coffee Mill Warehouse” ©iStockphoto.com/DenGuy;
14 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 6.
5. 4. 7. 12.
11. 13.
The sorted “green” beans are bagged in sacks made from The “green” beans are roasted to a temperature of 5. jute fibers, about 60 to 70 kilograms of beans to each bag. 10.approximately 440 degrees Fahrenheit (225 degrees Celsius) by a forced-hot-air process in industrial-sized The sacks are trucked to port and loaded into containers cylinders; in smaller roasters in cafés, restaurants and 6. for export, and the containers are shipped to the specialty markets; or at home in a frying pan; OR destination country or region. The beans are decaffeinated by treatment with methylene chloride or by steaming them until the caffeine rises to The containers are imported and trucked to a wholesale the surface. 7. importer’s warehouse, or to the roasting plants of large coffeehouse and supermarket companies. 11. The roasted beans are cooled in vats exposed to cold air.
Samples of each sack are selected, roasted in small The cooled beans are ground in-store, at home, at a café or 8. batches, brewed and cupped by experts to determine 12. in large-scale manufacturing facilities, then packaged in quality, profile and tasting notes. bags or cans for retail sale.
Sacks of select varieties are purchased by cafés, The ground coffee is brewed and enjoyed. 9. manufacturers and retailers. 13.
“Sampling procedure” Tim Pannell Mint Images/Newscom; “Green Coffee Beans” ©iStockphoto.com/EdgarNormal; “Coffee roaster” ©iStockphoto.com/minemero; “Coffee Beans Cooling” ©iStockphoto.com/BanksPhotos; “Ground Coffee” ©iStockphoto.com/tycoon751; “Brewing Coffee” ©iStockphoto.com/sergio_kumer
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 15 ©iStockphoto.com/chuvipro ©iStockphoto.com/chuvipro
Left to right: Coffee flowers on tree. Farmer in Rwanda holding shelled and unshelled coffee beans. Coffee farmer drying beans at a plantation in Alfenas, Brazil.
(Continued from page 13) “ e route that co ee takes to scurvy. Around 1800, during the like kids. Curious as to the source of goes up through Syria, and then it Enlightenment, it began to be used this manic behavior, he plucked a few winds up having quite an active life to stimulate the mind and enliven co ee cherries himself, chewed them in Constantinople,” Gigante explains. conversation, the same way we use it and thereby got the rst java jolt in “Turkish co ee really was the origin today. Aer the French Revolution, human history. of co ee’s trajectory to Europe—it went with the rise of gastronomy, we had “Like most legends, it probably with the Ottoman armies through the the beginnings of food being taken has some basis in truth,” says Gigante. Middle East to Egypt, and from Cairo seriously as an art form. When that “Most accounts have co ee production it went north across the Mediterranean happened, co ee joined food as originating in either Ethiopia or to Italy and to France. something that could be appreciated Yemen, and there was probably some “Originally, it was valued for its for its own taste.” observation of how the co ee bean medicinal purposes—in 17th-century a ected animals.” ( e Yemeni port of England, co ee was thought to cure Mocha was an early center of the trade.) everything from menstrual problems Dangerous Ideas? “ e history of co ee is the history of globalization,” says professor Robert Nemes of Colgate University in EVOLUTION OF A COFFEE BEAN Hamilton, New York. “Co ee is one of the earliest of crops to globalize, along with tobacco—and like tobacco, it becomes an incredibly popular drug supply system [due to its ca eine]. e big question among academics is whether its spread is due to cultural and economic forces, or whether it’s the ca eine itself that drives it forward. “If you look at the pathways it has taken, the resistance that co ee meets ©iStockphoto.com/Tuned_In in a lot of di erent countries is really
16 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 Wayne Hutchinson/FLPA imageBROKER/Newscom Hutchinson/FLPA Wayne ©iStockphoto.com/dolphinphoto
interesting. You have sultans trying to to his wife, Abigail, in 1774: “Tea must crack down on it and intense debates be universally renounced. I must be within Islam about whether or not this weaned, and the sooner, the better.” SINGLE-CUP BREWERS is sanctioned by the teaching of the During the Civil War, soldiers prophet. e co eehouse is one of the on both sides roasted their own beans In 2015 rst places that people can go to that is 27% over bivouac camp res and brewed of households not work or home or the mosque. And their co ee in the same pots that they owned a single-cup it is a place where people of all social used to wash their laundry. (But the brewer, an classes come together to talk about boiling of putrid pond and river water all-time high. dangerous ideas.” undoubtedly saved lives.) en came In 17th-century London, co ee a wave of innovations in vacuum- was hailed as “a simple, innocent thing, sealed preservation, industrial-scale composed into a Drink by being dryed processing, dehydrated “instant” in an Oven, and ground to Powder, co ee, deca eination, supermarket and boiled up with Spring water.” But branding and mass marketing that King Charles II saw the co eehouses has never ended. as a breeding ground for sedition and In 1958, a brilliant advertising ordered them shut down. e royal campaign for co ee from the 27% prohibition was shouted down by the Colombian highlands made a ctional wide-awake masses and never farmer named Juan Valdez and his took e ect. trusty mule an icon of quality and Across the Atlantic, popular history launched a craze for country-of-origin 2015 holds that the anti-British anger that roasts. By the time a Dutch immigrant culminated in the Boston Tea Party named Alfred Peet opened his rst café ipped colonists’ taste from tea to in Berkeley, California, in 1966 and 7% 10% 12% 15% co ee. is belief has at least some basis o ered a darker, richer brew, North 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 report Trends Drinking Coffee National the NCA from data Infographic Source: in fact, as witnessed by a famous letter America was ripe for turning co ee written by Founding Father John Adams from a cup of dishwater at the local > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 17 COFFEE BY THE NUMBERS
2 All coffee is grown 3 5 in a region found 1 4 between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, otherwise know as “The Bean Belt.”
world’s biggest coffee drinkers top producers (cups per day/person) (2014) Netherlands 2.414 1. Brazil 2.72 billion kg Finland 1.848 2. Vietnam 1.65 billion kg Sweden 1.357 3. Colombia 750 million kg Denmark 1.237 4. Indonesia 540 million kg Germany 1.231 5. Ethiopia 397.5 million kg Slovakia 1.201 Serbia 1.188 Czech Republic 1.17 top importers Poland 1.152 (2013) Norway 1.128 America $5.5 billion Slovenia 1.076 Germany $3.6 billion Canada 1.009 France $2.4 billion Belgium 0.981 Italy and Japan $1.6 billion Switzerland 0.971 New Zealand 0.939 USA 0.931 Austria 0.803 how much caffeine is in coffee? Costa Rica 0.793 Greece 0.782 Algeria 0.765 Macedonia 0.755 AVERAGE AVERAGE France 0.694 95 mg 2 mg Lithuania 0.691 Bosnia-Herzegovina 0.631 Regular brewed coffee (8 oz) Decaf brewed coffee (8 oz) Philippines 0.608
Sources: NCA National Coffee “The Influence of Coffee Around the World Facts ‘N’ Stats” Infographic and http://www.theatlantic.com/ business/archive/2014/01/here-are-the-countries-that-drink-the-most-coffee-the-us-isnt-in-the-top-10/283100/
“Coffee Map” ©iStockphoto.com/studiocasper 18 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 diner into a multisensory experience of connoisseurship and taste. DECAF DECONSTRUCTED Starbucks took it from there, adding global standardization, a range of more Today there are a variety of processes used to remove than 80,000 combinations of avors, caffeine from coffee, but all begin by treating the coffee frappés and foams, the elevation of beans in their green, unroasted state. In the most common the barista-as-artiste, and an inviting direct solvent method, the beans are steamed to open their pores ambiance of so lighting, comfortable and then soaked in an organic solvent—most commonly methylene chairs and social awareness. chloride or ethyl acetate—that selectively unites with the caffeine. Now, a millennium a er a lucky Then the beans are steamed again to remove the solvent residues, goat happened upon a cherry with dried and roasted like any other green coffee. a kick, a rich, nutty fragrance wa s through a back room in Baltimore, Other decaffeination methods include the indirect solvent method Maryland, where a squadron of hipsters (in which water boiled from the beans is treated with solvent rather than have come for a complimentary the beans themselves); the water-only Swiss water process (which strips “cupping” at an upscale roastery caffeine by percolation through activated charcoal); and the more recent called Ceremony. “Try to get a nice carbon dioxide method (which uses compressed CO2 and charcoal filtering to remove the caffeine). inhale,” encourages customer service SOURCE: Coffee Review representative Erissa Mann. is is the summit of co ee’s 21st- > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > century ascendance as an object of high in Mann’s description, “to our espresso “Get really, really close to your culture and mystique. In front of the pro le.” Tasting notes on each package co ee,” Mann advises. “Stir gently in tasters are samples that range highlight “almond butter aromatics … the top half and you’ll get a nice big from Jaguar Ocoteque from Honduras dark chocolate … apple pie in pu of aroma.” to a Colombian El Cedro “washed,” a sugary shot …”
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industrial wafer ball valve_2016.indd 1 4/14/2016 2:48:15 PM WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 19 Ian Fleming, the creator of James Bond, SPY drew on his experiences in World War II intelligence to bring his agent 007 to life TALE BY DAVID HOLZEL SPINNER Horst Tappe / Contributor Tappe Horst
20 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2016 erman U-boats were infesting the Child of Privilege waters of the Caribbean in July G 1943 when high-level American Ian Lancaster Fleming was born and British naval intelligence agents met in London on May 28, 1908, into in the British colonial outpost of wealth, although it was new wealth. Jamaica to jaw out a response. His paternal grandfather had made e head of the British team, a fortune trading railroad stocks. 35-year-old Ian Fleming, was the e family of his mother, Eve, had charming personal assistant to the chief begun humbly, but her grandfathers of naval intelligence. At the end of each had risen in their professions and had day of meetings, Fleming and his British been knighted. colleague and friend Ivar Bryce escaped Ian and his three brothers were the humidity of Kingston to an old children of privilege. eir father, Valentine Fleming, was a Conservative manor house on the mountainside USA/ZUMAPRESS/Newscom Pictures KEYSTONE above the city. ere they sat on the member of parliament and a friend balcony, drinking grenadine and of Winston Churchill. When World looking out at the tropical rain. War I broke out in 1914, Valentine Reuters in London, which led to trips to Aer the conference, on the volunteered to ght. He was killed in Berlin and Moscow. But Ian wanted to ight out of Jamaica, Fleming surprised a German attack on his squadron in live well, independent of family money. Bryce by telling him, “I am going to Picardy, France, in 1917 when Ian was 9. So he le journalism and worked for live in Jamaica, swim in the sea and In death, Valentine was remembered as a time in stockbroking. write books.” a paragon of virtue that his sons He was not a success as a Until the war, Fleming had struggled to live up to. stockbroker, but he was good at meeting dried without much focus or purpose. And Ian did struggle. e second people and making friends. When But intelligence work had brought son, he was indi erent to his studies at World War II broke out, banking and out his natural abilities, “which Eton College and no match for his stockbroking friends recommended included sociability, organization intellectual older brother, Peter. Aer him for work in navy intelligence, where and imagination,” writes biographer passing the qualifying exam for he became personal assistant to the Andrew Lycett in Ian Fleming. Sandhurst Military College, Ian director, Adm. Sir John Godfrey, and Once he discovered Jamaica, participated in an 18-month training rose to the rank of commander. Fleming had all the elements for a program for ocers, thinking that Fleming was Godfrey’s postwar livelihood that would propel perhaps he could live up to his father’s troubleshooter, acting as his “eyes and him to fame. During the three months legacy. But Ian chafed at discipline and ears, while running a worldwide he spent each year in Jamaica, he took withdrew from the program. information-gathering operation,” the raw materials of his life—notably his His mother was not about to see Ian Lycett writes. Fleming extended his experience in intelligence work that so fail, and with her help he found a job at wide network of in uential animated his imagination—and fashioned them into action novels about a dashing British intelligence ocer: An attractive rake in his navy uniform, with a broken “James Bond.” Bond’s character would take on nose he had acquired at Eton that added to his good a life of its own, rst in print, and later in lm. looks, Fleming was irresistible to many women.
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 21
Bond was an immediate hit, and through astute marketing, Fleming’s fame spread. As Fleming delivered one new Bond book a year, his fictional hero began taking on a life of his own.
stipulated, “ e bomber pilot should be the gadgets the British were developing: a tough bachelor, able to swim.” a gas pistol disguised as a fountain pen, shaving brushes with secret cavities, shoelaces that could act as saws, Spies and Gadgets a hollowed-out golf ball to conceal e description sounded a bit like messages to prisoners of war (a similar Fleming himself. An attractive rake in device was used to transport uncut his navy uniform, with a broken nose he stones in the Bond novel Diamonds Garnade/Mirrorpix/Newscom had acquired at Eton that added to his Are Forever). Ian Fleming with his mother, Evelyn St. Croix good looks, Fleming was irresistible Fleming became senior Fleming, in November 1957. to many women. commanding ocer of the 30 Assault “He’s the right shape, size, height, Unit, an intelligence unit that acquaintances, using his power of has the right sort of hair, the right sort accompanied advancing Allied troops patronage to nd intelligence jobs for of laugh, is 36 and is beautiful,” an to capture as many German secrets as friends. And he brought together people admirer gushed. possible. He also played a role in the who could further the war e ort. Fleming also participated in drawing creation and operation of the T-Force Operating from Room 39 of the up for Operation Golden Eye in 1941 intelligence-gathering unit. Among its Admiralty in London, Fleming churned a plan of “limited sabotage” if the operations was capturing German out memos and reports and dreamed Germans marched into Spain, which, rocket scientists before they fell into the up operations that were worthy of despite its fascist government, was hands of the Soviets. In his 1955 Bond a ctional action hero. With British ocially neutral in the war. e plan novel Moonraker, Fleming used intelligence struggling to break the never had to be implemented, but elements of T-Force’s activities. German Enigma code, Fleming during preparations, Fleming met with Aer the war, Fleming used his proposed to y a German plane that William J. “Big Bill” Donovan, head of charm and good breeding to land the British had captured, man it with the pre-CIA Oce of Strategic Services a plum role in British journalism. a German-speaking British crew and in the United States. ese and other e Sunday Times newspaper hired crash it. When the Germans came to meetings helped Britain develop its him as its foreign manager—a title that the rescue of their fellows, the British intelligence relationship with the U.S. gave him two months of guaranteed ocers would overpower them and It won’t surprise anyone with even vacation a year. get the sea codes for Enigma. a passing knowledge of James Bond and He spent those vacations in Jamaica, In his proposal for the plan, which the spy craze he set o to learn that writing the Bond books, in a house on was never carried out, Fleming Fleming was particularly intrigued with the island’s north shore that he named
22 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 BOND BOOKS by Ian Fleming
• Casino Royale, 1953 (movie, 2006) • Live and Let Die, 1954 (movie, 1973) Geoff Wilkinson/REX/NewscomGeoff • Moonraker, 1955 (movie, 1979) The interior of Goldeneye, the house in Jamaica, West Indies, where Fleming wrote his Bond books. • Diamonds Are Forever, 1956 Goldeneye. One of Fleming’s neighbors marriages, and Ann was pregnant with (movie, 1971) was English playwright Noel Coward. Fleming’s child. On Aug. 12, 1952, their • From Russia, with Love, 1957 e two became close friends. When he son and only child, Caspar, was born. (movie, 1963) rst saw Goldeneye, Coward described In later years, Fleming downplayed it as “quite perfect. A large sitting room, the literary importance of Bond: “Bang, • Dr. No, 1958 (movie, 1962) sparsely furnished, comfortable beds bang, kiss, kiss, that sort of stu . It’s and showers, an agreeable sta , a small what you would expect of an adolescent • Goldfinger, 1959 (movie, 1964) private coral beach with lint-white sand mind—which I happen to possess.” • For Your Eyes Only, 1960 and warm, clear water.” But others saw more. Casino Royale (movie, 1981) re ected the moral ambiguities of the Thunderball ‘Bond, James Bond’ Cold War and the attractions of the • postwar consumer culture. (based on a screen treatment with At Goldeneye, Fleming followed an Reviews of Casino Royale, Kevin McClory and Jack Whittingham), 1961 unvarying routine: Awake, swim, eat written by Fleming’s journalistic (movie, 1965) breakfast and then three hours of friends, were uniformly positive. • The Spy Who Loved Me, 1962 writing at his typewriter, emerging e review in the Manchester Evening (movie, 1977) at noon. News by Julian Symons, whom Over the years, Fleming had Fleming didn’t know, called the plot • On Her Majesty’s been toying with the idea of a book. “staggeringly implausible,” yet the Secret Service, 1963 (movie, 1969) According to Lycett, he began writing book was “thoroughly exciting and on the morning of Jan. 15, 1952, absorbingly readable.” • You Only Live Twice, 1964 nishing 63,000 words later on March Bond was an immediate hit, and (movie, 1967)
18 with the James Bond debut, through astute marketing, Fleming’s ©iStockphoto.com/enscap67 The Man with the Golden Gun, 1965 fame spread. As Fleming delivered one • Casino Royale. (movie, 1974) Less than a week later, the lifelong new Bond book a year, his ctional hero bachelor, at 43, married Ann began taking on a life of his own. • Octopussy Rothermere. He had engaged in an But Fleming was a heavy drinker (a compilation of short stories), 1966 a air with her through her two earlier and smoked 70 cigarettes a day. In 1961, (movie, 1983) Book” “Casino Royale
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 23 at the age of 52, he su ered a massive to Matthew Parker, author of heart attack. While in the hospital, he Goldeneye Where Bond Was Born: began writing down the children’s Ian Fleming’s Jamaica. stories he used to tell his son about Connery created the eternally vital a family who owned a ying car. Bond we think of today. Yet the Bond of Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang, published the novels kept aging. In You Only Live in 1964, was Fleming’s only children’s Twice, published in 1964, the hero is in book. e motto of the story’s father, serious decline. While in hiding, Bond’s Commander Pott—“Never say ‘no’ to need for a smoke becomes so strong adventures. Always say ‘yes,’ otherwise that he puts his life in danger just to you’ll lead a very dull life”—could have have a cigarette. been Fleming’s own. If anything, Bond was in better James Bond seemed a character shape than his creator. On Aug. 11, born for Hollywood, but it wasn’t until 1964, Fleming collapsed in London and 1962 that the lming of the rst Bond was rushed to a hospital. He died of movie, Dr. No, began. As Bond, Fleming a heart attack at age 56. It was his son had envisioned David Niven, an actor Caspar’s 12th birthday. with a British upper-class bearing much Bond has far outlived his creator. like Fleming’s. e role went instead to A half-century a er Fleming’s death, 31-year-old unknown Sean Connery, 007 is an indelible part of our culture who was selected for his sex appeal, and whose popularity only seems to
UNITED / Album/Newscom ARTISTS who also was “younger, tougher and be growing. Sean Connery in Dr. No somehow more modern and classless” than the Bond of the books, according
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WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 25 NATURAL WONDERS Whether you’re looking for a family vacation in the great outdoors or an adrenaline-pumping wilderness adventure, a visit to one of the United States’ most popular national parks—Yellowstone, Great Smoky Mountains or Acadia—will exceed your wildest expectations
BY CLAIRE RICCI ©iStockphoto.com/ChrisMR
Madison River, Yellowstone
26 BOSS 4 s u mm e r 2016 YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK ➤
MONTANA
Old Faithful eruption at Yellowstone
YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK
IDAHO Jackson
WYOMING
Caution and safety should trump a great photo opportunity, no matter how
©iStockphoto.com/YinYang docile the bison might appear. One safe way to get close to the natural world—in the form of brown trout, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK a ernoon. (Insider’s tip: What’s that rainbow trout and mountain white sh is o en de ned by the world’s most horrible smell? ermal features exude —is to cozy up to anglers reeling in the famous geyser, Old Faithful. Undeniably, sulfur. Bring a handkerchief!) bounty of the Madison River. Stop at the no visit would be complete without Hiking and walking are great ways Yellowstone Fly Shop for pointers rst. seeing Old Faithful erupt at least once, to see the park. Mystic Falls Trail Planning your visit with overnight but be wary of allowing it to eclipse the provides a at and short jaunt, great for stays along the 142-mile Grand Loop park’s many other attractions. kids and beginning hikers. Steam rises Road gives a good overall sense of the Months—and even years—could from Little Firehole River close to the park. Arrive at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, be spent taking in the grandeur of 70-foot cascade of the falls. Travelers and consider stays at Jenny Lake Lodge, Yellowstone, which lies primarily in with more energy can extend the climb Mammoth Hot Springs Hotel, Wyoming but also extends into to Inspiration Point overlooking Hidden Mammoth Cabins (a village of one- Montana and Idaho. Yellowstone lays Falls and nd fewer crowds. room cabins), Lake Yellowstone (the claim to more than half the world’s Keep an eye out for bison, coyotes, granddaddy of all National Park lodges) thermal features, including some 10,000 wolves and bears—all frequently sighted or Old Faithful Inn (where the deck is hot springs, geysers, mud pots and by hikers and walkers, making for the perfect vantage point for enjoying fumaroles that belch, thunder and hiss. amazing up-close encounters with a cocktail and Old Faithful eruptions). Easily accessible by boardwalk paths, wildlife. While these are exciting Campgrounds are plentiful as well. not-to-be-missed features include experiences, it’s essential to remember Reservations ll quickly and can be Old Faithful, the rainbow that Yellowstone is a wilderness. made one year in advance. ➸ of colors at Grand Prismatic Spring and the geyser basins. Park rangers and posted notices provide schedules of geyser eruptions, making it easy to see several in one
Right: Wild bison roam free beneath mountains in Yellowstone National Park. Far right: Yellowstone Grand Prismatic Spring. ©iStockphoto.com/James Brey ©iStockphoto.com/James Soler Traite ©iStockphoto.com/Ferran
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 27 GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK ➤
THE RUGGED BEAUTY of the Appalachian Mountains sets Great Smoky Mountains National Park apart as the most visited national park, with around 10 million visitors each year. With the southern terminus of the Blue Ridge Parkway providing easy driving access and stunning scenery, this 522,419-acre park—which sprawls into both Tennessee and North Carolina —lends itself especially well to travelers in search of a driving vacation. Fall is prime time to visit and take in vibrant color in the woods and wonderful festivals in Gatlinburg and Knoxville. Use e Oliver Hotel in Knoxville as a base and choose from
a wide array of day activities, including Photography Allen ©iStockphoto.com/Dave y shing for native Appalachian brook trout, a drive along 33-mile Scenic spring landscape, Blue Ridge Parkway, Smoky Mountains Newfound Gap Road (U.S. Highway 441), wildlife spotting at Cades Cove of the Tennessee foothills at the East eatre in Knoxville to take in a movie, (also home to a number of preserved Tennessee History Center. concert or Broadway show. historic buildings worth visiting), and e Hen Wallow Falls Trail is Knoxville o ers the energy and learning about the history and culture an easy out-and-back hike through vibrancy of the University of Tennessee, hemlocks and rhododendron, with the chance to catch a game during ending with the reward of a beautiful football season. Pair that with a lively 90-foot waterfall. Or challenge food and music scene (headlined by yourself—and your kids—by the Bijou eatre) and you’ll be able TENNESSEE summiting Rich Mountain for a to round out your wilderness National Knoxville jaw-dropping view of Cades Cove. Park vacation with cultural o erings. Gatlinburg If you’d like to take a break from Camping is the only lodging enjoying nature’s grandeur, consider available in Great Smoky Mountains a daytrip to nearby Dollywood National Park, but nearby Gatlinburg, GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS (a theme- and waterpark named Pigeon Forge and Knoxville o er a NATIONAL PARK for Dolly Parton), or head to the broad array of hotels, inns, cabins
Dillsboro beautifully restored Tennessee and B&Bs. ➸ NORTH CAROLINA A black bear in the North Carolina mountains
Fog over the fi elds of Cades Cove ©iStockphoto.com/Betty4240 Photography Allen ©iStockphoto.com/Dave
28 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 ➤ GRAND TETON GRAND CANYON ➤
GLACIER ➤
7 10
9 5 8
3 4 6 2 1
“Map” ©iStockphoto.com\bgblue “Map” ➤ YOSEMITE
OLYMPIC ➤ ➤ ROCKY MOUNTAIN
THE 10 MOST POPULAR U.S. NATIONAL PARKS
ZION 1. Great Smoky Mountains: 6. Zion: 3.6 million ➤ 10.7 million visitors 7. Olympic: 3.3 million 2. Grand Canyon: 5.5 million 8. Grand Teton: 3.1 million 3. Rocky Mountain: 4.16 million 9. Acadia: 2.8 million 4. Yosemite: 4.1 million 10. Glacier: 2.4 million 5. Yellowstone: 4.1 million SOURCE: National Park Service 2015
“Grand Canyon” ©iStockphoto.com/tobiasjo; “Glacier” ©iStockphoto.com/world-travellers; “Grand Teton” ©iStockphoto.com/vkbhat; “Olympic” ©iStockphoto.com/Spondylolithesis; “Zion” ©iStockphoto.com/theoccasion; “Yosemite” ©iStockphoto.com/Dean Pennala; “Rocky Mountain” ©iStockphoto.com/Deniz Tokatli
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 29 ACADIA NATIONAL PARK ➤
the Hulls Cove Visitors Center, then head to Cadillac Mountain, which looms 1,530 feet high. e mountain draws big crowds in summer, so start early and drive slowly, especially when the roadside cli s get steep. At the summit, you’ll be rewarded with breathtaking, 360-degree views of the glorious vista below. Next stop: Sand Beach, which sits between two walls of solid pink granite. Stroll the 290-yard shoreline, with towering evergreens overhead, or take a hike up the granite steps of Great Head Trail. Just south of the beach is The view from Cadillac Mountain, Bar Harbor, Maine ©iStockphoto.com/David Cannings-Bushell ©iStockphoto.com/David under Hole, a semisubmerged cave that derives its name from the echoing booms—as loud as a thunderstorm— THE FIRST NATIONAL PARK harbor seals sunning themselves on that emanate an hour or two before created entirely by private donations bedrock. high tide. of land, Acadia National Park, which ough some visitors plan their trip From under Hole it’s less than sprawls over Maine’s Mount Desert for early fall and the start of leaf peeping a mile to Otter Cli , a 110-foot-high Island (and associated smaller islands) season (September through early granite precipice that emerges a er you o the Atlantic coast, celebrates its October), by far the most popular time centennial anniversary in 2016. to visit is summer, when temperatures Home to the highest point along climb into the 70s. the North Atlantic seaboard, Acadia’s Getting around the park is easy 47,000 acres o er an appealing array via the 27-mile Park Loop Road, of options for outdoor enthusiasts— which o ers easy access to Acadia’s whether you choose to scale the park’s most popular sites. (If you opt not to granite peaks, bike along its historic rent a car, you can travel via the Island carriage roads or just marvel at the Explorer, a free shuttle bus.) Start at wildlife: moose ambling across the road, peregrine falcons soaring overhead or Thunder Hole in Acadia National Park ©iStockphoto.com/JaysonPhotography
THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE TURNS 100
ON AUGUST 25, 1916, President Woodrow Wilson signed the act creating the U.S. National Park Service, a new federal bureau in the Department of the Interior responsible for protecting the 35 national parks and monuments then managed by the department and those yet to 100 be established. YEARS Today the National Park System of the United States comprises more than 400 areas covering more than 84 million acres in 50 states, the District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, Saipan and the Virgin Islands. More than 20,000 National Park Service employees care for America’s national parks and work with communities across the nation to help preserve local history and create close-to-home recreational opportunities. Visit www.nps.gov for more information. SOURCE: National Park Service
30 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 MAINE Ellsworth
Blue Hill Bar Harbor
ACADIA NATIONAL PARK
Jordan Pond in Acadia National Park ©iStockphoto.com/JaysonPhotography hike through groves of spruce trees. Pond Shore Trail) to end at Jordan Gazing down, you’ll be rewarded with Pond, known for its crystal clear waters shops, restaurants and B&Bs. Be sure picturesque ocean views—including and the nearby Jordan Pond House to stroll the half-mile-long Shore Path. whale pods spouting o shore. Restaurant (perfect for lobster rolls or Originally built in 1880, it begins near When you’re ready to stretch your popovers and tea). the town pier and o ers an appealing legs, head to the Jordan Pond Nature For easy access to Acadia’s view of the four Porcupine Islands Trail for an easy stroll through the attractions, stay in Bar Harbor, a o to the east—especially beautiful evergreens (or take a more di cult picturesque seaside town known for at sunrise. hike along the rocky coast of the Jordan its lobster boats and yachts, taverns,
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swivels_2016.indd 1 4/19/2016 10:40:53 AM WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 31
BY EUGENE FINERMAN
he funeral was a day early; John TBarleycorn was not quite dead. But on Jan. 16, 1920, 10,000 people in Norfolk, Virginia, celebrated the end of intoxication in America. As the mythic personi cation of liquor, John Barleycorn required a 20-foot-long con because buried with him were all the diseases and vices associated with drinking. Ociating at the “funeral” was the popular evangelist Billy Sunday, who proclaimed: “ e reign of tears is over. e slums will soon be only a memory. … Men will walk upright, women will smile and the children will laugh. … Goodbye, John. You were God’s worst enemy. You were Hell’s best friend.” https://www.loc.gov/item/91796663 of Congress, the Library from Retrieved https://www.loc.gov/item/93502843 of Congress, the Library from Retrieved e following day, the 18th Left to right: A Connecticut monument dedicated to the mythical John Barleycorn, Amendment went into e ect: “ e giving his death as Jan. 16, 1920, the date of the ratification of the 18th Amendment. Evangelist Billy Sunday with Mrs. Sunday, photographed at the White House, where manufacture, sale, or transportation of they called on President Coolidge. intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the everyone in Chicago has a Tommy gun. Whether brewed, fermented or exportation thereof from the United When the stock market crashed in 1929, distilled, liquor was healthier than States and all the territory subject it proved that even the economy was water. at’s because all too oen, to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage on a bender. rivers and sewers were one and the purposes is hereby prohibited.” Prohibition was a failure; in same. No doubt put o by the smell of Contrary to the Rev. Sunday’s hindsight, we could not imagine the local water supply, people opted expectations, paradise was not the its success. Yet in 1920, the 18th for a mug of beer in order to avoid consequence. A decade called the Amendment re ected a public common waterborne ailments such Roaring ’20s does not convey an consensus, the best of intentions as dysentery, typhoid or cholera. upliing sobriety. In the novels of as well as undeniable bigotry. By the 1870s, however, cities F. Scott Fitzgerald, the era seems an Well into the 19th century, doctors began ltering their water supply to rid orgy. In Hollywood lms, America is had recommended temperate it of the more obvious and noxious the battleground of gangsters, and consumption of alcoholic beverages: pollutants. e practice of chlorination
32 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/npc2008005717 of Congress, the Library from Retrieved
Anti-Saloon League at the White House, Jan. 16, 1924 eliminated germs in the water supply. Roosevelt, and the achievements in was the numbing reward aer Water now was healthier than liquor, science and industry, progress seemed 12 hours at the foundry. and there were social alternatives a certainty. Temperance was part of Furthermore, drinking now to the alcoholic libation. Co ee was this promise. was regarded as the vice of the popular, cheap and stimulating Indeed, the consumption of immigrant. “ e foreign-born (see p. 10); the boiling process also alcohol was declining. e average population is largely under the social made it safe. Flavored carbonated American of the early 19th century and political control of the saloon,” water was becoming a public staple too. drank seven gallons a year. A century wrote John Marshall Barker, a professor Temperance had become e ortless, as later, people drank one-quarter as of sociology. With less subtlety, the advances in medication and sanitation much. However, the character of Anti-Saloon League described itself as had seemed to make liquor irrelevant. drinking had changed. is was no “the Protestant Church in action.” America, at the turn of the 20th longer the rural society where a agon Amid the idealism of the temperance century, had an unbounded faith in the of hard cider began the day. No, in an movement, there was a distinct bias future. In the ebullience of Teddy industrial America, a whiskey or two against Catholicism.
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 33 Handout/MCT/Newscom https://www.loc.gov/item/hec2009003344 of Congress, the Library from Retrieved
New York City Deputy Police Commissioner John A. Leach, right, watches agents pour liquor into a sewer following a raid during the height of prohibition, 1921. Right: the Honorable Andrew H. Volstead.
e Anti-Saloon League was remained a powerful in uence in spirits. Grain was only to be used for the most outspoken and shameless Washington. One-third of federal food. e passage of the amendment proponent of temperance. “Liquor is revenues—$10 billion a year—came merely was a formality; the vote was on responsible for 19 percent of the from taxes on alcohol. e temperance Dec. 18, 1917. Within three weeks, divorces, 25 percent of poverty, 25 movement endorsed an alternative: Mississippi became the rst state to percent of insanity … and 50 percent a federal income tax. Proposed as the ratify the amendment. On Jan. 16, 1919, of crime in this country. … And 16th Amendment in 1909, it was rati ed Nebraska became the 36th state, enough this is a very conservative estimate.” in 1913. at same year, the Anti- for Constitutional rati cation. America Of course, these are not statistics but Saloon League proposed Prohibition as had adopted Prohibition. However, the wild accusations. Yet the liquor a Constitutional amendment. For four amendment would not go into e ect for manufacturers were helpless to respond; years, the proposal was voted down a year. e liquor industry was allowed could they quibble over the correct or sidetracked by a congressional that time to sell its stockpiles and adapt percentage of alcoholic insanity? e committee; the liquor industry still its production to so drinks or Ohio-based league proved just as had its advocates. industrial chemicals. e ective as a lobbying organization, In 1917, however, World War I made e 18th Amendment set the policy, going state by state to promote a temperance irreproachably patriotic. but it was the Volstead Act that enforced temperance agenda. Every state began If beer drinkers had been suspiciously Prohibition. Andrew Volstead, a to include temperance education in foreign, now the beer brands were congressman from Minnesota, public schools. In 1907, Georgia was the incriminating: Schlitz, Pabst and introduced the legislation on the House rst state to adopt Prohibition. By 1913, Anheuser-Busch. is was no time to be oor, but the bill actually was the work nine states had taken the pledge. German or liquor. As a war measure, of the Anti-Saloon League. By the Although temperance had become a the federal government imposed a league’s de nition, intoxicating liquor political movement, the liquor industry prohibition on the manufacture of had a content of 0.5 percent alcohol.
34 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 e bill provided a long list of permit beer. His Republican violations and their penalties but also opponent, Herbert Hoover, included a number of exemptions. defended the status quo. ere was to be no regulation of the “Our country has undertaken alcohol content of “medicinal a great social and economic preparations.” Citizens jumped on this experiment, noble in motive loophole and their doctors complied, and far-reaching in purpose.” prescribing 90-proof “tonics” for coughs Prosperity favored the and anemia. Perhaps by coincidence, incumbent party, and Hoover the Walgreens chain of drugstores grew won the election. from 20 to 525. e Volstead Act also But that prosperity did not took a rather lax approach to the home last through 1929. By 1932, production of “fruit juice.” Vineyards America was exasperated sold tons of grape jelly concentrates, with the noble experiment: with detailed instructions on how to “Open the spigots. Drown avoid fermentation. the bigots.” Reopened Ultimately, Prohibition could not distilleries and breweries withstand the egregious challenges of would provide jobs in a
organized crime. Liquor was legal in desperate economy. e Democratic Everett Collection/Newscom Canada, and the vast border impossible platform called for the repeal of the to control. e number of speakeasies 18th Amendment. Franklin Roosevelt 21st Amendment: “ e 18th article of can only be estimated; 200,000 is the saw no need for Prohibition. “I trust amendment to the Constitution of the lowest gure. e temperance in the good sense of the American United States is hereby repealed.” movement had long claimed a link people,” he said. So ended Prohibition. It proved between alcohol and crime. In a way, Ironically, Hoover was still president more of an adventure than an Prohibition proved that true. e when confronted with a bill to repeal experiment, better remembered for homicide rate nearly doubled. the 18th Amendment. Given the its failures than its intentions. In 1933, Prohibition was an issue during the overwhelming majority for the bill, he a weary old Billy Sunday announced 1928 presidential election. Al Smith, the did not attempt to veto it. e bill that he would give up preaching Democratic candidate, supported the passed on Feb. 20, 1933. Within nine Prohibition. John Barleycorn had risen modi cation of the Volstead Act to months, 37 states had rati ed the from the grave.
Los Angeles liquor store with customers purchasing and drinking liquor, Dec. 6, 1933 Everett Collection/Newscom Everett
WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 35 HEALTH/BY ANDREW MYERS Building Better Bones Prevent osteoporosis before its destructive powers can take hold
> A 64-year-old woman visited her according to doctor complaining of a persistent pain the National in her lower back. ough the woman Osteoporosis su ered from various ailments ranging Foundation. from diabetes to asthma, her doctor was A bone density more concerned about an altogether test will pinpoint the di erent symptom: e woman was condition. Experts shrinking. She had lost nearly 4 inches recommend routine in height in just ve years, according to screenings for women a case study published by online health older than 65 and educator NetCE. much earlier for those To the doctor, it was the deemed to be at high
unmistakable hallmark of risk of fracture. BSIP/Newscom osteoporosis—a dangerous and Despite the debilitating weakening of the bones. perception that bone is rigid and doctors counter through hormone e woman’s skeleton was failing her, permanent, it is actually a living tissue replacement therapy. In men, falling literally compacting and curving with in a continual cycle of deterioration testosterone levels can similarly lead the weight of her every move. While and regrowth. Osteoporosis occurs to osteoporosis. Other causes of bone diminishing stature is a concern with when the body fails to form enough loss include lack of exercise, certain osteoporosis, su erers are prone to far bone, when too much existing bone medications, a family history of more dangerous fractures, particularly is reabsorbed into the body—and osteoporosis, and smoking and/or in the spine, hips and wrists. sometimes both. alcohol use. Osteoporosis a ects millions In side-by-side medical images of Perhaps the best way to ght back worldwide, mostly older women. Nearly unhealthy and healthy bone, the against bone loss is by increasing your one-half of all women will experience weakened samples appear noticeably intake of dietary calcium—one of the osteoporosis to some degree in their hollow. It is this hollow appearance most important minerals needed for lives, but men are not free from risk. that gives the disease its name: “osteo,” bones to form—and vitamin D, which In total, 10.2 million adults in the Greek for bone, and “poros,” meaning aids in the absorption of calcium and United States alone have holes or pores. is therefore almost as important as osteoporosis, with men “For women, loss of bone calcium itself. is nutritional synergy accounting for about density in the years right is why milk, a rich source of calcium, is 2 million aer menopause can be oen forti ed with vitamin D. osteoporosis dramatic. A woman can “ e National Osteoporosis su erers, lose 10 to 15 percent of Foundation recommends getting most bone density in the rst ve dietary calcium directly from food years aer menopause,” sources—fruits, vegetables and low-fat says Susan Randall, senior dairy, in particular,” Randall says. ere director of science and are surprising sources of calcium out education for the there. Broccoli rabe, collard greens, National Osteoporosis forti ed orange juice, and even salmon Foundation. and sardines are all rich in the mineral. at drop is largely Recommended daily intake of due to decreasing calcium for adults under 50 is 1,000 estrogen levels during milligrams a day. For women over menopause, which some 50 and men over 70, it bumps up to ©iStockphoto.com/gvictoria
36 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 e ectiveness of such drugs, however, “ The biggest message is that there are things you and even raise concern of serious side can do in every stage of life. Build bone in childhood e ects in some patients. and adolescence, maintain bone strength in middle In light of the risks, the National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends age, and later increase physical strength, balance working to prevent osteoporosis long and fl exibility,” Randall says. before it can ever take hold. “ e biggest message is that there are things you can do in every stage of 1,200 milligrams per day. For of getting too much calcium. A study in life. Build bone in childhood and comparison, just 8 ounces of milk— Sweden found that women who adolescence, maintain bone strength in 1 cup—can deliver 300 milligrams of consumed more than 1,400 milligrams middle age, and later increase physical calcium, almost one-third of the each day more than doubled their risk strength, balance and exibility,” necessary amount for most adults. of heart disease and had a 40 percent Randall says. “With vitamin D, on the other hand, increase in death in general. ere is Increasingly, the key to staving o it can be hard to get through diet alone, also evidence that calcium supplements osteoporosis seems linked to exercise. so supplements are o en necessary,” can lead to kidney stones. If you exercise rarely or sporadically, Randall counsels. As a last resort, there are consider stepping up the pace a bit and, While some doctors prescribe medications known as bisphosphonates of course, always get enough calcium calcium supplements as well, it’s that can slow the loss of bone density. and vitamin D. Your body and your important to note that there are dangers Recent studies challenge the bones will thank you for it later.
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vent-lock_2016.indd 1 4/14/2016 2:42:02 PM WWW.DIXONVALVE.COM SUMMER 2016 ᔢ BOSS 37 INVENTIONS/BY ANDREW MYERS Pure Pasteur The French scientist saved the wine industry— and perfected a way to rid foods and drinks of harmful microbes
> In the 1860s, Napoleon III, emperor or appearance of the wine. ©iStockphoto.com/Baloncici of France, had a problem. French wine It was the birth of the Milk undergoing pasteurization was turning sour and no one knew why. patented process known Despite Pasteur’s success as savior of In France, when the wine goes bad, today as pasteurization, a er its the French wine industry, commercial everything goes bad. So the emperor inventor. Today, everything from milk pasteurization of milk did not arrive turned for help to France’s greatest and cream to orange juice and beer are for three decades and, even then, proved scientist, Louis Pasteur. pasteurized. (Surprisingly, however, controversial, as people thought it Pasteur had a theory, not altogether wine is rarely pasteurized anymore, would compromise milk’s avor, popular at the time, that living things as it compromises its desirable nutrients and color. too small to see were at the heart of the processes of aging.) In 1908, Chicago passed the matter. Peering at samples of wine in e act of pasteurization could rst law in the United States mandating a microscope, he noted that good wine not be simpler, nor the results more pasteurization—which was overturned showed plenty of plump, round cells— profound. e food product is heated to two years later—and it was another while the spoiled samples were replete a speci c temperature for a prescribed four decades before Michigan became with longish, rodlike cells. time and cooled, killing most if not all the rst state to pass such law. We now know those plump cells to of the disease-causing microbes lurking Pasteurization is almost universal be yeast and the rodlike ones to be within. Pasteur was not the rst to show today in the United States. Mycoderma aceti, a bacterium known that heat could preserve foods and Over time, new variations as “the mother of vinegar.” Pasteur’s beverages, but he standardized the have arisen. Ultrapasteurization at discovery was so profound that he process by describing the exact 280 degrees Fahrenheit for a mere overturned conventional wisdom in temperatures and time necessary to rid two seconds can extend the shelf life winemaking that believed that the foods of speci c harmful microbes. of refrigerated milk to weeks or more, transformation from grape juice to wine With milk, for instance, while ultra-high-temperature (UHT) was a chemical process, not biological. pasteurization initially called for heating processing at up to 300 degrees Pasteur then went one step further to 155 to 178 degrees Fahrenheit— Fahrenheit makes it possible to store and devised a way to kill the harmful not quite boiling—for a mere instant. sealed milk at room temperature for microbes, all without a ecting the avor Temperature standards were later several months. adjusted downward, but for a longer Of course, Pasteur could never time, to kill the bacteria responsible have guessed the broad-ranging impact for tuberculosis and Q fever (or query his discovery would have when he fever, passed to humans via livestock). shared it with Emperor Napoleon and Pasteurization is perhaps now best his men at the royal residence. But known for its impact on the dairy Pasteur did celebrate the fact that his industry. Bacteria borne by milk have hard work paid o . He later wrote been shown to cause sometime life- to his son Jean-Baptiste: “ e honor threatening diseases, such as listeriosis, of spending a week in the Emperor’s typhoid, tuberculosis, botulism, company which I have just received diarrhea, cholera, diphtheria and will make you understand the rewards brucellosis, among others. (Pasteur had of hard work and good conduct.” watched three of his ve children die of typhoid.) All can be neutralized by pasteurization. World History Archive/Newscom World
38 BOSS ᔢ SUMMER 2016 Trust “Do you want to sleep well at night? Then buy Dixon. If you want a copycat, then be ready to stay up half the night, and then buy Dixon when it breaks.” i mmy from ouisiana
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